&nbsp;These days, "a place for community" is attracting more attention. "A place for community" is the place operated flexibly, mainly as a cafe with a various activities such as class of hobby, exhibition or retailing. As the concern about social isolation growing, the place come to be expected to be a solution for the issue. However, with taking consideration of characteristics of group such as "bonding", the relationship made by "a place for community" may be have exclusiveness to outgroups. Especially because a bonding group strengthen common trait of group members in general, risk that individual trait causing isolation might be strengthen after group composed by " a place for community", and the group itself will be estranged from local society as a result.<br>&nbsp;With this respect, this paper aims to clarify the actual condition and background of group isolation of "a place for community". Three following focusing point has set and different survey has conducted ; 1) "Visitor record analysis" to grasp situation that some of users have characteristic as a group and get &ldquo;bonding&rdquo;. 2) Questionnaires and interviews to frequent users of the case facility to grasp situation that the group members have trait harming relationship with local society, in common. 3) Questionnaires to the people familiar with local society and analysis about events held in the case facility to grasp the situation that the group is estranged from local society.<br>&nbsp;As a result, following findings were obtained.<br><br>&nbsp;1) The number of frequent users has a steady state and frequent users tend to be fixed. The existence of steady state reveal the aspect of frequent users as a group, and fixed users means the exclusiveness of the group. These findings suggest that the frequent users of the case is "bonding" as a group.<br>&nbsp;2) Most of the frequent users have negative feelings to communication among neighbors and health problems in common. On the other hand, those frequent users are not necessarily the patient of clinic which operates the case, and their housing situation is almost same as the average in the district where the case locate. This finding suggests that the number of potential users is not so small, and a lot of "place for community" can get into the situation of group isolation.<br>&nbsp;3) Only about half of the target person from local society know the existence of the case facility and less than 30% people has understood what the case is doing. In addition, according to the analysis about events held in the case facility, it clarified that the large number of events held with medical and nursing association, and the number of events held with neighborhood or ordinary association in neighbor (e.g. restaurant, general store and NPO) is small. These findings suggest that the situation of case facility being estranged from local society, and have connection with medical and nursing association in contrast.<br>&nbsp;4) Findings about the common trait of frequent users and social relationship with outgroup of the case facility, correspondence between common trait of users and relationship with outgroup can be seen. This correspondence seem to be caused by the flexibility of &ldquo;a place for community&rdquo;, which is important characteristic of &ldquo;a place for community&rdquo; to make relationships among users and get users &ldquo;bonding&rdquo;. The important point of group isolation is that a factor preventing communication with local society plays a role during this process of &ldquo;bonding&rdquo;.<br>&nbsp;5) As a whole, "a place for community" has a risk that small group get &ldquo;bonding&rdquo; toward refusing communication with local society.

This study aims to clarify the effects of the morphology of the urban fabric upon the sequential scenery from the Metropolitan Expressway. The morphology of the urban fabric specified within this research is topography, land use during Edo Period and the land use prior to the construction of the Metropolitan Expressway. Through two experiments, cognitive and visual, the following has been identified.<br>1) The topography and land use prior to the construction of the Metropolitan Expressway, effects the form of the expressway impacting the cognitive change in sequential scenery.<br>2) The green space left from the Edo Period land use effects the cognitive change in sequential scenery.

<p> Recently, the word "ibasho" has been attracting increasing attention in Japan. The term initially referred to the physical space that a person occupies; however, since about 1980s, it has come to include mental and social aspects related to the increasing attention that social isolation has received. Considering the various explanations that previous research has offered, "ibasho" can be defined as "the place where people find that they can subjectively acquire a sense of self-receptiveness, self-efficiency or opportunity to relate with others, as influenced by physical and social conditions."</p><p> As society becomes interested in ibasho, more people are attempting to make space for the promotion of others' quest to find it. With the goal of widening ibasho-making's currently insufficient economic base, the government has launched new programs to help spread these activities; however, this is occurring amid concerns that such programs can actually be detrimental to the characteristics of making ibasho by, for instance, reducing the flexible management that promote users' ibasho-finding through the imposition of governmental program regulations.</p><p> This paper focuses on community cafes which is representative cases of making of "ibasho", and aims to clarify how governmental programs influence community cafe as well as managers' user-directed methods for mitigating detrimental influences. Interviews with managers and field surveys of 25 advanced cases were conducted. Fifty programs related to community cafe were classified by program content and the typologies of positional relation with community cafes. Program content was classified in the following categories: elder care (severe), elder care (mild), community development, disability welfare, child welfare, the establishment of a community's base, and the use a vacant store. Meanwhile, the typologies of positional relation were classified as follows: separated type, temporary share type, and constant share type.</p><p> The results led to the following findings:</p><p> 1) Influences are recognized more when governmental programs are used for management as opposed to when they are used for opening.</p><p> 2) Influences are different for each typology of positional relation between governmental programs and community cafe. The following are frequently recognized influences across every classification of positional relation: network expansion, user increase and diversification, burden increase, and management restriction. In general, the governmental programs that do not share space constantly tend to be perceived as beneficially influential while those that do share space tend to be associated with detrimental influences.</p><p> 3) Base business governmental programs tend to enjoy recognition as influential factors more than their ancillary business counterparts.</p><p> 4) In order to tackle governmental programs' detrimental influences, managers deal with users in various ways. Positive operations are the main method for reducing the "trouble among users," which is a detrimental influence that emerges from programs that do not constantly share space. Moreover, positive and negative operations as well as the use of negative facility equipment are the main methods for reducing the "problematic user tendencies" and the "misunderstanding by locals," which are detrimental influences that emerge from programs that share space. As such, managers' strategies for reducing detrimental influences also differ for each positional relation typology that is common between governmental programs and community cafes.</p><p> 5) In some cases, governmental programs are not used because mangers find lack of a suited government programs.</p>

空き家・空き地発生、中心市街地衰退等様々な地域課題が発生している実態に対し、医療・福祉関連団体が「まちの居場所」の運営等を通して地域資源を活用し、住民の「個々人の健康増進」とまちの「地域課題の解決」に寄与し、それらの相乗効果を生み出す事を「地域的処方」と呼び着目する。この「地域的処方」の特徴は、近年高まりを見せる健康意識を背景に、それまで地域課題に関心を持たなかった人々、特にシニア世代の地域社会への参画を促すことが挙げられる。研究の目的は①：「地域的処方」の枠組み設定、②：「地域的処方」進展プロセスの可視化、③：「地域的処方」促進要因の解明、④：「地域的処方」促進に向けた研究成果の実践的検証。本研究が着目している「地域的処方」概念を先導する活動として「まちなかの居場所づくり」に着目した。そして社会的・学術的関心の変遷や、既往研究の網羅的整理を進めた。具体的には、(1)「まちなかの居場所づくり」および「居場所」という用語について定義した。(2)運営者・利用者・近隣・地域・公的事業によって構成される「まちなかの居場所づくり」の構造を整理した。(3)これまでの社会的関心を「課題を抱えた社会における「居場所」の発見」「制度から離れた領域での「まちなかの居場所づくり」」「制度・施設を前提とした「居場所づくり」」の3フェーズに整理することが出来、さらに今後求められるフェーズは「制度を活用するまちなかの居場所づくり」であることを整理した。このような枠組み整理を踏まえ、具体的には次のような調査・分析を進めた。(1)「まちなかの居場所づくり」の事例に対するヒアリング調査を実施し、公的事業を活用する「まちなかの居場所づくり」の社会的重要性として、世代交代の側面から説明できることを明らかにした。(2)「まちなかの居場所づくり」の運営者にとって、公的事業には好悪両面の影響があることを明らかにした。(3)運営者は悪影響に対し、運用／施設・整備、積極的／消極的といった違いのある幅広い方法で対応していることを明らかにした。またポートランド、シアトルにおける先進事例に関する視察調査を実施し、高齢者や社会的弱者に対する包摂策として、コミュニティガーデン、居場所づくりなどの活動が実施されていることを確認した。またその際に重要な手法として、地域の多主体に配慮したデザインコーディネートが積極的に行われており、我が国の「まちなかの居場所づくり」に共通点があること、一方で民間の寄付文化が我が国と異なり、その点を補う仕組みが求められることを把握した。「地域的処方」という概念を具体化するにあたり、「まちなかの居場所づくり」に着目して研究枠組みを整理することが出来た。またこの枠組に基づき、全国の「まちなかの居場所づくり」先進事例に対するヒアリング、測量調査を進めることが出来た。2020年度の序盤に学会誌への投稿を目指し、研究成果を取りまとめている。また当初予定していた英国の先進事例に対する調査については、BREXITによる社会的混乱の影響を受け、今年度の実施は見送った。代替として、米国における先進事例を調査することが出来たため研究活動を停滞させることにはならなかったが、2020年度以降の実施が望まれる。基本的には、2019年度の成果に基づき「公的事業を活用する「まちなかの居場所づくり」」について、その進展プロセス、促進要因の解明が大きなテーマだと言える。具体的な調査内容としてはまず、2019年度明らかにした運営主体が捉える公的事業の影響と、その悪影響を緩和するための対策方法について、利用者、地域住民の視点からも検証するとともに、観察など客観的な調査方法からも検証する。また、「まちなかの居場所づくり」の活動の進展プロセスについて、とくに開設の際に活用された人脈や活動拠点の拡大状況に着目し、分析をすすめる。そして、運営者の世代などの基本属性が、開設プロセスや公的事業の活用方法にどのような影響を与えているかという点を明らかにすることを通じて、今後の社会に求められる「まちなかの居場所づくり」像を描くことを試みる。英国の「社会的処方」については、現地視察を含む調査を進め、日本への適用可能性を検証する。とくに、「まちなかの居場所づくり」が、公的事業の悪影響を緩和するために実施していた、運営上／空間活用上の工夫について英国の先進事例においてどのような違いが見られるか、個々の「社会的処方」の活動が政策的位置づけをあたえられることによりどのような制限を与えられているかと言った点の検証をおこなう。一方、新型コロナウイルスの発生を受け、研究推進方策の変更を見据えておく必要があると考えている。観察、ヒアリングなどの手法を想定していた調査については、文献調査や電話、オンライン会議ツールを用いたヒアリング調査に切り替える必要が生じる可能性がある