Updated on 2024/11/05

写真a

 
HAYASHI, Naoyuki
 
Affiliation
Faculty of Sport Sciences, School of Sport and Sciences
Job title
Professor
Degree
Ph.D.(Medicine) ( Osaka University )
博士(医学) ( 大阪大学 )
Mail Address
メールアドレス

Research Experience

  • 2021.04
    -
     

    Waseda University   Faculty of Sport Sciences   Professor

  • 2016.04
    -
    2021.03

    Tokyo Institute of Technology   Institute for Liberal Arts   Professor

  • 2013.04
    -
    2016.03

    Tokyo Institute of Technology   Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology

  • 2004.04
    -
    2013.03

    Kyushu University Institute of Health Science, First Department of Health Science (Health and Physical Education)   associate professor

  • 1995.04
    -
    2004.03

    Osaka University

  • 1999.10
    -
    2000.09

    University of California, Davis   School of Medicine   visiting scholar

▼display all

Education Background

  • 1994.04
    -
    1995.03

    Waseda University   Graduate School, Division of Human Science, PhD course  

  • 1992.04
    -
    1994.03

    Waseda University   Graduate School of Human Sciences  

  • 1988.04
    -
    1992.03

    Waseda University   School of Human Sciences  

Committee Memberships

  • 2022.07
    -
    Now

    Frontiers in Physiology  Review Editor

  • 2018.04
    -
    Now

    体育の科学  編集委員

  • 2013
    -
    Now

    日本体力医学会  評議員

  • 2011
    -
    Now

    呼吸研究会  世話人

  • 2007
    -
    Now

    日本生理学会  評議員

  • 2013.03
    -
    2023.09

    PLOS One  Academic Editor

  • 2022.03
    -
    2023

    計測自動制御学会ライフエンジニアリング部門運営委員会  部門長

  • 2021.03
    -
    2022.02

    計測自動制御学会ライフエンジニアリング部門運営委員会  副部門長

  • 2015.10
    -
    2017

    日本体力医学会  将来構想検討委員会委員

  • 2007.07
    -
    2013.03

    福岡県春日市  健康づくり推進協議会委員

▼display all

Professional Memberships

  • 2013
    -
    Now

    計測自動制御学会

  •  
     
     

    The American Physiological Society

  •  
     
     

    American College of Sports Medicine

  •  
     
     

    日本生理学会

  •  
     
     

    日本運動生理学会

  •  
     
     

    アメリカスポーツ医学会

  •  
     
     

    日本体力医学会

  •  
     
     

    日本体育学会

▼display all

Research Areas

  • Physical education, and physical and health education / Sports sciences / Biomedical engineering / Nutrition science and health science

Research Interests

  • Circulation

  • Exercise Physiology

  • 精神ストレス

  • 昇圧応答

  • 血流

  • 自律神経活動

  • 身体運動

  • 循環系

  • 運動生理学

▼display all

Awards

  • 令和元年度東工大教育賞

    2021.03   東京工業大学   大学院生と学士課程学生の学び合いを実現するカリキュラムデザインと実践

    Winner: 室田真男, 林直亨, 小泉勇人

  • 平成30年度東工大教育賞優秀賞

    2020.03   東京工業大学   将来へ向けて学びを見つめ直す「教養卒論」の教育

    Winner: 林 直亨(代表)

  • 平成29年度東工大教育賞優秀賞

    2019.02   東京工業大学   東工大生の個性を伸ばす「リーダーシップ道場」の教育内容と方法

    Winner: 代表 林 直亨:他3名と共同

  • 研究助成優秀賞

    2017.04   第42回一般財団法人日本健康開発財団  

    Winner: 林 直亨

  • 平成27年度東工大教育賞優秀賞

    2017.03   東京工業大学   リベラルアーツ新カリキュラムにおけるコア学修プログラムの開発

    Winner: 伊藤亜沙(代表)

  • 研究発表奨励賞

    2011.11   やずや食と健康研究所  

    Winner: 林 直亨

  • 大学体育奨励賞

    2010.03   (社)全国大学体育連合  

    Winner: 林 直亨

  • 第1回奨励賞

    2008.09   呼吸研究会  

    Winner: 林 直亨

▼display all

Media Coverage

  • 咀嚼とエネルギー消費量について解説

    Newspaper, magazine

    Author: Other  

    読売新聞  

    2022.07

  • 咀嚼とエネルギー消費量について解説

    TV or radio program

    Author: Myself  

    TBSラジオ   「ジェーン・スーの生活はおどる」  

    2018.08

  • 咀嚼の重要性について解説

    Author: Myself  

    NHKテレビ   「美と健康の新常識」(火曜22時~23時)  

    2018.07

  • 生活習慣病と運動・食事

    東京MXテレビ   「ぷらちなライフ」  

    2015.11

  • 研究内容紹介

    TV or radio program

    テレビ毎日朝6時のニュース,韓国MBC夜8時のニュース,テレビ東京ニュースアンサー  

    研究内容(Hamada Y, Kashima H and Hayashi N. Obesity 2013)の報道  

    2014.06

  • 研究内容(Kashima H, Hamada Y and Hayashi N. Chem Sense 2013)紹介

    Newspaper, magazine

    北海道新聞,日刊工業新聞,日本経済新聞  

    2014.01

  • 研究内容(Hamada Y, Kashima H and Hayashi N. Obesity 2013)紹介

    Newspaper, magazine

    毎日新聞  

    2013.05

  • 研究内容(Kashima H and Hayashi N. PLoS ONE 2011)紹介

    Newspaper, magazine

    朝日新聞夕刊一面,毎日新聞夕刊一面,読売新聞  

    2011.12

  • 「とっても健康ランド」

    TV or radio program

    Author: Myself  

    九州朝日放送   「とっても健康ランド」  

    2007.10

▼display all

 

Papers

  • The interaction of breath holding and muscle mechanoreflex on cardiovascular responses in breath-hold divers and non-breath-hold divers

    Nakamura Nobuhiro, Peng Heng, Hayashi Naoyuki

    European Journal of Applied Physiology    2024.07

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Consumption of hot protein-containing drink accelerates gastric emptying rate and is associated with higher hunger levels in older adults

    Kyoko Fujihira, Masaki Takahashi, Chunyi Wang, Saeka Fuke, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Temperature    2023.11  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Last author

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Muscle Stretching Induces the Mechanoreflex Response in Human Arterial Blood Pressure

    Nobuhiro Nakamura, Peng Heng, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Journal of Applied Physiology    2022.11

     View Summary

    Introduction The muscle mechanoreflex has been considered to make a small contribution to the cardiovascular response to exercise in healthy humans because no pressor response has been observed during stimulation of mechanosensitive receptors, such as static passive stretching, during many human studies. There is room for rethinking this consideration since the pressor response to upper limb exercise is greater than that to lower limb exercise. We examined whether static passive stretching of the forearm muscles causes a muscle mechanoreflex-induced pressor response in humans. Methods Eighteen healthy men were recruited for this study. After a 15-min rest period in the supine position with a neutral (0°) wrist joint angle, all participants completed static passive stretching of the forearm for 60s at four different intensities: minimal painful passive stretching (PPS); moderate-intensity passive stretching (MPS); low-intensity passive stretching (LPS); and no load (NL). During the procedure, beat-to-beat arterial blood pressure was measured using finger photoplethysmography. The force generated between the passively stretched hand and the experimenter's hands was recorded using a force transducer. Results Mean arterial pressure (MAP) during PPS and MPS significantly increased from baseline during the last 40s (P < 0.05). MAP was significantly greater at 50s and 60s, depending on the intensity. MPS induced a greater peak response in MAP than lower intensities (P < 0.05). None of the subjects reported pain during the MPS and LPS trials. Conclusion Static passive stimulation of the forearm is an effective method of isolating the muscle mechanoareflex-induced pressor response in humans.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Effects of different temperatures of carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks on gastric emptying rate after exercise in healthy young men: randomized crossover trial

    Kyoko Fujihira, Masaki Takahashi, Kei Shimamura, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Journal of Physiological Anthropology   41 ( 1 )  2022.10  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Abstract

    Background

    The present study examined the effects of different temperatures of carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks after exercise on the subsequent gastric emptying rate in healthy young men.

    Methods

    Twelve healthy young men completed two, 1-day trials in random order. In both trials, the participants completed intermittent cycling exercise for 20 min, consisting of a 120% heart rate peak for 20 s, followed by 25 W for 40 s. Participants consumed 400 mL of carbohydrate-protein-containing drink (0.85 MJ) at 4 °C (EX + 4 °C) or 60 °C (EX + 60 °C) over a 5-min period after exercise. The participants sat on a chair for 2.5 h to measure their gastric emptying rate using the 13C-sodium acetate breath test. Subjective feelings of gastrointestinal discomfort and appetite were measured using a visual analog scale. Interstitial fluid glucose levels after drinking were measured using a continuous glucose-monitoring device.

    Results

    The percentage excretion of 13CO2 tended to be higher at EX + 60 °C than at EX + 4 °C from the start of the test until 30 min after drink ingestion (5.7 ± 0.5 vs. 6.5 ± 0.4%dose/h for the EX + 4 °C and EX + 60 °C trials, respectively; effect sizes [ES] = 0.277, p = 0.065). The time of maximum 13CO2 emissions per hour (Tmax-calc) and the time of half 13CO2 emissions per hour (T1/2) did not differ between trials. Subjective gastrointestinal discomfort was lower at EX + 60 °C compared to EX + 4 °C (ES = 0.328, p = 0.041). There were no significant differences in interstitial fluid glucose levels between the different temperatures of carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks after exercise (p = 0.698).

    Conclusions

    Consumption of warm carbohydrate-protein-containing drinks after exercise may accelerate gastric emptying in the very early phase and may reduce gastric discomfort.

    Trial registration

    University Hospital Medical Information Network, UMIN000045626. Registered on June 10, 2021.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Musical instrumental reading affects middle cerebral blood flow and cognitive function

    Ai Kawasaki, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Frontier in Physiology   29  2022.08  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Playing a musical instrument increases blood flow in the middle cerebral artery.

    Ai Kawasaki, Naoyuki Hayashi

    PloS one   17 ( 6 ) e0269679  2022.06  [Refereed]  [International journal]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

     View Summary

    PURPOSE: Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron-emission tomography suggest that many regions of the brain are activated by such complex muscle activity. Although these studies demonstrated relative increases in blood flow in some brain regions with increased neural activity, whether or not the absolute value of cerebral blood flow increases has yet to be elucidated. It also remains unknown whether playing musical instruments affects cerebral blood flow. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of playing a musical instrument on blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAv) by using Doppler ultrasound to measure absolute values of arterial flow velocity. METHODS: Thirteen musicians performed three pieces of music with different levels of difficulty: play for the first time (FS), music in practice (PR) and already mastered (MS) on either piano or violin. MCAv was recorded continuously from 10 min before until 10 min after playing. Associations between the cerebral blood flow response and blood pressure and gas-exchange variables were examined. RESULTS: PR and MS significantly increased the MCAv. The blood pressure increased significantly in performances of all difficulty levels except for MS. There were no significant changes in exhaled gas variables during the performance. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that playing a musical instrument increases MCAv, and that this change is influenced by the difficulty of the performance.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    3
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effects of aging and exercise habits on blood flow profile of the ocular circulation

    Chihyun Liu, Tatsuhiko Kobayashi, Tomoaki Shiba, Naoyuki Hayashi

    PLOS ONE   17 ( 4 )  2022.04  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Impact of acute dynamic exercise on vascular stiffness in the retinal arteriole in healthy subjects.

    Tsukasa Ikemura, Nobuhiro Nakamura, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)   132 ( 2 ) 459 - 468  2022.02  [International journal]

     View Summary

    Acute exercise can improve vascular stiffness in the conduit artery, but its effect on the retinal arterioles is unknown. The present study investigated the effects of acute dynamic exercise on retinal vascular stiffness. In experiment 1, we measured the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), carotid artery intima-media thickness (carotid IMT), and retinal blood velocity by laser speckle flowgraphy in 28 healthy old and 28 young men (69 ± 3 and 23 ± 3 yr, respectively). Pulse waveform variables, which were used as an index of retinal vascular stiffness, were assessed by retinal blood flow velocity profile analysis. In experiment 2, 18 healthy old and 18 young men (69 ± 3 and 23 ± 3 yr, respectively) underwent assessment of pulse waveform variables after a 30-min bout of moderate cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% heart rate reserve. There was a significant difference in the baseline pulse waveform variables between the old and young groups. Pulse waveform variables in the retinal arteriole did not significantly change after acute dynamic exercise, whereas CAVI significantly decreased. These findings suggest that retinal vascular stiffness does not change by acute exercise. The effect of exercise on vascular stiffness in the retinal arterioles might be different from that in the conduit artery.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acute dynamic exercise is well known to improve vascular stiffness in the conduit artery while its effect on the retinal arterioles has been unknown. This study showed that an acute dynamic exercise does not change vascular stiffness in the retinal arteriole in healthy humans. Different responses to acute dynamic exercise in vascular stiffness in retinal arterioles and conduit arteries are suggested.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    1
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Chewing increases postprandial diet-induced thermogenesis.

    Yuka Hamada, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Scientific reports   11 ( 1 ) 23714 - 23714  2021.12  [Refereed]  [International journal]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

     View Summary

    Slow eating, which involves chewing food slowly and thoroughly, is an effective strategy for controlling appetite in order to avoid being overweight or obese. Slow eating also has the effect of increasing postprandial energy expenditure (diet-induced thermogenesis). It is still unclear whether this is due to oral stimuli; that is, the duration of tasting food in the mouth and the duration of chewing. To investigate the effects of oral stimuli on diet-induced thermogenesis in 11 healthy normal weight males, we conducted a randomized crossover study comprising three trials: (1) drinking liquid food normally, (2) drinking liquid food after tasting, and (3) adding chewing while tasting. Oral stimuli (i.e., the duration of tasting liquid food in the mouth and the duration of chewing) significantly increased diet-induced thermogenesis after drinking liquid food. This result demonstrates that the increase in diet-induced thermogenesis is due to oral stimuli rather than the influence of the food bolus. Increased diet-induced thermogenesis induced by chewing and taste stimuli may help to prevent overweight and obesity.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    11
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Acute and Chronic Periocular Massage for Ocular Blood Flow and Vision: a Randomized Controlled Trial

    Hayashi Naoyuki, Du Lanfei

    Int J Ther Massage Bodywork .   14 ( 2 ) 5 - 13  2021.06  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Lead author, Corresponding author

  • Facial Blood Flow Responses to Dynamic Exercise

    Naoyuki Hayashi, Hideaki Kashima, Tsukasa Ikemura

    International Journal of Sports Medicine    2021.03  [Refereed]  [International journal]

    Authorship:Lead author, Corresponding author

     View Summary

    We reported previously that a static handgrip exercise evoked regional differences in the facial blood flow. The present study examined whether regional differences in facial blood flow are also evoked during dynamic exercise. Facial blood flow was measured by laser speckle flowgraphy during 15 min of cycling exercise at heart rates of 120 bpm, 140 bpm and 160 bpm in 12 subjects. The facial vascular conductance index was calculated from the blood flow and mean arterial pressure. The regional blood flow and conductance index values were determined in the forehead, eyelid, nose, cheek, ear and lip. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test were used to examine effects of exercise intensity and target regions. The blood flow and conductance index in skin areas increased significantly with the exercise intensity. The blood flow and conductance index in the lip increased significantly at 120 bpm and 140 bpm compared to the control, while the values in the lip at 160 bpm did not change from the control values. These results suggest that the blood flow in facial skin areas, not in the lip, responds similarly to dynamic exercise, in contrast to the responses to static exercise.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

  • The influence of occupation on the longevity of Japanese traditional artists

    Naoyuki Hayashi, Kazuhiro Kezuka

    Palgrave Communications   6 ( 1 )  2020.05  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Lead author, Corresponding author

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Regional differences in facial skin blood flow responses to thermal stimulation

    Akane Miyaji, Shohei Hayashi, Naoyuki Hayashi

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   119 ( 5 ) 1195 - 1201  2019.05  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Short- and long-term effects of using a facial massage roller on facial skin blood flow and vascular reactivity

    Akane Miyaji, Kaori Sugimori, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Complementary Therapies in Medicine   41   271 - 276  2018.12  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

    DOI

    Scopus

    11
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Fluid intake restores retinal blood flow early after exhaustive exercise in healthy subjects

    Ikemura, T., Suzuki, K., Nakamura, N., Yada, K., Hayashi, N.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   118 ( 5 ) 1053 - 1061  2018  [Refereed]  [International journal]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    3
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Aging decreases CO<inf>2</inf> reactivity in the retinal artery, but not in the ocular choroidal vessels; A cross-sectional study

    Miyaji, A., Ikemura, T., Hayashi, N.

    Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation   70 ( 2 ) 231 - 240  2018  [Refereed]  [International journal]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

     View Summary

    BACKGROUND: The CO2 reactivity is often used to assess vascular function, but it is still unclear whether this reactivity is affected by aging. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of aging on the CO2 reactivity in ocular and cerebral vessels, both of which are highly sensitive to hypercapnia, we compared the CO2 reactivity in the retinal artery (RA), retinal and choroidal vessels (RCV), optic nerve head (ONH), and middle cerebral artery (MCA) between young and middle-aged subjects. METHODS: We measured the CO2 reactivity in 14 young and 11 middle-aged males using laser-speckle flowgraphy during a 3-min inhalation of CO2-rich air. RESULTS: The CO2 reactivity in the RA and ONH were lower in the middle-aged group than in the young group, but no significant effect of age was observed in the RCV or MCA. The CO2 reactivity in the RA and ONH were correlated significantly with age, whereas those in the RCV or MCA were not. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that there are regional differences in the effect of age on the CO2 reactivity among not only ocular and cerebral vessels, but also the retinal and choroidal vessels, even though these vessels are in neighboring areas.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    3
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Objective and subjective eating speeds are related to body composition and shape in female college students

    Hamada, Y., Miyaji, A., Hayashi, Y., Matsumoto, N., Nishiwaki, M., Hayashi, N.

    Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology   63 ( 3 ) 174 - 179  2017  [Refereed]  [Domestic journal]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

     View Summary

    Eating speed reportedly relates to body composition and shape. Little is known about the relationship between the objectively assessed eating speed and the body composition and shape. This study examined relationships between eating speed as assessed both objectively and subjectively, and body composition and shape. The following variables of body composition and shape were measured in 84 female college students: body mass, relative body fat mass (%Fat), body mass index (BMI), and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip. After measuring the body composition and shape, subjects consumed a 174-kcal salmon rice ball. The following chewing variables were measured by observing videotape recordings of the subjects' faces: number of chews per bite, total number of chews, total meal duration, number of bites, and chewing rate. The subjects were categorized into three groups (fast, moderate and slow) according to their own subjective assessments of the actual eating speed. In objective assessments of the eating speed, the total number of chews and the total meal duration were significantly negatively correlated with the body mass, %Fat, BMI, and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip. In subjective eating-speed assessments, the body mass, %Fat, BMI, and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip were greater in the fast eating group than in the slow eating group. Both the objectively and subjectively assessed eating speeds are related to the body composition and shape. The present study supports that fast eating may relate to gains in body mass and/or fat mass.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    13
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Suppression of oral sweet taste sensation with Gymnema sylvestre affects postprandial gastrointestinal blood flow and gastric emptying in humans

    Kashima, H., Eguchi, K., Miyamoto, K., Fujimoto, M., Endo, M.Y., Aso-Someya, N., Kobayashi, T., Hayashi, N., Fukuba, Y.

    Chemical Senses   42 ( 4 ) 295 - 302  2017  [Refereed]  [International journal]

     View Summary

    An oral sweet taste sensation (OSTS) exaggerates digestive activation transiently, but whether it has a role after swallowing a meal is not known. Gymnema sylvestre (GS) can inhibit the OSTS in humans. We explored the effect of the OSTS of glucose intake on gastrointestinal blood flow, gastric emptying, blood-glucose, and plasma-insulin responses during the postprandial phase. Eight participants ingested 200 g (50 g × 4 times) of 15% glucose solution containing 100 mg of 13C-sodium acetate after rinsing with 25 mL of 2.5% roasted green tea (control) or 2.5% GS solution. During each protocol, gastrointestinal blood flow and gastric emptying were measured by ultrasonography and 13C-sodium acetate breath test, respectively. Decreased subjective sweet taste intensity was observed in all participants in the GS group. The time to attain a peak value of blood flow in the celiac artery and gastric emptying were delayed in the GS group compared with the control group. At the initial phase after glucose intake, blood-glucose and plasma-insulin responses were lower in the GS group than those for the control group. These results suggest that the OSTS itself has a substantial role in controlling postprandial gastrointestinal activities, which may affect subsequent glycemic metabolism.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    15
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Brachial artery blood flow dynamics during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise in humans

    Fukuba, Y., Endo, M.Y., Kondo, A., Kikugawa, Y., Miura, K., Kashima, H., Fujimoto, M., Hayashi, N., Fukuoka, Y., Koga, S.

    Physiological Reports   5 ( 19 )  2017  [Refereed]  [International journal]

     View Summary

    To explore the control of the peripheral circulation of a nonworking upper limb during leg cycling exercise, blood flow (BF) dynamics in the brachial artery (BA) were determined using a sinusoidal work rate (WR) exercise. Ten healthy subjects performed upright leg cycling exercise at a constant WR for 30 min, followed by 16 min of sinusoidal WR consisting of 4-min periods of WR fluctuating between a minimum output of 20 W and a maximum output corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VT). Throughout the protocol, pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), blood velocity (BV), and cross-sectional area of the BA, forearm skin BF (SBF), and sweating rate (SR) were measured. Each variable was fitted to a sinusoidal model with phase shift (θ) and amplitude (A). Nearly all variables closely fit a sinusoidal model. Variables relating to oxygen transport, such as VO2 and HR, followed the sinusoidal WR pattern with certain delays (θ: VO2; 51.4 ± 4.0°, HR; 41.8 ± 5.4°, mean ± SD). Conversely, BF response in the BA was approximately in antiphase (175.1 ± 28.9°) with a relatively large A, whereas the phase of forearm SBF was dissimilar (65.8 ± 35.9°). Thus, the change of BF through a conduit artery to the nonworking upper limb appears to be the reverse when WR fluctuates during sinusoidal leg exercise, and it appears unlikely that this could be ascribed exclusively to altering the downstream circulation to forearm skin.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    4
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effect of aging on the blowout time in various ocular vessels.

    Akane Miyaji, Tsukasa Ikemura, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Journal of aging science   4 ( 1 ) 1 - 6  2016.03  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

  • Effect of postprandial gum chewing on diet-induced thermogenesis

    Hamada, Y., Miyaji, A., Hayashi, N.

    Obesity   24 ( 4 )  2016  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

    DOI

    Scopus

    15
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effects of eating speed on diet-induced thermogenesis

    Hamada, Y., Hayashi, N.

    Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine   65 ( 3 ) 287 - 295  2016

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Exhaustive exercise attenuates the neurovascular coupling by blunting the pressor response to visual stimulation

    Yamaguchi, Y., Ikemura, T., Hayashi, N.

    BioMed Research International   2015   671063 - 671063  2015  [Refereed]  [International journal]

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    10
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Inner ocular blood flow responses to an acute decrease in blood pressure in resting humans

    Ikemura, T., Kashima, H., Yamaguchi, Y., Miyaji, A., Hayashi, N.

    Physiological Measurement   36 ( 2 ) 219 - 30  2015  [Refereed]  [International journal]

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    4
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Regional differences in the vascular response to CO<inf>2</inf> among cerebral, ocular, and mesenteric vessels

    Miyaji, A., Ikemura, T., Hamada, Y., Hayashi, N.

    Artery Research   12 ( C ) 54 - 59  2015  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effects of vasodilatation and pressor response on neurovascular coupling during dynamic exercise

    Yamaguchi, Y., Ikemura, T., Kashima, H., Hayashi, N.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   115 ( 3 ) 619 - 25  2015  [Refereed]  [International journal]

     View Summary

    PURPOSE: Visual stimulation increases the blood flow in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), which supplies blood to the visual cortex by neurovascular coupling (NVC). Relative contributions of vasodilatation and pressor response on NVC during dynamic exercise are still unknown. METHODS: We measured the blood flow velocity in the PCA (PCAv) by transcranial Doppler ultrasound flowmetry during rest and exercise in 14 healthy males while they performed 12-min submaximal leg-cycle exercises at mild-, moderate-, and high-intensity, which corresponded to heart rates of 120, 140, and 160 bpm, respectively. NVC was estimated as the relative change in PCAv from 20 s eye-closing to the peak response during 40 s looking at a reversed checkerboard. Conductance index was calculated for evaluating vasodilatation as pressure divided by blood flow. RESULTS: In response to visual stimulation, a magnitude of vasodilatation was significantly decreased under the moderate-intensity, while pressor response was significantly suppressed under the high-intensity exercises, compared with the control condition. Conversely, peak response to visual stimulation in PCAv was not affected by exercise intensity though relative and absolute responses were significantly lower in the moderate- and high-intensity exercises than the control. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the contributions of pressor response and vasodilatation were modified by exercise intensity, partly playing a role for stabilizing the peak response of PCAv with visual stimulation during dynamic exercise.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    8
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The number of chews and meal duration affect diet-induced thermogenesis and splanchnic circulation

    Hamada, Y., Kashima, H., Hayashi, N.

    Obesity   22 ( 5 ) E62 - E69  2014

    DOI

    Scopus

    44
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Palatability of tastes is associated with facial circulatory responses

    Kashima, H., Hamada, Y., Hayashi, N.

    Chemical Senses   39 ( 3 )  2014

    DOI

    Scopus

    11
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effects of heat stress on ocular blood flow during exhaustive exercise

    Ikemura, T., Hayashi, N.

    Journal of Sports Science and Medicine   13 ( 1 ) 172 - 9  2014  [Refereed]  [International journal]

    PubMed

  • Cerebral blood flow and neurovascular coupling during static exercise

    Yamaguchi, Y., Kashima, H., Fukuba, Y., Hayashi, N.

    Journal of Physiological Sciences   64 ( 3 ) 195 - 201  2014  [Refereed]  [Domestic journal]

     View Summary

    The effect of static exercise on neurovascular coupling (NVC) was investigated by measuring the blood flow velocity in the posterior cerebral artery (PCAv) during 2-min static handgrip exercises (HG) at 30 % of the maximum voluntary contraction in 17 healthy males. NVC was estimated as the relative change in PCAv from eye closing to a peak response to looking at a reversed checkerboard. The conductance index (CI) was calculated by dividing PCAv by the mean arterial pressure (MAP). HG significantly increased PCAv from the resting baseline, with an increase in MAP and a reduction in CI, whereas NVC did not differ significantly between the resting and HG. Compared to the resting baseline, HG significantly increased the pressor response to visual stimulation by 5.6 ± 1.1 (mean ± SE) mmHg, while the CI response was significantly inhibited by -7.0 ± 1.5 %. These results indicate that NVC was maintained during HG via contributions from both the pressor response and vasodilatation.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    13
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Muscle mechanoreflex mediates vasoconstriction in inactive limb in rats

    Endo MY, Hayashi N, Koba S, Morizono Y, Ueoka H, Fujihara C, Fukuba Y

    The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine   2 ( 3 ) 381 - 384  2013.08  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We determined whether, stimulation of mechanosensitive receptors in active muscle (muscle mechanoreflex activation) induces vasoconstriction in the contralateral non-active muscles. In mid-collicular decerebrated rats (n = 9), we measured the blood flow of the left iliac artery when the right Achilles tendon was stretched by 300 g for 30 seconds (s) to stimulate mechanoreceptors in the triceps surae muscles. The stretch significantly increased the mean arterial pressure (MAP: +20 ± 3%, peak increase from baseline; mean ± SEM) and decreased the vascular conductance (VC) in the left iliac artery (–9 ± 1%, averaged over the stimulation period). After cutting the left sciatic nerve, the stretch did not significantly change the VC (+5 ± 1%), while it significantly increased MAP (+13 ± 3%, peak). In conclusion, the muscle mechanoreflex plays a role in mediating vasoconstriction in the contralateral limb via sympathetic activation.

    DOI CiNii

  • Facial skin blood flow responses to irritant stimuli in the oral cavity

    Kashima, H., Hayashi, N.

    Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical   174 ( 1-2 )  2013

    DOI

    Scopus

    11
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Ocular blood flow decreases during passive heat stress in resting humans

    Ikemura, T., Miyaji, A., Kashima, H., Yamaguchi, Y., Hayashi, N.

    Journal of Physiological Anthropology   32 ( 1 ) 23 - 23  2013  [Refereed]  [International journal]

     View Summary

    BACKGROUND: Heat stress induces various physiological changes and so could influence ocular circulation. This study examined the effect of heat stress on ocular blood flow. FINDINGS: Ocular blood flow, end-tidal carbon dioxide (P(ET)CO2) and blood pressure were measured for 12 healthy subjects wearing water-perfused tube-lined suits under two conditions of water circulation: (1) at 35 °C (normothermia) for 30 min and (2) at 50 °C for 90 min (passive heat stress). The blood-flow velocities in the superior temporal retinal arteriole (STRA), superior nasal retinal arteriole (SNRA), and the retinal and choroidal vessels (RCV) were measured using laser-speckle flowgraphy. Blood flow in the STRA and SNRA was calculated from the integral of a cross-sectional map of blood velocity. PETCO2 was clamped at the normothermia level by adding 5% CO2 to the inspired gas. Passive heat stress had no effect on the subjects' blood pressures. The blood-flow velocity in the RCV was significantly lower after 30, 60 and 90 min of passive heat stress than the normothermic level, with a peak decrease of 18 ± 3% (mean ± SE) at 90 min. Blood flow in the STRA and SNRA decreased significantly after 90 min of passive heat stress conditions, with peak decreases of 14 ± 3% and 14 ± 4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that passive heat stress decreases ocular blood flow irrespective of the blood pressure or arterial partial pressure of CO2.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    5
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Regional differences in facial skin blood flow responses to the cold pressor and static handgrip tests

    Kashima, H., Ikemura, T., Hayashi, N.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   113 ( 4 ) 1035 - 41  2013  [Refereed]  [International journal]

     View Summary

    We have previously reported the unique regional responses of facial skin blood flow (SkBF) to oral application of the basic tastes without simultaneous systemic circulatory changes. In the present study, we determined whether a systemic circulatory challenge due to sympathetic activation induces regional differences in facial SkBF by observing the responses in facial SkBF and blood pressure to a 2-min cold pressor test (CPT) and static handgrip exercise (HG) by right hand in 20 healthy subjects. The CPT significantly increased SkBF in the forehead, eyelid, cheek, upper lip and lower lip by 6 ± 2 to 8 ± 2 % (mean ± SEM) as compared to resting baseline, with a significant simultaneous increase (13 ± 2 %) in mean arterial pressure (MAP), whereas it significantly decreased the SkBF in the nose by 5 ± 2 %. The HG significantly increased SkBF in the forehead, cheek and lower lip by 6 ± 3 to 10 ± 3 %, with a significant simultaneous increase in MAP (13 ± 2 %), while it induced no significant change in the other regions. Increases in SkBF were greater in the right than left cheek during CPT. These results demonstrate that a systemic circulatory challenge via sympathetic activation elicits regional differences in the facial SkBF response.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    28
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Blood flow in non-muscle tissues and organs during exercise: Nature of splanchnic and ocular circulation.

    Hayashi N, Endo MY, Someya N, Fukuba Y

    Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine   1 ( 2 ) 281 - 286  2012.07  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    In response to increased vascular conductance associated with vasodilation in exercising muscles, many non-exercising organs suppress their blood flow by vasoconstriction, thus helping to maintain blood pressure. This vasoconstriction in non-exercising organs contributes to ensuring a favorable distribution of the blood flow. However, a consequent excessive decrease of blood flow in non-exercising organs should be avoided so that they can maintain appropriate functioning during and/or after exercise. There is now evidence of a decrease in splanchnic blood flow with vasoconstriction during dynamic exercise, which indirectly contributes to an increase in flow in exercising muscles. Hypoperfusion in the splanchnic area, induced by such vasoconstriction, may result in gastrointestinal symptoms. On the other hand, such vasoconstriction is suppressed when exercise is performed after food intake, which may be associated with the maintenance of digestive and absorptive functions in the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast to organs that decrease their blood flow, the choroidal flow, which forms part of the ocular blood flow, increases with exercise intensity, but without vasodilation. The relevance of this phenomenon to visual function and the nature of ocular circulation remain unclear. Competition in blood flow between exercising muscles and non-exercising organs should be examined from the viewpoint of the functions of non-exercising organs and exercising condition, such as the postprandial condition.

    DOI CiNii

  • Ocular circulatory responses to exhaustive exercise in humans

    Ikemura, T., Hayashi, N.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   112 ( 9 ) 3313 - 8  2012  [Refereed]  [International journal]

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    11
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Autoregulation in the ocular and cerebral arteries during the cold pressor test and handgrip exercise

    Ikemura, T., Someya, N., Hayashi, N.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   112 ( 2 ) 641 - 646  2012  [Refereed]

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    18
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effect of preceding exercise on cerebral and splanchnic vascular responses to mental task

    Someya, N., Ikemura, T., Hayashi, N.

    Journal of Physiological Anthropology   31 ( 1 ) 17  2012  [Refereed]

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    4
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • V̇O <inf>2</inf> response at the onset of heavy exercise is accelerated not by diathermic warming of the thigh muscles but by prior heavy exercise

    Fukuba, Y., Shinhara, Y., Houman, T., Endo, M.Y., Yamada, M., Miura, A., Hayashi, N., Sato, H., Koga, S., Yoshida, T.

    Research in Sports Medicine   20 ( 1 ) 13 - 24  2012  [Refereed]  [International journal]

     View Summary

    We investigated whether the elevated muscle temperature induced by the first bout influenced the VO2 response during a second-bout of heavy exercise. The control conditions were two consecutive 6-min leg cycling bouts (work rate: Δ50% between LT and VO2max) separated by a 6-min baseline at 20 W (L1-ex to L2-ex). In the experimental conditions prior to the main bout (H2-ex), the diathermic warming to the front thigh was substituted for the first-bout. The VO2 response for the second bout was significantly accelerated compared with the first bout (mean ± SD of the τ by monoexponential fitting: L1-ex: 53.8 ± 11.6, L2-ex: 38.7 ± 7.9 s, P < 0.05). The diathermic warm-up, however, could not accelerate VO2 response for subsequent supra-LT leg exercise (τ for H2-ex: 52.3 ± 7.7 s). It was concluded that the facilitation of [VO2 response during supra-LT exercise after prior heavy exercise does not seem to be caused by increased muscle temperature per se and its related factors.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    1
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Acute effect of oral water intake during exercise on post-exercise hypotension

    Endo, M.Y., Kajimoto, C., Yamada, M., Miura, A., Hayashi, N., Koga, S., Fukuba, Y.

    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition   66 ( 11 ) 1208 - 1213  2012  [Refereed]  [International journal]

     View Summary

    BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is a sustained reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) after prolonged exercise. As water drinking is known to elicit a large acute pressor response, we aimed to explore the effect of drinking water during exercise on PEH. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Ten normotensive male volunteers performed the control protocol: 30 min supine rest, 60 min cycling exercise in moderate intensity, and 60 min supine rest recovery. In the water drinking protocol, the same procedure was followed but with water intake during exercise to compensate for exercise-induced body weight lost. Heart rate, MAP, cardiac output and blood flow in the brachial artery were measured pre- and post-exercise. The total vascular conductance (TVC) and the vascular conductance (VC) in the brachial artery were calculated pre- and post-exercise, and the relative change in plasma volume (ΔPV) was also measured. RESULTS: Body weight loss during exercise was 0.65 ± 0.24 kg in the control. ΔPV was not different during recovery in either protocol. MAP in the control was significantly reduced during the latter half of the recovery compared with baseline. In contrast, MAP in the water drinking showed no reduction during recovery, and was significantly higher than in the control. TVC and VC in the brachial artery were lower in the water drinking, in which vasoconstriction was relatively exaggerated. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of dehydration after exercise by oral water intake, or oral water intake per se has a role in maintaining post-exercise MAP and it may be related to reduction in TVC.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    21
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effect of dynamic exercise on ocular circulation.

    Ikemura Tsukasa, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Proceedings of the 26th Symposium on Biological and Physiological Engineering   1   206 - 207  2011.09

  • Change in ocular blood flow induced by hypo- and hypercapnia relate to static visual acuity in humans.

    Naoyuki Hayashi, Tsukasa Ikemura, Nami Someya

    Eye Reports   1 ( e8 )  2011.09  [Refereed]

  • 運動時の眼底血流の応答とその調節(キーノートレクチャー,運動生理学,専門分科会企画)

    林 直亨

    日本体育学会大会予稿集   62   27 - 27  2011

    DOI CiNii

  • Basic taste stimuli elicit unique responses in facial skin blood flow

    Kashima, H., Hayashi, N.

    PLoS ONE   6 ( 12 )  2011

    DOI

    Scopus

    34
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Muscle metaboreflex activation by static exercise dilates pupil in humans

    Hayashi, N., Someya, N.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   111 ( 6 ) 1217 - 1221  2011  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effects of dynamic exercise and its intensity on ocular blood flow in humans

    Hayashi, N., Ikemura, T., Someya, N.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   111 ( 10 ) 2601 - 2606  2011  [Refereed]

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    27
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effect of intensity of dynamic exercise on pupil diameter in humans

    Hayashi, N., Someya, N., Fukuba, Y.

    Journal of Physiological Anthropology   29 ( 3 ) 119 - 22  2010  [Refereed]  [International journal]

     View Summary

    To test the hypothesis that pupil diameter, which is innervated by the autonomic nervous system, increases with exercise intensity, we determined pupil diameter during incremental exercise in eight healthy subjects. The subjects performed an incremental ergometer exercise in a room illuminated at 90-100 lx. We continuously measured pupil diameter and heart rate before, during, and after the exercise. Pupil diameter increased significantly with exercise intensity (except at the lowest intensity), peaking at 113+/-3% (mean+/-SE) of the diameter during the resting baseline period. The diameter did not differ significantly between the resting baseline and recovery periods. These findings suggest that exercise enlarges pupil diameter and that the magnitude of dilation is related to exercise intensity.

    DOI PubMed CiNii

    Scopus

    35
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effects of a mental task on splanchnic blood flow in fasting and postprandial conditions

    Someya, N., Endo, M.Y., Fukuba, Y., Hirooka, Y., Hayashi, N.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   108 ( 6 ) 1107 - 13  2010  [Refereed]  [International journal]

     View Summary

    We tested the hypothesis that a mental task attenuates the meal-induced vasodilation in the splanchnic vasculature. Ten subjects performed a 5-min colour-word conflict test (CWT) under fasting and postprandial conditions. Subjects in the postprandial condition had ingested solid food with an energy content of 300 kcal (1,255 kJ) before either performing the CWT (mental task trial) or resting (resting control trial). The mean blood velocities (MBV) in the coeliac artery (CA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured. The MBV in the CA and SMA were divided by the MAP to assess the vascular conductance (VC). The MBV in the CA and SMA were significantly increased by the CWT under fasting conditions. In the postprandial condition, the MBV in the CA and SMA significantly increased immediately after the meal in both the mental task and resting control trials. The VC in the SMA, but not in the CA, was significantly decreased by the CWT under fasting conditions. In the postprandial conditions, there was no significant difference in the VC in both arteries between mental task and resting control trials. These results suggest that a mental task exerts different effects on the CA and SMA under fasting but not postprandial condition. The vasoconstrictive effect of a mental task on the SMA does not counter the vasodilatory effect of meal ingestion.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    7
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Vascular responses to fear-induced stress in humans

    Hayashi, N., Someya, N., Maruyama, T., Hirooka, Y., Endo, M.Y., Fukuba, Y.

    Physiology and Behavior   98 ( 4 ) 441 - 446  2009  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The information about the effect of mental activities on detailed cardiovascular responses is limited, though strong and chronic psychological stressors are risk factors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in humans. The responses of vascular resistance (VR) during fear-induced stress was studied by measuring the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), skin blood flow in the index finger and forehead, limb blood flow in the calf and forearm, and blood flow in the renal and superior mesenteric arteries before, during, and after a period of induced fear. After 2 min of rest, baseline data were acquired from eight subjects, after which they watched a 3-min video that was considered to be frightening. Minute-by-minute data were calculated. The MAP was divided by the blood flow to attain the VR. While a clear steady state was not evident in the stress-induced vascular response, stress significantly increased the MAP and HR (e.g., by 10 +/- 3 mm Hg and 8 +/- 3 bpm, respectively, at the 2nd min; mean +/- SEM), and the VR of the forearm and finger skin (e.g., by 80 +/- 26% and 79 +/- 28%, respectively, at the 2nd min). The VR increased slightly in the calf and visceral arteries but not in the forehead throughout the stimulation. The variables returned to baseline levels by the 1st min after cessation of the fearful stimulation. These results suggest that fear-induced stress causes vasoconstriction in the forearm and finger. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    29
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Interaction between the ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to hypo- and hypercapnia at rest and during exercise

    Shigehiko Ogoh, Naoyuki Hayashi, Masashi Inagaki, Philip N. Ainslie, Tadayoshi Miyamoto

    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON   586 ( 17 ) 4327 - 4338  2008.09  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Cerebrovascular reactivity to changes in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (P(a,CO2)) via limiting changes in brain [H(+)] modulates ventilatory control. It remains unclear, however, how exercise-induced alterations in respiratory chemoreflex might influence cerebral blood flow (CBF), in particular the cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2). The respiratory chemoreflex system controlling ventilation consists of two subsystems: the central controller (controlling element), and peripheral plant (controlled element). In order to examine the effect of exercise-induced alterations in ventilatory chemoreflex on cerebrovascular CO(2) reactivity, these two subsystems of the respiratory chemoreflex system and cerebral CO(2) reactivity were evaluated (n = 7) by the administration of CO(2) as well as by voluntary hypo- and hyperventilation at rest and during steady-state exercise. During exercise, in the central controller, the regression line for the P(a,CO2)-minute ventilation ((V) over dot(E)) relation shifted to higher (V) over dot(E) and P(a,CO2) with no change in gain (P = 0.84). The functional curve of the peripheral plant also reset rightward and upward during exercise. However, from rest to exercise, gain of the peripheral plant decreased, especially during the hypercapnic condition (-4.1 +/- 0.8 to -2.0 +/- 0.2 mmHg l(-1) min(-1), P = 0.01). Therefore, under hypercapnia, total respiratory loop gain was markedly reduced during exercise (-8.0 +/- 2.3 to -3.5 +/- 1.0 U, P = 0.02). In contrast, cerebrovascular CO(2) reactivity at each condition, especially to hypercapnia, was increased during exercise (2.4 +/- 0.2 to 2.8 +/- 0.2% mmHg(-1), P = 0.03). These findings indicate that, despite an attenuated chemoreflex system controlling ventilation, elevations in cerebrovascular reactivity might help maintain CO(2) homeostasis in the brain during exercise.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    69
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Blood flow responses in celiac and superior mesenteric arteries in the initial phase of digestion

    Someya, N., Endo, M.Y., Fukuba, Y., Hayashi, N.

    American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology   294 ( 6 ) R1790 - R1796  2008  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Blood flow (BF) responses in the celiac artery (CA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) during and immediately after a meal are poorly understood. We characterized postprandial BF responses in these arteries in the initial phase of digestion. After a baseline measurement in the overnight fasting state, healthy subjects ingested solid food (300 kcal) and water ad libitum within 5 min (4.6 +/- 0.2 min, means +/- SE), and then rested for 60 min in the postprandial state. Mean blood velocities (MBVs) in CA (n = 7) and SMA (n = 9) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured throughout the procedure. The MAP was divided by the MBV to yield the resistance index (RI). The MBV in CA and SMA started increasing within a minute after beginning the meal. The MBV in CA rapidly reached its peak increase (60 +/- 8% change from baseline) at 5 +/- 1 min after the start of the meal, whereas the MBV in SMA gradually reached its peak increase (134 +/- 14%) at 41 +/- 4 min after the start of the meal, reflecting a decrease in the RI for both CA and SMA. These findings suggested an earlier increase in CA and SMA MBV, implying that the increase of BF in some parts of the small intestine precedes the arrival of chyme.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    60
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Ambient temperature affects glabrous skin vasculature and sweating responses to mental task in humans

    Hayashi, N., Someya, N., Hirooka, Y., Koga, S.

    Journal of Physiological Anthropology   27 ( 5 ) 227 - 231  2008  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We compared responses in heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MAP), sweating rate (SR), sweating expulsion (SwE), and skin vascular conductance (VC) to mental task among different ambient temperature (Ta) conditions, i.e., 12, 16, 20, and 24°C. Seven subjects (27±5 yrs, 64±14 kg) underwent a 2-min color word conflict test (CWT) after 2 mins of baseline data acquisition following a 20-min resting period. All subjects wore long sleeve shirts and long pants. The skin blood flow was measured with a laser Doppler probe on the left index finger pulp to calculate skin VC, and the SR and sweating expulsion (SwE) were measured with a ventilated capsule on the left thenar. CWT significantly increased the HR and MAP, while there was no significant effect of Ta on the magnitudes of these responses. CWT significantly decreased the skin VC when the Ta was 24°C, whereas it significantly increased the skin VC when the Ta was 12 or 16°C. CWT significantly increased SR and SwE in all Ta conditions, and the SwE was greater in warmer conditions. These findings suggest that different ambient temperatures induce different responses in finger skin vasculature to mental task, implying the independent response of cutaneous vasomotor tone and sweat glands in glabrous skin to mental task.

    DOI PubMed CiNii

    Scopus

    3
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Chewing and taste increase blood velocity in the celiac but not the superior mesenteric arteries

    Someya, N., Hayashi, N.

    American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology   295 ( 6 ) R1921 - R1925  2008  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    To investigate the role of chewing and taste in the meal-induced rapid increase in splanchnic blood flow, we compared the blood flow responses in the celiac artery (CA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) to chewing solid food with a chocolate taste (FOOD) and paraffin wax without taste (WAX). After 5 min of baseline measurement, 15 healthy subjects repeated chewing and expectorating the FOOD or WAX every 20 s for 4 min followed by 10 min of recovery measurement. We measured the mean blood velocity (MBV) in the CA and SMA. The baseline MBVs in the CA and SMA did not differ between the FOOD and WAX trials. The MBV in the CA was lower than baseline at the 1st min of chewing in both trials. It was higher than baseline at the 3rd min of FOOD chewing, whereas it did not increase during and after WAX chewing. The MBV in the CA was higher in the FOOD trial than in the WAX trial at the 3rd min of chewing and thereafter. In contrast, the MBV in the SMA did not change throughout the protocols. These results suggest that the taste of food plays a role in meal-induced hyperemia in the CA but not the SMA. Copyright © 2008 the American Physiological Society.

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    18
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Facial cooling-induced bradycardia does not slow pulmonary V̇O <inf>2</inf> kinetics at the onset of high-intensity exercise

    Endo, M., Tauchi, S., Hayashi, N., Koga, S., Rossiter, H.B., Fukuba, Y.

    Journal of Applied Physiology   95 ( 4 ) 1623 - 1631  2003  [Refereed]

    DOI PubMed

    Scopus

    15
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Comparison of the exercise pressor reflex between forelimb and hindlimb muscles in cats

    Naoyuki Hayashi

    American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology    2001.10

     View Summary

    <jats:p> In thirteen cats anesthetized with α-chloralose, we compared the cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to both static contraction and tendon stretch of a hindlimb muscle group, the triceps surae, with those to contraction and stretch of a forelimb muscle group, the triceps brachii. Static contraction and stretch of both muscle groups increased mean arterial pressure and heart rate, and the responses were directly proportional to the developed tension. The cardiovascular increases, however, were significantly greater ( P &lt; 0.05) when the triceps brachii muscles were contracted or stretched than when the triceps surae muscles were contracted or stretched, even when the tension developed by either maneuver was corrected for muscle weight. Likewise, the ventilatory increases were greater when the triceps brachii muscles were stretched than when the triceps surae muscles were stretched. Contraction of either muscle group did not increase ventilation. Our results suggest that in the anesthetized cat the cardiovascular responses to both static contraction and tendon stretch are greater when arising from forelimb muscles than from hindlimb muscles. </jats:p>

    DOI

    Scopus

    18
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Temporal effect of muscle contraction on respiratory sinus arrhythmia

    Nakamura, Y., Hayashi, N., Muraoka, I.

    Methods of Information in Medicine   36 ( 4-5 )  1997

▼display all

Books and Other Publications

  • 学び合い,発信する技術: アカデミックスキルの基礎 (岩波ジュニア新書 959)

    林 直亨( Part: Sole author)

    岩波書店  2022.10 ISBN: 400500959X

    ASIN

  • Sarcopenia: Molecular Mechanism and Treatment Strategies

    Naoyuki Hayashi( Part: Contributor, Chapter 11: Vascular aging and sarcopenia: Interactions with physiological functions during exercise (pp. 249-266))

    Elsevier  2021.07

  • 新・大学でなにを学ぶか

    上田, 紀行( Part: Contributor)

    岩波書店  2020.02 ISBN: 9784005009121

  • ガイトン生理学

    Hall, John E. (John Edward), 石川, 義弘, 岡村, 康司, 尾仲, 達史, 河野, 憲二, 金子, 猛(呼吸器内科学), 北村, 義浩, 藤乗, 嗣泰, 松嶋, 成志( Part: Translator/Editor, 第15部 スポーツ生理学)

    エルゼビア・ジャパン  2018.03 ISBN: 9784860347741

  • 林直亨,木場智史.自律神経.身体トレーニング 運動生理学からみた身体機能の維持・向上.宮村實晴(編集)

    2009

  • 循環器機能. 健康と運動の疫学入門.熊谷秋三(責任編集)

    医学出版  2008

  • 人間科学計測ハンドブック(共著)

    技報堂出版  1997

▼display all

Works

  • Lifespan of Japanese traditional artists, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/S9UUYJ, Harvard Dataverse, V1

    Hayashi, Naoyuki, Kezuka, Kazuhiro  Database science 

    2018.07
    -
    Now

Research Projects

  • 眼底循環に及ぼす加齢の影響と運動習慣に伴う予防効果の検討

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

    Project Year :

    2021.04
    -
    2024.03
     

    林 直亨

     View Summary

    失明を含む視覚障害は加齢に伴い増加し,視覚障害を有する者は世界で2.5億人に達する(Bourneら 2017).視覚障害の多くは緑内障,加齢性黄斑変性と網膜症が原因となる.これらの疾患は眼底循環の異常に起因する(Cherecheanuら 2013).したがって,視覚障害の一次予防を目的として眼底循環を維持する方策を検討することは,重要な課題である.
    運動習慣が循環系に及ぼす好ましい影響から察して,眼底循環の異常を運動習慣で予防可能と予想される.眼底血管の柔軟性に及ぼす運動習慣の効果を検討するために,以下の作業仮説を検証する.すなわち,加齢に伴って眼底の血管柔軟性が低下する一方,運動習慣を有する者では,その低下が抑制されるという作業仮説である.本年度は,加齢に伴う血管柔軟性の低下が,運動習慣によって抑制されるという仮説を,横断研究モデルによって検討した
    人間ドックに来室した中高齢者(男性698名,女性192名,28~80歳)を対象として,横断研究を行った.眼底血流の計測には,レーザースペックル血流計を用いた.血管の柔軟性を評価するためBOTを算出した.これは,血流ピーク値の半値幅を保つ時間の相対値である.血管が柔軟であれば,拍動中の長い時間に渡って血流が維持されることから,BOTは血管柔軟性の指標として用いられている.対象者には運動習慣を記入させた.
    その結果,眼底血流のBOTは加齢とともに有意に減少した.自己申告および厚生労働省に基づく基準で分けた運動習慣の有無は,いずれも眼循環に有意な影響を及ぼさなかった。
    これらの結果から,加齢に伴い眼底血管の硬化が進行することと,それを運動習慣で防ぐことができない可能が示唆された.

  • 大学院生を対象にしたリーダーシップ教育の効果検証

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

    Project Year :

    2020.04
    -
    2023.03
     

    上田 紀行, 林 直亨, 室田 真男, 中野 民夫, 岡田 佐織

     View Summary

    本研究では、支援型リーダーシップを扱う大学院修士課程における授業科目の効果を検証し、大学院でのリーダーシップ教育の効果を明らかにすることを目的としている。
    令和2年度および3年度は、授業の開始時および終了時に質問紙調査を行い、効果検証のための尺度開発を行った。令和2年度は予備調査とし、令和3年度に項目改訂と本調査を実施した。質問紙調査から、リーダーシップのタイプとして「意見聴取型」「率先型」「支援型」「統率型」「マネジメント型」の5つの因子が抽出され、尺度構成を行った。本研究で対象とする授業では支援型リーダーシップに焦点を当てた教育を行っている。すべてのリーダーシップタイプにおいて授業後にリーダーシップ行動が増加する傾向が見られた。特に、「自分の行動や成果について、メンバーからの率直なフィードバックを求めるようにしている」「主体的に取り組まない人には注意する」「仲間のやる気を引き出す」「グループの学習の目的を明確にして,仲間と共有する」「グループ作業では、先頭に立って仲間を引っ張っていく」「全員が発言しやすい雰囲気づくりを心がける」等の項目で、授業に伴う増加が見られた。
    基礎科目で高得点を修め、上級科目へと進んだ学生からは、基礎科目での授業開始前後、上級科目での授業開始前後の4時点のデータが得られている。「仲間のやる気を引き出す」「グループ内で意見が対立した時には、合意形成のために働きかける」といった項目で継続的な上昇が見られた。ただし、多くの項目では授業開始時点において既に高得点を示しており、天井効果が発生していた。上級科目の履修者に対しては、意識面だけでなく、育成目標になっている個々のスキルの修得状況も確認できる質問項目の追加が必要と考えられる。

  • 動脈血管内皮機能の新たな測定評価手法の開発とその応用

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

    Project Year :

    2020.04
    -
    2023.03
     

    福場 良之, 山岡 雅子, 鍛島 秀明, 林 直亨

     View Summary

    本研究で開発・提案予定の血管内皮機能測定方法を,SS(sustained stimulus)-FMD法と呼ぶ。同法開発において根幹をなす検討課題である,ステップ状な一定SR(Shear Rate)刺激を実現する手技として,初年度では,掌握(HG)運動による実現の可否を検討して,一定の有効な手法であることを確認した。今年度は,当初の計画通り,一定SR値によるステップ入力を,温熱刺激とカフ圧操作を併用する手技で実現する方法の開発にとりかかった。具体的には,まず HG運動による場合と同様,5段階程度のSR(50~150)に相当する平均BV(= SR・D)を各被験者で事前に決定しておいた。被験者の前腕部(肘下にカフを装着)を恒温水槽(40℃温水)内で静置し,前腕部カフ圧を200 mmHgに一気に加圧し阻血したまま静置した。15分経過後,実験者はカフの弁を少し開放して阻血を部分解除し,ドップラ測定装置画面上にリアルタイム表示される平均BV表示が,SR:50に相当するBV値に一致,保持できるよう圧制御を操作し3分間維持した。その後,カフ圧を一気に加圧し阻血状態に戻して5分間維持した後,再び1回目よりはやや大きなカフ減圧を行い,SR:75相当なBVになるように圧制御を操作した。このような操作を繰り返すことで5段階な一定SR刺激を実現した。被験者は健常な10名程度を予定していたが,コロナ禍による種々の影響で,3名しか実験を完了できなかった。なお初年度に取得したHG運動を用いた手法については,まだ解析していなかった,基準SR=75以外のSR負荷時の解析を行い,用量(SR)・反応(血管径拡張)関係がシグモイド状を示すかどうかも検討した。

  • Exercise induced anti-atherogenic effect: the mechanism of endothelial adaptations beyond active muscle

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

    Project Year :

    2017.04
    -
    2021.03
     

    Fukuba Yoshiyuki

     View Summary

    Recent human studies have reported modulated profile of brachial artery shear stress (BA-SS) during leg exercise, which may be a key factor contributing to endothelial adaptations of the inactive upper limbs. During cycling exercise, the BA supplies the skin blood flow to the glabrous (G; palm) and non-glabrous (NG; forearm) regions; however, it remains unclear which between these is most responsible for upstream BA-SS profile. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of G and/or NG skin vascular conductance (VC), which were modulated by warming or cooling stimulation, on BA-SS during cycling exercise. The main results were: 1) the non-glabrous skin VC response possibly played a major role in the modulation of BA-SS profile during lower limb exercise, and 2) the concomitant forearm cooling or warming during leg exercise attenuated or improved post-exercise endothelial function and these are associated with modulations of shear patterns.

  • 音楽演奏と演奏習慣が脳血流量に与える影響

    2019年度ヤマハ音楽振興財団  研究活動支援

    Project Year :

    2019
    -
     
     

    林 直亨

  • Facial skin blood flow response during motor imagery of sports performance

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

    Project Year :

    2016.04
    -
    2018.03
     

    HAYASHI Naoyuki

     View Summary

    We previously reported unique skin blood flow (SkBF) responses in the face to emotions related to taste. Then we supposed that poor and good motor imaginary reflect to facial SkBF response. We examined whether motor imaginary of volleyball serves are related to facial SkBF responses to underhand- and floater- serve, comparing 1st-person with 3rd-person perspective of the imaginary. The subjective evaluation for the control of motor imagery is high, SkBF in the eyelid showed greater. The results suggests that high controllability of motor imagery related to an increase the SkBF responses in the eyelid. To extract skillful and disadvantaged scenes in sports performance based on facial SkBF responses, we need to examine whether similar SkBF responses can be obtained in other sports events, and the increase response in the nose become conspicuous according to the skill of sports, in future studies.

  • Discrimination of emotion and taste by using facial skin blood flow responses

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

    Project Year :

    2014.04
    -
    2017.03
     

    HAYASHI Naoyuki

     View Summary

    We reported that the eyelid blood flow increases when one feels tasty, while nose blood flow decreases when one feels not-tasty. We tested the possibility that facial blood flow responses give us objective information regarding to how the person feels the food. Facial skin blood flow was recorded while 89 subjects ate tasty and non-tasty candies without controlling environments. No characteristic response was obtained. Easy detection of one's feeling was impossible without lab environments. Next, to investigate factors inducing characteristic blood flow response to taste, heat and cold stimuli were applied to subjects' face. Blood flow in cheek and forehead changed accordingly to changes in the temperature of the stimuli. Eyelid showed no response in the blood flow to the change in temperature, and nose showed no decrease response to decrease in temperature. The characteristic response in facial blood flow should be dependent on neural factors, not on responsiveness of facial vessels.

  • The integrative mechanism of cardiorespiratory control to exercise of upper and/or lower limbs using sinusoidal work rate forcing

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

    Project Year :

    2014.04
    -
    2017.03
     

    Fukuba Yoshiyuki

     View Summary

    To explore the coordinating mechanism of cardiorespiratory system during exercise, the dynamics of main physiological variables in response to sinusoidal-varied work rate exercise using by solely upper (i.e. cranking) or lower (i.e. cycling) limb, and both combined were examined. The responses of the circulation to non-active limb (i.e. brachial artery (BA) during lower limb cycling) and brain (i.e. middle cerebral artery (MCA)) were specially focused. The results summarized that; 1) within the sub-maximal exercise domain, the responses of combined exercise simultaneously using the upper and lower limbs were substantially summed by both responses, and 2) the circulatory responses of BA and MCA were clearly followed as sinusoidal form, but the dynamic characteristics (phase delay and amplitude) in BA were approximately anti-phasic with a relatively large amplitude, whereas those in MCA were very stable with a short delay.

  • 美容用ローラーの短期および長期のマッサージによる動脈硬化予防への可能性検討

    株式会社MTG 

    Project Year :

    2017
    -
     
     

  • Searching for a simple assessment of vessel sclerosis by using smartphone

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

    Project Year :

    2014.04
    -
    2016.03
     

    HAYASHI Naoyuki, TAKAYASU Misako

     View Summary

    The eyeground is the singe place where we directly observe vessels and arteries, in our body. In this study, we tested a feasibility of a method for easily recording ocular vessels and blood flow and for estimating vascular sclerosis. We found difficulty in the easiest way to record ocular vessels by using smartphones. Then we recorded ocular blood flow by laser speckle flowgraphy, and calculated the half‐value width in a single beat, i.e. BOT. We found a significant effect of ageing on BOT in ocular vessels, and a significant correlation between BOT and IMT, which is the golden-standard method for estimating arteriosclerosis. These results implied that an observation of ocular blood flow can provide us information on vessel sclerosis induced by ageing.

  • 足湯が眼底の循環機能に及ぼす影響

    日本健康開発財団  第42回研究助成

    Project Year :

    2016
    -
     
     

  • A large-scale survey of developmental disability and mental condition in university students for continuous support

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

    Project Year :

    2013.04
    -
    2015.03
     

    MATSUSHITA Tomoko, ICHIMIYA Atsushi, FUKUMORI Hideaki, KUMAGAI Shuzou, MASAKI Yoshinori, TAKAYANAGI Shigemi, HAYASHI Naoyuki, KAJITANI Kousuke, IKENAGA Megumi, ODA Shinji

     View Summary

    We developed developmental disability check sheet, in order to investigate and then support university freshmen. This check sheet can be useful tool for supporting students’ adaptation not for diagnosing. The answer or request for consultation in their parents can be very important. High score of this check sheet has positive effects on the level of stress and irregular lifestyle, but no direct effects on the failure of earning credits or withdraw from university. However there was a limit to find all students who have developmental disability, because the scores of this check sheet can be also related to the level of anxiety.

  • Sensing emotion in humans by using a response in facial skin blood flow

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

    Project Year :

    2012.04
    -
    2014.03
     

    HAYASHI Naoyuki, FUKUBA Yoshiyuki

     View Summary

    We supposed that face and facial color are related to various emotions, since there are many expressions of language using face. Then we tested the hypothesis that facial skin blood flow shows specific response to emotion. Subjects watched videos evoking happiness, sadness, fear, astonishing and fear, then we measured facial skin blood flow. No specific response was obtained in skin blood flow in forehead, nose, cheek and lips. The results may suggested a difficulty judging one's emotion from facial skin blood flow responses as yet. It should be necessary to use stronger stimulus evoking a change in emotion, if we can.

  • A trial study of relationship of physical activity

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

    Project Year :

    2012.04
    -
    2014.03
     

    ICHIMIYA Atsushi, KUMAGAI Shuzo, HAYASHI Naoyuki, NAKAMURA Toru, YAMAMOTO Yoshiharu

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study is to investigate whether it is possible to judge a degree of mood change like depression based on the pattern of physical activity in university students. At first, in order to inquire the availability a device which is popular and relatively cheap, simultaneous measurement during 1 or two days in 6 students was done using two devices of the actigraph and the popular one. There is only low relation between the measurements of the two devices during daytime. Therefore, we think that it is not suitable to use the popular device, in order to measure daytime activity of the students. Consequently we cease the population study of mental state and physical activity measured using the popular device in students.

  • The effects of short time sleep on the exercise performance and its related basic physiological functions

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research

    Project Year :

    2011
    -
    2013
     

    FUKUBA Yoshiyuki, TSUJI Toshio, HAYASHI Naoyuki, MIURA Akira, YAMAOKA Masako

     View Summary

    The short time sleep after the lunch (i.e. nap, 10-20 min shallow sleep) is well known to prevent the declines of work efficiency and arousal level in office workers and drivers. In this study, we examined the effect(s) of short time sleep on the exercise performance and its related basic physiological functions and capacities such as visual acuity, arousal level of the brain, reaction time, nociceptive threshold of the skin, taste sensation, and subjective symptom. The results from the basic and practical experiments indicated that; 1) the nap (less than 20 min with stages 1 and 2) showed some positive effects on information processing system in the brain and visual acuity, and 2) a more long time and deep sleep (i.e. approximately one hour including stages 3 and 4), rather than rest and/or even nap, might have the positive effects on short-term maximal anaerobic power (estimated by the standard test using by the cycle ergometer) and kinetic vision.

  • 早食いが体型に与える影響―食べる早さの改善は肥満予防につながるのだろうか?―

    やずや食と健康研究所  研究助成金

    Project Year :

    2012
    -
     
     

  • ビデオゲーム実施が運動時の視力を改善するメカニズム

    上月財団  第9回スポーツ研究助成

    Project Year :

    2011
    -
     
     

  • The methods for evaluating the aerobic working capacity

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

    Project Year :

    2009
    -
    2011
     

    FUKUBA Yoshiyuki, KOGA Shunsaku, FUKUOKA Yoshiyuki, HAYASHI Naoyuki, KANO Yutaka, MIURA Akira, YAMAOKA Masako

     View Summary

    The main purpose of this study was to develop the new techniques of work rate forcing for estimating the aerobic working capacity of humans. The proposed techniques are based on ; 1) the sinusoidally fluctuated work rate forcing which simulates the non-steady state physical activities of daily life, and 2) the exponentially incremental work rate forcing, as an alternative way to the conventional ramp-mode exercise test With respect to the sinusoidal exercise, the responses of O2-cascade related variables(i. e. from pulmonary VO2 to O2-utlization in active muscle) and their coordination were examined. Furthermore, the physiological linkage, that is, circulatory adjustments among the O2-cascade related and non-related variables(including the cerebral and non-exercising limb circulations) were explored.

  • 顔面皮膚血流の非接触計測を利用したヒトの情動センシング

    公益財団法人上原記念生命科学財団  研究助成金

    Project Year :

    2010
    -
     
     

  • 運動選手が風邪を引きやすい理由の解明

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的萌芽研究

    Project Year :

    2009
    -
    2010
     

    林 直亨, 永富 良一

     View Summary

    運動選手は風邪を引きやすいと言われるように,いわゆる行動体力の高い運動選手や活動的な学生の上気道感染率は高い.この状況を免疫で説明することは難しい.むしろ,長期的にはトレーニング実施による防衛体力の向上があったとしても,低温環境下での身体運動という環境への暴露の増加が感染リスクを高めていると予想される.運動選手に風邪の罹患が多いことが,トレーニング時の上気道の血流量低下と関連するとの仮説を検証するために,運動時および運動後に上気道部の血流が低下するかどうかについて検討した.
    昨年度は,心拍数100~140拍/分相当強度の自転車エルゴメータ運動時には上気道部の血流はほとんど変化しないことを観察したことから,今年度は疲労困憊に至る強度での運動時の上気道部の血流を観察した.健常成人男女11名に,自転車エルゴメータ運動を疲労困憊にいたるまで行わせた.運動前および運動終了5分,10分後の上気道部の血流をレーザースペックルフローグラフィーを用いて,計測した.その結果,上気道部の血流は運動前値と比較して,運動終了後10分後まですることはなかった.このことから,本研究では血流減少と上気道感染との関連は明示されなかった.
    補足的ではあるが,舌部では120, 140拍/分強度の運動時に観察されたのと同様に,高強度運動後にも血流低下が観察されたことを追記しておく.
    本研究の限界としては,高強度運動時に上気道部の血流を観察することが極めて困難であるため,運動後の観察にとどまる点,また呼吸に伴う気道部温度の影響も微弱ではあるものの観察された.

  • Investigation of salivary alpha-amylase activity as a stress-related biomarker and its application for stress management

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

    Project Year :

    2008
    -
    2010
     

    IRIE Masahiro, HAYASHI Naoyuki

     View Summary

    It has been proposed that salivary alpha-amylase (sAMY) is a useful stress-related biomarker, but further investigation is needed to confirm this assumption. The purpose of our cross-sectional and longitudinal studies was to evaluate whether sAMY activity was really associated with several kinds of experimental and ordinary stress or relaxation among Japanese university students and office workers. The investigated levels of sAMY showed a tendency to increase in response to stress under strict rest condition or when measured frequently. Inter-individual, and possibly intra-individual, differences in the reactivity of sAMY are considered to affect the results. It is suggested that sAMY activity is useful as a stress-related biomarker in the longitudinal, rather than cross-sectional, studies.

  • 運動中の眼底血流量変化を記録する試み-運動時の視覚調節機構解明への手がかり-

    財団法人ヤマハ発動機スポーツ振興財団  YMFSスポーツチャレンジ助成金

    Project Year :

    2009
    -
     
     

  • 顔面皮膚血流の変化からおいしい顔を探索する試み

    やずや食と健康研究所  研究助成金

    Project Year :

    2009
    -
     
     

  • 唾液を用いた食欲評価法の探索

    財団法人アサヒビール学術振興財団  学術助成金

    Project Year :

    2008
    -
     
     

  • 運動パフォーマンスに果たす感覚入力の役割

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 萌芽研究

    Project Year :

    2007
    -
    2008
     

    福場 良之, 林 直亨, 三浦 朗, 福岡 義之, 青木 朋子, 遠藤 雅子

     View Summary

    運動強度が徐々に漸増し疲労困憊に至るランプ負荷運動を課し,運動に対する中枢の関与を傍証する目的で,運動中は,定期的な時間間隔で痛み閾値を測定する実験をまず実施した。運動中を通して温熱刺激に対する痛み閾値を1分毎に調べた。併せて交感神経出力の指標として瞳孔径も測定した。その結果,安静時に比較して,ランプ負荷運動中,有意な差異を認められなかったが,瞳孔径はAT付近の運動強度を境に増大した。この実験の結果を,研究への協力ならびに助言者として来日いただいた,Dr. B. J. Whipp(英国・Leeds大学)と協議し,運動強度と時間の組み合わせを考慮する必要性,また知覚系の測定も行う必要性が認識されたので,次の実験を計画した。3段階の運動強度(低・中・高強度)での一定負荷運動で,それぞれのエネルギー消費がほぼ等しくなるような運動時間を設定し,運動中と後で,電気刺激に対する知覚ならびに痛みを感じる閾値と脳の情報処理能力(カラーワードコンフリクトテスト:CWCT)を測定し,運動前と比較した。知覚感覚閾値はすべての運動強度で,運動中,有意に低下した。さらに中・高強度運動では,運動直後もその状態が継続した。痛み感覚閾値は,中・高強度運動で同様に,運動中に有意な低下を示し,運動直後も継続した。情報処理能力は必ずしも仮説に反して,CWCTの正答率が運動強度による違い(影響)は特に認められなかった。これらの結果は,運動強度が増大するにつれて,上位脳の活動が運動に占有されてくる度合いが大きくなり,痛みの処理までできなくなるという仮説は支持するものであったが,このことと上位脳の情報処理能力への影響は必ずしも同じように起こるというわけではなく,脳の有する複雑さと,今後のさらなる研究の必要性を示した。

  • Mental task induces differential vascular responses in the brain, viscera, skin, and forearm.

    Project Year :

    2007
    -
     
     

  • 唾液の粘度を用いた無酸素性作業閾値の簡易推定法の開発

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 萌芽研究

    Project Year :

    2007
     
     
     

    林 直亨, 福場 良之, 丸山 徹

     View Summary

    本研究は、唾液の粘度が運動強度に伴って高くなるのか、唾液の粘度には変曲点があるのか、あるとしたらそれは無酸素性作業閾値(AT)と関連するのか、について明らかにすることを目的とした。被験者14名(内女性3名)に3分毎に40W(女性では30W)ずつ負荷が増加する自転車エルゴメータ運動を行わせた。各負荷段階の最後の2分間に唾液を採取し、その粘度を計測した。別の日に、ランプ負荷試験を行わせ、その際のガス分析結果よりATを判定した。スピンドル回転数60rpmで計測した唾液粘度は安静時に3.0±0.2cPだったものが、強度の増加とともに減少を示し、ATよりも56±4W低い強度において2.38±0.1cPの最低値を示した(p<0.05)。AT近辺の強度においても安静値よりも有意に低い2.4cP台を示したが、ATを58±4W超えた時点では3.0±0.2cPを示し、安静値と有意差を示さなかった。最大運動強度時には2.71±0.2cPを示し、安静値と有意差はなかった。唾液粘度は運動強度に対してU字状のカーブを描いたので、全被験者の変曲点を14名の被験者全員に判定させた。ところが、これはガス分析の結果から求めたATと関連しておらず、唾液粘度からATを予想することは難しいことが明らかになった。本研究結果は唾液粘度が運動強度に対してU字状に変化することを示した。また、最大運動時であっても、唾液粘度は安静値と差がないことを示した。交感神経活動が唾液粘度を増加させる、というこれまでの予想は、運動時には適応できないことが示唆された。

  • 食事中の精神活動が消化吸収器官の血流応答に与える影響

    ダノン学術研究助成金 

    Project Year :

    2006
    -
     
     

  • ヒト有酸素性作業能力評価指標の開発に関する共同研究のための企画調査

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)

    Project Year :

    2006
     
     
     

    福場 良之, 福岡 義之, 三浦 朗, 林 直亨, 佐藤 広徳, 遠藤 雅子

     View Summary

    有酸素性作業能力(AWC)は,ヒトの日常の身体活動遂行能力である。生理人類学の立場から,それに支える生体内の諸機能やそれら相互の連関といった生理的メカニズムの解明と,その結果に基づいた今日的な諸問題解決を念頭においた新たなAWC評価手法の開発が課題としてあげられる。そこで本企画調査では,関連する海外の専門家を招請して,AWC評価指標の現状を,その生理的メカニズムと実際のAWC評価を目的とした運動負荷試験方法(特に負荷様式)の観点の両者から,次年度の共同研究立案を念頭に議論した。具体的な招請研究者として,7月に運動時循環調節の立場からDr.P.Fadel (USA・Missouri大)と運動時自律神経制御の立場からDr.S.Koba (USA・Pennsylvania大)を,8-9月に運動時骨格筋バイオエナジェテクスの立場からDr.H.Rossiter (UK・Leeds大)を,12月に運動時換気調節の立場からDr.J.Mateika (USA・Wayne State大)と運動負荷試験の数理解析の立場からDr.H.Morton (NZ・Massey大)をそれぞれ招請し,分担研究者や研究協力者を交えて活発な議論を重ねた。その結果,運動負荷試験方法としては,日常での身体活動に重要な動的特性を反映したサイン波状負荷変動の運動負荷試験によるAWC評価法が優れていること,ならびに高齢者や体力の弱い対象者(実際に生理人類学領域の調査研究が必要とされる集団)にとって,ATやVO2maxといったこれまでの調査成果と比較できる静的な指標を捉えるためには,現在のランプ負荷より指数関数型負荷の方が有用であることの2点がコンセンサスとしてえられた。最終的に,本研究を具体的に遂行するにあたり,新たな共同研究者を加え,来年度から2年間に及ぶ科学研究費補助金・基盤研究(B)を申請するに至った。

  • 運動のストレス解消効果は低次脳機能にも及ぶのか -延髄の循環調節から-

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 若手研究(B)

    Project Year :

    2005
    -
    2006
     

    林 直亨

     View Summary

    運動が精神ストレスを軽減させるのに有効であることが知られている.生理的な知見として,運動が血圧を低下させるという報告は多いものの,メカニズムについては明らかではない.今年度は,短期の精神ストレスが起こす高血圧が運動によって軽減されるメカニズムを探るために,精神作業を行った後に運動を行わせ,それによる血圧低減効果が圧反射の機能変化によってもたらされるという仮説を検証した.圧反射は,頸動脈および大動脈弓にある圧受容器に対する動脈圧変化を入力として,延髄内で処理された情報を,自律神経を介して出力する反射系である.したがって,圧反射の短期間の機能変化は延髄の機能変化と捉えられる.【方法】9名の被験者にカラーワードテストを4分間行わせた.CWT試行(対照実験)では,その後8分間の安静を保たせた.一方,CX試行では精神作業の後4分間25Wの自転車運動を行わせた後に,8分間の安静を保たせた.圧反射を評価するため,新たに作成した頸部圧刺激装置によって圧受容器に20mmHgを負荷した.圧受容器周辺の血管は伸展の程度を抑制されるので,実際の血圧よりも低圧を感知し,心拍数が増加する.この心拍数の増加量より圧反射の機能を評価した.【結果と考察】精神作業は心拍数と血圧を増加させた.頸部の加圧に対する心拍数の増加幅は,精神作業によって初期値から増加した.精神作業8分後までの平均血圧の最低値が出現した際の各変量を求めた.CWT試行では平均血圧の最低値と初期値との間に有意差はなかった.一方,CX試行では初期値よりも4±3mmHg有意に減少していた.この際,頸部の加圧による心拍数の増加幅はCWT試行では初期値と有意差がなかった.一方,CX試行では,初期値から有意に減少した.これらの結果から,精神ストレス後における短時間の低強度運動が昇圧を減少させ,その背後には圧反射の機能変容があることが示唆された.

  • Control mechanism of pulmonary ventilation in response to exercise in humans

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

    Project Year :

    2004
    -
    2006
     

    FUKUBA Yoshiyuki, MIURA Akira, NISHIYASU Takeshi, HAYASHI Naoyuki, ENDO Masako

     View Summary

    While there are numerous afferent drives to the respiratory center to control exercise ventilation, one of the important drive certainly comes from the exercising skeletal muscles. Stimulation of afferent nerves with endings in hindlimb skeletal muscles is known to have marked reflex effects on the respiratory system of anesthetized animals. The recent animal studies appropriated the neural monitoring system to hemodynamic effect (i.e., a "flow-linked" control) of ventilation. Therefore, to investigated to verify this hypothesis, i.e., whether the mechanosensitive, flow-dependent stimulation in muscle can be linked the ventilatory control in response to exercise in humans, we performed the following experiments, 1; to investigate the effect of occluding of femoral blood flow on the post-exercise ventilatory response of both the sub-and supra-anaerobic threshold (AT) leg cycling, 2; to investigate the effect of static/intermittent compressing stimulus to the lower limb using the anti-shock pant on post-exercise ventilatory response from leg cycling exercise, 3; to investigate the effect of postural change from supine to upright (it means blood retention to the lower limb) just after the cessation of cycling exercise on post-exercise ventilatory response, and 4; to investigate the causal linkage of ventilatory depression and blood flow to the lower limb during cycling exercise just after the 5-minintentional hyperventilation to induce vasoconstriction. As a result, two experiments supported the hypothesis whereas the remaining two did not. Accordingly, further study is clearly needed to deserve these issues.

  • 運動が精神ストレスを和らげる仕組み

    財団法人上原記念生命科学財団  研究奨励金

    Project Year :

    2004
    -
     
     

  • 不活動による筋の萎縮が筋内情報を介した昇圧応答に与える影響

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 若手研究(B)

    Project Year :

    2003
    -
    2004
     

    林 直亨

     View Summary

    不活動期間後には,同一運動負荷に対する昇圧応答が減少するが,それを起こすメカニズムは明らかではない.運動時には,運動を開始させる中枢からの情報(セントラルコマンド)と筋からの情報(運動昇圧反射)との2つの神経入力が交感神経性の循環応答を起こす.本研究では,不活動による筋の萎縮によって,活動筋から惹起する運動昇圧反射が減弱し,その結果運動時の昇圧応答が減少する,という仮説を検討した.
    ラット(7〜8週齢,オス)の左脚を1週間ギプス固定した.その後,麻酔下にて動静脈および気道にカテーテルを導入し,左右の下腿三頭筋を露出した後,除脳した.筋の機械受容器を刺激して運動昇圧反射を起こすため,30秒間下腿三頭筋を伸張した.ギプス固定した左脚の筋重量は1.0±0.1g(平均±SE)であり,対照の右脚の1.4±0.1gよりも有意に小さい値であった.筋の伸張(229±20g)は,萎縮脚では13±3mmHgの昇圧を起こし,これは対照脚の4±2mmHgよりも有意に大きいものであった。刺激の大きさを下腿三頭筋の重量で除して,相対的に等しい張力に対する応答を比較しても,萎縮脚刺激による応答は,対照脚のそれよりも有意に大きいものであった.このことから,廃用性萎縮が機械受容器を介する運動昇圧反射の大きさを大きくすることが明らかになった.したがって,機械受容器を介した運動昇圧反射は,不活動期間後に見られる昇圧応答の減少を説明できないものと結論された.
    また,本研究ではラットの腎臓交感神経活動を記録した.セントラルコマンドおよび昇圧反射を入力した際には,血圧および心拍数の増加と同時に腎臓交感神経活動の増加が見られた.また,これは腎血流の減少を伴っていた.上記ラットでもこれらの計測を試みたが,ギプス固定の影響か,ラットの状態が悪化してしまい,残念ながら良好な記録を得ることが困難であった.

  • The role of afferent information from active muscle on hyperventilation during exercise

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2001
    -
    2002
     

    YOSHIDA Takayoshi, FUKUBA Yoshiyuki, HAYASHI Naoyuki

     View Summary

    We observed the ventilation during cuff occlusion limiting the flow from and into the active muscle after exercise cessation, as to test the hypothesis that afferent information from muscle metaboreceptors and mechanoreceptors increase ventilation in humans during exercise. The cuff occlusion after the cessation of exercise selectively stimulates metaboreceptors and metaboreceptors in muscles. The results obtained in the first year were that there was no significant difference in ventilation between cuff occlusion and control trials, while the end-tidal CO2 partial pressure, which indicates the arterial CO2 concentration, was lower during cuff occlusion than in control. This implies the possibility that stimulus to the carotid body CO2 sensor decreased by cuff occlusion compromise the increment of afferent information from muscle receptors.
    In the next series of experiments, we controlled inspired CO2 partial pressure to oscillate the end-tidal CO2 pressure during cuff occlusion. Six subjects performed 2-min isometric leg extension exercise at 30% of maximal *oluntary contraction. During 3-min cuff occlusion after the cessation of exercise in the experimental trial and corresponding period in the control trial, inspired CO2 was maintained at 0, 3.5 and 5%. The ventilation was plotted against the end-tidal CO2 partial pressure to observe the hyperventilation to a given arterial CO2 concentration by muscle afferent stimulus. The ventilation was higher at 38-42mmHg of end-tidal CO2 partial pressure in five of six subjects, and the increase in ventilation was small, suggesting that the stimulus to metaboreceptors plays a role increasing ventilation during exercise but the amount of this role is limited. We applied change of posture to investigate the mechanoreceptors, but obtained no clear result. The role of mechanoreceptors on ventilation still remains unclear.

  • Control mechanism of pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics during repeated bouts of heavy exercise in humans

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2000
    -
    2002
     

    FUKUBA Yoshiyuki, HAYASHI Naoyuki, MIURA Akira, KUNO Shinya

     View Summary

    Prior heavy exercise which induces lactic acidosis speeds pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO_2) kinetics and reduces its slow component during the following heavy exercise. Two controversial mechanisms are hypothesized to explain this phenomenon : the improved perfusion to exercising limb (i.e. oxygen delivery) or the physiological cause(s) within exercising limb or musculatures (i.e. oxygen utilization). Firstly to clarify the former hypothesis, we investigated the temporal profile between VO_2 and femoral artery blood flow (BFf) during repeated bouts of heavy knee extension exercise. A Doppler ultrasound technique was utilized to measure continuously the BFf. The VO_2 kinetics for the 2nd bout was faster than that for the 1st bout. However, no significant difference was observed for the kinetics of BFf between both bouts. It was concluded that the speeding of VO_2 kinetics during 2nd heavy exercise was not associated with a similar speeding of BFf to the working muscles. Since the thigh muscles involved in leg cycling exercise are complex, especially during heavy exercise, the time- and intensity-dependent differences of muscle use pattern in the thigh may be postulated as one of the factors to explain the phenomenon. As a next step, we, therefore, examined whether the muscle use pattern evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) transverse relaxation time (T2 ; i.e. index of muscle activation) in thigh influence the VO_2-kinetics during leg cycle exercise at three exercise intensities (i.e. moderate, heavy, and severe). The T2 in each thigh muscle was evaluated by MRI at rest, 3rd and 6th min of exercise. In heavy and severe exercises, the VO2 slow components were developed and the associated T2 were increases from 3rd to 6th min during exercise in a group of flexor muscles. It seems that the amount of VO2 slow component might be associated with the degree and/or pattern of muscle activation.

  • Physiological basis of the effect of warm-up exercise

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    1999
    -
    2000
     

    YOSHIDA Takayoshi, HAYASHI Naoyuki, FUKUBA Yoshiyuki

     View Summary

    The warm-up exercise induces following effects on the main exercise ; Q10 effectdue to increased muscle temperature, facilitation of oxygen unloading in muscle due to the Bohr effect, facilitation of blood flow to the working muscle, and neural adaptation to performing the exercise. We investigated the effect of warm-up exercise on the main heavy exercise, using the estimation of oxygen uptake response.
    First, investigating the effect of acidosis on oxygen uptake response, we examined the effect of substituting arm cranking for leg cycling as the warm-up exercise. There was a significant warm-up effect on facilitation of oxygen uptake response during main heavy exercise when we used leg cycling as the warm-up, but no effect when using arm-cranking, suggesting that the facilitation of the oxygen uptake response to heavy exercise is not due to solely the lactic acidosis. Second, investigating the effect of blood flow on the response, we applied facial cold stimulation during main exercise to depress the blood flow to the working muscle, and diathermic warming before main exercise on working muscle as substituting the warm-up exercise to increase the blood flow. Neither the cold stimulation nor the diathermic warming changed the oxygen uptake response during main exercise after the warm-up exercise, suggesting that alternation of blood flow to working muscle can not induce a sufficient effect to facilitate the oxygen uptake response during heavy exercise.

  • 浸水による循環応答を用いた酸素摂取量応答の制限要因の探索

    財団法人大阪大学後援会  研究助成金(A)

    Project Year :

    1997
    -
     
     

  • EXERCISE-INDUCED STRESS IN VARIOUS INTENSITIES

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    1996
    -
    1997
     

    HITAI Tomohiro, ISHII Toshihiro, HAYASHI Naoyuki, IWAHASHI Hideo

     View Summary

    We studied anti-oxidative effects of uric acid on exercise-induced lipid peroxidation. Obese and control high school students were recruited in the first study. The exercise was performed as maximum oxygen consumption test on a cycle ergometer. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) was assayd in serum before and afer the exercise as an indicator of lipid peroxidation. The exercise induced significant increase in serum TBARS in both groups. There was no significant difference in serum TBARS level between two groups. Obese students had higher uric acid but did not show lower increase in TBARS after the exercise. In the second study road cyclists in high school were recruited as an athlete group. Athlete group showed significantly higher level of plasma uric acid than non-athlete group. TBARS in plasma increased significantly after the cycle ergometer exercise in both groups. However, there was no significant difference in the increase of TBARS between two groups. Athlete group demonstrated higher level of plasma uric acid but did not have lower increase of TBARS after the exercise. We did not obtain the evidence that uric acid prevents from exercise-induced oxidative stress.
    Next, we studied anti-oxidative effects of chlorogenic acid on exercise-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. Exercise rats were run on a rodent treadmill. Chlorogenic acid was injected intra-peritoneally 24 and 2 hour before the exercise. The exercise did not increase TBARS significantly in leg muscle, heart, lung and liver. Chlorogenic acid decreased TBARS significantly in four organs. These data indicates anti-oxidative activity of chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid did not influence SOD activity in four organs.

  • 運動負荷増加時における酸素摂取量の動態に影響する要因

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業

    Project Year :

    1996
     
     
     

    林 直亨

     View Summary

    運動開始時に迷走神経活動が循環系を通して酸素摂取量の動態に影響を与えているという仮説をヒトにおいて検証した.まず,顔面冷却刺激が迷走神経活動を増加させる刺激として適当であることを確認するため,男性15名に2分間顔面冷却刺激を暴露した.呼吸数制御下において1拍動毎の心電図R波間隔を記録し,その標準偏差を迷走神経活動の指標とした.顔面冷却によって心拍変動が増加した結果より,顔面冷却が迷走神経活動を増加させることが示された.そこで,運動開始時に迷走神経活動を増加させ,その時の心拍数,心拍出量および酸素摂取量の動態を計測した.男性11名に,3分間無負荷自転車運転の後,換気作業閾値の80%に相当する強度の運動をステップ状に5分間負荷した.顔面冷却を行わないN試行,および運動負荷上昇1分間前から1分後まで顔面冷却を行うS試行を各々4回繰り返し行った.試行中の酸素摂取量を1呼吸毎に,心拍数および心拍量を1拍毎に記録した.データを1秒毎に補間した後、加算平均した.顔面冷却中のデータを除いて変量の動態を1次の指数関数にて近似した.顔面冷却によって心拍数は10±5拍/分減少した.酸素摂取量および心拍量は顔面冷却によって変化しなかった.近似の初期値およびゲインには試行間に有意差はみられなかった.S試行の心拍数,心拍出量および酸素摂取量の遅れ時間(9±20秒,8±9秒,17±5秒)はN試行に比較して有意に遅かった(-7秒±5秒,-3±5秒,13±3秒,p<0.05).迷走神経活動の抑制が遅れると循環系を通して酸素摂取量動態が遅れるという結果から,運動開始時における酸素摂取量の動態に迷走神経活動の速い抑制が関与していることが明らかになった.近赤外線分光法を用いた筋の酸素取り込み動態も測定したが,近似に用いる適当なモデルは得られず,適当なモデルの探索は今後の検討課題である.

  • Estimation of muscle fiber recruitment pattern during physical exercise in inorganic phosphate kinetics by ^<31>P-NMR

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    1995
    -
    1996
     

    YOSHIDA Takayoshi, HAYASHI Naoyuki

     View Summary

    The studies using ^<31>P-NMR reported that an inorganic phosphate (Pi) splitted into high and low pH peak during a high intensity exercise. However, it was not clear which factor induces this splitting. We hypothesized that a muscle fiber recruitment pattern explains this splitting. It was essential to improve the resolution time of ^<31>P-NMR to clarify the Pi kinetics. We adjusted the angular and interval of the pulse in ^<31>P-NMR to allow a 5 seconds interval data acquisition. To test the hypothesis, we observed Pi patterns under sufficient and insufficient oxygen conditions, i.e., during active and passive recovery from exercise, and during exercise with and without circulatory occlusion.
    High pH Pi disappeared just after the end of calf flexion exercise. Low pH Pi during the active recovery decreased significantly faster than during the passive recovery. This would resulted from insufficient oxygen supply to the fast twitch muscle fiber during the passive recovery. Simultaneously measured near infrared spectroscopy data indicated that more existing blood volume during the active recovery than the passive recovery, revealing more oxygen supplement to muscle during active recoverty. Pi peak splitting was observed during circulatory occlusion on leg by 280 mmHg at lower exercise intensity than non occlusion trial. This means that Pi metabolism covers the energy loss resulted from oxygen deficit. It is suggested that fast twitch muscle fiber recruitment causes the Pi splitting.

  • ストレスを軽減させるための身体トレーニング処方に関する研究

    日本科学財団  笹川科学研究助成金

    Project Year :

    1994
    -
     
     

▼display all

Misc

  • Factors explaining seasonal variation in energy intake: a review

    Kyoko Fujihira, Masaki Takahashi, Chunyi Wang, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Frontiers in Nutrition   10  2023.07  [Refereed]

    Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)  

     View Summary

    Maintaining a balance between energy intake and expenditure is crucial for overall health. There are seasonal variations in energy intake, with an increase during spring and winter as well as a decrease during summer. These variations are related to a combination of environmental factors, including changes in temperature and daylight hours; social factors, including events and holidays; and physiological factors, including changes in physical activity and emotions. Accordingly, this review aimed to summarize the environmental, social, and physiological factors that contribute to seasonal variations in energy intake. A review of the current literature revealed that changes in temperature and daylight hours may affect eating behavior by altering homeostatic responses and appetite-related hormones. Additionally, increased participation in events and frequency of eating out, especially during winter vacations, may contribute to increased energy intake. Notably, these findings may not be generalisable to all populations since environmental and social factors can vary significantly depending on the local climatic zones and cultural backgrounds. The findings of the present review indicate that seasonal climate, events, and associated hormonal changes should be taken into account in order to maintain adequate energy intake throughout the year.

    DOI

  • 一過性の運動に伴う眼底循環の応答.

    池村司, 林直亨

    体力科学   69 ( 1 ) 17  2019.09

    Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

  • Ocular blood flow during exercise

    池村司, 林直亨

      69 ( 6 ) 415 - 419  2019.06

    Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)  

  • Inner ocular blood flow response to exercise in healthy humans.

    Tsukasa Ikemura, Naoyuki Hayashi

    Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine   6 ( 4 ) 223 - 226  2017.07

    Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)  

  • Effect of aging on the CO2 reactivity and blowout time in ocular vessels

    Akane Miyaji, Tsukasa Ikemura, Naoyuki Hayashi

    FASEB JOURNAL   30  2016.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • 下肢サイン波状負荷運動時の上腕動脈血流応答に及ぼす周期の影響

    福場良之, 三浦康平, 遠藤(山岡)雅子, 鍛島秀明, 江口航平, 林直亨, 福岡義之, 古賀俊策

    体力科学   64 ( 6 ) 576  2015.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • 運動に伴う視力の向上は後大脳動脈の血流反応とは関連しない

    山口裕嗣, 池村司, 林直亨

    体力科学   63 ( 6 ) 578  2014.12

    Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

    J-GLOBAL

  • 生理刺激に対する血管応答の部位差と刺激の種類が血管応答に及ぼす影響

    宮路茜, 池村司, 濱田有香, 林直亨

    体力科学   63 ( 6 ) 580  2014.12

    Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

    J-GLOBAL

  • 昼食後の睡眠がスポーツを支える基礎的な能力・機能に与える効果

    福場良之, 林直亨, 三浦康平, 遠藤(山岡)雅子, 鍛島秀明, 江口航平, 三浦朗

    体力科学   63 ( 6 ) 657  2014.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • The number of chewing affects postprandial splanchnic blood flow

    Yuka Hamada, Hideaki Kashima, Naoyuki Hayashi

    FASEB JOURNAL   28 ( 1 )  2014.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • 視覚刺激に伴う後大脳動脈血流の増加反応に及ぼす筋代謝受容器反射の影響

    山口裕嗣, 鍛島秀明, 宮路茜, 林直亨

    体力科学   62 ( 6 ) 542  2013.12

    DOI J-GLOBAL

  • 早食いは食事誘発性体熱産生を減少させる

    濱田有香, 鍛島秀明, 林直亨

    体力科学   62 ( 6 ) 506  2013.12

    DOI J-GLOBAL

  • CO2吸入に対する血流応答の部位差

    宮路茜, 濱田有香, 池村司, 林直亨

    体力科学   62 ( 6 ) 523  2013.12

    Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

    DOI J-GLOBAL

  • Brachial and middle cerebral artery blood flow responses during sinusoidal leg cycling exercise

    Yoshiyuki Fukuba, Ayaka Kondo, Yuka Kikugawa, Masako Y. Endo, Kouhei Miura, Naoyuki Hayashi, Yoshiyuki Fukuoka, Shunsaku Koga

    FASEB JOURNAL   27  2013.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Association of diet-induced thermogenesis with mastication in humans

    Yuka Hamada, Hideaki Kashima, Naoyuki Hayashi

    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES   63 ( 6 ) S267 - S267  2013

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Ocular blood flow responses to an acute decrease in blood pressure in resting humans

    Ikemura Tsukasa, Miyaji Akane, Hayashi Naoyuki

    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES   63   S266  2013

    Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

  • 視覚刺激に伴う後大脳動脈血流応答に及ぼす暑熱の影響

    山口裕嗣, 池村司, 鍛島秀明, 林直亨

    体力科学   61 ( 6 ) 600  2012.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • 運動強度の増加に伴う顔面の皮膚血流の部位差

    鍛島秀明, 林直亨, 池村司, 山口裕嗣

    体力科学   61 ( 6 ) 607  2012.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • Posterior cerebral artery blood flow response to visual stimulation during exercise

    Yuji Yamaguchi, Tsukasa Ikemura, Hideaki Kashima, Naoyuki Hayashi

    FASEB JOURNAL   26  2012.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Vasomotor responses in facial and finger skin to acute changes in blood pressure.

    KASHIMA Hideaki, IKEMURA Tsukasa, YAMAGUCHI Yuji, HAYASHI Naoyuki

    Experimental Biology 2012 (San Diego, CA, USA)    2012

  • Effect of the type of visual stimulation on the increase in posterior cerebral artery blood flow during exercise

    YAMAGUCHI Yuji, IKEMURA Tsukasa, KASHIMA Hideaki, HAYASHI Naoyuki

    J Physiol Sci   62 ( Supplement 1 ) S118  2012

    J-GLOBAL

  • 昇圧刺激に対する顔の皮膚血流応答

    鍛島秀明, 池村司, 林直亨

    体力科学   60 ( 6 ) 657  2011.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • 疲労困憊に至る運動が眼底血流に及ぼす影響

    池村司, 鍛島秀明, 林直亨

    体力科学   60 ( 6 ) 657  2011.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • Facial skin blood flow response to pleasant and unpleasant taste stimuli

    Hideaki Kashima, Naoyuki Hayashi

    FASEB JOURNAL   25   The FASEB Journal 647. 19, D288.  2011.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Ocular circulatory response to exhaustive exercise in humans

    Tsukasa Ikemura, Naoyuki Hayashi

    FASEB JOURNAL   25  2011.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • 動的運動に伴う顔面の皮膚血流の部位別応答

    SHIMIZU MIKO, SOMEYA NAMI, HAYASHI NAOYUKI

    体力科学   59 ( 6 ) 756  2010.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • 寒冷昇圧試験およびレジスタンス運動に対する眼底の血流応答

    IKEMURA TSUKASA, SOMEYA NAMI, HAYASHI NAOYUKI

    体力科学   59 ( 6 ) 723  2010.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • Regional blood flow responses of facial skin to cycling exercise

    Miku Shimizu, Nami Someya, Naoyuki Hayashi

    FASEB JOURNAL   24  2010.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Effects of hyper- and hypocapnea on choroidal and retinal blood flows and the visual acuity

    Hayashi Naoyuki, Someya Nami, Ikemura Tsukasa

    FASEB JOURNAL   24  2010.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Retinal and choroidal blood flow responses to dynamic and static exercise in humans

    Ikemura Tsukasa, Someya Nami, Hayashi Naoyuki

    FASEB JOURNAL   24  2010.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Autoregulation in ocular and cerebral arteries during the cold pressor test

    IKEMURA TSUKASA, SOMEYA NAMI, HAYASHI NAOYUKI

    J Physiol Sci   60 ( Supplement 1 ) S165  2010

    J-GLOBAL

  • The effect of acute aerobic exercise on the cerebral vascular response to a mental task

    Someya Nami, Ikemura Tsukasa, Hayashi Naoyuki

    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES   60   S165  2010  [Refereed]

  • 食物の呈示に対する唾液分泌の変化に運動が与える影響

    SOMEYA NAMI, FUKUBA YOSHIYUKI, HAYASHI NAOYUKI

    体力科学   58 ( 6 ) 832  2009.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • 網膜・脈絡膜の血流速度は運動強度の増加に伴って増加する.

    HAYASHI NAOYUKI, SOMEYA NAMI, IKEMURA TSUKASA, SHIMIZU YOSHIKO

    体力科学   58 ( 6 ) 723  2009.12

    J-GLOBAL

  • Vascular responses to fear-induced stress in humans

    Naoyuki Hayashi, Nami Someya, Toru Maruyama, Yoshitaka Hirooka, Masako Yamaoka Endo, Yoshiyuki Fukuba

    PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR   98 ( 4 ) 441 - 446  2009.10

     View Summary

    The information about the effect of mental activities on detailed cardiovascular responses is limited, though strong and chronic psychological stressors are risk factors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in humans. The responses of vascular resistance (VR) during fear-induced stress was studied by measuring the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), skin blood flow in the index finger and forehead, limb blood flow in the calf and forearm, and blood flow in the renal and superior mesenteric arteries before, during, and after a period of induced fear. After 2 min of rest, baseline data were acquired from eight subjects, after which they watched a 3-min video that was considered to be frightening. Minute-by-minute data were calculated. The MAP was divided by the blood flow to attain the VR. While a clear steady state was not evident in the stress-induced vascular response, stress significantly increased the MAP and HR (e.g., by 10 +/- 3 mm Hg and 8 +/- 3 bpm, respectively, at the 2nd min; mean +/- SEM), and the VR of the forearm and finger skin (e.g., by 80 +/- 26% and 79 +/- 28%, respectively, at the 2nd min). The VR increased slightly in the calf and visceral arteries but not in the forehead throughout the stimulation. The variables returned to baseline levels by the 1st min after cessation of the fearful stimulation. These results suggest that fear-induced stress causes vasoconstriction in the forearm and finger. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • 運動時における瞳孔径の調節

    林直亨, 染矢菜美, 福場良之

    生体・生理工学シンポジウム論文集   24th   141 - 142  2009.09

    J-GLOBAL

  • 食事に関連する感覚刺激に対する唾液分泌の応答にエネルギーバランスが与える影響

    染矢菜美, 亀井真澄, 福場良之, 林直亨

    生体・生理工学シンポジウム論文集   24th   119 - 120  2009.09

    J-GLOBAL

  • Effect of resistance training at a frequency of once a week on muscular strength in college students

    Hayashi Naoyuki, Miyamoto Tadayoshi

    Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences   54 ( 1 ) 137 - 143  2009.06

     View Summary

    To investigate the effect of resistance training at lower than the recommended frequency (2–3 times a week) on muscular strength, we recruited 103 college students (67 males 61±8 kg, 36 females 51±4 kg, mean±SD) who had never regularly engaged in resistance training. They performed resistance training in a PE class once a week for seven to ten weeks. We measured one repetition maximum (1 RM) for the bench press and arm curl, and the girth of the thigh and upper arm before and after the training. The training included stretching, three sets of ten repetitions on a bench press, half squat lift, arm curl and three types of training chosen by each subject. The weight load was 10 RM, which was progressively increased; when the subject succeeded in lifting a load ten times at the first set, the load was increased in the following week. After the training period 1RM was increased by more than 10% compared with that before training, for either the bench press or the arm curl, in all subjects. The 1 RM for the bench press significantly increased from 46±9 kg to 54±9 kg in males, and from 22±4 kg to 28±5 kg in females, and that for the arm curl also increased significantly. No significant change was found in the girth of the thigh and upper arm. On the other hand, 49 male students who undertook softball in a PE class did not show any significant change in 1 RM after the eight-week control period, compared to that before the period. These results demonstrate that resistance training at a frequency lower than the recommended one increases muscular strength in college students, possibly through adaptations in the nervous system.

    DOI CiNii

  • EFFECT OF MUSCLE METABOREFREX ACTIVATION ON PUPIL DIAMETER IN HUMANS

    Naoyuki Hayashi, Nami Someya

    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES   59 ( Supplement 1 ) 221 - 221  2009

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

    J-GLOBAL

  • EFFECTS OF GLUTAMATE ON SYSTEMIC AND SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATIONS

    Nami Someya, Toshifumi Imada, Naoyuki Hayashi

    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES   59 ( Supplement 1 ) 454 - 454  2009

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

    J-GLOBAL

  • 218. 食物の呈示に対する唾液分泌の変化(体液・内分泌,一般口演,第63回日本体力医学会大会)

    亀井真澄, 染矢菜美, 林直亨

    体力科學   57 ( 6 ) 741 - 741  2008.12

    CiNii

  • 170. 食物の咀嚼は消化器系の血流を増加させる(呼吸・循環,一般口演,第63回日本体力医学会大会)

    染矢菜美, 林直亨

    体力科學   57 ( 6 ) 717 - 717  2008.12

    CiNii

  • 132. 運動時の呼吸化学調節と脳血流反応の相互連関機構の解明(呼吸・循環,一般口演,第63回日本体力医学会大会)

    宮本 忠吉, 林 直亨, 中原 英博, 小河 繁彦

    体力科學   57 ( 6 ) 698 - 698  2008.12

    CiNii

  • 215. 唾液の流量および粘度に対する運動強度の影響(体液・内分泌,一般口演,第63回日本体力医学会大会)

    林直亨, 亀井真澄, 染矢菜美, 福場良之

    体力科學   57 ( 6 ) 740 - 740  2008.12

    CiNii

  • Chewing and taste increase blood velocity in the celiac but not the superior mesenteric arteries

    Nami Someya, Naoyuki Hayashi

    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY   295 ( 6 ) R1921 - R1925  2008.12

     View Summary

    Someya N, Hayashi N. Chewing and taste increase blood velocity in the celiac but not the superior mesenteric arteries. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 295: R1921-R1925, 2008. First published October 8, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.90493.2008.-To investigate the role of chewing and taste in the meal-induced rapid increase in splanchnic blood flow, we compared the blood flow responses in the celiac artery ( CA) and superior mesenteric artery ( SMA) to chewing solid food with a chocolate taste ( FOOD) and paraffin wax without taste ( WAX). After 5 min of baseline measurement, 15 healthy subjects repeated chewing and expectorating the FOOD or WAX every 20 s for 4 min followed by 10 min of recovery measurement. We measured the mean blood velocity ( MBV) in the CA and SMA. The baseline MBVs in the CA and SMA did not differ between the FOOD and WAX trials. The MBV in the CA was lower than baseline at the 1st min of chewing in both trials. It was higher than baseline at the 3rd min of FOOD chewing, whereas it did not increase during and after WAX chewing. The MBV in the CA was higher in the FOOD trial than in the WAX trial at the 3rd min of chewing and thereafter. In contrast, the MBV in the SMA did not change throughout the protocols. These results suggest that the taste of food plays a role in meal-induced hyperemia in the CA but not the SMA.

    DOI

  • Blood flow responses in celiac and superior mesenteric arteries in the initial phase of digestion

    Nami Someya, Masako Yamaoka Endo, Yoshiyuki Fukuba, Naoyuki Hayashi

    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY   294 ( 6 ) R1790 - R1796  2008.06

     View Summary

    Blood flow (BF) responses in the celiac artery (CA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) during and immediately after a meal are poorly understood. We characterized postprandial BF responses in these arteries in the initial phase of digestion. After a baseline measurement in the overnight fasting state, healthy subjects ingested solid food (300 kcal) and water ad libitum within 5 min (4.6 +/- 0.2 min, means +/- SE), and then rested for 60 min in the postprandial state. Mean blood velocities (MBVs) in CA (n = 7) and SMA (n = 9) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured throughout the procedure. The MAP was divided by the MBV to yield the resistance index (RI). The MBV in CA and SMA started increasing within a minute after beginning the meal. The MBV in CA rapidly reached its peak increase (60 +/- 8% change from baseline) at 5 +/- 1 min after the start of the meal, whereas the MBV in SMA gradually reached its peak increase (134 +/- 14%) at 41 +/- 4 min after the start of the meal, reflecting a decrease in the RI for both CA and SMA. These findings suggested an earlier increase in CA and SMA MBV, implying that the increase of BF in some parts of the small intestine precedes the arrival of chyme.

    DOI

  • Blood flow responses in celiac and superior mesenteric arteries in the initial phase of digestion

    Nami Someya, Masako Yamaoka Endo, Yoshiyuki Fukuba, Naoyuki Hayashi

    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY   294 ( 6 ) R1790 - R1796  2008.06

     View Summary

    Blood flow (BF) responses in the celiac artery (CA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) during and immediately after a meal are poorly understood. We characterized postprandial BF responses in these arteries in the initial phase of digestion. After a baseline measurement in the overnight fasting state, healthy subjects ingested solid food (300 kcal) and water ad libitum within 5 min (4.6 +/- 0.2 min, means +/- SE), and then rested for 60 min in the postprandial state. Mean blood velocities (MBVs) in CA (n = 7) and SMA (n = 9) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured throughout the procedure. The MAP was divided by the MBV to yield the resistance index (RI). The MBV in CA and SMA started increasing within a minute after beginning the meal. The MBV in CA rapidly reached its peak increase (60 +/- 8% change from baseline) at 5 +/- 1 min after the start of the meal, whereas the MBV in SMA gradually reached its peak increase (134 +/- 14%) at 41 +/- 4 min after the start of the meal, reflecting a decrease in the RI for both CA and SMA. These findings suggested an earlier increase in CA and SMA MBV, implying that the increase of BF in some parts of the small intestine precedes the arrival of chyme.

    DOI

  • Cerebral blood flow reactivity to CO2 during exercise

    Naoyuki Hayashi, Shigehiko Ogoh, Philip N. Ainslie, Tadayoshi Miyamoto

    FASEB JOURNAL   22  2008.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Effect of chewing and taste on splanchnic blood flow

    Nami Someya, Naoyuki Hayashi

    FASEB JOURNAL   22  2008.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Sham feeding changes blood flow in splanchnic artery and forearm

    SOMEYA NAMI, KAMEI MASUMI, HAYASHI NAOYUKI

    J Physiol Sci   58 ( Supplement ) S183  2008.04

    J-GLOBAL

  • 唾液を用いた食欲評価法の探索

    HAYASHI NAOYUKI, SOMEYA NAMI, KAMEI MASUMI

    食生活科学・文化及び環境に関する研究助成(CD-ROM)   2008   53 - 60  2008

    J-GLOBAL

  • Effect of ventilation on cerebral blood flow

    Hayashi Naoyuki, Ogoh Shigehiko, Philip Ainslie, Miyamoto Tadayoshi

    Proceedings of Annual Meeting of the Physiological Society of Japan   2008 ( 0 ) 182 - 182  2008

     View Summary

    At rest, respiratory-induced changes in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) play a major role in the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Changes in CBF affect stability of the ventilatory (VE) responsiveness to CO2 via alterations in the degree of washout in central chemoreceptor hydrogen [H+] . No data, however, is available on the comparison of the CBF and VE responsiveness to PaCO2 at rest and during exercise. To describe the CBF and VE reactivity to PaCO2, we measured the blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCAV) in six males under various VE conditions by controlling ventilation for 12 min at rest (VE = 9 to 38 L/min) and during 40 W ergometer cycling (VE = 12 to 68 L/min). The MCAV and VE reactivity to PaCO2 at rest was similar to that during exercise (-0.9 &plusmn; 0.3 cm/s/mmHg vs. -1.0 &plusmn; 0.5 cm/s/mmHg, respectively, P>0.05; mean &plusmn; SEM). The intercept of MCAV with PaCO2 tended to be greater during exercise than at rest (83 &plusmn; 11 vs. 66 &plusmn; 9 cm/s when VE = 0 L/min: P=0.1); this finding indicates that the upward shift of MCAV reactivity to VE may have a role in washing out CO2 from the brain, potentially due to the greater amount of CO2 production during exercise. [J Physiol Sci. 2008;58 Suppl:S182]

    DOI CiNii

  • Ambient temperature affects glabrous skin vasculature and sweating responses to mental task in humans

    Naoyuki Hayashi, Nami Someya, Yoshitaka Hirooka, Shunsaku Koga

    Journal of Physiological Anthropology   27 ( 5 ) 227 - 231  2008

     View Summary

    We compared responses in heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MAP), sweating rate (SR), sweating expulsion (SwE), and skin vascular conductance (VC) to mental task among different ambient temperature (Ta) conditions, i.e., 12, 16, 20, and 24°C. Seven subjects (27±5 yrs, 64±14 kg) underwent a 2-min color word conflict test (CWT) after 2 mins of baseline data acquisition following a 20-min resting period. All subjects wore long sleeve shirts and long pants. The skin blood flow was measured with a laser Doppler probe on the left index finger pulp to calculate skin VC, and the SR and sweating expulsion (SwE) were measured with a ventilated capsule on the left thenar. CWT significantly increased the HR and MAP, while there was no significant effect of Ta on the magnitudes of these responses. CWT significantly decreased the skin VC when the Ta was 24°C, whereas it significantly increased the skin VC when the Ta was 12 or 16°C. CWT significantly increased SR and SwE in all Ta conditions, and the SwE was greater in warmer conditions. These findings suggest that different ambient temperatures induce different responses in finger skin vasculature to mental task, implying the independent response of cutaneous vasomotor tone and sweat glands in glabrous skin to mental task.

    DOI PubMed

  • Interaction between the ventilatory and cerebrovascular responses to hypo- and hypercapnia at rest and during exercise

    Ogoh, S., Hayashi, N., Inagaki, M., Ainslie, P.N., Miyamoto, T.

    Journal of Physiology   586 ( 17 ) 4327 - 4338  2008

     View Summary

    Cerebrovascular reactivity to changes in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (P(a,CO2)) via limiting changes in brain [H(+)] modulates ventilatory control. It remains unclear, however, how exercise-induced alterations in respiratory chemoreflex might influence cerebral blood flow (CBF), in particular the cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2). The respiratory chemoreflex system controlling ventilation consists of two subsystems: the central controller (controlling element), and peripheral plant (controlled element). In order to examine the effect of exercise-induced alterations in ventilatory chemoreflex on cerebrovascular CO(2) reactivity, these two subsystems of the respiratory chemoreflex system and cerebral CO(2) reactivity were evaluated (n = 7) by the administration of CO(2) as well as by voluntary hypo- and hyperventilation at rest and during steady-state exercise. During exercise, in the central controller, the regression line for the P(a,CO2)-minute ventilation ((V) over dot(E)) relation shifted to higher (V) over dot(E) and P(a,CO2) with no change in gain (P = 0.84). The functional curve of the peripheral plant also reset rightward and upward during exercise. However, from rest to exercise, gain of the peripheral plant decreased, especially during the hypercapnic condition (-4.1 +/- 0.8 to -2.0 +/- 0.2 mmHg l(-1) min(-1), P = 0.01). Therefore, under hypercapnia, total respiratory loop gain was markedly reduced during exercise (-8.0 +/- 2.3 to -3.5 +/- 1.0 U, P = 0.02). In contrast, cerebrovascular CO(2) reactivity at each condition, especially to hypercapnia, was increased during exercise (2.4 +/- 0.2 to 2.8 +/- 0.2% mmHg(-1), P = 0.03). These findings indicate that, despite an attenuated chemoreflex system controlling ventilation, elevations in cerebrovascular reactivity might help maintain CO(2) homeostasis in the brain during exercise.

    DOI

  • Differential arterial blood flow response of splanchnic and renal organs during low-intensity cycling exercise in women

    Endo, M.Y., Suzuki, R., Nagahata, N., Hayashi, N., Miura, A., Koga, S., Fukuba, Y.

    American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology   294 ( 5 ) H2322 - H2326  2008

     View Summary

    To investigate the regional hemodynamic responses of abdominal arteries at the onset of exercise and to focus on their transient responses, eight female subjects (21-30 yr) performed ergometer cycling exercise at 40 W for 4 min in a semi-supine position. Mean blood velocities (MBVs) in the right renal (RA), superior mesenteric (SMA), and splenic (SA) arteries were measured by pulsed echo-Doppler ultrasonography, with beat-by-beat measurements of heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). The vascular resistance index (RI) of each artery was calculated from MBV/MAP. MAP (76 +/- 9 to 83 +/- 8 mmHg at 4 min) and HR (60 +/- 7 to 101 +/- 9 beats/min at 4 min) increased during exercise (P &lt; 0.05). The MBV of RA and SA rapidly decreased after the onset of exercise (30 s; -19 +/- 5% and -19 +/- 12%, respectively), reaching -27 +/- 7% and -27 +/- 15% at the end of exercise (P &lt; 0.05). RI did not change during the initial 30 s of exercise, reflecting a reduction in MAP, and increased toward the end of the exercise (+ 55 +/- 21% and + 59 +/- 39%, respectively). In contrast, both the MBV and RI in the SMA remained constant throughout the exercise. The results indicate that, whereas the responses of renal and splenic vessels changed similarly throughout the protocol, the vascular response of SMA that mainly supplies blood to the intestinal tract was unchanged during exercise. We, therefore, conclude that low-intensity cycling exercise resulted in differential blood flow responses in arteries supplying the abdominal organs.

    DOI

  • 運動に対する唾液粘度の変化.

    林直亨, 亀井真澄, 染矢菜美, 福場良之

    第23回生体・生理工学シンポジウム論文集.343-344    2008

  • 食事に対する消化器系の血流応答とその調節因子

    染矢菜美, 林直亨

    第23回生体・生理工学シンポジウム論文集.357-360    2008

  • 精神作業に対する中心および末梢の循環応答

    林直亨, 染矢菜美, 福場良之

    第23回生体・生理工学シンポジウム論文集.341-342    2008

  • 177. 精神作業に対する唾液中のアミラーゼ濃度の変化(体液・内分泌,第62回日本体力医学会大会)

    林直亨

    体力科學   56 ( 6 ) 667 - 667  2007.12

    CiNii

  • 146. 精神作業は食事に伴う消化器系の血管抵抗の減少を妨げる(呼吸・循環,第62回日本体力医学会大会)

    染矢菜美, 遠藤雅子, 福場良之, 林直亨

    体力科學   56 ( 6 ) 651 - 651  2007.12

    CiNii

  • 04-7-K202-6 週1回の筋力トレーニングは筋力トレーニング初心者の筋力を向上させる(04.運動生理学,一般研究発表抄録)

    林直亨, 宮本忠吉

    日本体育学会大会予稿集   58 ( 58 ) 194 - 194  2007.09

    DOI CiNii

  • Mental task induces differential vascular responses in the brain, viscera, skin, and forearm

    Naoyuki Hayashi, Nami Someya, Yoshitaka Hirooka, Yoshiyuki Fukuba

    FASEB JOURNAL   21 ( 5 ) A475 - A475  2007.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Blood flow responses in celiac and superior mesenteric arteries to meal

    Nami Someya, Masako Endo, Yoshiyuki Fukuba, Naoyuki Hayashi

    FASEB JOURNAL   21 ( 6 ) A887 - A887  2007.04

    Research paper, summary (international conference)  

  • Ambient temperature affects skin blood flow and sweating rate in glabrous skin to mental task in humans

    HAYASHI NAOYUKI, SOMEYA NAMI, HIROOKA YOSHITAKA

    J Physiol Sci   57 ( Supplement ) S189  2007.04

    J-GLOBAL

  • AFTERNOON TEA

      69 ( 4 ) 167 - 168  2007.04

    CiNii

  • Effects of femoral vascular occlusion on ventilatory responses during recovery from exercise in human

    Fukuba, Y., Kitano, A., Hayashi, N., Yoshida, T., Ueoka, H., Endo, M.Y., Miura, A.

    Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology   155 ( 1 ) 29 - 34  2007

     View Summary

    We investigated the effect of occluding of femoral blood flow on the post-exercise ventilatory response of both the sub- and supra-anaerobic threshold (AT) leg cycling in humans. Seven healthy subjects (aged 21-44 years) volunteered to participate in this study. The protocol consisted of 6 min constant-load upright cycling at either a sub-AT (80% of AT) or supra-AT (midway between AT and VO(2)max) work rate and a subsequent 6 min rest period either with or without femoral blood flow being occluded by a rapid cuff inflation to 250 Torr during the first 2 min of recovery. Blood lactate levels at the cessation of the sub- and supra-AT exercise averaged 1.8 +/- 0.2 and 4.9 +/- 0.4 mequiv. l(-1) (mean S.E.M.), respectively. Compared to spontaneous recovery, the circulatory occlusion significantly reduced ventilation irrespective of the intensity of the preceding exercise. The relative contribution of the ventilatory deficit to the total spontaneous ventilation (defined as the difference between the cumulative ventilation with and without cuff inflation during the first 2 min of recovery) was significantly greater supra-AT (18.0 +/- 3.9%) than sub-AT (9.3 +/- 2.9%, P &lt; 0.05). The subsequent release of occlusion was accompanied by a rapid increase in ventilation that began on the first breath after release. We concluded that the relatively greater speeding of ventilatory decline with occlusion during the first 2 min of recovery from supra-AT exercise argues against a significant role for an intramuscular chemoreflex-induced hyperpnoea. Rather, mechanisms related to the hemodynamic effects of suddenly altered muscle perfusion seem more consistent with this phenomenon. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • The limited effect of breathing frequency on blood velocity measurements in renal and superior mesenteric arteries

    Someya, N., Endo, M.Y., Fukuba, Y., Hayashi, N.

    Physiological Measurement   28 ( 11 ) 1369 - 1374  2007

     View Summary

    Breathing including abdominal movement could affect the blood velocity (BV) measurement in the visceral arteries. The present study investigated the effect of breathing frequency on the renal artery (RA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) BV measurements. We measured mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and BV in the RA and SMA using the Doppler technique at different respiratory frequencies. Nine subjects performed breath- holding (&lt;40 s), and spontaneous and controlled breathings at a constant rate of 12, 15 and 20 breaths min(-1). The breathing frequency did not significantly affect the BV in either artery. The BVs at these frequencies were not significantly different from those during spontaneous breathing and breath-holding. There were no significant differences in MAP and HR among trials. This result suggests that the effect of breathing frequency adopted in this study could be neglected in the RA and SMA measurements.

    DOI

  • Regional blood flow response to mental activity-Effect of type of mental activity and ambient temperature-

    HAYASHI NAOYUKI, SOMEYA NAMI, FUKUBA YOSHIYUKI

    生体・生理工学シンポジウム論文集   21st   493 - 496  2006.11

    J-GLOBAL

  • Differential sympathetic outflow and vasoconstriction responses at kidney and skeletal muscles during fictive locomotion

    Koba, S., Yoshida, T., Hayashi, N.

    American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology   290 ( 2 ) H861 - H868  2006

     View Summary

    Differential sympathetic outflow and vasoconstriction responses at kidney and skeletal muscles during fictive locomotion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 290: H861-H868, 2006. First published September 2, 2005; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00640.2005.-We compared sympathetic and circulatory responses between kidney and skeletal muscles during fictive locomotion evoked by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) in decerebrate and paralyzed rats (n = 8). Stimulation of the MLR for 30 s at 40-mu A current intensity significantly increased arterial pressure (+38 +/- 6 mmHg), triceps surae muscle blood flow (+17 +/- 3%), and both renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activities (RSNA +113 +/- 16%, LSNA +31 +/- 7%). The stimulation also significantly decreased renal cortical blood flow (-18 +/- 6%) and both renal cortical and triceps surae muscle vascular conductances (RCVC +38 +/- 5%, TSMVC -17 +/- 3%). The sympathetic and vascular conductance changes were significantly dependent on current intensity for stimulation at 20, 30, and 40 mu A. The changes in LSNA and TSMVC were significantly less than those in RSNA and RCVC, respectively, at all current intensities. At the early stage of stimulation (0-10 s), decreases in RCVC and TSMVC were significantly correlated with increases in RSNA and LSNA, respectively. These data demonstrate that fictive locomotion induces less vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles than in kidney because of less sympathetic activation. This suggests that a neural mechanism mediated by central command contributes to blood flow distribution by evoking differential sympathetic outflow during exercise.

    DOI

  • Renal sympathetic and circulatory responses to activation of the exercise pressor reflex in rats

    Koba, S., Yoshida, T., Hayashi, N.

    Experimental Physiology   91 ( 1 ) 111 - 119  2006

     View Summary

    We investigated the role played by the exercise pressor reflex in sympathetic regulation of the renal circulation in rats. In mid-collicular decerebrate rats, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), left renal cortical blood flow (RCBF) and left renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were recorded before and during 30 s of static contraction of the left triceps surae muscles evoked by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve, which activates both metabo- and mechanosensitive muscle afferents, and during 30 s of passive stretch of the left Achilles tendon, which selectively activates mechanosensitive muscle afferents. Static contraction (n = 17, +344 +/- 34 g developed tension) significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased MAP (+14 +/- 3 mmHg), HR (+6 +/- 1 beats min(-1)) and RSNA (n = 11, +19 +/- 5%) and significantly decreased renal cortical vascular conductance (RCVC, n = 11, -11 +/- 2%). Passive stretch (n = 20, +378 +/- 11 g) also significantly increased MAP (+11 +/- 2 mmHg), HR (+7 +/- 2 beats min(-1)) and RSNA (n = 15, +14 +/- 4%) and significantly decreased RCVC (n= 11, -12 +/- 3%). RCBF showed no significant changes during static contraction or passive stretch. Renal denervation abolished the decrease in RCVC during contraction (n = 12) or stretch (n = 13). These data indicate that both the exercise pressor reflex and its mechanically sensitive component, the muscle mechanoreflex, induced renal cortical vasoconstriction through sympathetic activation in rats.

    DOI

  • Vasoconstriction and blood flow responses in visceral arteries to mental task in humans

    Hayashi, N., Someya, N., Endo, M.Y., Miura, A., Fukuba, Y.

    Experimental Physiology   91 ( 1 ) 481 - 481  2006

    DOI

  • Cardiovascular responses to static extension and flexion of arms and legs

    Tokizawa, K., Mizuno, M., Hayashi, N., Muraoka, I.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology   97 ( 2 ) 249 - 252  2006

     View Summary

    This study compared cardiovascular responses to static extension and flexion exercises at four upper and lower limb joints. Eight males performed a 2 min static contraction at 30% of maximal voluntary torque followed immediately by 2 min post-exercise muscle ischaemia (PEMI) using each of four joints: the wrist, elbow, ankle, and knee. In the PEMI, an occlusion cuff placed around the proximal portion of the exercising muscle was inflated to 250 mmHg immediately before the cessation of exercise. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), calf blood flow, and calf vascular conductance (CVC) in the non-exercised calf were measured. There was a significant interaction for direction of movement (extension vs. flexion) and limb (upper vs. lower) in HR and CVC during both exercise and PEMI; extension in the wrist and elbow evoked a greater increase in HR and a greater decrease in CVC than flexion, whereas flexion in the ankle and knee elicited a greater increase in HR and a greater decrease in CVC than extension. These results suggest that the cardiovascular responses to extension and flexion differ between arms and legs, partly arising from the activation of the muscle metaboreflex.

    DOI

  • 133.屈筋伸筋の昇圧応答特性(呼吸・循環,一般口演,第60回 日本体力医学会大会)

    時澤健, 水野正樹, 林直亨, 村岡功

    体力科學   54 ( 6 ) 485 - 485  2005.12

    CiNii

  • 151.精神ストレスは内臓血管抵抗の増大に部位差をもたらす(呼吸・循環,一般口演,第60回 日本体力医学会大会)

    染矢菜美, 林直亨, 遠藤雅子, 三浦朗, 福場良之

    体力科學   54 ( 6 ) 494 - 494  2005.12

    CiNii

  • Sympathetically induced renal vasoconstriction during stimulation of mesencephalic locomotor region in rats

    Koba, S., Yoshida, T., Hayashi, N.

    Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical   121 ( 1-2 ) A613 - A613  2005

    DOI

  • Disuse atrophy increases the muscle mechanoreflex in rats

    Hayashi, N., Koba, S., Yoshida, T.

    Journal of Applied Physiology   99 ( 4 ) 1442 - 1445  2005

     View Summary

    We investigated the effect of disuse atrophy on the magnitude of the muscle mechanoreflex. The left leg of eight rats (6-7 wk, male) was put in a plaster cast for 1 wk. The rats were decerebrated at the midcollicular level. We recorded the pressor and cardioaccelerator responses to 30-s stretch of the calcaneal tendon, which selectively stimulated the muscle mechanosensitive receptors in the left atrophied and right control triceps surae muscles. Atrophied muscles showed significantly lower mass control muscles (1.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.1 g; P &lt; 0.05). At the same stretch tension (229 +/- 20 g), the pressor response to stretch was significantly greater in the atrophied muscles than in the control muscles (13 +/- 3 vs. 4 +/- 2 mmHg, P &lt; 0.05). The cardioaccelerator response was not significantly different (8 +/- 4 vs. 4 +/- 2 beats/min). Comparing responses at the same relative tension (57 +/- 6 vs. 51 +/- 8% of maximal tension), the pressor response was still significantly greater in the atrophied triceps surae than in the control (14 +/- 4 vs. 4 +/- 2 mmHg; P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that disuse atrophy increases the magnitude of muscle mechanoreflex.

    DOI

  • 筋痛は運動時の昇圧応答に影響しない(呼吸・循環, 第59回日本体力医学会大会)

    林直亨, 木場智史

    体力科學   53 ( 6 ) 714 - 714  2004.12

    CiNii

  • 筋代謝受容器・機械受容器反射は交感神経の賦活を介して腎血管を収縮させる(呼吸・循環, 第59回日本体力医学会大会)

    木場智史, 吉田敬義, 林直亨

    体力科學   53 ( 6 ) 694 - 694  2004.12

    CiNii

  • 運動習慣および加齢が1日の心拍数に及ぼす影響(生活・健康, 第59回日本体力医学会大会)

    杣田真弓, 林直亨, 生田香明

    体力科學   53 ( 6 ) 821 - 821  2004.12

    CiNii

  • Pressor response to static and dynamic knee extensions at equivalent workload in humans

    Koba, S., Hayashi, N., Miura, A., Endo, M., Fukuba, Y., Yoshida, T.

    Japanese Journal of Physiology   54 ( 5 ) 471 - 481  2004

     View Summary

    Static exercise has been thought to induce greater pressor response than dynamic exercise, but in contrast it has been recently reported that repetitive muscle contraction recruiting small muscles evokes greater response than sustained contraction. It remained unknown whether sustained contraction induces greater pressor response if large muscles were recruited. Nine subjects performed three types of isometric knee extensions recruiting the large muscle group, i.e., 2-min sustained (20% and 40% maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) and 4-min repetitive (40% MVC, duty cycle = 1:1 s) muscle contractions. Compared under the equivalent TTI and exercising duration (2 min), the changes in femoral arterial blood flow and VO2 from baseline (DeltaBF, DeltaVO(2)) were significantly less during sustained contraction than during repetitive contraction (sustained vs. repetitive; DeltaBF +92 +/- 195 vs. +1, 174 +/- 269 ml.min(-1), DeltaVO(2): +53 +/- 12 vs. +180 +/- 32 ml.min(-1), mean +/- SE, p &lt; 0.05), although the change in mean arterial pressure (DeltaMAP) was greater during sustained contraction (+24 +/- 3 vs. + 19 +/- 3 mmHg). Compared under the equivalent TTI and peak tension (40% MVC), DeltaBF and DeltaVO(2) were less and DeltaMAP was greater during sustained contraction (DeltaBF: -296 +/- 176 vs. +868 +/- 272 ml.min(-1); DeltaVO(2): +104 +/- 16 vs. + 212 +/- 46 ml.min(-1): DeltaMAP: +37 +/- 8 vs. +20 +/- 4 mmHg). Moreover DeltaMAP during postexercise occlusion of the active limb was significantly greater after sustained contraction than after repetitive contraction (+17.0 +/- 2.8 vs. +9.5 +/- 4.4 mmHg). These results demonstrated that pressor response is greater during sustained than during repetitive contraction.. recruiting a large muscle group. This finding should be mainly due to the greater accumulation of metabolites in active muscles during sustained contraction.

    DOI

  • 運動時における腎循環の神経性調節:中枢コマンドと運動昇圧反射の役割.

    木場智史, 吉田敬義, 林直亨

    第19回生体・生理工学シンポジウム論文集, 117-118    2004

  • 368. 不動化ラットの脛骨神経刺激時における下腿三頭筋の血流量変化(呼吸・循環)

    林直亨, 吉田敬義

    体力科學   52 ( 6 ) 898 - 898  2003.12

    CiNii

  • Exercise pressor reflex in decerebrate and anesthetized rats

    Naoyuki Hayashi

    American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology   284 ( 6 53-6 ) H2026 - H2033  2003.06

     View Summary

    <jats:p> I investigated whether muscular contraction evokes cardiorespiratory increases (exercise pressor reflex) in α-chloralose- and chloral hydrate-anesthetized and precollicular, midcollicular, and postcollicular decerebrated rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and minute ventilation (V˙e) were recorded before and during 1-min sciatic nerve stimulation, which induced static contraction of the triceps surae muscles, and during 1-min stretch of the calcaneal tendon, which selectively stimulated mechanosensitive receptors in the muscles. Anesthetized rats showed various patterns of MAP response to both stimuli, i.e., biphasic, depressor, pressor, and no response. Sciatic nerve stimulation to muscle in precollicular decerebrated rats always evoked spontaneous running, so the exercise pressor reflex was not determined from these preparations. None of the postcollicular decerebrated rats showed a MAP response or spontaneous running. Midcollicular decerebrated rats consistently showed biphasic blood pressure response to both stimulations. The increases in MAP, HR, and V˙e were related to the tension developed. The static contractions in midcollicular decerebrated rats (381 ± 65 g developed tension) significantly increased MAP, HR, andV˙e from 103 ± 12 to 119 ± 24 mmHg, from 386 ± 30 to 406 ± 83 beats/min, and from 122 ± 7 to 133 ± 25 ml/min, respectively. After paralysis, sciatic nerve stimulation had no effect on MAP, HR, or V˙e. These results indicate that the midcollicular decerebrated rat can be a model for the study of the exercise pressor reflex. </jats:p>

    DOI

  • The Effect of Muscle Contraction Velocity on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Repetitive Isokinetic Exercise in Humans

    Hayashi, N., Koba, S., Yoshida, T.

    Japanese Journal of Physiology   53 ( 5 ) 327 - 333  2003

     View Summary

    We investigated the effect of muscle contraction velocity on cardiorespiratory responses during exercise. Eight males (23+/-2 years, 175+/-5cm, 64+/-6kg, mean+/-SD) performed 3-min repetitive one-leg extension exercises at various angular velocities (30, 60, 120, and 240 deg/s) with a controlled relaxation interval, relatively constant (duty cycle=1 : 1, A trial) and absolutely constant (relaxation time=0.75s, B trial) at a total work of 2,100-2,400 J in an isokinetic mode, using a Cybex 11 dynamometer. We measured heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MAP), minute ventilation ((V)over dotE), and oxygen uptake ((V)over dotO(2)) during the exercise. The angular velocity significantly affected the increase in HR, MAP, (V)over dotE, and (V)over dotO(2) at the end of exercise from resting in both A and B trials (e.g., MAP: 12+/-2, 10+/-2, 11+/-2, and 18+/-2 mmHg in the A trial). The result suggests that muscle contraction velocity affects cardiorespiratory responses during repetitive isokinetic exercise.

    DOI

  • 静的運動と動的運動とに対する昇圧応答の差異をもたらす機序

    第18回生体・生理工学シンポジウム論文集   75-78  2003

  • V<inf>O2</inf> kinetics in heavy exercise is not altered by prior exercise with a different muscle group

    Fukuba, Y., Hayashi, N., Koga, S., Yoshida, T.

    Journal of Applied Physiology   92 ( 6 ) 2467 - 2474  2002

     View Summary

    We examined whether lactic acidemia-induced hyperemia at the onset of high-intensity leg exercise contributed to the speeding of pulmonary O-2 uptake ((V) over dot O-2) after prior heavy exercise of the same muscle group or a different muscle group (i.e., arm). Six healthy male subjects performed two protocols that consisted of two consecutive 6-min exercise bouts separated by a 6-min baseline at 0 W: 1) both bouts of heavy (work rate: 50% of lactate threshold to maximal (V) over dot O-2) leg cycling (L1-ex to L2-ex) and 2) heavy arm cranking followed by identical heavy leg cycling bout (A1-ex to A2-ex). Blood lactate concentrations before L1-ex, L2-ex, and A2-ex averaged 1.7 +/- 0.3, 5.6 +/- 0.9, and 6.7 +/- 1.4 meq/l, respectively. An "effective" time constant (tau) of (V) over dot O-2 with the use of the monoexponential model in L2-ex (tau: 36.8 +/- 4.3 s) was significantly faster than that in L1-ex (tau: 52.3 +/- 8.2 s). Warm-up arm cranking did not facilitate the (V) over dot O-2 kinetics for the following A2-ex [tau: 51.7 +/- 9.7 s]. The double-exponential model revealed no significant change of primary tau (phase II) (V) over dot O-2 kinetics. Instead, the speeding seen in the effective tau during L2-ex was mainly due to a reduction of the (V) over do O-2 slow component. Near-infrared spectroscopy indicated that the degree of hyperemia in working leg muscles was significantly higher at the onset of L2-ex than A2-ex. In conclusion, facilitation of (V) over dot O-2 kinetics during heavy exercise preceded by an intense warm-up exercise was caused principally by a reduction in the slow component, and it appears unlikely that this could be ascribed exclusively to systemic lactic acidosis.

    DOI

  • Effect of muscle relaxation time on cardiorespiratory responses during exercise

    KOBA Satoshi, HAYASHI Naoyuki, MIURA Akira, ENDO Masako, FUKUBA Yoshiyuki, YOSHIDA Takayoshi

    IEICE technical report. ME and bio cybernetics   MBE2002-12(2002-05), 45-48 ( 89 ) 45 - 48  2002

     View Summary

    To investigate the effect of muscle relaxation time on the cardiorespiratory responses during exercise, seven subjects performed three types of one-leg knee extension exercises, which were 1) 2-min sustained muscle contraction at 20%MVC (maximal voluntary contraction), 2) 2-mm sustained contraction at 40%MVC, and 3) 4-min rhythmic contraction at 40%MVC. Blood flow and oxygen uptake were smaller and blood pressure was larger at sustained contraction than at rhythmic contraction, compared the responses between sustained and rhythmic contraction at either the equivalent tension-time index and exercising time or the equivalent tension-time index and the peak tension. This indicates that muscle relaxation time affects the cardiorespiratory responses during exercise.

    CiNii

  • 153.呼吸運動が一回拍出量に及ぼす影響(【呼吸・循環】)

    林直亨, 吉田敬義

    体力科學   50 ( 6 ) 809 - 809  2001.12

    CiNii

  • 230.吸入酸素濃度の変化が運動時の筋肉Piピークの分裂に与える影響(【代謝】)

    吉田敬義, 林直亨, 福場良之

    体力科學   50 ( 6 ) 847 - 847  2001.12

    CiNii

  • Characteristics of the phase relationship between muscle contraction and heart beat

    HAYASHI Naoyuki, NIINO Satoshi, YOSHIDA Takayoshi

      16   237 - 240  2001.08

    CiNii

  • 206 MUSCLE CONTRACTION VELOCITY AFFECTS CARDIOPULMONARY RESPONSE DURING EXERCISE. :

    HAYASHI Naoyuki, KOBA Satoshi, YOSHIDA Takayoshi

    Advances in exercise and sports physiology   7 ( 4 ) 172 - 172  2001

    CiNii

  • Comparison of the exercise pressor reflex between forelimb and hindlimb muscles in cats

    Hayashi, N., Hayes, S.G., Kaufman, M.P.

    American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology   281 ( 4 50-4 ) R1127 - R1133  2001

     View Summary

    In thirteen cats anesthetized with alpha -chloralose, we compared the cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to both static contraction and tendon stretch of a hindlimb muscle group, the triceps surae, with those to contraction and stretch of a forelimb muscle group, the triceps brachii. Static contraction and stretch of both muscle groups increased mean arterial pressure and heart rate, and the responses were directly proportional to the developed tension. The cardiovascular increases, however, were significantly greater (P&lt; 0.05) when the triceps brachii muscles were contracted or stretched than when the triceps surae muscles were contracted or stretched, even when the tension developed by either maneuver was corrected for muscle weight. Likewise, the ventilatory increases were greater when the triceps brachii muscles were stretched than when the triceps surae muscles were stretched. Contraction of either muscle group did not increase ventilation. Our results suggest that in the anesthetized cat the cardiovascular responses to both static contraction and tendon stretch are greater when arising from forelimb muscles than from hindlimb muscles.

  • The effect of muscle contraction velocity on cardiorespiratory responses

    KOBA Satoshi, HAYASHI Naoyuki, YOSHIDA Takayoshi

    IEICE technical report. ME and bio cybernetics   MBE2001-17 (2001-05),125-132 ( 93 ) 125 - 132  2001

     View Summary

    We investigated the effect of muscle contraction velocity on cardiorespiratory responses during exercise. Eight subjects performed one-leg extension exercise for three minutes at the contraction velocity of 30-240 degree per second (dps) with a controlled relaxation interval (relativery constant and 0.75 S). Heart Rate, blood pressure and minute ventilation at the end of exercise were higher in 30 and 240 dps trials than in 60 and 120 dps trials. Oxygen uptake and relative intensity had the same trend. It was suggested that the muscle contraction velocity affects the cardiorespiratory responses via energy efficiency.

    CiNii

  • 307.高強度運動時の酸素摂取経時変化に対する顔面冷却刺激の影響

    福場良之, 高橋綾, 三浦朗, 吉田敬義, 林直亨

    体力科學   48 ( 6 ) 866 - 866  1999.12

    CiNii

  • The role of central command on heart rate increase at the onset of exercise

    NIINO Satoshi, HAYASHI Naoyuki, YOSHIDA Takayoshi

      14   471 - 474  1999.10

    CiNii

  • 浸水時における上肢の血液量の変化

    矢沢誠, 木村真規, 岩川孝志, 林直亨, 宮本忠吉, 村岡功, 中村好男

    体力科学   48 ( 6 )  1999

    J-GLOBAL

  • Water immersion delays the oxygen uptake response to sitting arm-cranking in humans

    Hayashi, N., Yoshida, T.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology   80 ( 2 ) 132 - 138  1999

     View Summary

    We investigated the effect of central hypervolaemia during water immersion up to the xiphoid process on the oxygen uptake ((V)over dot O-2) and heart rate (HR) response to arm cranking. Seven men performed a 6-min arm-cranking exercise at an intensity requiring a (V)over dot O-2 at 80% ventilatory threshold both in air [C trial, 29 (SD 9) W] and immersed in water [WI trial, 29 (SD 11) W] after 6 min of sitting. The (V)over dot O-2 (phase 2) and HR responses to exercise were obtained from a mono-exponential fit [f(t) = baseline + gain (1 - e(-(t-TD)/tau))]. The response was evaluated by the mean response time [MRT; sum of time constant (tau) and time delay (TD)]. No significant difference in (V)over dot O-2 and HR gains between the C and WI trials was observed [(V)over dot O-2 0.78 (SD 0.1) vs 0.80 (SD 0.2) l . min(-1). HR 36 (SD 7) vs 37 (SD 8) beats . min(-1), respectively]. Although the HR MRT was not significantly different between the C and WI trials [17 (SD 3), 19 (SD 8) s, respectively), (V)over dot O-2 MRT was greater in the WI trial than in the C trial [40 (SD 6), 45 (SD 6) s, respectively; P &lt; 0.05]. Assuming no difference in (V)over dot O-2 in active muscle between the two trials, these results would indicate that an increased oxygen store and/or an altered response in muscle blood distribution delayed the (V)over dot O-2 response to exercise.

    DOI

  • Impeding O<inf>2</inf> unloading in muscle delays oxygen uptake response to exercise onset in humans

    Hayashi, N., Ishihara, M., Tanaka, A., Yoshida, T.

    American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology   277 ( 5 46-5 ) R1274 - R1281  1999

     View Summary

    We tested whether the leftward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin with hyperpnea delays the oxygen uptake ((V) over dotO(2)) response to the onset of exercise. Six male subjects performed cycle ergometer exercise at a work rate corresponding to 80% of the ventilatory threshold (VT) (V)over dotO(2) of each individual after 3 min of 20-W cycling under eupnea [control (Con) trial]. A hyperpnea procedure (minute ventilation = 60 l/min) was undertaken for 2 min before and during 80% VT exercise in hypocapnia (Hypo) and normocapnia (Normo) trials. In the Normo trial, the inspired CO2 fraction was 3% to prevent hypocapnia. The subjects completed two repetitions of each trial. To determine the kinetic variables of (V) over dotO(2) and heart rate (HR) at the onset of exercise, a nonlinear least-squares fitting was applied to the data averaged from two repetitions by a monoexponential model. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure before the onset of exercise was significantly lower in the Hypo trial than in the Con and Normo trials (22 +/- 1 vs. 38 +/- 3 and 36 +/- 1 mmHg, respectively, P &lt; 0.05). The time constant of (V) over dotO(2) and HR was significantly longer in the Normo trial (28 +/- 7 and 39 +/- 18 s, respectively) than in the Con trial (21 +/- 7, 34 +/- 16 s, respectively, P &lt; 0.05). The (V) over dotO(2) time constant of the Hypo trial (37 +/- 12 s) was significantly longer than that of the Normo trial, although no significant difference in the HR time constant was seen (Hypo, 41 +/- 28 s). These findings suggested that respiratory alkalosis delayed the kinetics of oxygen diffusion in active muscle as a result of the left;ward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin. This supports an. important role for hemoglobin-O-2 off loading in setting the (V) over barO(2) kinetics at exercise onset.

  • 13. 血中乳酸濃度増加のみでは運動開始時酸素摂取量応答は促進しない

    林直亨, 吉田敬義

    日本運動生理学雑誌   5 ( 1 ) 43 - 43  1998.03

    CiNii

  • Delayed vagal withdrawal slows circulatory but not oxygen uptake responses at work increase

    Hayashi, N., Tanaka, A., Ishihara, M., Yoshida, T.

    American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology   274 ( 5 43-5 ) R1268 - R1273  1998

     View Summary

    The effect of delayed vagal activity withdrawal on cardiorespiratory responses at an increase in workload was examined. Eleven volunteers (21 +/- 3 yr, 66 +/- 4 kg) per formed cycle ergometer exercise at a work rate corresponding to 80% of ventilatory threshold after 3 min of unloaded cycling. Facial stimulation was given by applying a vinyl bag filled with cold water (3-5 degrees C) to the face 1 min before to 1 min after the increase in workload (S2 trial) or no stimulation was given (Nr trial). Oxygen uptake (V over dot O-2), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (Q over dot) were continuously recorded in four transitions for each trial. Data were averaged for each subject and trial. Mean response time (MRT, sum of delay and time constant) was calculated with a monoexponential fitting. Facial stimulation induced acute bradycardia (-10 +/- 5 beats/min in S2 trial). The MRT of HR and Q over dot was significantly longer in the S2 trials (46 +/- 35 and 37 +/- 23 s) than in the Nr trials (26 +/- 18 and 28 +/- 19 s, respectively), but no significant change in V over dot O-2 MRT was shown (36 +/- 7 vs. 38 +/- 12 s). These findings suggest that increased vagal activity delays the central circulatory responses, which does not alter the V over dot O-2 kinetics at the onset of stepwise increase in workload. The maintenance of V over dot O-2 kinetics during acute bradycardia may either reflect the fact that some intramuscular processes (such as oxidative enzyme inertia) limit V over dot O-2 kinetics or alternatively that increased sympathetic vasoconstriction at some remote site defends exercising muscle blood flow.

  • 575.呼吸性アルカローシスによる酸素摂取量応答の遅延

    石原睦久, 林直亨, 吉田敬義

    体力科學   46 ( 6 ) 900 - 900  1997.12

    CiNii

  • 574.ステップ負荷運動入力に対する酸素摂取量応答に影響する因子

    林直亨, 吉田敬義

    体力科學   46 ( 6 ) 899 - 899  1997.12

    CiNii

  • 運動開始時における迷走神経活動抑制の遅れが呼吸循環応答に及ぼす影響

    林直亨, 吉田敬義

    日本体育学会大会号   ( 48 ) 280 - 280  1997.08

    CiNii

  • 68. 運動開発時における筋での脱酸素化ヘモグロビンの動態

    林直亨, 吉田敬義

    日本運動生理学雑誌   4 ( 1 ) 46 - 46  1997.01

    CiNii

  • Little effect of endurance training on heart rate and heart rate variability at sitting rest

    Advance in Exercise and Sports physiology   3 ( 1 ) 17 - 22  1997

  • Face immersion increases vagal activity as assessed by heart rate variability

    Hayashi, N., Ishihara, M., Tanaka, A., Osumi, T., Yoshida, T.

    European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology   76 ( 5 ) 394 - 399  1997

     View Summary

    We examined whether the diving reflex without breath-holding (face immersion alone) increases vagal activity, as determined by heart rate variability. A group of 15 men [mean age 20 (SD 3) stars, height 172 (SD 5) cm, body mass 68 (SD 9) kg] performed 12 trials tit various breathing frequencies (5 10, 15, 20, 30 breaths.min(-1) and uncontrolled breath) with or without face immersion. The R-R intervals of the ECG and gas exchange variables were recorded during the 2 min of each trial. The subjects immersed their faces in 8-10 degrees C water while breathing through a, short snorkel. The subject sat in the same position either with or without face immersion, The mean R-R interval (RRmean), standard deviations (SDRR) and coefficient of variance (CVRR) Of the R-R interval were calculated from the R-R intervals during 30-120 s. The face immersion significantly increased SDRR and CVRR (P &lt;0.05), and increased RRmean (P &lt; 0.05) at 20 breaths min Face immersion itself had no effect on oxygen uptake, tidal volume, end-tidal O-2 and CO2 partial pressures. The diving reflex without breath-holding increased the heart rate variability, indicating that face Immersion alone increases vagal activity.

    DOI

  • 102.体格・体力・ライフスタイルからみた骨密度影響因子の検討

    武田ひとみ, 中林朋子, 林直亨, 吉田敬義, 広田孝子

    体力科學   45 ( 6 ) 655 - 655  1996.12

    CiNii

  • 70.繰り返し運動時における筋のDeoxy-(Hb+Mb)動態

    林直亨, 吉田敬義

    体力科學   45 ( 6 ) 639 - 639  1996.12

    CiNii

  • O2 kineticsの基礎(共著)

    吉田 敬義, 林 直享

    理学療法ジャーナル   30 ( 1 ) 5 - 11  1996

    DOI CiNii

  • 持久的トレーニングが安静時の心拍数および自律神経活動に及ぼす影響

    心臓リハビリテーション   1 ( 1 ) 139 - 144  1996

  • 425.心拍数からみた快適な運動強度 : ランニングと自転車の比較

    中島 葉子, 中村 好男, 佐藤 吉朗, 林 直亨, 村岡 功

    体力科學   44 ( 6 ) 819 - 819  1995.12

    CiNii

  • 83. 運動中の顔面冷却刺激に対する心拍応答と運動強度との非直線的関係

    中村 好男, 林 直亨, 村岡 功

    日本運動生理学雑誌   2 ( 1 ) 73 - 73  1995

    CiNii

  • Effect of Exercise Intensity on Autonomic Nervous System Activity during And After Acute Exercises

    Naoyuki Hayashi, Yoshio Nakamura, Isao Muraoka

    Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine   44 ( 2 ) 279 - 286  1995

     View Summary

    A study was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise intensity on the recovery of autonomic nervous activity after exercise. Ten subjects performed four kinds of 10–min cycle exercise with target heart rates of 100, 120, 140, and 160beats/min (THR 100, THR 120, THR 140 and THR 160, respectively) following 5 min of exercise to increase the heart rate to the target level. The beat-by-beat variability of the R–R interval was recorded throughout the experiment including the 5-min pre-exercise control period and the 30-min recovery period. Spectral analysis (fast Fourier transform) was applied to every 5-min R-R interval data set before, during (5 —10 min) and after exercise at the target heart rate. The low- (0.05 ∼ 0.15 Hz : P1) and high- (0.15 ∼ 1.0 Hz : Ph) frequency areas were calculated to evaluate sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous activities as P1/Ph and Ph, respectively. During exercise, SNS of THR 160 was significantly higher, and PNS of THR 140 and THR 160 was significantly lower than the respective pre-exercise values (p&lt
    0.05). Although all indicators recovered to, or overshot the pre-exercise values at 20∼30 min after THR 100 and THR 120, heart rate and SNS were still higher and PNS was still lower than the pre-exercise value after THR 160. These results suggest that the recovery of cardiac autonomic nervous activity is slower after high-intensity exercise than after low-intensity exercise, and that the recovery of autonomic nervous activity after acute exercise does not always corrrespond linearly on the exercise intensity. © 1995, The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • Effect of physical training on autonomic nervous system

    Nakamura, Y., Hayashi, N., Muraoka, I.

    Bulletin of the Physical Fitness Research Institute   ( 88 ) 65 - 73  1995

  • Effect of Exercise Intensity on Autonomic Nervous System Activity during And After Acute Exercises

    Hayashi, N., Nakamura, Y., Muraoka, I.

    Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine   44 ( 2 ) 279 - 286  1995

     View Summary

    A study was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise intensity on the recovery of autonomic nervous activity after exercise. Ten subjects performed four kinds of 10–min cycle exercise with target heart rates of 100, 120, 140, and 160beats/min (THR 100, THR 120, THR 140 and THR 160, respectively) following 5 min of exercise to increase the heart rate to the target level. The beat-by-beat variability of the R–R interval was recorded throughout the experiment including the 5-min pre-exercise control period and the 30-min recovery period. Spectral analysis (fast Fourier transform) was applied to every 5-min R-R interval data set before, during (5 —10 min) and after exercise at the target heart rate. The low- (0.05 ∼ 0.15 Hz : P1) and high- (0.15 ∼ 1.0 Hz : Ph) frequency areas were calculated to evaluate sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) nervous activities as P1/Ph and Ph, respectively. During exercise, SNS of THR 160 was significantly higher, and PNS of THR 140 and THR 160 was significantly lower than the respective pre-exercise values (p&lt
    0.05). Although all indicators recovered to, or overshot the pre-exercise values at 20∼30 min after THR 100 and THR 120, heart rate and SNS were still higher and PNS was still lower than the pre-exercise value after THR 160. These results suggest that the recovery of cardiac autonomic nervous activity is slower after high-intensity exercise than after low-intensity exercise, and that the recovery of autonomic nervous activity after acute exercise does not always corrrespond linearly on the exercise intensity. © 1995, The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • 身体トレーニングが自律神経系機構に与える効果

    体力研究   ( 88 ) 65 - 73  1995

  • 22.トレーニングによる自律神経活動と安静時心拍数の変化

    林 直亨, 中村 好男, 村岡 功, 窪田 登

    体力科學   43 ( 6 ) 517 - 517  1994.12

    CiNii

  • 041F13 呼吸性不整脈に及ぼす周期的筋収縮の影響(04.運動生理学,一般研究発表)

    中村 好男, 林 直亨, 村岡 功

    日本体育学会大会号   ( 45 ) 297 - 297  1994.08

    CiNii

  • 56. 短時間低強度運動がその後の自律神経系活動に及ぼす影響

    林 直亨, 中村 好男, 村岡 功

    日本運動生理学雑誌   1 ( 1 ) 67 - 67  1994

    CiNii

  • Autonomic requlation after submaximal exercise studied by heart rate variability

        35 - 40  1993

  • 心拍数の神経性調節および心拍変動の定量的意義(共著)

      12 ( 8 ) 489 - 493  1993

  • 心拍変動からみた運動後自律神経応答におよぼす加齢の影響(共著)

    東京体育学研究     35 - 40  1993

  • Cardiac autonomic regulation after moderate and exhaustive exercises.

    Hayashi, N., Nakamura, Y., Muraoka, I.

    The Annals of physiological anthropology = Seiri Jinruigaku Kenkyūkai kaishi   11 ( 3 ) 333 - 338  1992

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the recovery kinetics of cardiac autonomic regulation after acute exercises related to exercise intensity. Firstly, eight healthy subjects performed two kinds of constant load exercises at the work rate corresponding to 20 % and 100 % of the individual ventilatory threshold (VT) in addition to the exhaustive incremental exercise using a cycle ergometer. Blood pressure (BP) and oxygen uptake (VO_2) were measured during 9 to 10 min after the exercises as well as the beat-by-beat recording of R-R intervals. Coarse graining spectral analysis (CGSA) was applied to heart rate variability (HRV) data sets of 5 min before exercise, Iast 5 min during exercise, and 8 to 10 min after exercise. The low frequency (O - 0.15 Hz ; LO) and the high frequency (0.15-0.5 Hz : HI) areas under power spectra were calculated for evaluating sympathetic (LO/HI) and vagal (HI) activities. The recovery for 10 min was sufficient to settle both VO_2 and BP even after the exhaustion. Comparing to the pre-exercise value, however, HI was still suppres-sed until 10 min after the 100 % VT exercise (522±300 vs. 122±63 msec^2, p<0.05) while it was recovered at 10 min after the 20 % VT one (353±122 vs. 487±159 msec^2). Secondly, six healthy subjects performed an incremental cycle exercise until exhaustion. The R-R intervals were monitored beat-by-beat during 30 min after exercise. The CGSA was applied to every five min data set of HRV during recovery phase. Comparing to pre-exercise value, the R-R interval was not recovered at 30 min after the exercise (827±44 vs. 597±17 msec). The HI value was still significantly lower (367±154 vs. 24±14 msec^2) and the LO/HI was also higher (3.8±0.9 vs. 16.8±5.1, p<0.05) during 25 to 30 min after the exercise. These results suggest that the recovery of the cardiac autonomic regulation especially after a moderate to high intensity exercise was later than those of the peripheral circulation as well as the oxygen uptake.

    DOI CiNii

  • 運動強度と心拍変動回復動態との関係

    林直亨

    日本体育学会41回大会講演要旨, 1990   295  1990

    CiNii

▼display all

Other

  • Database: Lifespan of Japanese traditional artists

    2020.04
    -
     

     View Summary

    doi:10.7910/DVN/S9UUYJ
    We collected the birth date or both the birth and death dates of males in a personal-names dictionary and official webpage for Japanese traditional arts events (Kabuki, Sado, Rakugo, Nagauta and Noh), and for the Imperial Family (Emperor family members) and families positioned to accede to the shogunate (Shogun family members) among those who were born after 1700 AD.

 

Syllabus

▼display all

 

Sub-affiliation

  • Affiliated organization   Global Education Center

Research Institute

  • 2022
    -
    2024

    Waseda Center for a Carbon Neutral Society   Concurrent Researcher

Internal Special Research Projects

  • 運動時の身体の生理応答および動きを人工知能に学習させる試み

    2023  

     View Summary

    身体の応答として顔面の皮膚血流応答を例に,与えられたデータが刺激の前か後かを判断するモデルを構築することを目的に本研究を行った.刺激の例としては,温熱刺激を用いた.これまで取得してきたデータ180名分を用いることとした.データは,顔面の皮膚血流(前額,鼻,瞼,頬,唇)を含むものであった.ホットパックによる加温部位であった頬の,加温前後の10秒間の連続データを用いてモデルの構築と評価を行った.学習用(モデルの構築)に用いたデータの個数は,加温前112,加温後109であり,検証用(構築したモデルのテスト)には加温前113,加温後111であった.ロジスティック回帰分析を用いて,目的変数をホットパックによる加温前後(前=0,後=1), ステップワイズ法でAICが一番小さいモデルを採用した.得られたモデルのAUCは0.93と高かった.局所的な血管の抵抗性を示す指標,副交感神経活動に関連する指標,血流の定常流成分の変化を示す指標が統計的に有意な説明変数として挙げられた.構築したモデルを使って,検証用データの血流指標から 実際の加温刺激前後を予測し,モデルを評価した結果,正解率は83%と高い成績であった.これらの結果から,身体の生理応答を人工知能に学習させることが可能であることが示された.今後は,実際の運動時や疲労時のデータを用いたモデルの構築を行う必要がある.

  • 顔面皮膚血流応答から痛みを判定する試み

    2022  

     View Summary

     我々の研究グループでは,味覚や痛みに伴う情動の変化に伴って顔面の皮膚血流速度(FSkBF)が変化することを示唆している. 筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)では,構音障害が起こるなど,コミュニケーションに支障をきたす.情動の変化に伴うFSkBFの変化を用いて,ALS患者とのコミュニケーションを支援できる可能性がある.そこで,本研究では,ALS患者に温熱刺激を与えた際のFSkBFを連続的に計測し,情動変化との対応について検討する. 対象者へのCOVID19感染防止のため,実験を2月以降の実施に制限された.実験を終了したALS患者は6名である.現在,対象者を増やして実験を継続している.