The influence of emotions due to verbal admonishment and encouragement on performance monitoring
Keiko Ogawa, Hiroaki Masaki, Katuo Yamazaki, Werner Sommer
NEUROREPORT
22
(
7
)
313
-
318
2011.05
View Summary
This study investigated the relationship between emotion and performance monitoring as reflected in the error negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN). Data were collected by using a spatial Stroop task from 15 female students of a university tennis club. After errors, participants received verbal feedback-recorded admonishments or encouragements spoken by their team captain. In a control condition no feedback was given after errors. Verbal admonishment decreased the ERN relative to the control condition, indicating impaired performance monitoring in line with somewhat larger compatibility effects in this condition. Source localization indicated a shift of the ERN toward more rostral zones within the anterior cingulate cortex indicating the involvement of affective processes. NeuroReport 22:313-318 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
JOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH
19
(
3
)
436
-
443
2010.09
View Summary
P>Performance monitoring is an essential function involved in the correction of errors. Deterioration of this function may result in serious accidents. This function is reflected in two event-related potential (ERP) components that occur after erroneous responses, specifically the error-related negativity/error negativity (ERN/Ne) and error positivity (Pe). The ERN/Ne is thought to be associated with error detection, while the Pe is thought to reflect motivational significance or recognition of errors. Using these ERP components, some studies have shown that sleepiness resulting from extended wakefulness may cause a decline in error-monitoring function. However, the effects of sleep inertia have not yet been explored. In this study, we examined the effects of sleep inertia immediately after a 1-h daytime nap on error-monitoring function as expressed through the ERN/Ne and Pe. Nine healthy young adults participated in two different experimental conditions (nap and rest). Participants performed the arrow-orientation task before and immediately after a 1-h nap or rest period. Immediately after the nap, participants reported an increased effort to perform the task and tended to estimate their performance as better, despite no objective difference in actual performance between the two conditions. ERN/Ne amplitude showed no difference between the conditions; however, the amplitude of the Pe was reduced following the nap. These results suggest that individuals can detect their own error responses, but the motivational significance ascribed to these errors might be diminished during the sleep inertia experienced after a 1-h nap. This decline might lead to overestimation of their performance.
TOHOKU JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
221
(
3
)
245
-
249
2010.07
View Summary
University students show delayed sleep-wake patterns, i.e., later bed- and rise-times, and this pattern is known to be associated with various malfunctions. There may be a variety of daily activities associated with their delayed sleep patterns, such as watching TV. However, it is unclear to what extent each activity possesses an impact on their sleep patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine the daily activities associated with delayed bedtime in Japanese university students who live with or without their families. Three hundred and thirty-one participants were required to record the timing and duration of their sleep and daily activities, and the data from the 275 students (160 men and 115 women; 19.01 +/- 1.66 years) who completely filled forms were used for analysis. The results of multiple regression analyses suggested that interpersonal communication late at night is one of the major factors leading to the delayed bedtime of students living away from home. Among those living with their families, indoor activities such as watching TV and using the Internet were related to their delayed bedtimes. Attending classes and having a morning meal were related to the earlier bedtimes of the students living away from home, but there were no activities associated with those of the students living with their families. These results suggest that ensuring attendance at morning classes and having appropriate mealtimes, as well as restricting the use of visual media and socializing activities at night, are necessary for preventing late bedtimes in university students.
Stimulus-preceding negativity is modulated by action-outcome contingency
Hiroaki Masaki, Katuo Yamazaki, Steven A. Hackley
NEUROREPORT
21
(
4
)
277
-
281
2010.03
View Summary
We investigated the relationship between action-outcome contingency and stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), a motivationally sensitive event-related potential. Neuroimaging studies have shown that insular cortex (a known source of the SPN) is more activated prior to rewards that are contingent on prior correct action than rewards that are given gratuitously. We compared two gambling tasks, one in which the participant attempted to guess the profitable key-press option (choice) and one in which rewards were simply given at random (no-choice). The SPN that developed in anticipation of feedback was larger in the choice condition, especially at right anterolateral sites. These findings suggest that the SPN specifically reflects the expectation of response reinforcement, rather than anticipatory attention toward emotionally salient stimuli. NeuroReport 21:277-281 (C) 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Objectives: We investigated event-related potentials time locked to the onset and offset of rapid eye movements during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Method: Nine healthy university students participated in this study. Data were collected in a sleep laboratory. Rapid eye movements during REM sleep were recorded during natural nocturnal sleep. Saccades during wakefulness were recorded during a visually triggered task. Event-related potentials were averaged, time-locked to the onset and offset of eye movements. Results: During REM sleep, a lambda-like response occurred over the occipital region, time-locked to the offset of rapid eye movements (similar to what occurs during wakefulness). Moreover, we found that a positive potential (P200r) occurred at about 200 ms, with the maximal amplitude over the central region and time-locked to the onset of rapid eye movements during REM sleep; this potential was not observed during wakefulness. Conclusions: During REM sleep, the P200r occurs with the start of rapid eye movements, and then the lambda-like response occurs after termination of the movements. Significance: We demonstrated temporal coupling of rapid eye movements and cerebral activities during REM sleep. These activities might provide a useful basis for future investigations of brain functions during REM sleep. (C) 2008 international Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Previous studies have suggested that the longer duration of television (TV) viewing is related to delayed sleep-wake patterns. However, since these studies were based on a questionnaire survey method, a causal relationship between TV viewing and sleep-wake patterns could not be clearly determined. Therefore, to clarify the causal relation between TV viewing and sleep-wake patterns, the present study employed an intervention method. Eight university students and eight elderly people participated in this study for 2 weeks, excluding weekends. They were asked to follow their regular routine during the study; however, their TV viewing was limited to 30 min per day in the second week. The results indicate that the effects of the restriction on TV viewing differed between the two age groups. This restriction affected the sleep-wake pattern and motor activity of university students. When TV viewing was limited, they went to bed earlier and slept for a longer time. Therefore, this suggests that TV viewing could be one of the causal factors of delayed bedtime among university students. At the same time, when their TV viewing time was restricted, their motor activity decreased at around 7-8 AM and 3 PM, and their total sleep time during the daytime increased. This suggests that TV viewing may also have positive effects on students' daytime activities, such as maintaining regularity of their sleep-wake patterns. On the other hand, the sleep-related variables and daily motor activities of the elderly people were hardly affected by the restriction on their TV viewing time.
47th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Psychophysiology,44(Supplement 1)
S84
2007
Affective-motivational influences on feedback-related ERPs in a gambling task
Hiroaki Masaki, Shigeki Takeuchi, William J. Gehring, Noriyoshi Takasawa, Katuo Yamazaki
BRAIN RESEARCH
1105
(
1105
)
110
-
121
2006.08
View Summary
Theories have proposed that both the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) and the medial frontal negativity (MFN) reflect affective/motivational processing. We examined the effect of the motivational impact of feedback stimuli on these ERPs using a simple gambling task, focusing on the influence of prior losses and gains on ERPs and choice behavior. Choices were riskier following large losses than following small losses or large gains. The MFN, however, was larger following larger gains. The SPN preceding the outcome was also larger after a greater gain. Thus, we confirmed that both the MFN and the SPN respond to the motivational properties of the feedback. A dissociation between risk-taking behavior and these ERPs suggests that there could be two monitoring systems: one that leads to riskier responses following losses and a second that leads to heightened expectancy. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology
24
(
3
)
219
-
226
2006
View Summary
Sequential processing during time interval was investigated using the contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm (S1-S2-MR), varying inter-stimulus interval (ISI : constant/variable) and inter trial interval (ITI : 10s/3s). The memory trace hypothesis (Smith, 1968) and the temporary inhibitory effect hypothesis (Näätänen & Merisalo, 1977; Niemi & Näätänen, 1981) were tested, whether either of these hypotheses could support the ITI effect on the ISI sequential effect. Our results showed that the reaction time was delayed when the ISI-variable and the ITI-10s conditions were employed. The amplitude of the late CNV over Cz under the ISI-constant condition was larger than that under the ISI-variable condition, and the larger amplitudes seemed to represent the preparation for S2. The amplitudes of the early and late CNV over Fz and Cz under the ITI-10s condition were larger than those under the ITI-3s condition, and the larger amplitudes were thought to represent attention allocated to retrieve temporal information. The memory trace hypothesis did not support the ITI effect on sequential time interval processing, but the temporary inhibitory effect hypothesis did. Attention resources were allocated to the retrieval because of fading of the interval memory trace, and the response preparation was thought to be inhibited during temporal information retrieval. (Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology, 24 (3) : 219-226, 2006.)
An ERP study of the effect of time interval memory trace on temporal processing
Y Mochizuki, S Takeuchi, H Masaki, N Takasawa, K Yamazaki
UNVEILING THE MYSTERY OF THE BRAIN: NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE BRAIN FUNCTION
1278
373
-
376
2005
View Summary
The effect of time interval memory trace on temporal processing was investigated. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a time reproduction task. Ten healthy participants were asked to memorize the encoding interval (3000 or 2700 ms), retain the interval during the retention period (3000 or 9000 ms) and reproduce the interval. The reproduction error of our study suggests that the reproduction of the interval was relatively difficult under encoding-2700 ms conditions. In the ERP activities at the 500-1000 ms period of the reproduction phase, the contingent negative variation (CNV) amplitude of retention-9000 ms conditions was significantly larger than that of retention-3000 ms conditions over Fpz. Our study suggests that the length of retention affects the time processing of the time reproduction, and the CNV over the frontal cortex seemed to change as a function of the remains of time interval memory trace being accompanied with attention resources allocation to efficiently execute the time reproduction task. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
MASAKI Hiroaki, Gehring William J., TAKASAWA Noriyoshi, YAMAZAKI Katuo
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology
22
(
1
)
3
-
18
2004
View Summary
A growing area of research within psychophysiology concerns the error-related negativity (ERN), an eventrelated potential component that was first observed independently by the Illinois and the Dortmund groups about fifteen years ago. Since then, evidence has accumulated that the ERN represents action monitoring processes executed presumably by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In this review paper, we discuss the functional significance of the processes reflected by the ERN in action monitoring. We first introduce fundamental aspects of the ERN, including its morphological characteristics, the tasks in which it has been observed, models of its neural generator, findings concerning the involvement of attention, and the relation between the ERN and the continuous vs. discrete nature of error. We discuss the ERN elicited by external feedback signals in light of its independence of motor responses and its relationship to negative affect. We focus on the error-vs. conflict-detection contro-versy, discussing recent reports addressing this issue. Because proponents of the error-detection and the conflictdetection theories have each reported convincing findings in support of their views, the controversy is not yet settled. We suggest that one reason for the difficulty in resolving the controversy is that theories and models have not specified in sufficient detail how error-detection and conflict-detection are conceptually distinct. In the final part of this paper, we introduce latest findings of the ERN and speculate on future research in this area. (Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology, 22 (1) : 3-18, 2004.)
The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology
17
(
2
)
42
-
52
2004
View Summary
The relationship between positive and negative running addiction and psychological characteristics of runners: junior high school students, high school students, university students, and working people were investigated. Participants, (n = 318, 12-70 years old) completed three questionnaires designed to evaluate positive and negative running addiction, type-A behavior pattern, and compulsiveness. Results of the Running Addiction Questionnaire indicated that university students were characterized by high positive addiction and high negative addiction. Working people were characterized by high positive addiction. Junior high school students (13%) and high school students (23%) exhibited high negative addiction. Working people who experienced the runners' high scored high on running addiction and commitment. Compulsiveness was more strongly correlated with negative addiction in males than type-A behavior. Although negative addiction had been investigated in a number of former studies, these results indicate the need to investigate positive addiction more closely.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of psychological factors on sleep initiating process. The Y-G personality test (Y-G), Lazarus-type stress coping inventory (SCI), Zung self-rating depression scale, General health questionnaire, and Sleep health questionnaire were administered to 418 subjects (mean age =21.13+/-8.76 years), and the data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis (stepwise variable reduction method). Self-rating depression scale; Co-Em, Pla, Sel scale in SCI: C, N, O, Co scale in Y-G were significantly included in the final model. The results showed that psychological factors, such as depression, emotion-focused coping behaviour, prudent planning to solve problems, low self-control, small changes of feeling, nervousness, subjectiveness, and cooperativeness are associated with difficulty initiating sleep.
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology
19
(
3
)
217
-
225
2001
View Summary
We studied the relationship between hemispheric asymmetry, emotion, and aerobic exercise intensity. Nine participants used a bicycle ergometer to exercise for 2 15-minute periods at 2 different exercise intensities : a comfortable self-established pace (CSEP) and 70%VO2 max. CSEP was defined as exercise intensity that the subject subjectively determined to be comfortable. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were monitored prior to exercise and during exercise recovery. To evaluate emotional changes associated with exercise, questionnaires were completed prior to, during, immediately after exercise and during exercise recovery. The α-power spectrum of the frontal EEG was classified as follows : α 1, 8-9.5 Hz; a 2, 9.5-11.5 Hz; and α 3, 11.5-13 Hz, and compared at F3 to F4 for each α-power spectrum. Both exercises at CSEP and 70%VO2max intensity showed decreased anxiety between immediately after exercise and during exercise recovery. Duration, rise, and fall of positive emotion and relaxation differed between exercise intensities. Exercise at CSEP intensity was not hemispherically asymmetric prior to exercise and during recovery. Exercise at 70 %VO2 max was not hemispherically asymmetric prior to exercise, however, the α 2 power of F3 was lower than that of F4 during 60-minute recovery. The left frontal α-power spectrum, specially a 2, at 70%VO2 max would reflect increased positive emotions and decreased anxiety during exercise recovery. These results are discussed based on the approach-withdrawal model of Davidson.
This study investigated the effects on the sleep onset process of enhanced cerebral cortex activity caused by bright light pre-exposure. Seven healthy young adults were exposed for 40 min before sleep onset, 2500 Ix of bright light and 10 I:x of dim light. Other factors that affect sleep onset (e.g. circadian phase) were experimentally controlled. Five stages of hypnagogic electroencephalogram (EEG) were scored. The latency of each EEG stage was longer at bright light than at dim light conditions, suggesting that activation of brain activity by bright light pre-exposure strongly regulates the sleep onset process.
Human movement-related brain potentials preceding voluntary movements in different arousal states monitored with skin potential level
H Masaki, N Takasawa, K Yamazaki
PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS
90
(
1
)
299
-
306
2000.02
View Summary
The present study investigated the readiness potential (RP) preceding a brisk extension of the right middle finger during different arousal states as monitored by skin potential level (SPL). The late component of the readiness potential in the medium arousal state was significantly larger than those in the low and high arousal states. This finding indicates that the RP waveform may vary as a function of arousal states, suggesting the inverse U-shaped relationship proposed in studies of the contingent negative variation.
The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology
13
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1
)
13
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22
2000
View Summary
It has been documented that characteristics of personality influence estimation of subjective sleep feeling in the morning. This study examines the relationship between Neuroticism (N score) and Extraversion-Introversion (E score) on the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and subjective sleep feeling measured by the MA version of the OSA sleep inventory (OSA-MA), which consists of 20 items and 5 factors.<br>Subjects aged 25--59 were instructed to complete the OSA-MA on a weekday morning. One hundred and ten (53 male) healthy day- workers were selected for further analysis. They were divided into 2 groups (high and low) on the basis of N and E scores on the MPI. Factor scores of OSA-MA were compared between these groups. Subjects with high N scores had low evaluation of factors such as sleepiness at rising, sleep onset-sleep maintenance and fatigue recovery. There were no differences in any of the OSA-MA factors between high and low group of E scores. These results suggest that neuroticism influence the estimation of sleep quality and mood at rising.
Readiness potentials (RPs) preceding a trigger pulling movement were recorded in 9 right-handed male subjects. We investigated two tasks, non-purposive and purposive movement tasks. In this study we defined simple trigger pull as non-purposive, and target force production by pulling the trigger as purposive. In the non-purposive task, the subjects were instructed to pull the trigger at their own pace and at an easily-exerted force level. After two sessions in the non-purposive movement task, the subjects were submitted to the purposive movement task, and were requested to pull the trigger in an attempt to produce target force, the range of which was decided individually on the basis of mean force level in the second session of the non-purposive movement task. The RP preceding the purposive movement was larger than that preceding the non-purposive movement. In addition, enhancement of the RP was specific to the negative slope (NS'). Since neither peak force nor time to peak force of the movement differed in the two tasks, it was concluded that the increased NS' was due to a psychological change associated with execution of the purposive movement. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology
14
(
1
)
9
-
16
1996
View Summary
A photoelectric plethysmograph was newly devised using a commercial photo-reflector (Hamamatsu Photonics P2826 type) that is a photoelectric device with a light-emitting diode (LED) and a phototransistor (Ptr) combined together. Having fit the photoelectric plethysmograph in the least volume (4 x 4 x 2 mm), we were able to make it inexpensive and compact in the size which permitted us to attach to every place of bodily skin surface under consideration. Compared to a conventional tungsten lamp, the LED has an electric characteristic of a narrow spectral distribution in the infrared range, the characteristic of which makes it possible to take photometric measurements of skin tissue independently of the interference of visible light. Further, the LED has a large share of the spectral distribution with the Ptr output. The fact that the LED produces cool light means that we can avoid the problem of a local vasomotor reflex as an artifact due to heat generation caused by the light source put on some skin surface. Another advantage the Ptr has is in that it is relatively free from both ambient air temperature and prior light history effect. These considerations proved the photo-reflector plethysmograph to be superior to the bulky miniature tungsten lamp-photoconductive cell combination generally employed in photoplethysmo-graphy : Thus, the photo-reflector plethysmograph is a useful psychophysiological device to meet the transducer criteria necessary for quantitative photoplethysmography.
Japanese Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology
10
(
2
)
61
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70
1992
View Summary
We recorded EEG, EOG as well as behavioral indices and subjective sleep experience in 15 subjects to examine temporal changes of these measures and their correlations between them during the sleep onset period. A series of verbal stimuli ("One sheep" to "seven hundred sheep") was presented during the sleep onset period. Subjects were allowed to take a nap while trying to memorize the content of verbal stimuli (the number of sheep) and pressing a button switch in their hand to each stimulus. After awakening, subjects were asked to recall the number of sheep that they had memorized. The appearance of verbal stimulus (the number of sheep) which they first failed to recall was defined as the onset of subjective sleep. The percentage of a wave (α%), the number of occurrence of slow eye movements (SEMs), the percentage of motor response (MR%) and the response time (RT) were analyzed. The results showed that a positive correlation was observed between α% and MR%, and negative correlations between MR% and RT and between α% and RT. The temporal changes of α% and MR% showed remarkable declines immediately before and after the onset of subjective sleep. These results suggest that EEG and behavioral changes concur during the sleep onset period, and they strongly correlate with the onset of subjective sleep.
Studies on pain sensations and reactions (1). Apparatus and measurement of skin potential response
Wada, T, Takasawa, N, Ueda, M, Yamazaki, K
Memoirs of Shiraume Gakuen College
15
51
-
57
1979
心とからだ-精神生理学の立場から-
山崎勝男
教育相談研究
17
12
-
15
1979
Studies on pain sensations and reactions (1). Apparatus and measurement of skin potential response
Wada, T, Takasawa, N, Ueda, M, Yamazaki, K
Memoirs of Shiraume Gakuen College
15
51
-
57
1979
加齢と手掌汗腺の電気活動
山崎勝男, 北畑英樹, 山内惟光, 中沢恒幸
自律神経
14
(
2
)
105
-
109
1977
アルコール症治療過程における自律神経動態
中沢恒幸, 山崎勝男, 野村総一郎, 田中孝雄
神経障害とビタミン研究
1
36
-
38
1977
脳電位の緩徐な陰性変動(CNV)と手掌皮膚電位反射の対応
山崎勝男
脳波と筋電図
5
(
4
)
164
-
172
1977
Anxiety and autonomic variables
Yamazaki,K, Sawa, Y, Yamauchi, T, Nakazawa, T
XⅧ International Congress of Neurovegetative Research Proceedings
187
-
189
1977
Test of cervical sympathetic function
Katayama, Y, Yamazaki, K, Nakazawa, T
XⅧ International Congress of Neurovegetative Research Proceedings
195
-
196
1977
Anxiety and autonomic variables
Yamazaki,K, Sawa, Y, Yamauchi, T, Nakazawa, T
XⅧ International Congress of Neurovegetative Research Proceedings
187
-
189
1977
Test of cervical sympathetic function
Katayama, Y, Yamazaki, K, Nakazawa, T
XⅧ International Congress of Neurovegetative Research Proceedings
195
-
196
1977
指尖容積脈波による定位反射と防御反射の弁別-心拍と皮膚電位反射波形との対比から-
山崎勝男, 亀井敏彦
心理学研究
46
(
6
)
343
-
348
1976
Plethysmographic study in the patients with non-specific complaints in the head-cervico-brachial regions : With a special reference to laterality in vasomotor responses and “cervical sympathetic dysharmony”
Plethysmographic study in the patients with non-specific complaints in the head-cervico-brachial regions : With a special reference to laterality in vasomotor responses and “cervical sympathetic dysharmony”