In urban areas of Japan (Sapporo, Sendai, Uozu, Toyama, etc.) and abroad (Nairobi, Milwaukee, Iowa City, etc.), problems related to large wild mammals are increasing. These cities are under pressure to cope with the wildlife. Governments, local and national, are only engaging in damage control and cannot foresee fundamental solutions. To operate wildlife control smoothly, agencies needs to collaborate with specialists and the local community, which could range from urban residents, as in Japan and the United States, to ethnic communities as in the case of Nairobi. In Kenya, the national wildlife agency is moving to delegate its powers to local communities.Our research suggests that in many jurisdictions, private land ownership has become stronger and thus complicating the task of agencies to control wildlife in the field. Wildlife control methods are also compelled to adjust to the opinions of urbanites which often are at odds with traditional wildlife management

A series of censuses of sika deer population on Kinkazan Island have been done since 1966. The population once declined to about 200 deer after the World War II, but gradually recovered to around 500 in the 1960s. The population seemed stabilized, but it crashed to about 300 in 1984 by a record-breaking cold winter (1983/84). The die-off was a typical density-independent one, though it was different from the "Eruption-crash" pattern because a half of the total population survived. Another die-off happened again in 1997, but it was not caused by a cold winter. The population is now stabilized at around 500.A tame population sizing around 150 has been intensively observed since 1990. All the deer were individually identified, and mother-fawn relations were known as well as all the dead deer were aged, most of which were individually identified. All the deer have been weighed and measured in spring and fall every year, and blood samples were collected from most of them from which DNA information is obtained.Foods of the sika deer were graminoid-dependent, and the occupation of Zoysia japonica increased in the last decade. The deer are malnourished, and the body weights were less by 30