© 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Purpose: There has been an increasing number of studies on species extinction because of global warming based on estimations of changes in species distributions. Life cycle impact assessment methods do not have a biodiversity damage factor for global warming that uses the extinction risk index. In this study, a method for determining the extinction risks of individual species per unit CO2 emission was proposed and test calculations of the extinction risks of 216 species of Japanese vascular plants were performed. We also examined the possibility of determining local and global extinction risk factors using this method. Methods: This method uses the Expected Increase in the Number of Extinction Species (EINES), which is defined as the inverse of the time to extinction, as the extinction risk index. Procedures for determining the extinction risks of individual species per unit CO2 emission (EINES/species/kg) are as follows. First, based on the base scenario of CO2 emission, a niche-based species distribution model is used to estimate species distribution areas in 2000 and 2100 and calculate the distribution area decrease over 100 years. The number of years before the zero distribution area is then determined by assuming that the decrease is constant. Extinction risk is defined as the inverse of this time. The final step is to determine the extinction risk at specific CO2 emissions in addition to the base emission scenario and divide the difference in the extinction risk by the additional amount of CO2 emissions. Results and discussion: The distribution areas of 216 species of Japanese vascular plants having southern distribution limits were estimated to decrease by 40–85% in 100 years. The accuracy of the estimation was sufficient according to the value of area under the curve (AUC). Considering climate models and migration conditions, the extinction risk per unit CO2 emission was estimated between −0.6 × 10−18 and 4.7 × 10−18 (EINES/species/kg). We converted the normalization values of the extinction risk of Japan for the 216 species to compare impact of land use changes and waste processing with that of global warming on the species. We found that global warming has smaller impact compared with land use changes and larger impact compared with waste processing. Conclusions: A method for estimating the extinction risks of species per unit CO2 emission was proposed, and it can be used to determine the local and global extinction risk factors of CO2.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the environmental performance of domestic seawater desalination in terms of CO₂ and water consumption as well as life cycle cost. In addition, we determined differences between expected values based on facility plans and actual observations. Results of assessments per 1 m³, both environmental burdens and costs were higher under real operating conditions than had been expected during planning. Most life cycle CO₂ emissions were related to electricity usage, and indirect water consumption for the production of chemicals also had a big influence on the total environmental burden(CO₂: 95 - 99%, water consumption: 50 - 95%). The impact of electricity in Okinawa was calculated based on coal-fired power generation, while in Fukuoka it was based on thermal power generation using natural gas. The production of chemicals for cleaning reverse osmosis membranes was a dominant contributor to water consumption. As a result of LCC comparison between calculations and actual measured values in Okinawa, actual measured values was about 5.5 bigger than calculations because of low operation rate (8%). Based on the results of a sensitivity analysis and comparison of this study with the existing literature, we found that it is possible to reduce CO₂ emissions by changing electric power sources, and this finding is consistent with previous results.

Global warming has become a serious problem. Global supply chain networks in Asia should reduce not only CO2 emissions but also the fixed opening costs for factories/routes as well as the cost of transportation and procurement. Life cycle assessment (LCA) quantitatively estimates and visualizes the CO2 emissions for each part based on their component materials produced on a country by country basis using a life cycle inventory (LCI) database. In general, in order to reduce both of the CO2 emissions and the costs, supply chain planners should make the decision to switch the suppliers of component parts with higher CO2 emissions but lower procurement costs from emerging countries and/or with lower CO2 emissions but higher procurement costs from developed countries. In addition, the European Union (EU) approaches to reducing CO2 emissions through the introduction of emissions tax and trading. This study proposes a design method of an Asian global supply chain network that minimizes the costs under targeted material-based CO2 emissions reduction ratios, and determines the suppliers and factory locations that satisfy demands for low-carbon material supply, through the adoption of the Asian LCI database. Based on this result, a sensitivity analysis is conducted by changing emission prices for reducing the costs and the carbon emissions, and the difference between the supply chain networks comprising of either two and three different Asian countries is compared. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Interest in the impacts of water use in the life cycle of products and services are increasing among various stakeholders. The water footprint is a tool to identify critical and effective points for reducing the impact of water use through the entire life cycle of products, services, and organizations. The purpose of this study was to develop a water consumption inventory database that focused on identifying of Asian water consumption using an input-output (IO) framework. An Asia International Input-Output table (AIIO) was applied in this study. The amount of water consumption required for agricultural products was estimated by modeling; for other sectors it was estimated from statistical reports. The intensities of direct water consumption in each sector were calculated by dividing the amount of water consumption by the domestic production. Based on the IO analysis using Leontief's inverse matrix, the intensities of water consumption from cradle to gate were estimated for all goods and services. There was high intensity of water consumption in the primary industry sectors, together with a high dependency on rainwater as an input water source. The water consumption intensities generally showed a larger reduction in secondary sectors, in comparison with the tertiary sectors, due to the use of recycled water. There were differences between this study and previous studies due to the use of site-specific production data and the temporal resolution of crop production. By considering site-specific conditions, it is expected that the dataset developed here can be used for estimating the water footprint of products, services, and organizations in nine countries (Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and USA).

Purpose: This paper is the second part of a series of articles presenting the results of research on monetary weighting factors (MWFs) for the G20 countries, which together account for approximately 90% of the global GDP. We developed their MWFs with regard to Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and evaluated them via a large-scale questionnaire survey. We estimated the economic value of one unit of damage caused by human activities. Methods: To ensure that the MWFs covered all areas of protection as defined by the LCIA method based on Endpoint Modeling (human health, social assets, biodiversity, and primary production), we conducted a choice experiment in all G20 countries. We conducted face-to-face interviews to minimize survey bias and ensure that the questions were understood by the emerging G20 countries’ respondents. Internet surveys were adopted to collect samples from the developed G20 countries’ respondents, where Internet diffusion rates are generally high. We obtained response data from 200 to 250 and 500 to 600 households of all the emerging and all the developed G20 countries, respectively. We gathered 6400 responses in all. We estimated preference intensities using the random parameter logit model. We calculated MWFs based on each respondent’s willingness to pay. Results and discussion: We devised MWFs providing the costs of damage to four safeguard subjects. All the estimated values are statistically significant at the 1% level, with the exception of monetary attributes from Mexico. The MWFs for the G20 are 23,000 USD for human health (per year), 2.5 USD for social assets (per USD of resources), 11 billion USD for biodiversity (per species), and 5.6 billion USD for primary production (per 100 million tons). The differences between the developed and emerging G20 countries are considerable, with the values generally being smaller for the latter in purchasing power parity (USD) terms. The estimated global total economic annual impact was approximately 5.1 trillion USD (6.7% of the world’s total GDP). Conclusions: We obtained reasonable and conservative global-scale MWFs compared with previous studies. Moreover, the cross-country heterogeneity in this study potentially helps extrapolate future/global value developments from current/local estimates. The variations in human health and social asset MWFs are small enough within developed countries to allow international transfers among them, while significant variations in biodiversity and primary production MWFs are a caveat to up-front international transfers even within developed countries.

Bioethanol is an important renewable energy for transportation fuels in Thailand due to energy security it provides and the reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Cassava and sugarcane are considered to be the most important feedstocks that produce bioethanol in Thailand due to an abundant, renewable resource in the country. This study aims to evaluate the potential environmental performance and social impacts associated with the bioethanol supply chain. The environmental impacts of bioethanol in this study were assessed by using life cycle assessment method. The impact categories consisted of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, eutrophication potential (EP), direct land use change (dLUC), and water impact potential (WIP). The social impacts, including the total employment, wages and fatal occupational injury are carried out based on the process-based and input-output analysis approaches. The results showed that the GHG emissions of the bioethanol systems are 26-39 kg CO(2)eq/GJ, which is less than conventional gasoline. In addition, the results showed that the dLUC effect on the bioethanol production increased the GHG impact by 10-73%. However, it's found that the EP and water impact caused by bioethanol production is higher than for gasoline. In regards to the social aspects, the bioethanol production has advantages in term of total employment and income generation, the job creation is 15-18 times better than gasoline and the direct income distribution in the agricultural stage accounts for 30-45% of the total income in the bioethanol supply chain. However, the fatal occupational impacts of bioethanol system are higher than for gasoline. This aspect is also discussed in the study. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Global warming requires to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in global supply chains. In order to reduce the GHG emissions in the supply chains economically, it needs to estimate the GHG emissions and costs for procuring parts for materials by life cycle assessment (LCA). This study applies the material-based estimation method for the GHG emissions and costs by Yoshizaki et al. (2016) to a cell phone, constructs a bill of materials (BOM) when the materials for parts are produced in Asian countries, and compares the material-based GHG emissions and costs in the cases of cell phone and cleaner. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

<p>Meta-analysis is a method that integrates multiple existing studies through statistical processing and is typically used in academic fields such as medical care, psychology, and education surveys. Some studies exist in which they apply meta-analysis to Life Cycle Assessment（LCA）results of automobiles, but the vehicle types and target life cycle stages are limited. In this study, we applied the meta-analysis method to the life cycle of automobiles classified by vehicle type and energy sources to estimate greenhouse gas（GHG）emissions. A literature review of 27 peer-reviewed articles was conducted to extract the LCA data that were used in this study. The life cycle stages were classified into four stages: Battery, Other production, Use, and Disposal. The results showed that GHG emissions during the use stage represented approximately 80% of the entire life cycle for gasoline, diesel, and hybrid vehicles. For plugin hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles charged with electricity from electricity mix or fossil fuel generation methods the use stage accounted for approximately 50-70% of the entire life cycle. Moreover, the results showed that GHG emissions could be reduced by approximately 75-80% if gasoline and diesel vehicles are replaced by electric vehicles that are powered by electricity generated from renewable energy. However, when electric vehicles are powered by electricity generated from fossil fuels, the GHG emissions can be equivalent to gasoline and diesel vehicles. The results also showed that the amount of GHG emissions depend significantly on the travel scenarios and the source of electricity generation. Therefore, the selection of these factors are of major importance when conducting an LCA study of automobiles.</p>

It is important to identify virtual water for crop production (P-vw) and consumption (C-vw) and to analyse the virtual water flow among regions for a better understanding of water resource use. The estimation of virtual water flow in a basin or between regions of a basin can contribute to finding options for water-saving strategies, such as changing cropping pattern and land use. The objective of this study was to analyse virtual water flow by using P-vw, C-vw and virtual water content (VWC). VWC of a product is the amount of fresh water required to produce the product, expressed as m(3) t(-1). The virtual water consumption rate in this study is defined as C-vw/P-vw, which indicates the extent of water shortage and self-sufficiency of water use in a region. The C-vw and P-vw of 16 regions were computed and the virtual water flow in the Han and Nakdong River basins was analysed. The analysis indicated that a shift of rice cultivation between the upper and the lower regions of these basins can save between 503 and 752Mm(3) of VW in ideal conditions. Virtual water analysis can be useful for finding solutions to improve water productivity at basin level and to reduce pressure on local water resources. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The social impacts of products and service life cycles are increasingly of interest among policy makers and stakeholders. Workers' issues are considered to be a source of key inventory data to assess social impacts, and are crucial in moving towards social sustainability. There is a need to develop a social inventory database for evaluating social impacts of products and services. This study aimed at the development of a social intensity dataset using an input-output analysis framework. The 2005 Asian International input-output table is used in this work. Six social issues are considered: total employment, paid workers, vulnerable employment, wages, fatal, and non-fatal occupational injuries. To verify the acceptability of this study, an estimation of total social footprint deduced from final consumption rates was carried out. The social intensities associated with 10 countries and 76 economic sectors were constructed. The results show that the social intensities from cradle to gate the agricultural sector has the highest in terms of total employment and vulnerable employment. Meanwhile, the mining sector in China has a higher non-fatal and fatal occupational injuries than the agriculture sector, secondary sector, and tertiary sector. The public administration sector and the education and research sector had a higher wages intensity than any other sectors due to these sectors being labor intensive and having higher wages. The social intensity in terms of total employment, paid workers, vulnerable employment, non-fatal injuries, and fatal accident cases in the developing countries was higher than the developed countries whereas wages intensity in developing countries was lower than that of developed countries. The social footprints resulting from the final consumption of each country show that the social footprints had transferred from the developing countries to the developed countries. Exports from China to the USA, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore have a significant social impact in these countries.

We quantify the potential impacts of global food production on freshwater availability (water scarcity footprint; WSF) by applying the water unavailability factor (fwua) as a characterization factor and a global water resource model based on life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Each water source, including rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, has a distinct fwua that is estimated based on the renewability rate of each geographical water cycle. The aggregated consumptive water use level for food production (water footprint inventory; WI) was found to be 4344 km(3)/year, and the calculated global total WSF was 18,031 km(3) H(2)Oeq/year, when considering the difference in water sources. According to the fwua concept, which is based on the land area required to obtain a unit volume of water from each source, the calculated annual impact can also be represented as 98.5 x 10(6) km(2). This value implies that current agricultural activities requires a land area that is over six times larger than global total cropland. We also present the net import of the WI and WSF, highlighting the importance of quantitative assessments for utilizing global water resources to achieve sustainable water use globally.

Purpose: The objectives of this study are to develop life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods that enable an assessment of the impact on the biodiversity by land use categorized in general land use types and to obtain the implications for an assessment of global land use impact, using the methods in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method based on Endpoint Modeling (LIME). Methods: Expected Increase in Number of Extinct Species (EINES), which was calculated by summing the increments in extinction risks of each threatened vascular plant species due to land transformation, was used as an indicator of damage to biodiversity. EINES per land use category was calculated using data from the “Threatened Wildlife of Japan, Red Data Book 2nd ed. Volume 8, Vascular Plants” (hereinafter referred to as “RDB”). Results and discussion: The EINES of wetlands and grassland was relatively high. The number of species that were assumed to exist in forestland was large
however, the EINES of forestland was relatively low. It was considered to be influenced by the huge area of forestland in Japan. EINES of other land was also relatively high, and it was considered to be the reflection of the existence of species whose habitat is peculiar, such as limestone areas or high mountains. Conclusions: Damage factors developed for Japan in this study have broad potential application, as they have more general land use categories than those in LIME 1 and 2
however, it will be necessary to develop damage factors in other countries, taking into account threatened species categories and regional differences in the importance of various land use categories. It is also necessary to accumulate detailed data on threatened species across the planet to develop worldwide damage factors.

The area of land transformed by the mining of mineral resources greatly varies depending on the type of mineral deposit and mining methods used. Existing factors for the land area transformed per unit of ore mined (land transformation factor) only consider differences in mining methods. In this study, key parameters impacting the area of land transformed were determined and taken into account for nickel with the objective of developing a method for efficiently estimating land transformation factors for mines.
The land transformation factor (m(2)/t) was defined as the land area transformed to produce 1 t of crude nickel ore, nickel metal (grade &gt; 99 %), or ferronickel (grade 20 %). Formulae for calculating the land transformation factor that considered parameters, such as the specific gravity of ores and depth of mining, were built by first classifying mines into three types: laterite ore surface mines, sulfide ore surface mines, and sulfide ore underground mines. Uncertainty analysis for the land transformation factor for each type of mine was conducted, and the key parameters affecting results were identified. Finally, the land transformation factors for 38 mines were calculated using the proposed method.
Land transformation factors for the three types of mines showed that for both surface and underground mines, the values were smaller than the values reported in previous research that were calculated using mining area and production data for a single year. This difference was due to our use of a method assuming the area at the point of maximum extraction depth and maximum overburden dump height. For surface mining, the stripping ratio and ore grade were determined to be key parameters that combined to contribute approximately 80 % of the uncertainty for the land transformation factors of nickel metal. For underground mining, the ore grade and backfilling ratio were determined as the key parameters. The assessment results for mines showed that for surface mining methods, differences in the ore grade and stripping ratio could result in the land transformation factor differing by a maximum of a factor of 10 between mines. These results suggested that the proposed method could efficiently determine the difference between mines.
The proposed method, taking into account key parameters for each mine type, provided a good base for estimating land transformation factors for nickel mining for countries or regions.

Environmental issues in supply chains have been serious for not only the reduction of CO2 emissions but also for material starvation. End-of-life assembly products at recycling factories should be disassembled environmentally and economically in consideration of not only low carbonization but also of material circulation. Parts with higher recycling and CO2 saving rates should be selected and manually disassembled; however, the manual disassembly brings a higher cost, instead of disposing of the parts. Moreover, this parts selection also affects a disassembly line balancing.
This study proposes a simple and practical modeling and design of multi criteria optimization for lower disassembly cost, higher recycling, and CO2 saving rates by an environmental and economic parts selection, and subsequent disassembly line balancing. (C) 2015 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study is to design a global supply chain network by selecting suppliers and determining locations for assembly factories while satisfying the demands of different markets for finished assembly products not only in consideration of parts procurement, production, and logistics costs, but also material-based CO2 emissions. First, the global supply chain network is modeled with material-based CO2 emissions and the costs, and is formulated as a mixed integer programming (MIP) problem. Second, numerical experiments are conducted where the parts and the products with material-based CO2 emissions and costs based on a bill of materials are transported between two countries. Additionally, the numerical experiment is shown by varying the target reduction ratio of the environmental impact. Finally, the results of the proposed design method are compared with a previous study, and the effect of the facility cost is discussed.

We need a consistent methodology to measure the co-benefits of climate change mitigation across Asian countries. This study chose a strategy of modifying the Japan-specific life-cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME) for wider application across countries. LIME has two dimensions. First, it is an environmental science that links the cause-and-effect chain. Second, it is an environmental valuation that weighs four endpoint damages in monetary terms through a conjoint analysis that is derived from an Internet-based questionnaire survey. This article describes the modification of the methodology for application of the conjoint analysis to weigh environmental impacts. We approached the investigation as follows. First, we conducted Internet surveys to measure marginal willingness-to-pay (MWTP). We used a sample of 112 respondents in their 20s to 40s, divided equally between men and women, in 11 cities across China, India, and Southeast Asia. The results obtained showed clear statistical significance and were comparable across the cities. Second, we attempted to develop functions (called benefit transfer functions) to simplify the measured MWTP in order to apply it across different Asian countries. The functions were derived through a stepwise meta-analytic method, a type of multiple regression analysis whose independent variable was MWTP and dependent variables were attributes of both respondents and surveyed cities. The functions showed that coal consumption and percentage of nature reserve were dependent variables. Then, the MWTPs estimated from the functions were compared with the measured MWTP for transfer error, which is calculated by the absolute value of the difference between the estimated value and the measured value divided by the latter. The transfer error was below 50% in about 90% of the 44 results (a combination of four endpoints and 11 cities), implying that the developed functions were statistically significant.

<p>In Japan<tt>，</tt>for the year 2015, more than 5 billion sheets of disposable diapers for adults are produced, and nearly all of these diapers are incinerated after use. In this study, greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), water consumption and land use occupation are compared between incinerating and recycling of used diapers using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. We found that, per ton of used disposable diapers, recycling will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 30 %, 6 ton of water consumption, and 180 m²a of land use compared to incineration.</p>

Water footprint is expected as a tool to identify critical and effective points for reducing the impact of water use through the entire life cycle of products, services, and organizations. The purpose of this study is to develop a water footprint inventory database that makes it possible to account the water intensities of all the Japanese goods and services with a differentiation for the types of water resources and the forms of water uses.
An input-output analysis was applied to establish a comprehensive database covering all of the Japanese goods and services. The amount of water consumption in each sector was estimated by modeling (for agricultural goods) and determined based on the uses of input water according to the statistic reports and hearing survey results (for other sectors). The intensities of direct water input or consumption in each sector were calculated by dividing the amount of water input or consumption with the domestic production amount for each sector. Based on the input-output analysis by using Leontief's inverse matrix, the intensities of water use and consumption from cradle to gate were estimated for all goods and services in 403 sectors of Japan.
The intensities of water input and consumption in the primary sectors of industry from cradle to gate showed large values and high dependency on rain water as the sources of input water. While the water input intensities in secondary sector of industry were relatively higher than those in tertiary sector of industry, the water consumption intensities generally showed larger reduction in secondary sectors in comparison with those in tertiary sectors due to the utilization of recycling water. The results of comparing the intensities in this study with previous studies showed some differences due to the consideration of site-specific conditions in production and the temporal resolution for the calculation of consumed amount in crop production.
By considering the site-specific conditions, the intensities were developed as the datasets suitable for water footprint of products, services, and organizations in Japan. While this database would be expected to be applied to the implementation of water footprint, the reflection of the effects by imported goods and services through international trade needs to be conducted in the future study for improving the preciseness and reliability of the results of water footprint.

Water resources have uneven distributions over time, space, and source; thus, potential impacts related to water use should be evaluated by determining the differences in water resources rather than by simply summing water use. We propose a model for weighting renewable water resources and present a case study assessing water scarcity footprints as indicators of the potential impacts of water use based on a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). We assumed that the potential impact of a unit amount of water used is proportional to the land area or time required to obtain a unit of water from each water source. The water unavailability factor (fwua) was defined using a global hydrological modeling system with a global resolution of 0.5 x 0.5 degrees. This model can address the differences in water sources using an adjustable reference volume and temporal and spatial resolutions based on the flexible demands of users. The global virtual water flows were characterized using the fwua for each water source. Although nonrenewable and nonlocal blue water constituted only 3.8% of the total flow of the water footprint inventory, this increased to 29.7% of the total flow of the water scarcity footprint. We can estimate the potential impacts of water use that can be instinctively understood using fwua.

The social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is a technique for assessing social impact and potential impact that aims to evaluate the social and socio-economic aspects of products and their potential for both positive and negative impacts along their life cycle. The lack of a quantitative inventory data for social issues is a weakness of the S-LCA methodology to calculate social impacts. This study aims to establish a social inventory database in Thailand using input-output (IO) modeling. The 2005 economic IO table of Thailand is used in this study. The six different social issues are calculated for both direct and indirect social intensity. The social issues include employment, number of female employees, working hours, wages and salaries, and non-fatal and fatal occupational cases. The results indicate that the primary sector has the highest social intensity in terms of employment, female employment, and working hour intensity. Meanwhile, the secondary sector was higher in non-fatal occupational cases intensity than other sectors. For wages intensity, the results show that the government sector was higher than other sectors, it being labor intensive and of low economic value. In addition, the fatal occupational cases shows the highest intensity in the non-metallic mining, fertilizer and pesticides, and construction sectors. In terms of total social impacts or social footprints, the wholesale and retail trade sector had the highest impact for almost all social issues due to the higher final demand in this sector.

The WULCA group, active since 2007 on Water Use in LCA, commenced the development of consensus-based indicators in January 2014. This activity is planned to last 2 years and covers human health, ecosystem quality, and a stress-based indicator. This latter encompasses potential deprivation of both ecosystem and human, hence aiming to represent potential impacts more comprehensively than any other available LCA-oriented method assessing the "water scarcity footprint" (ISO 2014).
A series of three expert workshops, including non-LCA experts from hydrology, eco-hydrology, and water supply science, was organized specifically on the topic of this generic midpoint indicator. They were held in Zurich on 10th September, in San Francisco on 5th October and in Tsukuba on 27th October 2014. In total 49 experts attended. The specific objectives of the workshops were twofold. First, it was to present the identified options of the stress-based indicator narrowed down by the active members of WULCA during the first 8 months of the project and to receive comments on the relevance, usefulness, acceptability, and focus of the selected indicator. Second, the workshop covered different challenges in the modeling of the indicator and presented the experts with background information and specific questions. This paper summarizes the discussions and outcome of these workshops. Where no agreement was reached, the working group of active members is considering all inputs received and continues the work.
The discussion covered first the question to be answered by such indicator, resulting on an agreement on the evaluation of the potential to deprive other users of water, independently of who the user is (i.e., human or ecosystems). Special attention was given to the special case of arid areas as well as the definition of environmental water requirements. Specific modeling challenges were then addressed: definition and quantification of human and ecosystem water demand, consideration of green water and terrestrial ecosystems, sources of data, distinction of groundwater and surface water, and temporal and geographical resolution.
The input, decisions, and points of discussion were compiled and brought back within the group of active members. The group is using the recommendations and works further on the harmonization of the points of disagreement. It is expected that a selection of indicators representing different ways to address the most important issues will be produced and tested in spring 2015. The analysis of the result should lead to a provisional recommendation by summer 2015.

Cement production is associated with a considerable environmental load, which needs to be fully understood before effective measures can be taken. The existing literature did not give detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) study of China and had limited potential for investigating how best available techniques (BATs) would provide a maximum benefit when they are applied in China. Japan was selected as a good example to achieve better environmental performance of cement production. We identified potentials for reducing emissions and saving energy and natural resources in Chinese cement industry through the comparative analysis.
This paper follows the principal of Life Cycle Assessment and International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD). The functional units are "1 t of portland cement" and with 42.5 MPa of strength grade. The input (limestone, sandstone, ferrous tailings, coal, and electricity) and output (CO2 from limestone decomposition and coal combustion, NOx, PM, and SO2) of cement manufacturing were calculated by use of on-site measurements, calculation by estimated coefficients, and derivation by mass and heat balance principle. The direct (cement manufacturing) and indirect (electricity production) LCI are added to be total LCI results (cement production). The impact categories of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), photochemical oxidant formation potential (POCP), and human toxicity potential (HTP) are used to calculate environmental impact.
Only in GWP of cement manufacturing China has advantage. Japanese cement industry shows remarkable superiorities in the environmental impacts of AP, POCP, HTP, and EP due to advanced technologies. SO2 emissions make the corresponding AP and HTP. PM emissions result in part of HTP. The NOx emissions are the major contributors of POCP, AP, EP, and HTP in China. China emits fewer CO2 emissions (2.09 %) in cement manufacturing than Japan but finally makes higher total GWP than Japan due to more GWP of electricity generation in power stations. The waste heat recovery technology can save electricity but bring more coal use and CO2 emissions. The alternative fuel and raw materials usage and denitration and de-dust technologies can relieve the environmental load. Using the functional unit with the strength grade, the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results are affected.
LCA study allows a clear understanding from the view of total environmental impact rather than by the gross domestic product (GDP) unit from an economic development perspective. In an LCA study, the power generation should be considered in the life cycle of cement production.

The amount of CO2 emissions in production and logistics has been increasing in not only developed countries but also emerging countries, especially Asian countries such as Malaysia and China which have been achieved remarkable economic growth. For global warming, these emerging countries also play an important role to reduce the CO2 volumes, therefore, it has been more important to design a low-carbon supply chain including the Asian countries by balancing not only costs but also the CO2 volumes. This study models and designs a global supply chain network including these Asian countries for balancing the costs and the CO2 volumes in production and logistics. The research defines a mixed integer programming (MIP) problem to satisfy not only the demand of the market for finished products but also the reduction ratio of the environmental impact by determining the supplier and factory location between developed and emerging countries. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Assembly supply chains have been configured globally including not only developed countries but also emerging countries such as Asian countries, for example, Malaysia and China. On the other hand, it is necessary for global warming to pursue lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the global supply chain. Supplier selections, which select appropriate suppliers for appropriate purposes, should be decided by considering not only procurement costs but also the GHG emissions if they can be estimated. In addition, each part has a different procurement cost by the suppliers while their GHG emissions depend on each country and types of materials. Thus, it enables the global supply chain to harmonize the GHG emissions and the costs by procuring the parts from the different Asian countries. This study proposes a low-carbon and economic supplier selection with an estimation method of the GHG emissions for each part using the developed LCI database among Asian countries, and conducts a material based analysis for the both of the procurement costs minimization and the GHG emissions reduction. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Recently founded manufacturing companies have been increasing overseas production in order to decrease local production cost, especially in East and Southeast Asian countries such as China and Malaysia, and a global supply chain network is now being constructed not only in developed but also in emerging countries. Furthermore, in order to prevent global warming, a low-carbon supply chain has been required to reduce CO2 emissions in materials/parts production. However, the overseas production essentially brings a longer logistics lead time, and emerging countries are more sensitive in considering uncertainties such as fluctuating lead time. Therefore, the low-carbon supply chain should be constructed and evaluated by multi criteria for the lead time, costs and CO2 Emissions. This study models a low-carbon supply chain network between Malaysia, China and Japan on a discrete event simulation, evaluates multi criteria decisions for the lead times, costs and CO2 emissions, and analyzes the effect of the fluctuating lead time. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Global warming has become a serious problem for our earth. Global supply chain networks in Asia should reduce not only CO2 emissions but also costs such as transportation, procurement, and the opening a route and factory. According to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), material-based CO2 emissions differ from production countries on the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database. Therefore, the suppliers for parts with higher CO2 emissions but lower procurement costs in emerging countries can be switched to other suppliers with lower CO2 emissions but higher procurement costs in the developed countries. On the other hand, the European Union aims to reduce CO2 emissions through the introduction of emissions trading in the European Union. This study proposes an Asian global supply chain network design that minimizes costs under a targeted material-based CO2 reduction ratio to determine the suppliers and factory locations that satisfy demands by adopting the LCI database.

Modern assembly products are often manufactured and transported as a part of a global supply chain, where suppliers are selected to reduce procurement costs among multiple industrialized and emerging countries in Asia. Additionally, for environmental conscious manufacturing, it is important to visualize and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for productions and logistics in whole global supply chains in order to resolve global warming problems. According to life cycle assessment (LCA), which quantitatively measures GHG emissions, even if the same types of materials are used in parts and components production, each part has a different level of GHG emissions and procurement cost depending on the country where it is manufactured. Therefore, the designing of a low-carbon supply chain requires the selection of appropriate material based low-carbon suppliers and making economic decisions using a life cycle inventory (LCI) database. To construct low-carbon supply chains that combine production of each part in various Asian countries, this study proposes a low-carbon and economic supplier selection method that utilizes an estimation of the GHG emissions and an affordable cost increment for each part using a LCI database developed incorporating Asian international input-output (I/O) tables. First, the GHG emissions for the production of each part in multiple Asian countries are estimated using the LCI database. Next, a bill of materials (BOM) with the GHG emissions and the procurement costs for each part is constructed in the cases of multiple production countries. Finally, the suppliers for producing each part are selected among the countries by integer programming in order to balance the reduction of GHG emissions and procurement costs.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; A Water Footprint (WF) can be expressed as the potential impacts calculated based on the consumed amount of water or the quality of degraded water through the entire life cycle of products/services/organizations. The principles, requirements and guidelines of water footprinting have been established as an international standard. According to the draft of the international standard, various elementary flows such as the quantity of water used, type of water resource, type of water appropriation, quality of water, geographical location of water withdrawal and return flows are required to be considered in a water inventory. This study distinguishes the type of water resource and the form of water use in a water inventory database. However, most existing water footprint inventory databases have not dealt with the quality of water. The purpose of this study was to develop a water footprint inventory database that will make it possible to evaluate water degradation.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; The amounts of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) in discharged water were selected as inventory items representing water degradation. The amounts of these substances in discharged water were converted to potential impacts on the environment. The volume of dilution water needed to bring the levels of degradation to the accepted quality level in the environmental regulations was calculated for representing the potential impacts. Input-output analysis was adopted to obtain water intensity for 403 industrial sectors from cradle to gate. The volume of dilution water required in secondary industries was estimated to be higher than those in other industries. For primary industries, the study revealed that agricultural crops required large amount of dilution water because of the larger indirect demand of dilution water in secondary industries in the upstream of the supply chain. The inventory data for tertiary industries were influenced by the degree of demand in the sewage sector. Comparing the intensities of consumed water and dilution water in each industry, dilution water was generally more dominant than consumed water in secondary industries. On the other hand, consumed water was more dominant in primary industries due to the large demand of water input and the relationship of them in tertiary industries was depending on the relations to secondary industries in the upstream of the supply chain.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; The output of this study, a database of water inventories, includes achieves to include the aspects of water degradation in water footprinting by representing potential impacts from N and P emission in discharged water. This database enables practitioners to carry out water footprint analyses following the requirements in the ISO standard draft. While the database in this study was developed based on the average data for the whole Japanese activities, geographical location will also be an important aspect for assessing potential impacts of water use as mentioned in the ISO standard draft of water footprinting. The distinction of geographical location of inventory and other emission substances in addition to N and P need to be considered in the future studies.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Photovoltaic (PV) power systems are considered an essential component of environmental friendly society. However, the land area required for generating unit amount of power by PV system is larger than that for an equivalent coal-fired power system. In Japan there has been some instances of PV power systems being installed in forest areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the impact of PV power systems on Japanese forests. Forest vegetation is classified into the 13 types used in the &amp;ldquo;Life cycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling 2 (LIME2)&amp;rdquo; methodology. This will allow us to establish the relationship between the reduced CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions of a PV power system and the system&amp;rsquo;s impact on forest by way of land use, compared with those of coal-fired power system.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; The environmental impact of a PV power system installed on a roof was calculated as 6.3% of the impact of a coal-fired power system. In contrast, placing the PV power system in oak or pine forest had a substantially greater environmental impacts, of 76.7% and 99.9% respectively. Following sensitivity analysis, it became apparent that the area required by a PV power system per generated unit of power is the most important factor. For example, with regard to the oak forest, the environmental impact of the PV power system can be reduced from 99.9% to 74.2% by decreasing the area required per generated unit of power from 15,200m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/MW to 11,000m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;/MW. A further improvement of 5.8% can be achieved by planting grass under PV panels.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; LIME2 damage factors were used to classify land use impact for 13 vegetational types of Japanese forest. From the calculated results, it is clear that the environmental impact of PV power system land use on a forest should not be disregarded; however, the level of that impact will depend on the vegetational classification. Furthermore, reducing the utilization rate of the PV power system is an effective way to lessen the impact of land use.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; It is pointed out that environmental impacts other than climate change are apt to be neglected, while concern about global warming makes us focus on CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission through product lifecycle. Kao Corporation launched synthetic laundry detergent in 1951. Since 1951, Kao has been improved it in terms of detergency, cost and environment. The biggest innovation was in 1987 when Kao launched compact type of powder laundry detergent, &amp;ldquo;Attack&amp;rdquo; which volume was reduced to 25% of the conventional one, &amp;ldquo;Newbeads&amp;rdquo;. Since then, compact powder laundry detergent became standard in Japan and has been kept improving. We have evaluated the change of environmental impact of compact powder laundry detergents by LIME2 which is enable us to evaluate a wide range of its environmental impact. In evaluating, scenarios for land transfer, land occupation and wasted surfactants have been newly introduced, because vegetable fat and oil is feedstock of surfactant used in the detergents.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; The evaluation has been done through whole lifecycle of powder laundry detergent, which includes procurement of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, use and waste. In the use stage, drying step of clothes and manufacturing step of a washing machine have been excluded. The land classification for growing oil producing plants has been assigned to crop land transferred from forest. For the scenario of wasted surfactants, the following conditions such as sewage line adoption rate, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emission rate as to combustion temperature of sewage sludge, SOx removal efficiency and NOx removal efficiency in Japan have been taken into account. Compared to a conventional detergent, Newbeads, successive 4 compact powder detergents, Attack have been discussed in both views of characterization evaluation and integration evaluation. The environmental impact of the latest Attack launched in 2011 has reduced by 66% in integration evaluation from Newbeads. That is because of detergency improvement, amount reduction of surfactants, volume reduction of package, saving water function of washing machine and so on. In characterization evaluation, trade-off between global warming and land use has been seen depending on the difference of raw materials used. The impact of air pollution derived from wasted surfactants was less than 1% of whole impacts.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; In evaluating lifecycle environmental impact of powder laundry detergents by LIME2, new scenarios for land use which occurred in connection with bio-based surfactants and wasted surfactant have been introduced. Since this methodology teaches us comprehensive environmental impact, we could develop a new powder laundry detergent having lower environmental load. We will make an effort to familiarize eco- friendly laundry custom with LIME2 evaluation.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; The objective of this research is to analyze the environmental impact of printed matter using rice ink with the consideration of the impact of land use change and using reclaimed vegetable oil based on LCA method.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Method.&lt;/b&gt; Several scenarios changing the raw materials (soy oil, recycled oil, rice bran) have prepared and evaluated environmental impacts of printed matter. 1000 print for A4 size paper was adopted as functional unit. System boundary in this study covered manufacturing raw materials, mixture, making ink, pulp production, printing and transportation. Recycling paper and disposal of used paper were excluded from the scope. Primary data was collected for the process of making ink in this study. Impact assessment was also applied as well as inventory analysis. Damage assessment and weighting were applied so that potential environmental impacts of several impact categories can be compared. LIME2 was adopted to carry out LCIA. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; A LCA of printed matter using soy ink and rice ink was carried out by using MiLCA software. With regard to the result of LCA for paper with ink, environmental impact of paper occupied the almost of total regardless of the types of ink. When we compared the environmental impacts between the inks, we found that environmental impact of rice ink was smaller than that of the other types of inks. Impact of land use for rice ink was smaller than the others, because allocated area for cultivating rice bran (co-product of polished rice) was estimated smaller. Furthermore, the use of reclaimed oil enables to decrease of land use impacts. On the other hand, environmental impact of soy ink is almost equal with that of conventional ink, because the land use area for cultivating soy beans are higher than that rice bran.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; Using reclaimed oil and co-products for raw material are key points for the reduction of environmental impacts of inks. We found that rice oil taking the both advantages make possible to reduce environmental impacts to ecosystem.

A case study to assess the environmental impacts to climate change and fossil fuel depletion throughout the life cycle of PET bottles was conducted based on primary data obtained for the production and filling of bio-PET bottles distributed in Japan. Multiple scenarios are assessed, where ethylene made from sugarcane bioethanol produced in brazil and fossil fuel origin ethylene are compared under multiple recycling rates. The results show that in regions such as Japan where a high recycling rate is achieved, a reduction of 10% in GHG emissions and 20% in fossil fuel depletion was observed throughout the life cycle of PET bottles by replacing fossil PET with bio-PET.

Domestic production volume of disposable diapers for adults has reached 4.9 billion sheets per year in 2013, and most of these diapers are incinerated after use. However, some recycling facilities are emerging which recover materials such as pulp from used diapers. In this study, a comparison on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) between incinerating and recycling of used diapers is conducted using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. One recycle scenario where RPF is produced from recycled pulp and plastic, a GHG emission reduction of 6~12% is observed compared to the incineration scenario. Another recycle scenario, based on experimental data, where extracted pulp is further processed by ozone treatment and fine pulp is produced that can be used for manufacturing diapers, a GHG emission reduction of 16~21% is observed compared to the incineration scenario.

<p>Water risk is forefront concerns in the world. Many negative impacts related with water use such as pollution and shortage have been emerged internationally. Water footprint is a metric that quantifies the potential environmental impacts related to water considering the life cycle of products or organizations. Water footprint is now paid attentions to share the reliable information in terms of current situation of water related environmental performance effectively. Many of research including the activities by Water Footprint Network development have been carried out for the development of inventory database and impact assessment method. International standard（ISO14046）describing the principles and requirements of water footprint have been published in 2014. This article summarized the present status of the activities relating water footprint including the development of database, applications to case studies and the characteristics of international standard.</p>

Recently, supply chains have come to be used globally, not only in developed countries such as Japan but also in emerging countries such as China. Supplier selections are one of the key decisions to be made in a strategic planning of the supply chains, where the manufacturers for assembly products have to select the suppliers that are appropriate for their specific purposes, especially for lower procurement costs of parts. Additionally, global warming is worsening due to increased greenhouse gases (GHG), CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;being the major culprit. In order to achieve a low-carbon society that is against global warming, it is necessary to reduce the CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;emissions across the globe by means of a low-carbon supply chain; before that, the CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;emissions in the supply chains should be visualized and used for any decision making in each process design. However, it is often difficult for assembly companies to share their environmental and cost information with their suppliers since there are other companies in the supply chains. For visualizing the CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;emissions,&quot;Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) &quot;and&quot;Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database &quot;have been established. According to the LCI database, the CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;emissions of the parts depend on types of materials and weights. Therefore, it is important to select the suppliers considering the types of materials and the weights for each part, in order to reduce not only the procurement cost but also the CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;emissions. This study proposes a low-carbon supplier selection method with an estimation of CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;emissions and cost based on material analysis, so as to aim to achieve both the procurement cost minimization and the CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;emissions reduction using the LCI database.

© ExcelingTech Pub, UK. Supply chains have been more serious for environmental issues such as material starvation and global warming. It is essential for material circulation to construct and operate recycling factories, where End-of-life (EOL) assembly products are disassembled into each part in order to recover materials. Also, the recycling is able to reduce CO 2 emissions since virgin materials which release CO 2 volumes caused by production and logistics can be saved by the usage of the recovered materials. To design and realize the recycling factories environmentally and economically, this paper proposes a disassembly system design with an optimal environmental and economic parts selection for CO 2 saving rate and recycling cost. The first stage is to conduct the environmental and economic parts selection by the integer programming with e constraint, and the second stage is to carry out the disassembly line balancing for minimizing the number of stations. The proposed design method contributes to find alternative solutions/designs for harmonizing the CO 2 saving rate and the recycling cost using a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database.

Supply chains have been configured globally among not only developed but also developing countries including Asia. For an anti-global warming, it is necessary for assembly manufacturers in the supply chains to visualize and reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by selecting suppliers for each part in across countries as a low-carbon supply chain. Each part has a different procurement cost by the suppliers while their GHG emissions for each part production depend on each country produced. Therefore, a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)database has been developed by the Asian international input-output (I/O) table in order to calculate an environmental impact for each Asian country. This study proposes a low-carbon supplier selection method so as aiming to achieve both the procurement cost minimization and the environment impact reduction using the LCI database by the Asian international I/O table.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Global warming is exerting a damaging effect on human health. This damage is not only influenced by future climate conditions, but also projected economic development and population growth. That being said, there are no health damage factors related to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions which take into account future socioeconomic scenarios in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Thus the purpose of this research is to calculate human health damage factors based on special report on emission scenarios (SRESs) developed by IPCC. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods.&lt;/b&gt; The procedure used to calculate the SRES-based damage factors is as follows. First, a framework was developed to calculate damage factors based on multiple parameters: rise in temperature, relative risk increase, mortality rate increase, rise in number of deaths, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) increase. Secondly, these parameters were calculated for each individual SRES based on the relationship among the parameters and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, GDP, and population values of each scenario. Finally, the damage factor for each SRES was calculated by multiplying all the parameters that had been calculated based on the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission, GDP and population data in the corresponding scenarios.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; Using this method, the human health damage factors for four SRESs (A1B, A2, B1, and B2) were calculated. The damage factors consisted of six different items: malaria, diarrhea, cardiovascular disease, malnutrition, coastal flooding, and inland flooding. The calculated results by scenario were 2.0&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt;, 6.2&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt;, 2.1&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; and 4.2&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; DALY/kg-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, respectively. The damage caused by malnutrition is the greatest, followed by diarrhea. The projected future mortality rate and DALY per death based on future GDP per capita contributed significantly to the differences among the four damage factors, while the difference of temperature rise among scenarios depended on future CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission is not influential to the damage factors.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; The human health damage factors related to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions for four SRESs were estimated. As a result of differences between future socioeconomic scenarios, the largest amount of damage per CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission unit was 3 times greater than the smallest amount. Therefore, sensitive analysis is highly recommended when seeking to compare damage caused by global warming and other impact categories.

Background, Aim and Scope. It is vital to quantify the potential impacts of water consumption for sustainable development. Since water has uneven distributions with time, place, and origin, simple summation of water consumption may mislead as an indicator of the environmental impacts. This paper proposes a concept for weighting uneven distribution of water and characterizing water consumption into potential impacts from viewpoints of hydrology and life cycle assessment.<BR>Materials and Methods. The concept for weighting water resources and converting water consumption into potential impacts on freshwater availability was proposed, based on an assumption that the impact is proportional to the catchment land area or time period required to obtain a unit amount of water from each water source. The Water Availability Factor (fwa) was defined based on global mean precipitation by a global hydrological modeling system to reflect the variability of maximum renewable water resources with location and source of water at global resolution 0.5&times;0.5 degrees. This concept can be understood instinctively and provide various types of characterization factor based on user&rsquo;s demands.<BR>Results and Discussion. The fwa for precipitation (fwa_p) tended to be smaller than that for surface or groundwater, based on the principle of water balance. Higher values of fwa_p were found in dry areas such as the Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, South Africa, interior China, the American Midwest and Australia. Three types of weighted average fwa were presented by country, for entire countries, rainfed cropland, and irrigated cropland. Values of fwa_p for agricultural use tended to be lower than those for entire countries in arid countries. It can be thought that croplands appear more selectively distributed in areas with sufficient water accessibility. <BR>Conclusions. The current work showed that the Water Availability Factor can be estimated based on land area or time period required for obtaining a unit amount of water from each source. It can be provided with any spatial resolution such as by grid, continent, country, or basin. The grid-scale data permits local conditions to be depicted and potential impacts evaluated in exacting detail. The result of proposed characterization can be understood intuitively by using the concept of land area or time period required and the global annual precipitation. It is applicable in terms of robustness of the factors, and can be adopted in life cycle impact assessment of freshwater use.<BR>Recommendations and Perspectives. There is room for argument regarding the validation of fwa uncertainties, because it is possible that fwa varies considerably with different meteorological forcing data or hydrologic models. Further study to increase temporal resolution of fwa is expected to reflect seasonal differences of renewable water resources. Actual midpoint characterization on a global scale should be performed using this concept. It will facilitate clarification of locations and magnitudes of potential impacts caused by nations, products, and individuals.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Radiation is one of the impact categories in LCA, but this category has not been evaluated in product LCA in general. However, the accident of Fukushima nuclear power plant raised people&amp;rsquo;s interests in radiation. According to the World Health Organization, radon (&lt;sup&gt;222&lt;/sup&gt;Rn) is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer in public, after smoking. Main pathway of radiation exposure to radon is indoor inhalation. However, there are still few studies for the development of the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method of environmental radiation considering the exposure pathway and radon. This study is aimed at the development of the impact assessment method of irradiation caused by inhalation of radon in living environment.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods.&lt;/b&gt; The method is composed of 4 analysis; fate analysis, exposure analysis, effect analysis and damage analysis. Fate analysis was carried out using the parameters in typical housing in Japan. We estimated inteRnal and exteRnal exposures using conversion factors and the result of fate analysis. Risk of cancer in each organ and loss of life expectancy by cancer were applied in effect analysis and damage analysis respectively. Damage factor, main output of this study can be expressed as loss of life expectancy caused by a unit of emission of radon. Damage factor enables us to compare with the health effects caused by another impact category such as global warming and air pollution.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; Damage factors obtained from this study ranges from 4.4 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;11&lt;/sup&gt; to 1.5 &amp;times; 10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;10&lt;/sup&gt; (DALY/Bq), which was consistent with the existing study. Lung cancer was the primary impact for damage factor. Damage factor of female was estimated higher than that of male. The damage factor of young people becomes higher, because the sensitivity of inteRnal inhalation exposure of young people is estimated higher. These results were applied to a case study of housing. The result revealed that the health impact of radon was twice of that of global warming.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; A methodology evaluating health damages due to the exposure to radon emitted to indoor air from the use of building materials. Damage factor was consistent with the existing study. This study enabled us to calculate damage assessment in LCA considering Japanese conditions and the differences of exposure age and sex. These considerations are expected to improve the reliability of LCIA. The development of LCIA method which takes into account the differences in the various conditions of housing and the updated epidemiological studies are required.

森林は蒸発散を通して多量の水を消費することから，森林や木材を対象としたウォーターフットプリントが水資源への影響の実態を適切に反映したものであるかどうかは，適切な水資源管理を促進する上で特に重要である。これまでに，森林や木材を対象としたウォーターフットプリントの推計にはvan Oel and Hoekstra (2010, 2012)の他，フィンランドの製紙・製材会社であるUPM社(2011)およびStoraEnso社(2011)が先行的に取り組んできた。これらの先行研究では，WFNのガイドラインに基づく推計手順が用いられている。van Oel and Hoekstra (2010,2012)は，紙のウォーターフットプリントを推計する一環として，パルプ材の生産に伴う水消費量を推計した。その結果，例えば日本産の木材1m3あたりの水消費量は859m3と推計され，この値は17カ国の中で3番目に大きい値であった。また，水消費量が少なく済む国で生産された木材を優先的に利用することで世界全体の水消費量を削減できると言及されている。しかし，これは読者の誤解を招きかねない表現である。例えば，水資源が豊かな国で生産される木材の利用を抑制したところで，水資源に乏しい国の水不足が解消される訳ではない。また，約250流域における測定データに基づく解析により，降水量と森林からの蒸発散量との正の相関関係が示されていることから明らかなように(Zhang et al., 2001)，水消費量の多さと水資源に対する影響の大きさとは比例関係にはない。UPM社(2011)は，製紙事業のサプライチェーンにわたる水消費量の総和を計算し，このうち99%はパルプ材の生産をはじめとしたサプライチェーンの上流に，残りの1%は自社の製紙工場に起因することを報告した。しかし，サプライチェーンの各工程において，異なる地域，異なる水源の水を消費しているにも拘らず，各工程の水消費量を単に加算する推計手順の妥当性には議論の余地が残る。StoraEnso社(2011)は，紙製の液体保存容器の生産に伴う水消費量を推計した上で，WFNが提唱する推計手順が地域ごとの水資源量の違いを考慮できていないことを批判している。以上のように，WFNのガイドラインに基づく推計手順を用いた先行研究においては，水資源への影響の実態を適切に反映したウォーターフットプリントの推計が行われているとは言えないのが現状である。最近，LCAの分野において，取水源の違いや地域ごとの水資源量の違いによる潜在影響量の差を反映した特性化が可能な影響評価手法が提案された(矢野ら，2014)。手法の詳細については次章で述べるが，この影響評価手法はISO規格に適合したウォーターフットプリント推計手法としてISO TR (Technical Report; 技術報告書)へ掲載される見込みである。本研究の目的は，森林と木材を対象として，水資源への影響の実態を適切に反映したウォーターフットプリントを推計することにある。そこで，矢野ら(2014)が提案する特性化手法を用いて，木材生産に伴うウォーターフットプリントの推計や，間伐が水の利用可能性に及ぼす潜在影響量の推計などを行ったので報告する。

Japanese manufactures have been moved their production site into emerging countries, especially China which is the largest trading partner for Japan. On the other hand, a supply chain is that properly manages and plans products and information, and nowadays, to reduce an amount of carbon dioxide in the entire supply chain including Asian countries is necessary for greenhouse gas mitigation. This study proposes a designing for supply chain network which parts and the product are transported between two countries considering CO2 volumes of the part production. The model is formulated by mixed integer programming (MIP), and numerical experiences are performed.

In order to prevent global warming, it's necessary to reduce CO2 emissions for productions and logistics in a supply chain across the border. If CO2 volumes for each part production are estimated depending on the production country, supplier selections at the part procurement stage can be done not only to minimize a procurement cost but to reduce an environmental impact. This study proposes a low-carbon supplier selection between China and Japan in the supply chain so as aiming to achieve both the procurement cost minimization and the environmental impact reduction using life cycle inventory databases in China and Japan.

Safety performance of the horizontal wells was investigated for a geological CO_2 storage in Ariake coal-bearing formation, Kyushu, Japan. The results showed that the average injection density is an important factor for evaluating the safety against leakage.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Water Footprint (WF) can be expressed as total amount of water consumed through entire life cycle of products. The principle and procedure for water footprint have been discussed in the process of making the draft of international standard. According to the draft, various elementary flows like, quantity of water used, type of water resource, form of water use, geographical location of water withdrawal and return flow are mentioned to be considered in water inventory. In particular, the type of water resource and form of water use are not distinguished in most of the existing LCI database. The purpose of this study is to develop water footprint inventory database which will make it possible to account consumed water amount with the differentiation in type of water resource and form of water.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; LCI database on water considering the type of water resource and the form of water consumption was developed by applying input-output analysis (403 sectors) in this study. More volume of water tends to be consumed in primary industries. In secondary industries, food processing and wood processing require large amount of water consumption because of the larger indirect demand for water consumption by the primary industries in upstream of supply chain. Most of the sectors in tertiary industries indirectly consume water through demand for water supply sector. The results of water footprint of rice production based on the database developed in this study were compared with those existing two different database and confirmed that all of them were consistent in the total amount of consumed water but the breakdown of water resource types was different among the results based on each database. This difference is due to climate.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; The output of this study, database of water inventory includes the following items; water consumption amount from each water resource (rain, river and groundwater). This database enables us to carry out water footprint following the requirements in ISO standard draft.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; The accidents at the Fukushima nuclear power plants following the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 resulted in a huge amount of emissions of radioactive substances. The public may have special concerns regarding these plants and radiation-related health risks. Advanced method of life cycle impact assessment evaluates potential human health impacts throughout of product life cycle. This study aimed at the development of method which reflect geographical conditions of Japan and climate conditions of 2011 March and applied this to evaluate increment of health impacts caused by the severe accident of nuclear power plants. Based on the preliminary result of evaluation using the existing characterization factor, we concentrated on the assessment of health impact of cancer caused by the I131 emission to the air.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods.&lt;/b&gt; LCIA methods generally provide site generic characterization factors (including country-specific factors) to give a priority to the application to LCA. We developed a method which includes fate, exposure, effect and damage analysis in order to improve the quality of assessment. The developed method considers the location (emission site), temporal conditions (2012/March/11th to 29th), population (density and age distribution) and weather conditions (precipitation, wind). The calculated result can be expressed as the increment of the risk of cancer and that of the damage on human, namely, loss of life expectancy.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results.&lt;/b&gt; The incremental risk of cancer and the loss of life expectancy caused by the emission of I131 from Fukushima nuclear power plant were estimated. Both of them were evaluated for each grid cell (3km&amp;times;3km). The incremental risk exceeded 10&lt;sup&gt;-4&lt;/sup&gt; in eastern Fukushima and Ibaraki prefecture and exceeded 10&lt;sup&gt;-5&lt;/sup&gt; in Kanto region including metropolitan area. The estimated human health damage varies with the slope of dose-response relationship, the maximum value is estimated around 30,000 years. The contribution of external exposures is comparatively higher than those of internal exposure such as inhalation and ingestion, because we took into account the indoor exposure of gamma radiation. Average health impact per capita in Fukushima prefecture was 2 days in the maximum. Potential damage on human health in Tokyo is also estimated high (more than 5,000 years) because of the higher population density as well as Fukushima and Ibaraki.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; Estimated health impacts of I131 have a wide range varied from 5,000 to 30,000 years. Nevertheless, our model reflecting environmental, geographical and temporal conditions contributed to improve the quality of assessment and the result would be expected as the first study estimating potential of human health damage. The maximum value was the same digit number with the annual health impact (normalization value) of indoor air pollution (84,000 years) and noise (69,000 years) in Japan and it was less than these of urban air pollution and climate change. This study concentrated the damage caused by the emission of I131, the impact of Cs137 was out of scope, because of the difficulty of exposure in a long period of time. The inclusion of Cs137 in the assessment would be a next issue of this study.

Weighting is one of the steps involved in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). This enables us to integrate various environmental impacts and facilitates the interpretation of environmental information. Many different weighting methodologies have already been proposed, and the results of many case studies with a single index have been published. However, a number of problems still remain. Weighting factors should be based on the preferences of society as a whole so that the life cycle assessment (LCA) practitioner can successfully apply them to every product and service. However, most existing studies do not really measure national averages but only the average of the responses obtained from the people actually sampled. Measuring the degree of uncertainty in LCIA factors is, therefore, one of the most important issues in current LCIA research, and some advanced LCIA methods have tried to deal with the problem of uncertainty. However, few weighting methods take into account the variability between each individual's environmental thoughts. LIME2, the updated version of life cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME), has been developed as part of the second LCA national project of Japan. One of the aims of LIME2 is to develop new weighting factors which fulfill the following requirements: (1) to accurately represent the environmental attitudes of the Japanese public, (2) to measure the variability between each individual's environmental thoughts and reflect them in the choice of suitable weighting factors.
This study adopted the technique of conjoint analysis, which is currently the most advanced methodology available in the field of environmental economics. Using a random sampling process, 1,000 individual responses were collected. Every response was based on an interview survey designed to minimize bias. We used a random parameter logit model to estimate the preferences of society. Statistical values based on this model can be considered to reflect the variability between each individual's environmental thoughts. The calculated results can then be used to develop integration factors in LIME2, enabling us to express LCIA results as a single index, such as external cost.
The calculated values were significant statistically at the 1% level (all p values for the safeguard subject coefficients were less than 0.0001), with the exception of "social assets." Based on the calculated results, two types of weighting factor, an economic valuation and a dimensionless index, were obtained. A relative comparison of importance among these four categories indicates that "biodiversity" receives the highest level of recognition, followed by "human health" and "primary production," while the weight of "social assets" rate lower than the other safeguard subjects, in comparison. Using the calculated results produced by the RPL model, the probability density of the variables for individual preferences could then be derived and displayed. The coefficients of variance for the estimated weighting factors were relatively small (in the range from 0.1 to 0.3).
Accurate weighting factors representing the environmental attitudes of the Japanese public are needed in order to conduct general-purpose LCA for Japanese products. Random, unbiased sampling throughout Japan and an interview survey carried out on 1,000 respondents enabled us to address and solve the problems found with past weighting methodologies. We confirmed that the results of comparisons carried out among safeguard subjects were statistically significant, and showed that the contents of the questionnaires were well understood by the respondents. This study succeeded in visualizing the variability between each individual's environmental thoughts in order to improve the transparency of the weighting factors-expressing the difference in individual preferences within a certain range. This data can be used to develop integration factors with statistical values which can then be applied to uncertainty analysis in future LCA case studies.

1. 笹かまぼこのCFPは1枚あたり172.0g-CO2(かまぼこ製造段階までは170.5g)であった。2. CFPに対する段階別の寄与度では,漁業段階が61%と最も大きく,かまぼこ製造が21%,冷凍すり身製造が17%となっていた。3. 震災に伴うかまぼこ製造への影響をCO2排出の観点から確認したところ,電力構成は変わっているものの,7月は繁忙期と計画停電が重なり,生産効率が上がったことからCO2排出は減少した。4. 本研究で得られた結果を味の素の統計解析に基づくデータベースとの比較により,得られた値は概ね妥当な水準に位置すると考えられた。

1. 笹かまぼこのCFPは1枚あたり172.0g-CO2(かまぼこ製造段階までは170.5g)であった。2. CFPに対する段階別の寄与度では,漁業段階が61%と最も大きく,かまぼこ製造が21%,冷凍すり身製造が17%となっていた。3. 震災に伴うかまぼこ製造への影響をCO2排出の観点から確認したところ,電力構成は変わっているものの,7月は繁忙期と計画停電が重なり,生産効率が上がったことからCO2排出は減少した。4. 本研究で得られた結果を味の素の統計解析に基づくデータベースとの比較により,得られた値は概ね妥当な水準に位置すると考えられた。

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Interests in the environmental assessment for events are increasing rapidly. Total emission of carbon dioxide have assessed in several large-scale events such as G8 summit in Toya lake, FIFA world cup in Germany and winter Olympic in Torino to perform carbon offset. The authors raised the several problems in the previous studies and carried out LCCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; for Tokyo marathon. The result of this study proved that the expansion of the scope of LCA was critically important, because many types of products used in the event such as stands, temporary lavatory, fence, commemorative products influenced the total amount of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods.&lt;/b&gt; In the case of exhibitions, the collection of fundamental data might be harder than the case of the other types of event, because investigators have to contact a number of related people such as exhibitors, guests, organizer and representatives of event hall. Various types of products like creations, exhibits, equipment, and distribution media have to be covered in environmental assessment. This study evaluated total CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission for &amp;ldquo;Eco-products 2010&amp;rdquo;. Inventory database was prepared in advance. The transition of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission was evaluated with the comparison with the calculated results for the past two years.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; Inventory analysis was carried out using CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; intensities (i.e. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-kg/kg, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-kg/kWh, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-kg/1Million Japanese Yen) and activities units (e.g. kg, kWh, JY). CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; intensities which involve direct and indirect CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions were prepared using input output analysis. All of the activities units were obtained by questionnaire to organizer, guests, and exhibitors. The total amount of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission including direct and indirect emissions was calculated as 4,610 ton. The environmental burdens of exhibitors occupied a half of total amounts. Creations, rental goods, staff&amp;rsquo;s activities and distribution media were key items which influence CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions emitted by exhibitors. The contribution of guests used by participants exceeded 40% of total emission. Most of this amounts come from transportation. The emissions from organizer and event site were relatively small. The transitions of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions were depending on the related groups. Classification of total emission to each group would facilitate to understand their environmental performance and support the reduction of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions by themselves.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; LCA for large-scale exhibition was carried out using CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; intensity given by input output analysis. This approach enabled us to obtain the calculated result quickly. Temporary result was released to the public on the day of the event. Final result was obtained after the fixed data were provided to the practitioners. Through this process, it became possible to share environmental information among various stakeholders like guests and organizer effectively.

In view of resource circulation for sustainability, disassembly systems for reuse and recycling are important to recover values and materials from End-of-Life (EOL) assembly products. The sorting process is one of main processes in the disassembly systems, where arrival units are identified, sorted into each type of products/parts/materials, and sent to the appropriate succeeding stations. By our Japanese factory survey, we found that there were two types of sorting process location: Product and Material sorting in the disassembly systems. Their productivity depends on the sorting location and the system configurations such as process and material handling. Therefore, the material sorting process should be analyzed as well as the product sorting (Yamada et al., 2009). This study focuses on the disassembly system configuration with the material sorting process, models it by queueing simulation, and considers their system performance by the sorting location in the disassembly systems.

Today teleworking is increasing rapidly, but the shift to working at home from commuting to and from the office everyday may increase an environmental burden by using inefficient equipments at home such as air conditioners. In order to calculate and compare life cycle CO_2 emissions between different work styles, we set three work style scenarios, working at office, using the telework center in worker&#039;s neighborhood and working at home. Ahead of calculating, we measured life cycle CO_2 emission of telework centers in Kanto region, Japan, because there is no inventory data of the telework center. In this life cycle CO_2, We also considered CO_2 emissions from commuting and the rebound effects attributed to the increased leisure time. Additionally, there are great differences in the each work styles among individuals, such as commuting time or energy consumption. So we did an uncertainty analysis with Monte Carlo simulation, then we found the high contribution factors of each scenarios. As a result, we found if a telework center or a conventional office is used efficiently, their CO_2 emissions become same level as working at home.

LCIAにおける生物多様性の被害評価では、土地利用と生態毒性による影響が考慮されるが、気候変動由来の影響の重要性が認識されるものの、定量的評価が行われる例が極めて少ない。本研究は、EINES (Expected Increase in Number of Extinct Species)を生物種の絶滅リスク指標とした気候変動による生物多様性の被害評価手法を構築した。また、日本の維管束植物216種を対象に試算を行い、評価手法の有用性を確認した。

2010年10月に名古屋で生物多様性条約第10回締約国会議（COP10）が開催され、生物多様性の損失要因に森林伐採等の自然環境の破壊や汚染が挙げられた。紙の主原料のパルプは森林を伐採して作られるため、環境負荷の中でも「生物多様性」や「一次生産」への影響が懸念されている。本研究では広く普及している紙製品として、約9800万部発行されている電話帳の評価を行い、「生物多様性」と「一次生産」の影響を定量的に算出した。

国際規格化や国主導によるデータベース開発を通じてLCAは急速に発展してきた。近年は発展途上国においてもインベントリデータベースの開発や国際会議の開催などが開催されており、LCAに対する社会的関心は高まる一方である。しかし、影響評価手法は日・欧・米が独自の評価手法を提案しているが、世界全体を包括的に評価できるモデルは存在しない。現在欧州ではLCImpactにおいて世界を評価範囲とした特性化手法の開発を行っている。日本国内ではLIMEが国内企業を中心に活用されるが、本手法は日本の環境条件と日本国民の環境思想に基づいてため、他国で利用されることは少ない。本研究では、環境影響評価手法LIMEを「世界化」に向けて発展・拡張させるための検討を行う。

急激な成長を続けるアジア各国は相互に密接に結び合っているため、地球全体の温暖化問題をはじめ環境諸問題に対応するアジア各国のサプライチェーンを可視化していく必要がある。このため汎用性のある産業連関法による温室効果ガス、大気汚染物質、水などの環境影響物質のインベントリーデータベースの開発に着手した。まず中国の最新のエネルギーデータを135分類の中国産業連関表の各部門にその生産額により配分し、これよりGHGデータベースを作成し、これにより中国のGHGの排出状況を考察した。この結果を76分類の国際産業連関表を用いた結果と比較検証するとともに、この手法をアジア諸国へと展開するうえでの課題につき述べる。

我が国は東アジア圏との貿易が盛んであり、日本の多くの製造業は東アジア圏の製造業と密接に結びついている。日本の製造業においてLCAを用いて製品の評価を行う際に、東アジア圏における環境負荷原単位が求められるようになった。そこで本研究は、こうしたニーズを鑑み、アジア国際産業連関表とOECDによるエネルギー統計等を用いて東アジア圏各国における温室効果ガス排出原単位を推計し、データベースとしてまとめた。

地球温暖化や人口増加による世界的水資源問題に対する関心が高まっている昨今、その対策としてウォーターフットプリント（以下WF）が注目を浴びている。しかし、算定するにあたり二つの規格が存在すること、評価ツールとしてその規格を網羅していないツールが多いという問題がある。このような背景から本研究では二つのWFの規格を網羅した汎用性の高い評価ツールとして水のインベントリデータベースの改良を行う。

現在、金属は携帯電話やPCなど多種多様な製品に使用されており、資源消費による環境影響への関心が高まっている。これらを評価するため、ユーザーコスト法やTMRなど多くの手法が開発されてきている。しかしながら、手法のアプローチはさまざまであり、未だ合意に至っていないのが現状である。そこで本研究では、資源消費によるコスト増分に関わる影響評価を求めるモデルを開発し、ケーススタディをもとに、考察を行う。

企業の社会的責任（CSR）に対する関心が高まり、企業の環境活動や社会活動を配慮して投資先を決める投資家や製品を選択する消費者が増えている。しかしながら、日本においてそのような投資家や消費者は未だ少数派であり、今後の普及のためには、企業側が投資家や消費者の選好を把握し、より戦略的な情報発信を行っていくことが重要である。そこで本研究では、企業の生物多様性に対する取り組みを事例に、投資家や消費者が企業の環境対策をどのように評価しているかを、インターネット調査を用いた選択型実験によって分析する。

MFCAは廃棄物を負の製品としてその経済価値を測定することで、廃棄物の削減によるコスト低減を効果的に実施するための手法として注目されている。また、ISO14051として国際規格化され、導入企業は更に増えるものと期待される一方で、MFCAは廃棄物以外の環境側面を網羅しない。 本研究では、環境側面を網羅的に捉えるLCAとMFCAを融合することで、MFCAに用いられるパラメーターを用いてLCAも実施できる評価ツールを開発することを目的とした。更に、事例研究に適用することで、本研究成果の利用可能性について検証した。

サプライチェーンにおけるCO２管理が注目をされる中、GHGプロトコル・イニシアティブの「スコープ３・スタンダード」が2011年に発行された。この制度では間接的に排出されるサプライチェーン全体でのＧＨＧ排出量を管理することができる。しかし、スコープ３とＬＣＡは概念が近いものの、実際に分析を通じた比較研究は少ない。そこで本研究ではLCAとスコープ３の位置づけを明確にし、特徴や違いをまとめた。また、東京都市大学を評価対象とし、双方を用いてCO2排出量を算出した。

水問題に対する関心が高まっており、水に関する環境情報の見える化が注目されている。ウォーターフットプリントは国際規格化に向けた作業が実施されており、今後、世界的に広まるものと考えられる。また、社会的・環境的に意義が高いとされる地産地消も注目されている。本研究では、横浜市の地元農家を対象とし、ウォーターフットプリントを実施した。算定結果を一般消費者に一定期間開示し、反応を見るためにアンケート調査を行い、その結果からウォーターフットプリントの潜在性を考察した。

2011年3月11日に起きた東日本太平洋沖地震を受けて、現在被災地域および被災者を対象としたさらなる復興支援が求められている。「炊き出し」は被災者に食事を提供するだけでなく、ミュニケーションを通じて心の安寧を与えることに貢献するものと考えられている。本研究では、宮城県において開催される「炊き出し」イベントに注目し、LCAに基づいた環境影響評価をおこなう。またCO2の算定に合わせて、ウォーターフットプリントについてもあわせて実施した。

水問題に関心が高まる中、水使用量を定量的に示すウォーターフットプリントの規格化が進められている。既存文献では、廃棄段階の計算方法が要因で、水量が過剰に投入されていると指摘されてきた。従って本研究では、廃棄の際使用される、下水処理を反映した廃棄段階の計算方法の作成を目的とする。計算方法は、他の事例研究にも適用できるように、汚水量・水質汚濁物質ごとに排水量が算定できる計算方法の構築を目指す。

世界的に地球温暖化や水資源問題に対する関心が高まっている昨今、計算ツールであるカーボンカリキュレータやウォーターカリキュレータが多く開発されている。しかし、それらのカリキュレータはライフサイクルの考慮がなされていないことなどの問題点が挙げられる。そこで、本研究ではこれらの課題を解決し、誰もが計算できるカリキュレータの開発を行った。

世界的に水問題に対する関心が高まっており、ISOではウォーターフットプリントにおいて水消費量に対する汚染を対象としているのに対し、ウォーターフットプリントネットワークでは水汚染に対して許容濃度に必要な水消費量を算出している。現在日本でもデータベースの開発が行われているが、水の汚染に関しては行われていない。そのため水の汚染をウォーターフットプリントで算出し、N,Pの富栄養化物質に注目して、潜在的水消費量を算出した。

2010年10月に名古屋で生物多様性条約第10回締約国会議（COP10）が開催され、生物多様性の損失要因の1つに森林伐採等の自然環境の破壊や汚染が挙げられた。紙や木を使用した製品は森林を伐採して作られるため、環境負荷の中でも「生物多様性」や「一次生産」への影響が懸念されている。近年販売が始まった紙製ハンガーは古紙パルプ100%であり、チップの新規投入量の削減に寄与することが期待される。本研究では木製ハンガーと紙製ハンガーの環境負荷を比較し、生物多様性の観点からMiLCAとLIME2を用いて環境影響評価結果を算定した。

酸化アルミ（アルミナ）を蒸着した透明バリアフィルム（GLフィルム）の環境影響評価をLIME2を用いて実施し、アルミ箔との比較を行なった。さらに実際の使用形態としてGLフィルムあるいはAL箔を積層したレトルト殺菌用パウチについての比較も実施した。統合化の結果、フィルム(箔)単体、パウチともにGLフィルムはアルミ箔よりも環境影響が小さく、特に人間健康に対する影響の小さいことが確認された。

持続可能性・生物多様性に配慮した製品としてバイオマス由来のプラスチックが様々な製品に実用化されている。バイオマス由来のプラスチックとして、ポリ乳酸（PLA）やポリエチレン（PE）などがあるが、本研究ではポリエチレンテレフタレート（PET）についてLCA評価を行う。バイオマス由来PETの原料の３０%はサトウキビ由来のエタノール作られたエチレングリコールである。本研究ではサトウキビの栽培からエチレングリコールの製造、PET重合までのプロセスにおいて、生産国における調査を実施し、ライフサイクル全体の評価を行い、石油由来PETとの比較を行う。

植物を素材の原料として扱うことは環境負荷低減を目的とする以外にも、その偏在性の低さや途上国での雇用創出、それに伴う経済成長の手段としても有力である。また石油価格の高騰やその環境負荷の高さから、植物由来の燃料等の活用への期待も高まっている。本研究ではその一歩として、地理的、気候的に先行研究の無いインド北部でのフォアグラウンドデータの収集と試算を行う。評価範囲はサトウキビ栽培からバイオエタノールおよび砂糖の製造までとする。

近年、消費者の環境意識が高まる一方、家庭部門における温室効果ガスは上昇傾向にある。消費者の身近な商品であるシャンプーのCFPは使用段階が大きいことが分かっているが、WFでは使用時の水にあわせて材料栽培時の水の使用にも注目される。WFは植物の栽培における雨水の使用が大きく、原材料調達の寄与が大きい事が予想される。本研究では、植物樹脂の容器を採用したシャンプーのWFを実施し、従来容器との比較について考察する。

紙製ヨーグルト・カップは本体には紙、蓋にはアルミニウムが主に使用されている。本研究では、こうした紙製ヨーグルト・カップのLCAをLIME2を使用して実施した（ヨーグルトの充填及び封緘プロセスは除く）。アルミの環境負荷は相対的に大きく、木材が環境（一次生産及び生物多様性）に与える影響がゼロであるとした場合、容器1個が環境に与える影響（統合化）の50%強が蓋に由来し、その殆どが素材製造に由来している。

本研究ではLCIAを行うため、より網羅性を考慮した化学物質における影響評価手法の開発を目的とする。具体的には、化管法におけるPRTR制度の対象となっている生態系に有害なおそれがある化学物質の被害係数を開発していくことと、化学物質のLCIAにおける合意モデルとしてUNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiativeが開発したUSEtoxを適用し、近年LCAの普及が進むアジア諸国の評価にも対応した評価係数の開発を検討していく。

塩ビ壁紙が環境へどのような影響があるのかをLIME2によって評価を行った。影響カテゴリーとして地球温暖化と室内空気質汚染等を対象とした。温暖化については1次データにもとづく業界代表値インベントリーを作成し評価した。室内空気質汚染については、パッシブサンプラー法による壁紙の放散量試験を行い、ホルムアルデヒドの放散量からLIME2により人間健康への影響を試算した。

LIME2を始めとする生物多様性や一次生産に対する被害量を算定する手法が開発され、多くのLCAの分析事例で用いられている。一方で、生物多様性や一次生産に影響を与え得る要因の一つとして、対象製品のライフサイクルの中で占有している土地の面積を求めるための基礎データが、日本においては不足している。そこで、本研究では、産業連関分析法を用いて各産業部門における生産活動に伴う土地占有面積を推計し、原単位としてまとめた。

現在、LCAの中で持続可能性に関する評価が行われており、LCSAと呼ばれている。このLCSAでは環境はLCA、経済をLCC、社会側面をSLCAと呼び、各側面において国際規格やガイドラインがある中、SLCAはまだ研究段階であり評価項目や評価手法の検討が必要である。そこで本研究では、LCSAの中でSLCAにおける評価項目として雇用と労働災害に注目をし、データベースの開発を行う。また、開発したデータベースを基に検証を行う。

LCAは環境負荷を定量的に可視化するツールとして、教育分野でも注目されている。本研究では、効果的かつ継続的な環境教育カリキュラムの開発を行い、実施結果の効果を見出すことを目的としている。&lt;BR&gt;尚、本発表ではLCAを学ぶ事前準備として環境問題の基本知識について行った授業の事例紹介と今後予定しているLCAを導入したライフサイクルに関する授業について報告致します。

東日本大震災による影響を受けて発生した福島原子力発電所の事故は大量の放射性物質の放出を招いた。放出された放射性物質は大気中で拡散され、吸入や食物等を経由した暴露を誘発する。LCIAで用いられるモデルを利用することで、放射性物質の発生から暴露量の増分、潜在的な健康影響を試算することができる。本研究ではLCIA手法を用いて、今回の福島原子力発電所の事故に伴う健康影響を試算した。結果は損失余命(DALY)で算定される。

公共事業の中で大規模な土地改変を伴うダム建設は生態系への影響が大きいと考えられる。LCAではLC-CO₂評価等は行われているが生態系評価は行われていない。環境アセスメントではダム建設による直接的な影響は評価されているが、ダム本体の資材調達における土地改変や占有による間接的な生態系への影響を評価した事例はほとんど無い。本研究ではLIME2を用いてライフサイクルに渡るダムの生物多様性および一次生産への影響を試算した。

Human health damage due to global warming has been quantified in existing LCIA researches, however the climate model they used was consistent with IPCC Third Assessment Report, and the damage of diarrhea was not considered. The purpose of this research is to develop a new framework to quantify the human health damage based on change of relative risk of diseases caused by climate change published by WHO. The total damage of diseases (malaria, diarrhea, cardiovascular, malnutrition, coastal flood and inland flood) of A2 scenario was calculated at 2×10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; DALY/kg-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; approximately. The damage of diarrhea was the biggest. And the damage of inland flood and cardiovascular had a long-term effect.

As corporate activities are needed for biodiversity conservation, a number of companies have started to understand the relationship between their supply chain and biodiversity. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has become to assess environmental interventions throughout a life cycle of products or supply chain. However, most of LCA case studies focus on global warming such as carbon footprinting, a number of studies assessed an impact on biodiversity is still limited. Land use is considered as key inventory item to promote biodiversity assessment in LCA. This study aimed at the development of land use inventory database using input-output analysis. Thjs study estimated occupied land area caused by a certain amount of production activities. To verify the adequacy of this study, an estimation of land use area induced by Japan&#039;s domestic consumption was carried out.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; According to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, it is predicted that the global warming promotes the outbreak of the waterborne disease (diarrhea). However, in the past LCIA studies on damage assessment of human health caused by global warming, heat stress and malaria have been mainly considered and there is little study taking diarrhea into account. Therefore the aim of this study is to quantify the health damage related to diarrhea caused by global warming based on statistical analysis.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods.&lt;/b&gt; The procedure of this study is as follows: 1) Four SRES scenarios (A1B, A2, B1 and B2) were used to estimate the marginal temperature rise (2000-2100) by 1 kg-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission based on MAGICC (Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change) model. 2) Increasing of diarrhea incidence caused by temperature rise was estimated based on the relationship between future temperature rise and future diarrhea incidence calculated by a multiple regression analysis. 3) Cases of diarrhea were calculated by multiplying population data and diarrhea incidence. 4) DALYs were calculated by multiplying the cases of diarrhea and the ratio of DALY and diarrhea case. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; Damage factors of diarrhea were calculated as 1.1-3.3&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;7&lt;/sup&gt; DALY/kg-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; for four SRES scenarios. The health damage of diarrhea around 2030 was the biggest in all regions and any scenarios. Africa and South East Asia regions showed bigger damage than other regions because their lower ratios of accessing to improved drinking water and large numbers of people. By a comparison of scenarios, A2 scenario showed the biggest damage, because the highest temperature rise and the lowest ratio of accessing to improved drinking water. Moreover, the result indicated that it is important to take diarrhea into account, because the damage of diarrhea caused by global warming is higher than other diseases.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; An approach of chronological order was used to quantify the health damage of diarrhea caused by global warming for each region and each scenario. Damage factors of diarrhea for four SRES scenarios were gained in the study.

Background, aim, and scope: Water scarcity is a critical environmental issue. In particular, domestic water is a necessary resource for our fundamental activities, and poor water quality may lead to damage to health caused by infectious diseases. However, there is no methodology to assess the damage of domestic water scarcity (low accessibility to safe water) caused by water consumption. The main objectives of this study are to model the health damage assessment of infectious diseases (ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm disease, and diarrhea) caused by domestic water scarcity and calculate damage factors on a country scale. Materials and methods: The damage to health caused by infectious diseases was assumed to have resulted from domestic water scarcity due to loss of accessibility to safe water. Damage function of domestic water scarcity was composed of two steps, including assessments of water accessibility and health damage. This was modeled by applying regression analyses based on statistical data on a country scale. For more precise and realistic modeling, three explanatory variables (domestic use of fresh water, gross domestic product per capita and gross capital formation expenditure per capita) for water accessibility assessment and seven explanatory variables (the annual average temperature, the house connection to water supply, the house connection to sanitation, average dietary energy consumption, undernourished population rate, Gini coefficient of dietary energy consumption, and health expenditure per capita) for the health damage ssessment were chosen and non-linear multiple regression analyses were conducted. Results: Water accessibility could be modeled by all three explanatory variables with sufficient explanatory power (R 2 ∈=∈0.68). For the health damage assessment, significant explanatory variables were different from those for diseases, but the R 2 values of the regression models for each infectious disease were calculated as more than 0.4. Furthermore, the house connection to water supply rate showed a high correlation with every infectious disease. This showed that domestic water scarcity is strongly linked to health damage caused by infectious diseases. Based on the results of the regression analyses, the calculated damage factors of domestic water scarcity ranged from 1.29E-11 to 1.81E-03 [Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)/m 3 ], and the average value (weighted mean value by domestic use of fresh water for each country) was 3.89E-07 [DALYs/m 3 ] and the standard deviation of damage factors was 1.40E-07 [DALYs/m 3 ]. Discussion: According to the calculated damage factors for each country, countries sensitive to domestic water scarcity appeared to be located in the African region, and in addition, the amount of available domestic water tended to be less in the most sensitive countries. Water production technologies represented by desalination are expected to be a countermeasure for the reduction of water stress. As an example of the application of damage factor analysis, health damage improvement compared with the effects of CO 2 emission caused by the introduction of desalination plants showed that there were several countries where desalination was worth introducing after considering the advantages and disadvantages of the environmental impact. Conclusions: Damage assessment models of domestic water scarcity were developed by applying non-linear multiple regression analysis. Damage factors could be calculated for most countries, except for those without statistical data for the analysis. Damage factors are applicable to not only the assessment of water consumption, but also the evaluation of benefits of water production in countries suffering from water scarcity. Recommendations and perspectives: The analyses of this study were conducted by applying data on a country scale, and the regional and local characteristics within each country are expected to be taken into account in future studies. The water resource amount, which was represented by the amount of domestic use of fresh water in this study, should be estimated with consideration of the effects due to climate change. © 2010 Springer-Verlag.

製品やサービスのライフサイクルを通じた環境負荷や環境影響の定量的情報を提示するLCAは,さまざまな環境指標や評価手法の拠り所となりつつある.LCAでは環境負荷量を算定するインベントリ分析をもとに,多様な環境への影響量を総合的に評価するインパクト評価によって統合指標値を算出する.インパクト評価は影響領域の選定からはじまり,分類化,特性化,正規化,重み付けによる統合化といった複数の段階で構成される.本稿では,日本における人間健康や生物多様性等への被害量を算定し重み付け係数を決定する被害算定型の評価手法であるLIMEについて,その考え方を中心に紹介する.

Today teleworking is increasing rapidly, but the shift to working at home from commuting to and from the office everyday may increase an environmental burden by using inefficient equipments at home such as air conditioners. In order to calculate and compare life cycle CO_2 emissions between different work styles, we set three work style scenarios, working at office, using the telework center in worker&#039;s neighborhood and working at home. We also considered CO_2 emissions from commuting and the rebound effects attributed to the increased leisure time. Ahead of calculating, we measured life cycle CO_2 emission of telework centers in Kanto region, because there is no inventory data of the telework center. As a result, we found if a telework center or a conventional office is used efficiently, their CO_2 emissions become same level as working at home.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Population growth in the world seems to raise the demand of water and food. However water resource is limited, which may arise water deficiency in several areas or countries. Particularly, agricultural water scarcity will accelerate the expansion of undernourishment damage caused by insufficient food supply. The aim of this study is to model undernourishment damage caused by agricultural water scarcity based on statistical analysis.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; At first, food productivity due to agricultural water shortage was estimated based on the relationship between annual harvest of each crop and agricultural water use on a country scale. Subsequently, non-linear multiple regression analysis among undernourishment damage data and three explanatory variables (the average daily dietary energy consumption per capita, the Gini coefficient of dietary energy consumption and the health expenditure per capita) was performed based on statistical data of each country. As a result of the analysis, every selected explanatory variable was statistically significant, and undernourishment damage caused by the shortage of unit volume agricultural water (damage factors) was estimated for each country. The results of estimated damage factors showed that countries with low agricultural water supply capacity would have a high sensitivity to agricultural water deficiency. Furthermore, preliminary prediction of damage factors in 2050 indicated that population growth would certainly shift damage factors larger particularly in the several African countries. According to the comparison of the health damage factors related to domestic use water scarcity in the previous study, many countries in the African region seem to be sensitive to both agricultural and domestic water scarcity.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; Undernourishment damage caused by unit agricultural water scarcity can be estimated quantitatively. On the other hand, the analysis was conducted based on country scale data, so the diversity of local situation in each country was not considered in the study. In order to improve the precision of damage factors, more detailed analysis based on data of local scale should be conducted and dynamic changes of important factors like food productivity and water resource amounts should be taken into account.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Social impact assessment is advocated as one of the three pillars toward sustainability. In the past, several attempts have been carried out to assess the social impact on the country level. The Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) and the Human Development Index (HDI) are well known as socioeconomic indexes. However, there are still few studies for the development of the method of social impact. This study is aimed at the development of the social impact assessment method for product life cycle technique using HDI.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Methods.&lt;/b&gt; HDI is the general index that covered the following three components of human society; education, health and quality of life. We considered the linkage from the inventories (added value, water use, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) of the product to the components of the HDI. Social impact factors developed in this study enable us to connect inventory data to HDI. The change of the HDI by the input of these inventory data can be regarded as the result of social life cycle assessment (SLCA).&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; Three lists of social impact factor were calculated for each country based on the SLCA method. Added value factors ranged from the magnitude of 1.4&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;6&lt;/sup&gt; to 2.4&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; (HDI/US$/p), the score of developing country are higher than that of developed country. Water factor was calculated as a negative impact from 1.5&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;5&lt;/sup&gt; to 6.4&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; (HDI/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/p), countries with little water resource have higher score. With regard to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; factor, the total HDI loss of the whole world caused by CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission was calculated as about 1&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;16&lt;/sup&gt; (HDI/kg).&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; A social LCA methodology for industrial product using HDI was developed in this study. Three lists of social impact factor were prepared (for each country) to implement SLCA.

紙カップの原材料は木材である。一口に木材と言っても原産地の違いや天然林か人工林かによって、地球環境に与える影響の大きさは異なる。環境保護のためには伐採後に植林を行う必要があるが、単に植林を行うだけでは必ずしも十分ではない。一次生産だけでなく生物多様性にも配慮することによって持続可能な森林管理を行うことが重要である。LIME2を用いたインパクト評価を行うことにより、そのことの重要性を定量的に把握した。

紙製飲料容器である「カートカン」は紙の原料の一部に国産の間伐材が使用されている。間伐は森林を活性化するが、その間伐の環境影響を明らかにするため、LIME２を用いた「カートカン」の環境影響評価を実施し、間伐材の利用により生物多様性や一次生産における環境影響を低減していることが判明した。また、「カートカン」の環境影響をさらに低減するための施策を検討した。

気候変動は生物多様性の主要な被害要因の一つとして、ミレニアム生態系評価(2005)で挙げられている。しかし、LCIAにおける生物多様性の被害評価では、土地利用と生態毒性による影響が考慮されるが、気候変動由来の影響の重要性が認識されるものの、定量的評価が行われる例が極めて少ない。本研究は、EINES (Expected Increase in Number of Extinct Species)を生物種の絶滅リスク指標とした気候変動による生物多様性の被害評価手法を構築し、日本の維管束植物を対象に試算を行った。

日本ゴルフツアー機構の「『ゴルフの森事業』評価プロジェクト」について報告する。本プロジェクトでは、「ゴルフの森事業」の中の「森林保全活動」を、「ゴルフ・トーナメント実施に伴い発生する環境影響のオフセット活動」と仮に見立てた場合の効果を、LIMEとCVMを用いて実験的に評価した。本発表では、評価結果とともに、イベントの「生物多様性・生態系オフセット」について実務的・技術的な観点から課題と展望を報告する。

消費者に向けた環境情報の見える化が注目される中、食品を対象にしたカーボンフットプリントの検討事例が増えている。これらの結果によれば、調理における環境負荷が大きい例がしばしば見られる。近年、電子レンジの使用を意図した容器包装の活用により調理工程の環境負荷削減のための試みが注目されている。しかし、容器包装の生産や廃棄のほか、食材の生産や調達などのライフサイクルに注目した分析の実施例は少ない。本研究では、特に電子レンジの活用による調理の実践による環境影響評価をライフサイクルの視点から包括的に分析する。その評価には地球温暖化のほか、農業との関係が深い水消費についても合わせて考察する。

壁紙のライフサイクルフローの中で廃棄（焼却）・リサイクルのデータ収集を行い、インベントリデータを作成、二酸化炭素排出量を求めた。得られた結果を素材～施工までのインベントリデータと合算し、ライフサイクル全体での二酸化炭素排出量を求め、業界代表値を精査した。

LCAの概念が国際的に普及した現在において、中国、韓国、台湾においてLCAデータベースの開発に向けた検討が行われているが、これらはいずれもインベントリ分析のみであり、影響評価は未着手の状況である。急速な経済成長を続けるアジア各国において発生する環境影響を高い精度で評価する手法を構築することが、国内製品のLCAの精度を向上させるとともに、LCAを国際的に普及促進させる上で極めて重要な課題であるといえる。本研究では、我が国で開発されたLCIA手法を基礎としつつ、海外での環境負荷による環境影響を適切に評価できるアジア版のLCIA手法を開発し、その有用性について事例研究を通じて検証することで、上記課題の解決を図ることを目標とする。

アジア諸国で発生する環境影響を評価するため、昨年度までに、日本版被害算定型影響評価手法（LIME）を中国に適用し、人健康有害性及び生態毒性の中国版被害係数を開発した。今年度は、中国以外のアジア諸国における生態毒性・ヒト毒性の被害係数の開発について報告する。開発したアジア諸国の人健康有害性及び生態毒性の被害係数については日本、中国との比較を行い、アジア各国の特徴を検討すると共に今後の課題をとりまとめる。

日本国内の被害算定型ライフサイクル影響評価手法であるLIMEの適用範囲をアジア域に拡大することを目的とし、大気汚染による被害係数の算定に関する研究を行った。適用範囲は東アジアを中心とする範囲とし、大気汚染物質のソース・レセプター、大気汚染物質の濃度増加による健康影響、アジア各地の人口分布等のデータの整理を進め、大気汚染物質の排出量をインベントリーに、健康影響（DALY）をエンドポイントとする被害係数の構築を行った。

人口増加に伴う水需給バランスの不均衡が予測される中で、水資源消費に伴うインパクト評価手法の開発は喫緊の課題として世界的に注目されている。本研究では、水資源消費によって起こる農業用水の不足を通じた被害（人間健康、資産）について貿易による波及影響を考慮したモデル化を行った。また、開発したモデルに基づいて算定された各国の被害係数を基に、ウォーターフットプリントへの適用事例について報告する。

LIMEでは、生態系の質的な構成要素と量的な構成要素として、生物多様性と一次生産を保護対象として挙げるとともに、生物種の絶滅リスクと純一次生産力を被害指標として評価できる手法を開発した。COP10がわが国で開催されたことを受けて、生物多様性を対象とした評価手法に注目が集まっている。本発表では、LIMEにおける生物多様性評価の特徴について整理するとともに、当該手法を活用した生態系評価事例について述べ、これらの成果からみられる今後の開発課題を挙げた。

COP10の開催にともなって、生物多様性に対する関心が高まっている。生物多様性に対する影響評価が求められる中、インベントリデータと影響評価手法の開発が注目されている。ミレニアム生態系評価報告書によれば、汚染や気候変動、外来種などの五つの要因のうち、土地の改変による影響が最も大きいものと推測されている。その中でも、森林伐採は生息地改変に影響を与える最も大きな要因の一つであるが、現時点で森林伐採を評価に含めることができるインベントリデータベースの開発が未着手である。そこで、本研究では産業連関分析法を用いて木材消費量を算定できるインベントリデータベースを開発することを目的とした。

近年、情報通信サービスの利用者は年々増加し、ハードウェア・サービスの価格低下に伴いIT機器の台数や消費電力が増加している。総務省によれば2012年の通信分野の電力消費量は全体で570億kWh、中でもサーバが18%と大きい割合を占めている。また同時に、IT機器の運用に欠かせない空調機による消費電力量も増加傾向にある。一方で、設置面積や消費電力を削減するために仮想化技術を用いたサーバ統合の利用が増えている。そこで本研究では、仮想化によるサーバ統合を包括的に評価した事例が少ないことに着目し、環境負荷の削減効果を評価する。

近年、鉄道各社で傘の拾得物が問題となっている。大量に発生した傘の拾得物は保管や処理に費用やエネルギーを必要とする。一方で、長期使用を目指した機能性を重視した傘も登場している。本研究では、傘のLCAを実施するとともに傘の循環利用を目指した本学での傘のレンタルシステムについて検討を行い、長期利用でどのような環境負荷低減効果があるのかを検証する。

2010年5月に東京都が事業所を対象に『大規模事業所への温室効果ガス排出総量削減義務と排出量取引制度』を施行した。この制度では燃料、熱、電気の使用量が原油換算で1500 ㎘以上の事業所を対象としている。排出量算定ガイドラインによるCO2排出量算定方法の調査範囲は電力などのみであり、物品購入、サービスなどの間接分は含まれておらず、LCAの調査範囲と異なる。LCAでは事業所のエネルギーだけではなく事業に関わるサービスも評価に含める事が出来る。本研究では東京都市大学を評価対象として東京都が発行しているガイドラインとLCAの双方を用いてCO2を算定し、排出量算定方法の検証を行う。

絶滅リスクを基にした生物多様性の影響評価手法はEINESが知られている。一方で、EINESでは日本国内の維管束植物しか評価に考慮することができなかった。サプライチェーンの国際化が進み、生物多様性への意識が高まる昨今、日本以外の地域の生物種、維管束植物以外の動植物種に対する影響を評価に考慮することが求められる。そこで、本研究ではEINESをベースにLCAにおける生物多様性の評価手法の開発を検討した。

現在、「ＩＳＯ２０１２１」というイベントに関する国際規格が作られており、この規格の柱となっているのが「持続可能性」である。これまで多くのイベントにおいて環境・経済側面を考慮した評価は実施されているが、近年の重要な社会問題となっている雇用など社会側面まで含めたイベント評価の事例は少なく、経済・環境・社会面を包括的に考慮した評価が求められている。また、イベント評価のための手法の開発に関する議論はなされているが、確立された手法はない。本研究では、イベント評価のための手法の開発を目的として、各側面のデータベースの作成を実施し、４つのイベントを例に検証を行う。また、評価結果を基にイベントにおける環境効率指標の作成を行う。

持続可能な社会の実現へ向けスポーツ、会議、音楽フェスティバルなどの各種イベントに対しても環境、経済、社会の３側面から持続可能性の評価を行うことが重要である[1]。本発表ではスポーツイベントを対象として、主催者からの提供データ、実測したデータを用い、(１)環境面では産業連関法を用い資源（化石燃料・鉱物・水)の消費量、CO2排出量などのインベントリー分析を行いこれよりLIME2による環境影響評価を行う[2]。(２)経済面では産業連関法を用い経済波及効果評価を行なう[3]。(３)社会面ではHDI指標を用いた社会影響評価を行なう[4]。以上の環境、経済、社会の３側面からの評価をまとめてイベントの持続可能性を評価する。 (参考文献）[1] 伊坪・湯：日本LCA学会誌, Vol.5 No.4, p.510.[2] 山口他：第5回日本LCA学会研究発表会要旨集, D2-07,p.204.[3]松永・伊坪：第5回日本LCA学会研究発表会要旨集, C1-07,p.60.[4]湯・伊坪： 日本LCA学会誌, Vol.6 No.4, p.338.

近年の水問題に対する関心の急速な高まりを受けて、水に関する環境情報の見える化が注目されている。ウォーターフットプリントは現在国際規格化に向けた作業が実施されており、規格発行に伴ってその利用は世界的に広まるものと考えられる。LCA研究ではこれまでに産業連関法を活用した評価事例が発表されたが、積み上げ法に基づいた分析は十分実施されていない。本研究では、我が国の主要な穀物で、かつ、相当量の水が投入される稲作を対象に、積み上げ法に基づくウォーターフットプリントを実施することを目的とした。

近年、日本の家庭部門における温室効果ガスが上昇傾向にある。そのなかで、工業製品に関する評価が中心であったLCAが現在は食や生活に注目した分析に活用されるようになった。しかしながら、生活に欠かせない衣類や洗濯に関する評価は相対的に少ない。現在、衣類や洗剤に関するカーボンフットプリントがみられるものの、これらをシステムとして体系的にとらえた例は少ない。また、衣類に用いられる綿の生産や洗濯には水の消費量が相対的に大きいものと見られるが実際に評価した事例はない。本研究では、衣類の生産、洗剤の消費、洗濯機の利用、廃棄など、衣類に関するライフサイクルをとらえ、かつ、温暖化と水消費に注目した評価を行った。

水の評価は現在、世界各国の専門家による協議によりISO14046として規格化されようとしており、日本も水消費による環境影響評価を積極的に評価する必要があると考える。水の環境影響評価の問題点として日本のデータベース（2009 小野）は水量、水の種類（雨水、河川水、地下水、回収水）や用途（消費水）の提示はしているが、海外のウォーターフットプリントの評価手法や定義とは隔たりがあることや作物種により直接投入される水量が異なるがデータベースに反映されきれていないといった問題点がある。本研究では上記で述べた問題の解決を目指す。

持続可能性が希求される中、環境評価を目的としたLCAは社会や経済側面も網羅した持続可能性評価へと拡張させていくことが期待されている。本研究では、産業連関分析に基づいた環境・経済・社会のトリプルボトムラインに注目した影響評価に活用することができるデータベースの開発を行った。環境側面では、温暖化をはじめ、資源、水、生物多様性に対する影響を網羅する。経済側面では、経済波及効果を算定できる枠組みを構築する。社会側面では、雇用効果および事故を定量的に分析することを可能にする。

MFCAは廃棄物のロスを負の製品としてその経済価値を測定することで、廃棄物の削減によるコスト低減を効果的に実施するための手法として注目されている。現在、国際規格化作業中であり、今後MFCAを導入する企業は更に増えるものと期待されるが、MFCAは廃棄物以外の環境側面を網羅しない。本研究では、環境側面を網羅的に捉えるLCAとMFCAを融合することで、MFCAに用いられるパラメーターを用いてLCAも実施できる評価ツールを開発することを目的とした。更に、紙製容器を活用した事例研究に適用することで、本研究成果の利用可能性について検証した。

都市ガス業界では循環型社会形成に向け、ガス導管工事で発生する掘削土の３Ｒ（リデュース・リユース・リサイクル）の取り組みを推し進めている。本研究では、LIME2を用い、浅層埋設や発生土の埋め戻し、非開削工法といった各種３Ｒ工法の環境影響評価を行い、資源循環や地球温暖化に加え生物多様性への影響も評価するとともに、実際の施工状況に合わせ、複数の工法の組み合わたシナリオ別の評価も実施した。

This study simulates the internalization of the external costs of major global environmental issues using an optimal economic growth model. We merged two existing models: an integrated assessment model (IAM) and a life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) model. We sought to achieve simultaneously the following three objectives: (i) to incorporate environmental issues including global warming in the IAM; (ii) to assess environmental impacts with a bottom-up approach from the LCIA; and (iii) to internalize external costs obtained from the environmental impact study. The study also provides initial simulation results obtained from the merged model.
Simulation results indicate that global warming will account for somewhere from 10% to 40% of all external costs in the 21st century. The remaining cost will come from land use and its changes. The internalization of the external cost will cause a decline in economic growth by approximately 5%, whereas forest preservation will increase by 40% and fossil-fuel consumption will be reduced by 15%. The estimated sustainability indicators imply that a necessary condition of sustainable development is satisfied for the entire world and for the developed countries during the 21st century, but is not satisfied until the latter half of this century for the developing counties. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We assessed a multipurpose Information and Communications Technology (ICT) service that provides multiple services by using a Gross Social Feel-good (GSF) index that we had previously used to assess single purpose services. It is difficult to integrate the assessment results of each service when assessing multipurpose services because of shared hardware and the synergy effect. However, we found that the multipurpose ICT service could be assessed well with the GSF index which indicates the users&apos; interest and satisfaction, and it was possible to incorporate shared hardware, the synergy effect and a weighting factor.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Recently, many social problems related with food products have risen by several media. Local production for local consumption is paid attention to society from the viewpoint of safety and environment. &amp;ldquo;Carbon footprint&amp;rdquo;, which is the label to show the LCCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (life cycle CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) emissions of the products, attracts peoples&amp;rsquo; interests, because it helps citizens to interpret the effect of a product to the environment and is expected to improve the transparency of environmental information. In Japan, it is expected that many products with Carbon footprint will be released to the public. With regard to food products, Carbon footprint might be useful to promote home-grown crops and vegetables, if we could endure the significance of these products using LCA. In this study, we evaluated LCCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions from cultivation stage to sales stage) emissions of 6 farm products (cabbage, broccoli, spinach, KOMATSUNA, Japanese radish, sweet potato) and displayed the results using Carbon footprint at farmer&amp;rsquo;s market cooperated with Tsuzuki ward office Yokohama city and Tsuzuki farm (environmental conservation farmer) in Tsuzuki ward. In order to confirm the significance of using LCA, we performed questionnaire survey to see the consumer response after environmental information is disclosed for a certain period.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Result and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions of cultivation stage were relatively small, because the farmer we cooperated made it possible to minimize the amount of fertilizer and agrichemicals. Minimizing these amounts might increase risk in smaller amount of crops, but we confirmed that the success of this style of agriculture leads the considerable reduction of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions. And there was a big difference of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions between sales at farmers&amp;rsquo; market and supermarket. Especially, using refrigerator for broccoli and spinach in sales stage in supermarket would be one of the key elements. The questionnaire survey showed that consumers have high interests in the environmental issues and the display of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. In addition, around 80 percent of the people answered buying the products which showed the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions rather than these did not show. And we inquired the consumers&amp;rsquo; willingness to pay (WTP) to the vegetables that showed lower CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. As a result, people have a tendency to pay more for the products with lower CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. We statistically analyzed using &lt;i&gt;X&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; test and F test about this result and confirmed the followings.&lt;BR&gt;(1)Carbon footprint could promote the environmental consideration consumer behavior.&lt;BR&gt;(2)People have a tolerance to pay for the products with lower CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion.&lt;/b&gt; In this study, we evaluate LCCO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions of 6 farm products, and disclosing the environmental information using Carbon footprint at farmer&amp;rsquo;s market in certain period of time. The style of agriculture, the distance of transportation, and the procedure of sales would be key elements for the reduction of environmental impacts. Local production for local consumption using farmer&amp;rsquo;s market would be an effective way to contribute the reduction of it well. According to the result of questionnaire survey, disclosing Carbon footprintwould have the potential to promote the environmental consideration consumer behavior, because people evaluated higher values for the products with smaller amount of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. The next challenge would be to discuss how to support consumers to interpret the number of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Interests in the assessment for events are increasing rapidly. Environmental Impacts caused by several events like sports tournaments; music festivals and international conferences have already been assessed. The publications of these results contribute to promote the reduction of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission. Through these activities, various problems with regard to the assessment, especially the following problems have been raised.&lt;BR&gt; &gt; Quickness of analysis: Hopefully, the temporary result should be presented on the day of the event in order to promote environmental communication.&lt;BR&gt; &gt; Comprehensiveness of analysis: The scope of LCA should cover as far as possible in order to avoid underestimate the result. Some of big events include thousands items.&lt;BR&gt; We assessed Tokyo marathon 2008 using hybrid LCA applying CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; intensities obtained by input-output method and process method. More than 2000 items were covered. Transportation, accommodation, food, advertisement, security, management, measurement, entry, waste management and office were included in the scope of this study.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; The total amount of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission including direct and indirect emissions was calculated as 5,000 ton. The environmental burdens of transportation occupied a half of total amounts. The contribution of air plane used by participants from foreign countries was estimated high, although the number of these people was less than 5% of total. The emission caused by equipments such as the stands, temporary lavatory and fence used in the starting point, the effects of finish point and the marathon course were also estimated high. The CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission caused by commemorative products like T-shirt and medals given to runners were also important, because a number of products had to be produced. Environmental burdens related to services like rental, volunteers, guard were also high. The effects of activities for environment implemented by organizer were assessed. These results will be used to reduce CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission in the next time.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; LCA for large-scale sports event was carried out using hybrid approach. This approach enabled us to obtain the calculated result quickly. Temporary result was released to the public on the day of the event. Final result was obtained after the fixed data were provided to the practitioners. Through this process, it became possible to share environmental information among various stakeholders like runner, organizer, and audience effectively.

今年からカーボンフットプリント商品が市場に流通し、カーボンフットプリントに世間の関心が高まってきている中、昨年のLCA学会で発表された「外食産業におけるハンバーガーのLC-CO2」の論文では、パティ（肉）の負荷の割合が大きいという結果であった。そこで、本研究では、牛肉を使わない、国内産原材料を使用したライスハンバーガーきんぴらを対象とし、1次データの収集を重視したハンバーガーの生産から調理までのLC-CO2評価を行った。

地球温暖化による健康被害では、マラリアや熱中症が中心に評価されるが、気温上昇による水系感染症の増加の影響が十分に評価されてこなかった。しかし、IPCCの影響評価報告書では、地球温暖化による下痢の健康被害がマラリアのそれと同程度と予測されているため、下痢への健康被害を定量化して地球温暖化の健康被害評価に含めることが必要と考えられる。本研究は下痢を評価対象とし、CO2の排出が温度上昇に寄与し、それに伴って生じる下痢の健康被害の増分との関係をモデル化し、CO2の排出による下痢由来の健康被害を定量化した。

水資源の消費に伴い農業用水が不足することによって生じる栄養失調被害量を推定するためのモデル開発について報告する。国レベルでの統計データを基に、主に回帰分析を利用したモデル化を行い、インパクト評価における被害評価係数を算定することができるモデルのプロトタイプを開発した。

アジア諸国で発生する環境影響を適確に評価するため、昨年度は、日本版被害算定型影響評価手法（LIME）を中国に適用し、人間健康に関する有害化学物質の被害係数を開発した。今年度は、生物多様性の観点から、中国での生態毒性に関する有害化学物質の被害係数を開発した結果について報告する。また、生態毒性に関する中国と日本の被害係数を比較して考察するとともに今後の課題を整理する。

日本国内の被害算定型ライフサイクル影響評価手法であるLIMEの適用範囲をアジア域に拡大することを目的とし、ここでは都市域大気汚染領域の被害係数の算定に関する研究を行った。適用範囲は東アジアを中心とする範囲とした。都市域大気汚染物質の排出、人口分布、健康影響といった項目の調査を行うことで、大気中の汚染物質の濃度増加量をカテゴリエンドポイントとする被害係数の検討を行った。

来年秋に名古屋で開催されるCOP10では、生物多様性の評価指標が重点課題の一つとして挙がっている。すでに複数の生物多様性の評価手法が提案されているが、これらはいずれも国や世界、もしくは特定の事業を行う地域が対象となっており、製品や企業レベルで評価を行うことができない。そこで、企業のCSR活動の成果を定量的に可視化するための方策として、LCIA手法による製品や企業を対象とした生物多様性評価が注目されている。これまでに、LCIA手法は被害評価手法や統合化手法において、生物多様性の影響評価が実施されてきた。本発表では、これまでに提案された生物多様性評価を概観すると共に、LCIA手法との関係について議論し、生物多様性評価手法としてのLCIA手法の利用性と今後解決すべき課題について考察する。

世界的に水資源問題に対する関心が高まっている昨今、水の評価するためのツールがあまり存在しない。またインベントリにおいて水量は算定しているが水の種類などが分けられていないなどの問題もある。こういった背景からこれに対応するためにLCAデータベースを改良することが求められる。本研究では輸入分を含めかつ水の種類（地下水、河川水等）を分けた汎用的ウォーターフットプリントデータベースを作成する。

ワークライフバランスを向上させる施策として場所や時間に制限をうけないテレワークという働き方が増加している。しかし、オフィスへ通勤から単なる在宅勤務への移行では、環境負荷を増大させる可能性も否定できない。テレワークセンターの事例をもとにCO2排出量の算出を行い、自宅近郊のテレワークセンターを利用した場合と在宅勤務の場合の環境負荷を比較する。テレワークセンターの環境負荷軽減策としての可能性について分析する。

環境と経済の両立は今世紀最大の課題であると同時にきわめて困難な課題である。経済活動組織の中核である企業に対し、環境と調和した企業経営を意味する環境経営の実施が求められている。本研究では、環境影響評価手法であるLCAと近年導入企業が増加している環境管理会計手法であるMFCAを用い、環境と経済の両側面を考慮した包括的な評価の実施を目的とし、企業との連携可能性を視野に入れた統合評価を実施することで、環境経営の推進を図る。

冷媒回収推進・技術センター（ＲＲＣ）技術委員会では、冷凍空調機器の整備時或いは廃棄される際に機器から回収される冷媒について、蒸留再生した場合と破壊処理した場合とではどちらが環境にやさしいのか、ＲＲＣが認定している再生事業所の協力を得て、平成１９年度からＬＣＡを用いた比較検討を行ってきた。 得られた成果の中から、地球温暖化の観点から比較した結果を第４回の研究発表会に報告した。本年度は、ＬＩＭＥ手法を用いて行った環境影響評価結果について報告する。

近年、イベントを対象とした環境負荷の定量化が注目を集めるなど、製品を主な対象とした従来のLCAから対象は多岐に渡るようになってきた。しかし、従来の原単位は評価対象が主に材料や部品が中心であり、例えばイベントなど無形のサービスを評価対象に多く含むような評価事例には充分に対応しきれない。そこで、本研究では、あらゆる評価対象に対応でき、且つ、LCIAへの対応も視野に入れた原単位を作成した。

地球温暖化の急激な進行のもとで、各種のイベントの実施に対してもCO2排出量の評価と削減、オフセットが求められている[1][2]。本年度のゴルフトーナメントではCO2排出量を評価し、ほぼ全量をオフセットするとともに、各種大気汚染物質の排出、化石燃料消費、鉱物資源消費等につき評価を行った。産業連関表によるこれらのデータベース[3]を用いてゴルフトーナメントの大会運営、参加者の移動、飲食、配布物などからのこ れらの排出量、消費量を求め、それによる環境影響を評価した。最終的にLIMEによる環境影響の統合評価を行うことを目指す。 [1]伊坪：大型イベント対象とした環境負荷評価と実施上の論点, 第4回日本LCA学会研究発表会要旨集,D2-09,p.208. [2]山口他：ゴルフトーナメントのCO2排出量の算出と排出量削減方法の検討, 第4回 日本LCA学会研究発表会要旨集,D2-07,p.204. [3]北澤・伊坪：化石燃料及び鉱物資源を対象とした産業連関LCIデータベースの開発, 第4回日本LCA学会研究発表会要旨集,P2- 28, p.328.

イベントＬＣＡへの注目が高まっている中、環境モデル都市である横浜市では「CO－DO３０」というスローガンのもと、２０２５年までに市民一人当たり排出量を３０％以上の温室効果ガス削減を目標にしている。その横浜で開催された「開国博Ｙ１５０」をヒアリングやアンケートなどを使いデータを収集し、原単位を用いてＣＯ２を対象にして主体別に計算を行った。その一部結果を開催期間中に発表、説明することにより意識啓発に努めた。

近年、イベントを対象とした環境負荷の定量化が注目を集めている。その一方で、イベントを対象にLCAを実施しようとした場合、原単位や評価方法に多くの問題が残されていると考えられる。そこで、本研究では評価に用いる原単位に着目し、輸送やサービス、廃棄物処理を中心に、これまでの事例研究から新規に検討が必要と考えられる原単位について、その試作と適用による実証研究を実施した。

製品やサービスを対象として評価されることが多かったLCAはイベントへの適用が注目されている。これまでに発表者らは、スポーツイベントや会議イベントなどを対象にしたLCAを実施してきた。本発表では、エコプロダクツ２００８を対象にした分析を行った結果について報告する。展示会はこれまで実施された上記のイベントに比べて、以下の点で評価に時間と労力が求められる。・会場、主催者、来場者、展示者といった多数の関係者が環境負荷に寄与するため、これらの活動量を効果的に得てくるための検討が求められる。・展示物や物品、創作物、配布物、レンタル品など、製品のLCAでは見られないさまざまな項目が関係し、これらの間接的な環境負荷量を網羅するかが重要な要件となる。以上の課題に対して、本研究では原単位法を採用するとともに、CO2原単位リストとデータ収集フォーマットを新規に作成したうえで分析を行った。

環境問題に関する議論が世界的に行われている昨今、日本国内においても環境負荷削減のための施策が実施され始めており、近年では人々の娯楽や趣味の一部であるイベントにおいても環境配慮が進められている。一般的にイベントを開催する際に経済波及効果の算定を実施するが、近年ではイベントを対象とした環境影響評価による環境負荷排出量の算定も徐々に実施されつつある。しかし環境影響評価と経済波及効果の両側面で評価した事例は少ない。本研究では２つのイベント事例を取り上げ環境と経済の２つの側面から見たイベントの評価を実施する。

紙カップ分科会では、これまで、飲料用紙カップのLCI及びLCAについての研究を行ってきた。今年度は、紙製ヨーグルト・カップのLCIについての研究を行った。飲料用紙カップと紙製ヨーグルト・カップは、材質や形状は似ているものの、その用途に違いがある。前者は目の前で飲料を注ぎ、その場で消費するのに対し、後者は内容物を一定期間保存するという機能を有している。こうした機能の違いは原材料の投入量に影響し、LCIデータにも表れていることが確認された。

CO2排出に占めるエネルギー由来の割合は9割と非常に高い中、民生部門の最終エネルギー消費推移は大きく増加しており、建築業界において地球温暖化を主とした評価が進められている。しかし建築物特有の土地利用や膨大な資源消費などから生物多様性の観点も重要である。そこで本研究では昨年度行った空調制御機器の評価を基に省エネ技術を導入した建物の評価を行い省エネ効果を算定すると共に従来着目されてこなかった生物多様性の影響についても検討した。

平成21年10月に日本国内でカーボンフットプリント（以下ＣＦP）を貼付した製品の流通が開始され、各産業がCFPを積極的に取り組み中、広く国民に情報発信する印刷産業はその導入が特に期待されている。以前より製紙や印刷活動のLCAは実施されてきたが、出版書籍の制作から送本までを評価した事例研究は少ない。そこで、本研究では環境配慮型のフリーペーパーを対象とし、製作から送本までを含めた製品評価を行った。

環境問題への関心の高まりとともに、「環境配慮」というキーワードが消費者の購買選択の中へ加わってきている。本研究では、欧米で普及が進むポップコーンを含めた緩衝材に関する環境評価をLCAの手法で行い、それらの結果を消費者に開示することで製品に対する消費者の受容性が変化するかどうかを目的とし検討を行った。環境側面・物理的緩衝機能を評価した上で消費者が望む緩衝材を明らかにしていく。

2009年、省エネ家電製品を対象としたエコポイント付与等の影響下から、消費者の家電製品買い替えへの注目が著しい。家電製品買い替えに伴って、使用時における省エネ効果が期待される一方で、デバイス増加等による生産段階時の環境影響増加が懸念されている。本研究では液晶テレビ買い替えによるサイズの変更に伴う環境影響の変化をライフサイクルの観点から分析する。

地球温暖化防止に向けた行動を促すために、中学生を対象にした環境教育教材を開発した。CO2の排出抑制のためには、直接ＣＯ２の排出だけでなく間接ＣＯ２排出を抑制する必要がある。教材は、まず地球温暖化の原因について解説し、次に製品の環境負荷をライフサイクルで考えさせるために紙コップを素材にして資源採掘・生産加工・消費・廃棄プロセスについてクイズなどを交えながら説明、最後に行動への自覚を促す構成となっている。

現在、カーボンオフセットが社会的に注目を集め、計算ツールであるカーボンカルキュレータはそのプロバイダーを中心に開発が行われている。しかし、それらのカルキュレータはライフサイクルの考慮がなされていないことや評価対象が限られているなどの問題点が挙げられる。そこで、本研究ではこれらの課題を十分に解決し、気軽に誰もがＷＥＢ上で計算できるカーボンカルキュレータの開発を行った。

Road transport noise has been hardly assessed in LCA studies so far despite its nationwide significance. It is not included in the impact categories covered in most of current LCIA systems such as LIME (Itsubo et al., 2005). In this study, we developed the damage function of road transport noise based on the framework proposed by Muller-Wenk (2004) and calculated the damage factors by applying Japanese environmental data and models. Our damage factors are smaller than the Swiss factors by Müller-Wenk mainly because of the different traffic situations and the adopted dose-response relationships.

We evaluated LCIA, the external cost and Full Cost Assessment/Accounting for IC package. The external cost was estimated based on the endpoint modeling LCIA method using LIME. The external cost of CO_2 emission in the electricity usage by the assembly process of a factory showed largest contribution of all external cost. Next, adding the external cost to LCC of IC package, we evaluated FCA. The ratio of external cost to full cost was accounted as nearly 0.2%. In this study, the design engineer has come to be able to consider the environmental impact reduction and cost reduction in a life cycle simultaneously.

There are so many chemical substances around us today. On the other hand, new houses are significantly air tight by standards of energy saving policy and it is very difficult to exchange between indoor air and fresh outdoor air. As a result, indoor air quality becomes worse, and health concerns have been an increasing social problem. The studies for these problems have been developed in the several fields, such as Building Environmental Engineering, Medical Science and in other areas so on. However, to solve this problem fundamentally, the comprehensive and quantitative assessments from the generation of chemical substances to onset of symptoms are needed. In this study, the health damages by indoor air pollutants are evaluated comprehensively following the environmental assessment tool, LIME (Life-cycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling) developed by Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Theoretically it is very difficult to evaluate sick-building syndromes, because these symptoms are extremely variable from person to person, and there has been no research in the world in these areas. Therefore, the data offered by a special hospital for sick-building syndromes are used with medical specialists in this study. A new assessment tools for indoor air pollutants is developed for the first time.

The electrically conductive adhesives (ECA) are on the verge of a breakthrough as reliable interconnection materials for electronic components. As the ban of lead (Pb) in the electronics industry becomes a reality, the ECA's could be attractive overall alternatives to high melting point (HMP) Pb-based solder pastes. Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to estimate trade-offs between the energy use and the potential toxicity of two future types of ECA's and one HMP Pb-based. The probability is around 90% that the overall CO2 emissions from an ECA based on a tin-bismuth alloy are lower than for a silver-epoxy based ECA, whereas the probability is about 80% that the cumulative energy demand would be lower. It is more uncertain whether the tin-bismuth ECA would contribute to less CO2, or consume less energy, than a HMP Pb-based solder paste. Moreover, for the impact categories contributing to the life-cycle impact assessment method based on end point modeling (LIME) damage category of human health, the tin-bismuth ECA shows a 25 times lower score, and a silver-epoxy based ECA shows an 11 times lower score than the HMP Pb-based solder paste. In order to save resources and decrease CO2 emissions it is recommended to increase the collection and recycling of printed board assemblies using silver-epoxy based ECA.

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Generally, the environmental impacts of products are assessed based on the deterministic data (ex. mean value) for inventory analysis and impact assessment in life cycle assessment. However, both inventory data and impact factors have some uncertainties. In this research, a case study for passenger car was conducted for clearly showing the importance of uncertainty analysis in LCA. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; Inventory data containing statistical data were referred to Ecoinvent (LCI database in Switzerland) and some part of the data were revised to reflect Japanese conditions based on the LCI data provided by Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI). &amp;ldquo;Life cycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling (LIME)&amp;rdquo; was applied as an impact assessment method, and uncertainty data of impact factors were obtained based on Monte-Carlo simulation by using results of the investigation for statistical information of each parameter. In the comparison of gasoline-powered vehicle (GV, 2000 regulation) and diesel-powered vehicle (DV, 2002 regulation), the environmental impact of DV was higher in the assessment based on deterministic data. However, the results of uncertainty analysis quantitatively showed that the conclusion obtained from the deterministic analysis was not always supported, indicating that there are still 34% possibility for suggesting the opposite conclusion. Factors with high sensitivity on the uncertainty of impact assessment results have been clarified, and the revision of the factors (damage factors for urban air pollution) for reflecting more realistic conditions could have provided more reasonable results.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; The uncertainty analysis in LCA will be helpful for assessing and improving the reliability of the results and support the decision making in product selection and policy planning with more confidential and high responsible information.

産業連関表を利用し、各産業ごとに水資源消費原単位を算出することで、水資源に関するデータベースを作成する。また、各産業の中で最も水資源消費量の多い農業分野に着目し、農業分野の原単位を高精度化するとともに、各都道府県の産業連関表を利用することで、同一作物種においても、生産の際に環境に対して影響の少ない産地の品を選ぶことで、各地域における被害を低減できるか検証を行った。

本発表では、（１）近年急速にニーズが高まりつつある「イベントの環境対策」を中心としながら、広告コミュニケーション活動における環境対策について、事例紹介を元に概観する。次いで、（２）「イベント等広告コミュニケーション活動の特性」や「環境への貢献という視点から期待される社会的な役割」などを勘案するとき、広告コミュニケーション活動の環境評価はどのようなものであるべきか、その考え方を整理する。

地球温暖化が急激に進行する中、各種イベントにおけるGHG排出量を求めその削減努力を行うことが課題となっている。ゴルフトーナメントの開催にあたりCO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;排出量を削減する大会運営をめざし、大会実施に係るCO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;排出量を求めた。大会運営、選手、ギャラリー、スタッフ、ボランティアなど参加者の移動、飲食、物品、会場構築物、備品、配布物などあらゆる活動につき、CO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;排出量を産業連関法をベースとして求めた。さらに環境に対する各種の取り組みにつきCO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;削減効果を積上げ法により算定した。上記プロセスと算定結果、今後の課題につき述べる。

地球温暖化への社会的な関心が高まる中、温暖化対策の一環としてカーボンオフセットが注目されている。そんな中、2008年5月に武蔵工業大学横浜キャンパスにて開催された「第12回MI-TECH横浜祭」では、学園祭における環境負荷低減対策の一環として、植林によるカーボンオフセットを実施した。本研究では、このカーボンオフセットを実施するためのライフサイクル思考に基づいた学園祭開催による温室効果ガス排出量の推計やカーボンオフセットへの応用とともに、今後の課題を整理した。

トリノオリンピックやFIFAワールドカップドイツ大会、洞爺湖サミットなど、近年大型イベントを対象とした環境負荷評価が行われている。イベントは価値観を共有する観客が一堂に集うため、適切な環境情報を伝えることで高い教育効果を得ることができるものと期待されている。このような背景から、筆者らは、これまでに東京マラソン、サッカーイベント、大学祭、展示会、国際会議などを対象とした環境負荷分析を実施し、その結果をマスコミ等を通じて対外的に発信することで効果的な環境コミュニケーションの推進に向けた活動を行ってきた。本発表では、これまでに実施したイベントを対象とした評価結果について整理し、その傾向について考察するほか、今後LCA研究において検討されるべき論点について述べる。

世界における水需要は2025年時点において既に約1.4倍（95年比）にも及ぶものと見積もられており，水資源問題が一層深刻化するものと推察される。水資源の消費に伴い農業用水不足に起因した農作物生産の減少による栄養失調の増加や、飲料水の枯渇による低水質の水の飲用による感染症の蔓延など様々な健康被害が引き起こされる。本研究では水資源消費とこれらの健康被害とを関連付け、水資源の消費に伴う健康被害の評価手法の開発を行った。

日本国内の被害算定型ライフサイクル影響評価手法であるLIMEの適用範囲をアジア域に拡大することを目的とし、ここでは酸性化領域の被害係数の算定に関する研究を行った。適用範囲は東アジアを中心とする範囲とした。酸性化原因物質の排出地域別の発生沈着パラメータや土地利用区分などの更新を行うことで、陸域一次生産量の低下をカテゴリエンドポイントとする被害係数を算定した。

社会うるおい指標は，ICTサービスの社会影響を６つの項目で評価する指標である．これまでこの指標を用いてサービスを評価してきたが，それらは全て単独のサービスであった．実際に提供されるサービスは，複数のサービスからなることもある．このような多様なサービスを含むICTシステムでは按分や相乗効果など，新たな課題が予想される．そこで本研究では，ケーススタディを通じ，多様なサービスを含むICTシステムの評価における課題抽出とその解決法について検討を行った．

近年音楽業界において、環境に対する関心が高まっている。Fuji rockやap-bank fesといった環境に配慮したことを行う音楽イベントにおいて環境に配慮した実施内容や動員数が増加しており、坂本隆一など環境活動に関心のあるアーティストも多く、アーティスト側の環境にも変化が起こっている。&lt;BR&gt;レコーディング方法もデジタル化などの技術が進み、音質向上だけでなく時間の短縮などを可能にした。これはプロのみならず、一般の方の音楽製作にも言えることである。&lt;BR&gt;このような背景から、近年発達しているレコーディングの評価を行い、アーティスト、発信側、裏方の方という業界全体におけるさらなる意識の高まりを狙いとしたい。&lt;BR&gt;研究方法としてプロで最も多い録音場所、スタジオでの実測を自分の楽曲により行い、作曲、録音、ＣＤ作成までの流れを対象とする。同時に近年、プロでも使用しているＰＣ上のみでの録音の負荷も計測し、音楽形態による違いも考慮する。測定対象ソフトはACID Music Studioとした。

近年RoHS指令やREACH規制などにより、メーカーは使用物質の選択を迫られている。中でもLIMEの対象物質に入っていない難燃剤は、現在、RoHSで規制されたPBBやPBDEといった臭素系難燃剤に代わり、リン系難燃剤を代替材として利用する一方で、これにより十分な環境影響削減効果が得られているかについては評価が行われていないのが現状である。そこで本研究では、臭素系難燃剤とリン系難燃剤を対象とした被害係数の開発を行った。

近年、消費者の健康や安全・地球環境に対する意識が高まりつつある中、自身の健康や家族の健康を守る面と環境保護の面から有機農法に関心が寄せられている。その中でも本研究では人体に安全で、環境に配慮した綿花と言われるオーガニックコットンに注目し、オーガニックコットン製品の環境影響定量評価を行い、栽培段階や加工段階で化学肥料や農薬、薬品を削減することによる環境負荷削減効果を検証した。

環境効率指標は、ある製品やサービスの価値と環境負荷の両方を同時に測ることが出来るため、多く用いられてきている。しかし現在開発されている指標は分母・分子に統一的な基準が無く、実施者によって様々である。また、ある製品が作り出されるとその製造国の国内生産額が上がり、社会が発展する。その社会影響を示す指標として健康・教育・経済の3つの側面を考慮し国連開発計画で作られた社会影響指標としてHDIがある。そこで本研究では2000年度産業連関表を用いて、分子にHDI指標を用い分母に環境影響を用いることにより、社会影響と環境負荷の2つの側面を同時に測る指標を開発した。またケーススタディとして容器包装の比較を行い、どの容器が環境影響・社会影響によいのか計算を行った。

生産から廃棄までの各段階において多くの資源を消費し、汚染物質を出している現在、資源消費が経済全体に与える影響は大きい。資源生産性の向上等の対策を講じるためにも、資源消費量の把握が求められる。しかし、資源消費原単位を作成する研究はあまり多くはない。そこで、本研究では天然ガス・石炭・銅といった資源の産業連関表に基づいたLCIデータベースを作成した。

LCAのデータベースには積み上げ法に基づくものと産業連関法に基づくものに分かれる。そのうち、産業連関法は国内のすべての業種を網羅するものの、現存のデータベースはCO2やNOxなどの数種の物質に限られており、環境影響を網羅的に取り扱うことが困難な状況である。本研究ではPRTRと産業連関法を用いて、化学物質を対象としたインベントリデータベースの構築を目的とした。

市場の冷凍空調機器から回収された冷媒は破壊されているケースが大半である。これは破壊に代り再生利用した時の環境影響の縮減効果があまり知られていないことによると考えられる。冷凍空調機用の主要冷媒の原料は貴重な沸石であり、原料の製造から再生または破壊に至るプロセスで必要となるエネルギーも少なくはない。これらのプロセスの比較については数例の報告もあるが評価範囲等が不明である。今回、再生と破壊について、蒸留再生事業者よりデータを集め、炭酸ガスに換算したインパクト評価を行ったので、報告する。

COP3で植林がCO2削減手段に決まり、さらにカーボンオフセットの普及により植林が注目を集めてきている。また、国産材の利用を高める「木づかい運動」も実施され、間伐材を利用した製品の開発も積極的に行われている。しかし、国内に利用可能な森林が存在するにもかかわらず、林業の衰退から適切な森林管理が行われていない。そこで本研究では国産材・間伐材の利用を高めていくため、各都道府県に聞き取り調査を実施し、地理的代表性を高め、国産材・間伐材を対象とした環境影響の評価を行い、間伐材利用による環境優位性について考察し、間伐材を紙製容器に利用することによる環境負荷削減効果について計上した。

日本の地球温暖化対策として、福田ビジョンが掲げられ、温室効果ガス排出量を2050年までに半減することを目標としている。具体的な政策の一つに「国民主役の低炭素化」が挙げられている。その中でも国民が生涯続けるのは消費である。その消費行動を環境配慮行動やグリーン購入に繋げるためのツールとしてあるのが環境ラベルである。しかし、環境ラベルの多様化や見にくい等の問題により、本来の環境情報が消費者に伝わりにくくなってきている。本研究では環境ラベルを題材としたプログラムの開発と環境教育を行い、環境ラベルの効果や影響、今後のあり方について考察をし、今後の環境配慮活動の参考となることを目的とした。

環境問題への社会的な関心の高まりを背景に、近年、環境負荷の「見える化」が注目を集めている。ことに、その対象は、製品に限らずサービスやイベント活動など多岐に及び、これまでにもスポーツの試合や展示会でも温室効果ガス排出量の推計が実施・計画されている。その一方で、イベントを対象としたLCAの実施事例は少なく、それゆえ、評価範囲や使用する環境負荷原単位などには課題が残されている。そこで、本研究では、より合理的なイベントの評価のための原単位データベースの構築を目指す。

紙カップ・メーカー5社の実測データを用いて紙カップLCIを算出し、LIMEを用いて環境影響評価を行った。感度分析を行うことによって、適正に管理された森林の木材を原材料とすることの重要性を確認した。また、使用済み紙カップを回収し、再生パルプに利用する際のリサイクル効果の確認を行った。

建築内装材料「壁紙」のうち塩ビ系壁紙（製品シェア９６％）のインベントリ分析を実施中。原材料、製造、流通・施工、使用（居住環境）、廃棄（リサイクル等）の各段階での構成要素の確認と原単位の確認および調査を実施。この範囲でインベントリ分析に取組むのは初の試み。２１年度末までに第一段階の統合化を図る予定。２０年度内はカーボンフットプリントに注目、二酸化炭素排出量に絞り研究した経過報告を行う。

環境問題が示唆されている中、義務教育期間からの環境教育が重要視されていると考える。産業界で活用されているＬＣＡの定量的評価は環境教育の場においても高い効果があるものと期待される。本研究では、中学生を対象とした環境教育プログラムを開発し、その実践と効果を測り、環境教育の中のＬＣＡの位置づけを考察する。また、通常の授業カリキュラムに合わせて環境教育プログラムを組むことで、生徒に違和感なく、学んでもらえるような内容を工夫することを目的とした。

持続可能性に関する認識の広がりを受け、従来の経済、環境側面の評価だけではなく、社会側面の評価も重要視されつつある。社会影響評価の指標・研究として、国レベルは人間開発指数（HDI）や真の進化指標（GPI）など認知度の高い指標がすでに開発されている。企業レベルは、AHPやコンジョンイント手法を用いた社会影響評価事例が多く見られる。一方、製品レベルでの社会影響評価はその重要性が認識されるが、手法の開発は遅れている。本研究はHDIを社会影響指標とした製品のSLCA手法を開発し、国別の社会影響評価用係数リストを構築した。更に、この係数リストを用いて日本の火力発電の社会影響を評価した。

2007年発行されたSternレポートでは、CO2を排出抑制に世界GDPの1%の費用が発生するものの、それに見合う大きな環境影響削減効果が得られることを示した。この効果の算定には地球温暖化による外部費用が用いられる。地球温暖化の外部費用の算定は、TolやNordhausなどすでに様々な検討が行われてきた。これらの成果はIPCC第四次報告書ではSCC(Social Cost of Carbon)として紹介されている。近年LCIA手法の中でも、環境経済学との融合により、地球温暖化による外部費用の評価が行われるようになった。本発表では、LCIA手法の一つであるLIMEを利用してSCC(Social Cost of Carbon)を算定すると共に、その結果を他のSCC算定研究と比較検証する。さらに、今後SCCの精度向上に向けてLCIA手法に求められる課題について整理した。

動的分析が可能なＭＡＲＫＡＬとライフサイクルを通じた環境影響評価が可能なＬＣＡの互いの長所を組み合わせて、乗用車部門の将来分析を行った。これまでの手法では、ＭＡＲＫＡＬの車両効率をＬＣＡの走行段階に反映させる事で動学化を行っていたが、乗用車の将来分析において技術向上やインフラ等の影響を受ける製造段階の動学化も重要となる事から、本研究では製造段階の動学化を考慮する事で乗用車部門の将来分析を行った。

2008年は京都議定書の約束期間が始まるとともに、食への安全、原材料高騰などが注目され、環境と食への関心が高まった年といえる。しかし、食品に関するLCAはまだ少なく、外食産業における評価はごく僅かである。本研究では、消費者にとって身近な存在ともいえる外食産業に注目をし、ハンバーガーの生産～輸送～調理のLC-CO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;評価を行った。結果はLC-CO&lt;SUB&gt;2&lt;/SUB&gt;の半分以上が生産段階であり、パティ（肉）の負荷が大きく、牛の消化管内発酵によるCH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;SUB&gt;の影響が大きいことが分かった。

低炭素社会の実現に向けた幾つかの取り組みの中で、製品・サービスからの温室効果ガス排出量の表示、いわゆる&quot;見える化&quot;、社会的・環境的意義が高いとされる&quot;地産地消&quot;が注目されている。本研究では、横浜市都筑区役所、横浜市都筑区の地元農家（都筑ファーム）と連携して、農作物のLC-CO2を評価すると共に、結果を農作物直売所にて開示した。一定期間開示した上で、消費者の反応を見るためにアンケート調査を行い、環境コミュニケーションツールとしてのLCAの潜在性について考察した。

国際的な環境影響削減やCSRの観点から、製品ライフサイクルのうち海外、特に急速な経済成長を続けるアジア諸国で発生する環境影響について日本国内の手法と同等のレベルで評価できる手法の開発が急務となっている。本研究では中国を対象とし、有害化学物質の環境影響を評価するため、日本版被害算定型影響評価手法（LIME）の適用を検討した。その結果から中国と日本の被害係数を比較するとともに今後の課題を整理した。

This paper proposes a methodology to estimate sustainability indicators for the future and to judge whether world and regional scenarios satisfy the necessary conditions of sustainable development. The indicators examined in this study are the genuine savings (Sg) of the flow base, and changes in wealth per capita (w) of the stock base, both of which are among the World Development Indicators (WDI) proposed by the World Bank. David W. Pearce, Giles Atkinson, and Kirk Hamilton have claimed that it is a necessary condition for both of these indicators to be positive. The formal model in this study is based on the model of optimal growth theory proposed by Hamilton. Data required to estimate the two indicators are obtained from endogenous simulation output data by extending an existing integrated assessment model. We can estimate the indicators for the future until 2100 and for 10 regional divisions of the world. The estimations are preliminary and are not sufficient for detailed or conclusive discussions; however, results suggest that the necessary condition identified above is satisfied for the total world and for developed countries throughout the 21st century, but is not satisfied until the latter half of this century in the developing counties. We have established that i) indicators of future sustainability can be estimated based on the optimal growth theory; ii) the indicators can be obtained using consistent data obtained endogenously from the model; and iii) a conjoint analysis can be applied to make a single index (i.e., monetary term) from different factors of resources and environment. We successfully conducted the present methodology to indicate sustainable development indices and their results based on the Weak Sustainability; however, we have to continue our study to obtain policy implication toward future sustainability.

Background and Aims. Recently, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been recognized as an effective tool for evaluating the environmental impacts of regional activities. The main issue, when applying LCA to region-based studies, is how best to consider and reflect the regional characteristics, as they need to be as close to reality as possible. Several Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) analysis and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) studies have been undertaken to study site-specific considerations. However, due to practicalities, very few attempts have been made at identifying the regions affected by regional activities and consider their regional characteristics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest the direction of a forthcoming study by showing the necessity of regional characteristic consideration in regional evaluation, and to suggest a synthetic, region-based LCA method which can reflect the differences of regional characteristics for direct and indirect effects of regional activities.
Methods. In this study, the Life Cycle Region-specific Assessment Method (LCRAM) was proposed as a new site-specific LCA method. As an example, we used LCRAM to observe the effects of 4 environmental burdens (CO2, NOx, SOx, and SPM) to human health (DALY) in 47 regions (prefectures in Japan). LCRAM consists of a regional database and an analysis method (EIOM). In order to reflect the regional characteristics, including structural (regional production and consumption, interregional trade, and the structure of energy consumption) and environmental features (geographical location, climate, natural conditions, and population density), we first constructed a regional database. This includes an Interregional Trade Matrix (ITM), Regional Environmental Burden Coefficients (REBC), and Regional Damage Factors (RDF). Second, for considering the regional characteristics by using the regional database to the each region, it is a necessary to identify the environmental burden emitting regions (Emitting Regions) of indirect effects due to regional activity. To do this, we developed the Expanded Interregional Input Output Method (EIOM) to take the place of the Multi-Regional Input Output method (Multi-Regional IO) by applying the Two-Regional IO method and the ITM. This is because it is difficult to apply Multi-Regional IO to many regions and industries owing to practical constraints.
Results and Discussion. Upon comparison between the regional database, it was found to show considerable differences due to regional characteristics. It is possible to identify how much the difference of REBC influences the evaluation results by calculating the Deviation Effect Index with REBC and, thus, it was found that the effects from the iron and steel, and electric power industries were more than three times that of other industries. Also the size of RDF varies according to the property of the Environmental Burden (EB) and region; and the more site-specific EB, such as SPM in this study shows, the more distinct the difference.,Therefore, it seems reasonable to recommend that the proper regional database is applied to the Emitting Regions. Meanwhile, a comparison with a 9-region IO table (a Multi-Regional IO table made by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in Japan) was performed to verify the reliability of EIOM. The results indicated a high consistency of over 95%, which verifies that EIOM can be used instead of a Multi-Regional IO method. Finally, as a comparison between LCRAM and Region-Generic Method (RGM) for nine activity regions, we confirmed that the results produced by RGM may be an underestimation or overestimation; as an example, the largest difference among the regions for DALY reached 48% of the RGM result.
Conclusions and Outlook. In this study, it was clearly shown that the evaluation results will be different depending on the structure and environmental features of each region. It is necessary to reflect the proper regional characteristics to evaluate the actual regional activity. LCRAM is an efficient method to consider the regional characteristics for direct and indirect effects to regions, through all stages of the activities. Also, it is possible to apply a regional evaluation for more regions and more detail in the industry classification. Furthermore, it discusses the interdependence and transportation effects due to interaction between the regions. Thus, it may enable us to make an appropriate decision in region-based evaluations such as nourishment and inducement of industry, infrastructure, recycle system, etc. Finally, it is also expected that further discussion and continuous examination will contribute to enabling us to frame an actual and efficient policy based on the regional structural features and environmental features for a sustainable community.

Conductive adhesives are getting growing attention in the electronics industry as they constitute an alternative to lead-free solders and conventional solders. The purpose of the present research is to compare the 10Sn90Pb solder paste to an epoxy based isotropically conductive adhesive (ICA) containing pure silver. The study is done from a life cycle perspective in Japan using input data from literature and the inventory results are evaluated using the Life cycle Impact assessment Method based on Endpoint modeling (LIME) methodology. The findings are that the silver containing adhesive, excluding platings, are superior to the I 10Sn90Pb, and that trade-offs exist between 10Sn90Pb and silver-epoxy ICA. For surface platings palladium dominates the results. Overall, the results are dominated by various lead emissions, the silver resource consumption, and the sulfur oxide emissions from palladium production. The most important research limitations are the representativity of the metal production data and end-of-life scenario. The value of the present study is that so far no LIME-based life cycle impact assessment case study comparing 10Sn90Pb solder paste and silver-epoxy ICA including platings has been reported.

Electrically conductive adhesives (ECA) could soon constitute a realistic alternative to solders. The present reseaich compares 10Sn90Pb solder paste in Japan to an epoxy based and isotropical ECA containing pure silver. The findings are that the silver containing adhesive likely is environmentally more advantageous than 10Sn90Pb. Environmental trade-offs exist especially between the ecotoxicity of Sn1090Pb and the resource consumption of silver-epoxy ECA. Palladium is significant platings included. Overall, the next steps would be to use improved global LCI metal production models and also to compare the life cycle cost to the social cost.

SETACなどをはじめとして持続可能性に注目した評価手法の開発が注目されている。複数の研究事例が既に発表されており、今後の研究開発の発展が期待されるところであるが、そのアプローチ、指標の特徴は大きく異なっている。本発表では、将来評価と社会影響評価に注目しつつ、持続性評価手法についてレビューし、研究水準の現状について整理するとともに、今後当該研究分野において望まれる研究の方向性について示す。

ISOによれば、LCAに利用するデータには精度や代表性が求められる。精度に関する検討はこれまでのLCA研究において検討された事例があるが、代表性を考慮に入れた定量的な評価は少ない。本研究では、ブートストラップ法などの統計的技法を用いつつ、紙カップを対象として各プロセスの代表性を定量的に表現したLCIの不確実性分析を行う。

水道水（上水）は日常生活で多く消費されているにもかかわらず、そのインベントリデータは未整備かつ不十分の状態にある。そこでこの整備を目的とし、経済規模・地理的条件・人口密度に注目して選択した都道府県の各浄水場における取水・浄水・配水のプロセスを対象としてインベントリ分析を行った。また、本研究で算出した水道水のインベントリデータをもとに飲料水の環境影響評価として水道水とミネラルウォーターを比較した。

現在日本の食糧自給率は40%と先進国の中でも極端に低い。世界では、人口増加や途上国の急速な発展に対して食糧供給が追いついていない。また、温暖化による異常気象により食糧の安定供給が脅かされている。植物工場はこれらの問題の解決に貢献するものと期待されている。しかし、植物工場を対象とした環境影響評価は現在行われていない。本研究では植物工場を対象としたLCAを行い、その潜在的可能性について検証した。

バイオ燃料はカーボンニュートラルによるCO2削減効果が期待されており、石油代替資源として高い注目を集めている。燃料消費に伴う環境負荷はCO2のみでなく、VOCや発がん性物質など人間健康に影響のある物質の排出量の増加が懸念されている。本研究では、ガソリン車とバイオエタノール車（Ｅ８５）を対象として、温暖化や有害化学物質、光化学オキシダントといった複数の環境影響を網羅的に取り扱うとともに、これらの影響をLCIAにより比較統合することで総合的に見てバイオ燃料の環境優位性がどの程度あるのか検証する。

近年イベントは多種多様化しており、それ自体の数も増加傾向にある。大規模なイベントでは大量生産・大量消費・大量廃棄が行われ多くのエネルギーも使用される。イベントは特定の価値を共有した人々が集まる場であり、環境情報の発信を通じて持続可能社会発展のための意識共有が効果的に得られるものと期待される。イベントに関する環境評価はこれまでに実施された例は少なく、実施者が参考にできる評価事例が提供されることが望まれている。本研究では国際スポーツイベントを事例にＬＣＡを行い、その有用性について検証するとともに、環境志向型イベントの開催実現に向けた指針を示す。

持続可能性を指向した経営活動が求められる中、企業は環境と経済の両立を図りつつ製品設計を行っていかなくてはならない。LCAは環境評価のためのツールとして位置付けられ、すでに様々な企業において採用されているが、製品ライフサイクルを対象とした経済分析に関する事例は少ない。一方で、SETACやIECではLCCに関する枠組みについて議論が行われており、これらの規定に沿ったLCCの実施が求められる。本研究では、PETボトルを対象としたLCCを実施し、その結果を解釈するとともに、LCAとの結果と比較することで環境と経済の両側面から製品分析を行うことの有用性について検証する。

LCAは主に産業界において活発的に行われているが、一般消費者にとってはあまり馴染みがない。またLCAは環境教育の分野で使われている例は少なく、教育効果を分析した事例もほとんどない。ここでは、中学生を対象としてLCAを導入した環境教育の教材を開発し、実際に授業を行う。意識の変化を測るために授業前と授業後でアンケートを行う。この教育効果をコンジョイント分析を用いて評価した

企業や製品レベルの社会影響評価に対応するため、既存の環境や経済評価手法であるLCAやLCCの枠組を社会的側面にも適用するSLCA（social life cycle assessment）の構築を行う。評価指標には、UNDPが開発した国際的にも汎用的に活用されているHDIなどの指標を用いる一方で、製品のインベントリからこれらの指標までを定量的に関連付ける手法論の開発を行う。LCAなどで用いられる基礎データを駆使し、製品の社会影響も簡便に評価できる。

企業におけるCSR活動が活発に行われる中、社会影響について評価するための手法が求められている。本研究では、健康、教育、経済それぞれの社会影響を定量的に評価するHDIを採用し、製品ライフサイクルもしくは企業活動を対象とした評価を行うための手法開発を行った。自動車を対象とした事例研究を通じて、本研究の利用可能性について検証した。LCAを併用することで、環境と社会の両側面を評価することができる可能性を見出すことができた。

環境省ガイドラインによれば、企業活動を対象とした環境会計は、環境保全コストと環境保全活動に伴う経済効果と環境保全効果で構成される。そのうち環境保全効果は物量単位で表現されることが多いため、費用対効果のバランスが取れていない結果が示される事例が多い。本研究はLIMEを用いて環境保全効果を経済換算することで、日本企業における環境活動の社会的効果を統合的に分析する。

現在、国内におけるエレベータの設置台数は57万台を超えており、人々の主要な交通手段の一つとして欠かせない存在となっている。しかしながら、普及に伴い環境側面、安全性についての議論も多く挙げられるようになってきた。これらを背景に、本研究ではエレベータを安全性、環境側面、時間価値の視点から考察し、総合的価値について評価した。

ICTサービスは，環境・社会問題の解決に寄与することが期待されている．しかし，ICTサービスには正負両面の効果があり，その効果を公平に評価する指標が必要である．そこで ICTサービスの導入による環境・社会・経済面の影響を定量的に評価することができる「社会うるおい指標」を考案した.この指標を用いて各種のICTサービスを評価し,ICTサービスのサステナブルデザインへのフィードバック方法を検討したのでその結果を報告する.

2050年までの乗用車の車種構成の推移を、ライフサイクルでの環境影響を考慮し分析する。分析には動的なモデルＭＡＲＫＡＬを用い、これにＬＩＭＥによる外部費用を反映することで、静的であり、将来分析に適さないＬＣＡの動学化を目指す。分析の結果、外部費用の効果は大きく、低率の炭素税でもクリーンエネルギー自動車の導入が進むことが示された。ＬＣＡを将来分析に反映する重要性を示すことで、動学化への端緒を開いた。

日本国内の被害算定型ライフサイクル影響評価手法として開発されたLIMEの影響領域のうち、都市域大気汚染及び酸性化は地域規模の影響領域であり、地域特有の条件（気象条件、地理条件、社会条件など）が反映されているため、日本国外における適用には不向きな面がある。本発表では、都市域大気汚染及び酸性化影響領域のダメージ関数を、アジア域に適用範囲を拡大するための研究の方針と課題を報告する。

世界における水需要は2025年時点において既に約1.4倍（95年比）にも及ぶものと見積もられており，水資源問題が一層深刻化するものと推察される。水資源の消費に伴い農業用水不足に起因した農作物生産の減少による栄養失調の増加や、飲料水の枯渇による低水質の水の飲用による感染症の蔓延など様々な健康被害が引き起こされる。本研究では水資源消費とこれらの健康被害とを関連付け、水資源の消費に伴う健康被害の評価手法の開発を行った。

日本版被害算定型影響評価手法（LIME）における有害化学物質の被害係数開発に関する最新の研究成果を報告する。本研究では、重金属等が人間健康と生物多様性に及ぼす影響に着目し、その被害係数を開発した。人間健康に関しては、従来十分に反映されていなかった慢性疾患を評価しうる被害係数を開発・算定し、生物多様性に関しては、最新の毒性情報や生物生息状況を反映して被害係数を算定した。

インベントリデータを入力するだけで、インパクト評価を自動的に実施することができるプログラムを汎用の表計算ソフトウェアベースで開発した。インパクト評価手法としてLIMEの最新の影響評価係数リストを搭載し、特性化・被害評価・統合化に対応したグラフの自動作成機能、シナリオ分析、インベントリデータベースのフォーマット（エコリーフ、Ecoinvent）に対応したからのLCIデータのImport機能を搭載している。本ソフトウェアLIME計算シートについてその機能および利用方法について紹介する。

The research process for a two year evaluation of the shift to nanoelectronic materials is presented. Estimations of nanostructures provide a challenge for LCA practitioners as few data are available regarding their environmental and health properties. Moreover to analyse a dynamic shift from microscale to nanoscale presumably the consequential LCA (CLCA) methodology is needed. The purpose of the present project is threefold: i) develop a framework for dynamic CLCA simulation, ii) develop disability adjusted life years (DALY) factors and expected increase in number of extinct species (EINES) factors for nanoparticles for use within the LIME endpoint methodology, iii) carry out two case studies of two technology shifts; memory devices (D-RAM to M-RAM) and electron emitters (liquid crystal displays (LCD) to field emission displays (FED).

LCA分析にかかる手間や時間の削減とLCAの精度と網羅性の向上のために、既存のLCA分析手法である積み上げ法と産業連関分析を併用したハイブリッド法が考案されている。本研究では、利用性の高い「階層型ハイブリッド法」によるLCA評価ツールを開発するとともに、LCAの事例研究を実施することで、結果を得るまでの労力および結果の精度の観点から既存のLCAと比較し、ハイブリッド法の有用性について考察する。

Method of Life Cycle Cost Benefit Analysis is in development to clarify the effectiveness of environmental options to cope with the environmental restrictions now getting stronger and stricter for electrical and electronic products. From the view point of Life Cycle Costing, dewater measures and lead-free measures are investigated for a washing machine. To evaluate the life cycle cost and environmental impact and their changes, the stages of planning, developing, manufacturing, use, recycling and disposal are surveyed. It is clarified that the life cycle cost and social cost decreases strongly though the production cost increases through those measures.

The last few years, there has been an increasing interest in the integration of environmental aspects into the generic industrial policy. In this study, we proposed a framework for redesigning the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) which is broadly applied in the existing regulatory impact assessment by the concept of life-cycle thinking. We found that there are key elements to be considered in the perspective of stakeholder involvement and increased legitimacy of the policy-making.

電気製品の環境配慮技術に関し，費用対便益分析手法の適用検討を行った。ノートパソコンについて，環境配慮技術導入前後のライフサイクルコスティング，LIMEによる環境影響評価を行い，投資額と環境影響も含めた効果額を算出した。結果，環境面を考慮した費用対便益の定量化が可能となり，環境配慮設計に有用な指標となることがわかった。

Life Cycle Thinking(LCT) is essential to pursuit sustainability and Life Cycle Management(LCM) by expanding the focus from the production site(end-of-life) to the whole product life cycle. The goals of LCT reduce the environmental burden to the environment as well as improve social performance in various stages of product&#039;s life cycle. To achieve this goals, Life Cycle Cost-Benefit Analysis(LCCBA) which are developed to measure the ecological and economic aspects of product and to integrate them into the existing product design and development process. LCA and LCC of 40 inches Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) panel was performed to identify the key environmental and economic weak points and then scenario analysis also carried to supporting decision making among alternative design options.

環境配慮設計はそのガイドがIECやISOにおいて示されるなど国際的に注目されている。環境配慮のためのアプローチは多岐に渡るため、企業は複数の設計案から最も効果の高いものを合理的に選定することが求められる。環境配慮設計には製品ライフサイクルを思考することの重要性が指摘(IECガイド114)されているが、その評価手法が具体的に示されているわけではない。製品LCCBA委員会では、NEDOファンドの下、電気電子製品企業と連携してエコデザインのための手法として製品ライフサイクル費用対便益手法の開発を行った。本発表では、研究会での主な活動と成果について紹介する。

本研究の目的は、電気電子機器のLCCBA(Life-Cycle Cost Benefit Analysis)の実施を支援するため、廃棄過程での環境負荷量等を推計するツールを構築することである。前回発表では、重金属類の含有量に基づき焼却処理及び埋立処分からの排出量を推計するモデルの検討結果を報告した。 現在、多くのセットメーカーにおいて製品や部品中の化学物質含有量情報が整備されつつあり、LCAへの利用可能性が高まっていると思われる。しかし、現時点では、公表されている部品データから基板等の組立品ベルで含有量を推計することは容易ではなく、また、WEEE中の含有量を直接分析した研究はRoHS指令対応以前の製品を対象とした事例が多い。 本発表では、RoHS指令に対応した電気電子機器の構成部品の化学分析を行った結果の本ツールへの適用について示すとともに、ツールの開発状況を報告する。

国内の紙カップ・メーカー大手５社のデータをもとに、紙カップのＬＣＩを算出。紙カップ工場におけるインプット、アウトプットにとどまらず、既存文献資料を活用することによって原材料にまでさかのぼり、かつ、焼却処理や再生パルプに至るまでの範囲についてＬＣＩを算出した。カップ工場においては、メーカーにより使用するエネルギーやその構成比等が異なっているが、そのことがＬＣＩに与える影響についても検討を行った。