Updated on 2024/03/28

写真a

 
TODO, Yasuyuki
 
Affiliation
Faculty of Political Science and Economics, School of Political Science and Economics
Job title
Professor

Research Experience

  •  
     
     

    Waseda University   Faculty of Political Science and Economics

Education Background

  •  
     
     

    Stanford University   Department of Economics  

Research Areas

  • Economic policy

Research Interests

  • international economics

  • development economics

  • networks

 

Papers

  • Disruption of international trade and its propagation through firm-level domestic supply chains: A case of Japan

    Hiroyasu Inoue, Yasuyuki Todo

    PLOS ONE   18 ( 11 ) e0294574 - e0294574  2023.11

     View Summary

    This study simulates how the disruption of imports from various regions affects the total production of the importer economy. We particularly incorporate the propagation of the economic effect through domestic supply chains using data on more than one million firms and four million supply chain ties in Japan. Our findings are summarized as follows. First, the negative effect of the disruption of intermediate imports grows exponentially as its duration and strength increase due to downstream propagation. Second, the propagation of the economic effect is substantially affected by the network topology of importers, such as the number of importers (affected nodes) and their degree of upstreamness in supply chains, whereas the effect of their degree centrality is heterogeneous depending on their degree of upstreamness. Finally, the negative effect of import disruption can be mitigated by the reorganization of domestic supply chains, even when conducted only among network neighbors. Our findings provide important policy and managerial implications for the achievement of more robust and resilient global supply chains.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Simulation of supply chain disruptions considering establishments and power outages

    Hiroyasu Inoue, Yoshihiro Okumura, Tetsuya Torayashiki, Yasuyuki Todo

    PLOS ONE   18 ( 7 ) e0288062 - e0288062  2023.07

     View Summary

    In this paper, we simulate the economic loss resulting from supply chain disruptions triggered by the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) in 2011, applying data from firm-level supply chains and establishment-level attributes to an agent-based model. To enhance the accuracy of the simulation, we extend data and models in previous studies in four ways. First, we identify the damage to production facilities in the disaster-hit regions more accurately by using establishment-level census and survey data and geographic information system (GIS) data on the damages caused by the GEJE and subsequent tsunami. Second, the use of establishment-level data enables us to capture supply chains between non-headquarter establishments in disaster-hit regions and establishments in other regions. Third, we incorporate the effect of power outages after the GEJE on production reduction, which exacerbated the effect of the supply chain disruption, particularly in the weeks immediately after the GEJE. Finally, our model incorporates sectoral heterogeneity by employing sector-specific parameters. Our findings indicate that the extended method can significantly improve the accuracy of predicting the domestic production after the GEJE, particularly due to the first three improvements utilizing various data sources, not because of the use of more sector-specific parameters. Our method can be applied to predict the economic effect of future disasters, such as the Nankai Trough earthquake, on each region more precisely.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Robustness and resilience of supply chains during the COVID‐19 pandemic

    Yasuyuki Todo, Keita Oikawa, Masahito Ambashi, Fukunari Kimura, Shujiro Urata

    The World Economy    2023.06

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • How do disasters affect intergroup perceptions? Evidence from the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake

    Yuzuka Kashiwagi, Yasuyuki Todo

    International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction    2023.03

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Supply-chain simulations for shaping lockdown policies

    Hiroyasu Inoue, Yohsuke Murase, Yasuyuki Todo

    SPATIAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS    2023.02

     View Summary

    To prevent the spread of COVID-19, many governments have imposed lockdowns. This practice has resulted in economic stagnation across broad areas because of the shock of the lockdown propagated to other regions through supply chains. Using supply-chain data for 1.6 million firms in Japan, this study examines how the economic effects of lockdowns in multiple regions interact with each other. Our major findings are twofold. First, when multiple regions coordinate the timing of their lockdowns, their economic losses are smaller than when they do so asynchronously. Second, the benefit of synchronous lockdown in multiple regions is larger when they are connected through a larger number of supply-chain links. Our results suggest a need for policy coordination across regions and countries when lockdowns are imposed.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Democratic institutions and social capital: Experimental evidence on school-based management from a developing country

    Yasuyuki Sawada, Takeshi Aida, Andrew S. Griffen, Eiji Kozuka, Haruko Noguchi, Yasuyuki Todo

    Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization   198   267 - 279  2022.06

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Identifying and decomposing peer effects on decision-making using a randomized controlled trial

    Daichi Shimamoto, Yasuyuki Todo, Yu Ri Kim, Petr Matous

    Empirical Economics    2021.11

     View Summary

    Abstract

    Utilizing a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in traditional clusters of apparel and textile firms in Vietnam, this paper investigates peer effects on firm managers’ decisions to participate in seminars on export promotion. We invited 131 randomly selected firm representatives to three one-day seminars on export promotion. We use the number of randomly invited peers to identify peer effects. We further decompose the invited peers into peers invited to the same seminar, those invited to the earlier seminars, and those invited to the later seminars. We find that the former has a positive effect on firms' participation, whereas the latter two have no significant effect. These results imply that peer effects on participation primarily arise from the benefits of face-to-face interactions. The presence of positive peer effects suggests that multiple equilibria in terms of the share of participants within each village of firms may emerge, which is also consistent with our observations.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Propagation of economic shocks through global supply chains—Evidence from Hurricane Sandy

    Yuzuka Kashiwagi, Yasuyuki Todo, Petr Matous

    Review of International Economics    2021.05

    DOI

    Scopus

    14
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Geographic Diversification of the Supply Chains of Japanese Firms

    Yasuyuki Todo, Hiroyasu Inoue

    ASIAN ECONOMIC POLICY REVIEW   16 ( 2 ) 304 - 322  2021.02

     View Summary

    Diversifying supply chains has been a policy objective of the Japanese government to construct a robust and resilient economy since the spread of COVID-19 in the final stages of the Abe Administration. Although geographically expanded supply chains incur a risk of inflows of negative economic shocks from other regions and countries, this risk can be alleviated by more diversification. In addition, diversified supply chains are found to promote the performance of firms. Recently, the domestic supply chains of Japanese firms started to be diversified, but firms still agglomerate in Tokyo substantially. Moreover, the international supply chains of Japanese firms rely considerably on Chinese suppliers and clients. Therefore, more geographic diversification of supply chains of Japanese firms is suggested for the more robust, resilient, and high-growth economy in the post Abenomics period, including diversifying within Japan, reducing the reliance on China, and strengthening links with developed countries, with the help of the government.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • PROPAGATION OF POSITIVE EFFECTS OF POST‐DISASTER POLICIES THROUGH SUPPLY CHAINS

    Yuzuka Kashiwagi, Yasuyuki Todo

    Contemporary Economic Policy   39 ( 2 ) 348 - 364  2020.10  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The propagation of economic impacts through supply chains: The case of a mega-city lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19

    Hiroyasu Inoue, Yasuyuki Todo

    PLOS ONE   15 ( 9 ) e0239251 - e0239251  2020.09  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    88
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • How does the global network of research collaboration affect the quality of innovation?

    Takashi Iino, Hiroyasu Inoue, Yukiko U. Saito, Yasuyuki Todo

    The Japanese Economic Review    2020.06  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    12
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Accounting for Heterogeneity in Network Formation Behaviour: An Application to Vietnamese SMEs

    Tadao Hoshino, Daichi Shimamoto, Yasuyuki Todo

    Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics    2020.02  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The Impact of Supply-Chain Networks on Interactions between the Anti-COVID-19 Lockdowns in Different Regions

    Hiroyasu Inoue, Yohsuke Murase, Yasuyuki Todo

    SSRN Electronic Journal    2020

    DOI

  • Topology of International Supply Chain Networks: A Case Study Using Factset Revere Datasets

    Mahendra Piraveenan, Hongze Jing, Petr Matous, Yasuyuki Todo

    IEEE Access   8   154540 - 154559  2020  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Firm-level propagation of shocks through supply-chain networks

    Hiroyasu Inoue, Yasuyuki Todo

    Nature Sustainability   2 ( 9 ) 841 - 847  2019.09  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    99
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Propagation of negative shocks across nation-wide firm networks

    Hiroyasu Inoue, Yasuyuki Todo

    PLOS ONE   14 ( 3 ) e0213648 - e0213648  2019.03  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    24
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Assortativity and mixing patterns in international supply chain networks

    Mahendra Piraveenan, Upul Senanayake, Petr Matous, Yasuyuki Todo

    Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science   29 ( 2 ) 023124 - 023124  2019.02  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Are seminars on export promotion effective? Evidence from a randomised controlled trial

    Yu Ri Kim, Yasuyuki Todo, Daichi Shimamoto, Petr Matous

    The World Economy   41 ( 11 ) 2954 - 2982  2018.11  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • How Can We Motivate Consumers to Purchase Certified Forest Coffee? Evidence From a Laboratory Randomized Experiment Using Eye-trackers

    Ryo Takahashi, Yasuyuki Todo, Yukihiko Funaki

    Ecological Economics   150   107 - 121  2018.08  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    By conducting a laboratory experiment, we investigate how consumers’ purchasing behavior for certified forest coffee is affected by consumers’ interest in environmental issues, the provision of information, and product labels. We contribute to the literature in the following three ways. First, we conduct a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to control biases due to endogeneity. Second, we utilize eye-trackers to examine how different product labels result in different visual attention. The combination of an RCT and eye-tracking techniques is new in the literature on purchasing behavior for environmentally friendly products. Third, our experiment measures participants’ purchasing behavior that incurs actual costs rather than examining their willingness-to-pay (WTP) based on hypothetical questions. We find that concerns regarding environmental issues do not promote purchases of certified forest coffee. Information about certification programs does not have any effect on purchasing certified forest coffee unless information is provided to prior purchasers of certified forest coffee. By contrast, illustrations of forests on certified forest coffee labels attract participants’ visual attention and further stimulate actual purchases of certified forest coffee, suggesting that a 1-second increase in visual attention increases the likelihood of purchasing certified forest coffee by 22 percentage points.

    DOI

    Scopus

    24
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • An experiment in strengthening the networks of remote communities in the face of environmental change: leveraging spatially distributed environmental memory

    Petr Matous, Yasuyuki Todo

    Regional Environmental Change     1 - 12  2018.03  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Agrarian communities in different regions develop diverse coping strategies to address the environmental changes they face. In this work, we test how to stimulate farmers’ social learning across diverse regions to promote informed responses to soil degradation. We invited 117 randomly selected members of 16 randomly selected Sumatran communities to three 3-day networking and training events in regions with diverse socio-environmental histories. One event was held in the respondents’ remote rural district (Tanggamus), the second was held in a more densely populated region on Sumatra Island (Kalianda), and the third was held in a heavily populated region on Java Island (Garut and Ciamis). Eighteen months later, we surveyed the information-sharing networks and agricultural practices of 370 members of these communities. The participants had become popular sources of agricultural advice, but the strength of this impact depended on the region in which their networking intervention was conducted. The participants in the event on Java had become the most central members of their communities. Although all the participants received the same formal information, those who interacted with the farmers in a region with the longest history of population pressure and land degradation management were more likely to adopt the recommended practices. The participants in this intervention doubled their odds of adopting organic fertilizers compared with those who networked only with peers in their local environment. Environmental memory of coping with change can be shared between regions through social learning, which can be stimulated by simple interventions.

    DOI

    Scopus

    21
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Exporters in China

      197   1 - 27  2018.03  [Refereed]

  • Using Randomized Controlled Trials and Network Analysis in International Economics: An Introduction

    Yasuyuki Todo

    The International Economy   21 ( 0 ) 1 - 13  2018  [Refereed]  [Invited]

    DOI

  • Can firms with political connections borrow more than those without? Evidence from firm-level data for Indonesia

    Jiangtao Fu, Daichi Shimamoto, Yasuyuki Todo

    JOURNAL OF ASIAN ECONOMICS   52   45 - 55  2017.10  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Using a unique firm-level dataset for the manufacturing sector in Indonesia, we examine how firms' political connections affect their access to finance and performance. We determine individual firm's political connections by identifying whether the government owns shares in the firm, whether politicians are on its board of directors, and whether highly-ranked managers personally know any politician. Although several studies have examined effects of political connections on firms financing and performance, we contribute to the literature by distinguishing between large firms and small and medium enterprises (SMEs), between the loan approval and amount setting processes, and between formal and informal political connections. We find that politically connected firms are more likely to be able to borrow from state-owned banks. Moreover, being connected to the government raises the probability that a firm can receive the full loan amount it applied for. The improvement in access to finance from political connections is more prominent for SMEs than for large firms. Furthermore, such improvement mostly comes from personal connections with politicians rather than more formal connections measured by the government ownership or politicians on the board of directors. Finally, we examine the effect of political connected lending on allocative efficiency of capital and find weak evidence that scarce financial resources are likely channeled by state-owned banks to politically connected but less productive firms. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    21
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • How Effective are Investment Promotion Agencies? Evidence from China

    Bin Ni, Yasuyuki Todo, Tomohiko Inui

    JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW   68 ( 2 ) 232 - 243  2017.06  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Using both firm-level and city-level data from the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics and unique information on investment promotion agencies (IPA) in China, the present paper evaluates whether IPA affect foreign direct investment (FDI) from the perspective of both intensive and extensive margins; that is, re-investment by incumbent foreign-owned firms and total new FDI inflows into the city, respectively. After controlling for potential determinants of FDI and correcting for biases due to endogeneity, we find that, in general, IPA do not necessarily increase FDI in either case. However, IPA are found to promote re-investment by large foreign-owned firms. The results imply difficulty in the dissemination of information about the business environment to foreign investors.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Coffee Certification and Forest Quality: Evidence from a Wild Coffee Forest in Ethiopia

    Ryo Takahashi, Yasuyuki Todo

    WORLD DEVELOPMENT   92   158 - 166  2017.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Shade coffee certification programs that aim to conserve the forest and to prevent forest degradation have attracted an increasing amount of attention. However, such programs' impact on forest degradation remains unclear because of the absence of empirical evidence. In addition, there is heated debate about whether certification programs create an incentive for producers to expand their coffee-growing areas, which may accelerate forest degradation in the surrounding natural forest. This study, which was conducted in Ethiopia, aimed to evaluate the impact of a shade coffee certification program on forest degradation. Additionally, to provide empirical evidence for the debate, we examined the spillover effects of certification to surrounding forest areas and used remote sensing data of 2005 and 2010 to classify forest areas based on their density. We applied matching methods, such as the propensity score matching with different algorithms, to compare forest coffee areas with and without the certification. We found that the certified forest coffee areas slightly increased in forest density. By contrast, we observed drastic forest degradation in the forest coffee areas without certification. We checked the sensitivity of our results and found that our results are robust to potential hidden bias. Furthermore, our empirical results revealed that the natural forest areas within a 100-m radius from the forest coffee boundary area exhibited significantly reduced forest degradation compared with forest areas under similar environmental conditions but that such positive and significant impact diminished after 100-m distance. These results indicate that the certification program is effective in alleviating forest degradation in the certified area and in the surrounding natural forest. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

    DOI

    Scopus

    48
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The strength of long ties and the weakness of strong ties: Knowledge diffusion through supply chain networks

    Yasuyuki Todo, Petr Matous, Hiroyasu Inoue

    RESEARCH POLICY   45 ( 9 ) 1890 - 1906  2016.11  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Using a large firm-level panel dataset for Japan, this paper examines the effects of the structure of supply chain networks on productivity and innovation capability through knowledge diffusion. We find that ties with distant suppliers improve productivity (as measured by sales per worker) more than ties with neighboring suppliers, which is likely because distant firms' intermediates embody more diversified knowledge than those from neighboring firms. Ties with neighboring clients improve productivity more than ties with distant clients, which is likely because neighboring clients more effectively diffuse disembodied knowledge than distant clients. By contrast, ties with distant suppliers and clients improve innovative capability (as measured by the number of registered patents), whereas ties with neighboring suppliers or clients do not affect innovative capability. In addition, the density of a firm's ego network (as measured by how densely its supply chain partners transact with one another) has a negative effect on productivity and innovative capability, implying knowledge redundancy in dense networks. These results suggest that access to diversified ties is important for improving productivity and innovation capability through knowledge diffusion. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

    DOI

    Scopus

    71
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Energy and resilience: The effects of endogenous interdependencies on trade network formation across space among major Japanese firms

    Petr Matous, Yasuyuki Todo

    Network Science   4 ( 2 ) 141 - 163  2016.06  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The dynamic drivers of interfirm interactions across space have rarely been explored in the context of disaster recovery
    therefore, the mechanism through which shocks propagate is unclear. This paper uses stochastic actor-oriented modeling to examine how trade networks among the 500 largest Japanese companies evolved during 2010 and 2011, i.e. before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake to identify sources of vulnerability in the system. In contrast to previous reports on broken supply chains, the network displayed only modest change even in the directly affected areas. Controlling for distance and for firm size, we find that when firms changed their partners, they preferred firms that were popular among other firms, that had partners in common with them and that also bought some products or services from them. These findings concur with a criticism that Japanese firms avoid external actors and exhibit inflexibility in reorganizing their networks in times of need, which contrasts with the non-cliquish network structures observed in high-performing economic sectors. The results also highlight the role of energy firms in disaster resilience. Unlike other large Japanese companies that cluster in major urban centers, energy firms are distributed across Japan. However, despite their peripheral physical locations, energy firms are centrally located in trade networks. Thus, while a disaster in any region may affect some energy firms and lead to large-scale temporary shocks, the entire network is unlikely to be disconnected by any region-specific disaster because of the spatial distribution of the topological network core formed by energy companies.

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Election, implementation, and social capital in schoolbased management: Evidence from a randomized field experiment on the COGES project in Burkina Faso

    Yasuyuki Sawada, Takeshi Aida, Andrew S Griffen, Eiji Kozuka, Haruko Noguchi, Yasuyuki Todo

    JICA Working Paper   120  2016.05  [Refereed]

  • The role of motorized transport and mobile phones in the diffusion of agricultural information in Tanggamus Regency, Indonesia

    Petr Matous, Yasuyuki Todo, Ayu Pratiwi

    TRANSPORTATION   42 ( 5 ) 771 - 790  2015.09  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Limited access to agricultural information constrains the well-being of farmers in developing countries and leads to environmental deterioration. Although new information-communication technologies (ICTs) are expected to alleviate this problem, the importance of physical mobility is rarely considered. This study explores the roles of motorized transport and mobile phones in the diffusion of agricultural information within and between Indonesian farming communities. In 2012, we surveyed 315 household heads from 16 coffee and cocoa farming groups in Sumatra. The respondents identified 1575 sources from which they obtained agricultural information, the exact location of the sources, and the mode of contact. In 2013, we followed up with in-depth interviews of 20 farmers to obtain a qualitative description of their agricultural information-seeking behavior. Although 75 % of respondents had a mobile phone, the main mode of information sharing was face-to-face meetings for 97 % of the elicited relationships. Mobile phones were used to communicate with people living at the edge of the regular physical mobility radius enabled by motorbikes (approximately 10 km). A hierarchical logit model was applied to examine the implications of the respondents' tendency to use motorized transport vis-A -vis walking for information gathering. Respondents with a higher general preference for faster transport tended to have more extensive access to information from other communities. However, we also find weak evidence that individual motorized transport might decrease internal social contact and information exchange inside these communities. The policy implication for rural development in less-industrialized countries is that providing ICTs without increasing the inhabitants' mobility through appropriate means may not significantly improve the inhabitants' access to important information and the diffusion of successful agricultural practices.

    DOI

    Scopus

    15
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • HOW DO SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORKS AFFECT THE RESILIENCE OF FIRMS TO NATURAL DISASTERS? EVIDENCE FROM THE GREAT EAST JAPAN EARTHQUAKE

    Yasuyuki Todo, Kentaro Nakajima, Petr Matous

    JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE   55 ( 2 ) 209 - 229  2015.03  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This paper uses firm-level data to examine how supply chain networks affected the recovery of firms from the Great East Japan Earthquake. Extensive supply chains can negatively affect recovery through higher vulnerability to network disruption and positively through support from trading partners, easier search for new partners, and general benefits of agglomeration. Our results indicate that networks with firms outside of the impacted area contributed to the earlier resumption of production, whereas networks within the region contributed to sales recovery in the medium term. The results suggest that the positive effects of supply chains typically exceed the negative effects.

    DOI

    Scopus

    95
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Exploring dynamic mechanisms of learning networks for resource conservation

    Petr Matous, Yasuyuki Todo

    ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY   20 ( 2 )  2015  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The importance of networks for social-ecological processes has been recognized in the literature; however, existing studies have not sufficiently addressed the dynamic nature of networks. Using data on the social learning networks of 265 farmers in Ethiopia for 2011 and 2012 and stochastic actor-oriented modeling, we explain the mechanisms of network evolution and soil conservation. The farmers' preferences for information exchange within the same social groups support the creation of interactive, clustered, nonhierarchical structures within the evolving learning networks, which contributed to the diffusion of the practice of composting. The introduced methods can be applied to determine whether and how social networks can be used to facilitate environmental interventions in various contexts.

    DOI

    Scopus

    33
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The effects of a participatory approach on the adoption of agricultural technology: Focusing on the social network structure in rural Ethiopia

    Ryo Takahashi, Yasuyuki Todo, Terefe Degefa

    STUDIES IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS   117 ( 1 ) 50 - 56  2015

     View Summary

    This study empirically examined the effects of the participatory approach on the adoption of new crop varieties and agricultural practices. Particularly, we focused on the social network structure and examined how the introduced technologies diffused through networks in rural Ethiopia. Our empirical results indicate that if farmers knew and trusted fellow participants, the probability of adopting a new maize variety increased by 25 percentage points. However, this network had no statistical impact on the diffusion of new agricultural practices. We conclude that the participatory approach has great potential in the adoption of new crop varieties through the social networks of farmers in Ethiopia.

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effects of privatization on exporting decisions: Firm-level evidence from chinese state-owned enterprises

    Yasuyuki Todo, Tomohiko Inui, Yuan Yuan

    Comparative Economic Studies   56 ( 4 ) 536 - 555  2014.12  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This paper examines whether privatizing Chinese state-owned enterprises increases the probability of exporting and, if so, what factors generate such an effect. Using firm-level data for the Chinese manufacturing sector for the 2000-2007 period, we find that privatization positively affects a firm's productivity, size, and decision to export, whereas we find that it negatively affects the level of a firm's long-term debt. We also find that Chinese firms are more likely to export when the productivity level, firm size, or the level of long-term debt increases. Taken together, these two sets of results suggest that privatization positively affects the likelihood that a firm will export by improving productivity and increasing firm size, whereas it negatively affects such a likelihood by lowering the long-term debt level of the firm. However, a quantitative analysis reveals that the effects of privatization that occur through these three channels are only slight. Therefore, we conclude that the positive effect of privatization on the likelihood of exporting is mainly the result of unobservable factors that are most likely related to changes in attitude about the profits and risks associated with privatization.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effects of presidents' characteristics on internationalization of small and medium firms in Japan

    Yasuyuki Todo, Hitoshi Sato

    JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIES   34   236 - 255  2014.12  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Recent heterogeneous-firm models of international trade suggest that productivity determines whether firms engage in export activity and foreign direct investment. In practice, however, many productive firms are not internationalized, whereas many unproductive firms are, which suggests that there are factors other than productivity that influence firms' internationalization. This study uses a unique panel data set for Japanese small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to examine whether the personal characteristics of a firm's president are factors in firm internationalization. We find that SMEs with a risk-tolerant, forward-looking president are more likely to be internationalized. These effects are large in magnitude, as is the productivity effect, which provides a partial explanation as to why many productive firms are not internationalized. In addition, we find that productivity has an insignificant effect on firms exiting export markets, whereas presidential myopia increases the probability of exit. The evidence further suggests that a firm's initial export costs become sunk following its entry into export markets, which explains why many unproductive firms are internationalized. J. Japanese Int. Economies 34 (2014) 236-255. School of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, 1-6-1 Nishi Waseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan; Institute of Developing Economies, 3-2-2 Wakaba, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan; Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Japan. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Features of Japanese internationalized firms: Findings based on firm-level data

    Ryuhei Wakasugi, Banri Ito, Toshiyuki Matsuura, Hitoshi Sato, Ayumu Tanaka, Yasuyuki Todo

    Internationalization of Japanese Firms: Evidence from Firm-level Data   9784431545323   15 - 45  2014.12  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    By using firm-level data on the Japanese manufacturing industry, we examine and compare the characteristics of internationalized Japanese firms, namely firms that engage in exports and/or foreign direct investment (FDI), with those from selected European countries. We find that the productivity of internationalized firms is higher than that of domestic firms, thus confirming the findings of previous studies on Japan and other countries. In addition, we show that the productivity differences between domestic firms, exporters, and FDI firms are substantially smaller in Japan than they are in European countries. This finding suggests that productivity differences alone cannot determine the export or FDI behavior of Japanese firms.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The role of non-productivity factors in the internationalization of firms

    Yasuyuki Todo

    Internationalization of Japanese Firms: Evidence from Firm-level Data   9784431545323   73 - 94  2014.12  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Using firm-level data for Japan, this chapter examines the determinants of export and foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions. We contribute to the literature by employing a mixed logit model to incorporate any unobserved firm heterogeneity and by paying special attention to the quantitative significance of the determinants. We find that although the effect of productivity on export and FDI decisions is positive and statistically significant, this effect is economically negligible. The quantitatively dominant determinants of the export and FDI decision are instead the prior status of firms in terms of internationalization and unobserved firm characteristics. This finding suggests that foreign market entry costs, which vary substantially in size across firms, play an important role in the export and FDI decision. Using a unique dataset for small and medium enterprises, we further show that such non-productivity factors of firm internationalization that are unobserved in standard firm-level data include the risk and time preferences and international experience of decision makers.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Poverty Reduction During the Rural-Urban Transformation - The Role of the Missing Middle

    Luc Christiaensen, Yasuyuki Todo

    WORLD DEVELOPMENT   63   43 - 58  2014.11  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    As countries develop, they restructure away from agriculture and urbanize. But structural transformation and urbanization patterns differ substantially, with some countries fostering migration out of agriculture into rural off farm activities and secondary towns, and others undergoing rapid agglomeration in mega cities. Using cross-country panel data for developing countries spanning 1980-2004, it is found that migration out of agriculture into the missing middle (rural nonfarm economy and secondary towns) yields more inclusive growth patterns and faster poverty reduction than agglomeration in mega cities. This suggests that patterns of urbanization deserve much more attention when striving for faster poverty reduction. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    137
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Impact of Chinese cross-border outbound M&As on firm performance: Econometric analysis using firm-level data

    Kazuma Edamura, Sho Haneda, Tomohiko Inui, Xiaofei Tan, Yasuyuki Todo

    CHINA ECONOMIC REVIEW   30   169 - 179  2014.09  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Chinese cross-border outbound mergers and acquisitions (M&As) have been expanding rapidly since the mid-2000s with target firms in developed countries. The primary motives for such M&As are expansion into new markets and sourcing of knowledge and strategic assets. This study is the first attempt to examine the effects of Chinese outbound M&As on firm performance by applying propensity score matching estimations to a large set of firm-level data. We find that the sales, productivity, and tangible as well as intangible assets of the acquiring firms increase substantially after M&A transactions, which suggest that Chinese firms on average achieve their intended goals of outbound M&As. Further, outbound M&As do not increase research and development (R&D) intensity, implying complementarity, rather than overlapping, between R&D activities of the acquiring and acquired firms. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    43
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Emergence of multiplex mobile phone communication networks across rural areas: An Ethiopian experiment

    Petr Matous, Yasuyuki Todo, Tatsuya Ishikawa

    Network Science   2 ( 2 ) 162 - 188  2014.08  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Mobile phones are spreading to remote areas of the globe, leading to the following question: "What is the potential of the new communication technologies for increasing individuals' access to information and the diffusion of attitudes and practices across rural areas of developing countries?" We have donated phones to 234 farmers selected by stratified random sampling in an agrarian region of Ethiopia and have tracked their main communication partners for six months. The panel data and qualitative interviews indicated that the phones were not typically used to expand the existing constrained social networks or to gain information from new sources but to call contacts who had been known personally and to individuals introduced through the experiment. Stochastic actor-based network models clarified that although agricultural information-seeking and casual calling are intertwined, the mechanisms underlying the evolution of instrumental and expressive communication networks are distinct. Acquaintances living beyond comfortable walking distances and individuals whom others call became preferred for information-seeking calls. Thus, mobile phones may accelerate information exchange within existing social networks and may support the creation of new information hubs that might facilitate more efficient information diffusion over long distances in the future. In contrast, the importance of geographical communities strongly prevails in casual phone conversations. Physically proximate community members who tend to be met frequently were preferred for sentiment-sharing calls. Preferential attachment was not evident for this type of communication. As a result, the network of these expressive calls was highly localized and fragmented, making it unlikely for personal feelings to diffuse across wide geographical areas through the new phone networks.

    DOI

    Scopus

    13
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The impact of a shade coffee certification program on forest conservation using remote sensing and household data

    Ryo Takahashi, Yasuyuki Todo

    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REVIEW   44   76 - 81  2014.01  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    In recent years, shade coffee certification programs have attracted increasing attention from forest conservation and development organizations. The certification programs could be expected to promote forest conservation by providing a premium price to shade coffee producers. However, little is known about the significance of the conservation efforts generated by certification programs. In particular, the relationship between the impact of the certification and producer characteristics has yet to be examined. The purpose of this study, which was conducted in Ethiopia, was to examine the impact of a shade coffee certification program on forest conservation and its relationship with the socioeconomic characteristics of the producers. Remote sensing data of 2005 and 2010 was used to gauge the changes in forest area. Employing a probit model, we found that a forest coffee area being certified increased the probability of forest conservation by 193 percentage points relative to forest coffee areas lacking certification. We also found that although economically poor producers tended to engage in forest clearing, the forest coffee certification program had a significant impact on these producers. This result suggests that the certification program significantly affects the behaviors of economically poor producers and motivates these producers to conserve the forest. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    30
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The effects of social networks on the diffusion of consumer goods: Evidence from rural Indonesia

    Nakai, R., Todo, Y.

    Economics Bulletin   34 ( 3 ) 1814 - 1821  2014  [Refereed]

  • Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers

    Petr Matous, Yasuyuki Todo, Dagne Mojo

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY   11 ( 4 ) 301 - 316  2013.11  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This article analyses roles of social and extension networks in adoption of resource-conserving practices among Ethiopian farmers. We gathered data from 297 randomly sampled households on their agricultural practices, social networks, access to the extension, and geographical location. After examining general determinants of practising resource-conserving agriculture, we employ a two-stage regression with full-maximum likelihood correction for selection bias to establish the roles of general social networks and external professionals in acceptance of conservation techniques. In accordance with previous research, probit regression in the first stage shows that the access to extension increases with farmers' wealth and the size of their personal networks, and decreases with the distance of their households from village centres. However, after accounting for this unequal access to extension, the second-stage linear regression shows that regardless of education, wealth or geographical location, those whose religion and ethnicity match with their agent, report learning more about conservation from extension sources. Furthermore, farmers who are socially well connected within the community tend to be less receptive to agents' recommendations regarding resource conservation. Dissemination policy of conservation agriculture should consider the ethnic and religious affinity between farmers and their extension agents. It also needs to pay more attention to socially and geographically isolated individuals.

    DOI

    Scopus

    60
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The impact of a shade coffee certification program on forest conservation: A case study from a wild coffee forest in Ethiopia

    Ryo Takahashi, Yasuyuki Todo

    JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT   130   48 - 54  2013.11  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    In recent years, shade coffee certification programs have attracted increasing attention from conservation and development organizations. Certification programs offer an opportunity to link environmental and economic goals by providing a premium price to producers and thereby contributing to forest conservation. However, the significance of the conservation efforts of certification programs remains unclear because of a lack of empirical evidence. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a shade coffee certification program on forest conservation. The study was conducted in the Belete-Gera Regional Forest Priority Area in Ethiopia, and remote sensing data of 2005 and 2010 were used to gauge the change of forest area. Using propensity score matching estimation, we found that forests under the coffee certification program were less likely to be deforested than forests without forest coffee. By contrast, the difference in the degree of deforestation between forests with forest coffee but not under the certification program and forests with no forest coffee is statistically insignificant. These results suggest that the certification program has had a large effect on forest protection, decreasing the probability of deforestation by 1.7 percentage points. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    44
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Urbanization and poverty reduction: the role of rural diversification and secondary towns

    Luc Christiaensen, Joachim De Weerdt, Yasuyuki Todo

    AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS   44 ( 4-5 ) 435 - 447  2013.07  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A rather unique panel tracking more than 3,300 individuals from households in rural Kagera, Tanzania, during 1991/1994-2010 shows that about one out of two individuals/households who exited poverty did so by transitioning out of agriculture into the rural nonfarm economy or secondary towns. Only one out of seven exited poverty by migrating to the big cities, even though those moving to the city experienced on average faster consumption growth. Further analysis of a much larger cross-country panel of 51 developing countries cannot reject that rural diversification and secondary town development lead to more inclusive growth patterns than metropolitization. Indications are that this follows because more of the poor find their way to the rural nonfarm economy and secondary towns, than to distant cities. The development discourse would benefit from shifting beyond the rural-urban dichotomy and focusing more instead on how best to urbanize and develop its rural nonfarm economy and secondary towns.

    DOI

    Scopus

    92
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Boots are made for walking: interactions across physical and social space in infrastructure-poor regions

    Petr Matous, Yasuyuki Todo, Dagne Mojo

    JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY   31   226 - 235  2013.07  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    While detailed data are available on people's travel behavior in industrialized countries, little is known about the spatial characteristics of activities of those living in vast infrastructure-poor areas in the developing world where walking is still the dominant form of transport. We have interviewed 297 randomly selected inhabitants of Tiyo District, Ethiopia, and by random name cues identified 4158 individuals who are a representative cross-section of everyone the informants knew and met. Consequently, we inquired about the distance to these individuals, frequency of contacting them, and the mode of contact. Half of the respondents' social contacts lived within 15-min walking distance and the interviewed inhabitants contacted 98% of all people that they knew only by walking and meeting face-to-face. After examining the determinants of the size, density, and geographical extent of the inhabitants' personal networks, we employed multilevel analysis to explore the relevance of physical and social distance as well as personal characteristics for frequency of interaction. We found that in addition to the strong impact of walking time (-), common organization membership (-), the same religious affiliation (+), kinship (+), and patience (-) also predict the frequency of meetings. From this we present comparisons of the variables' relative effects and conclude with practical implications. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    26
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • IMPACT OF FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS ON AGRICULTURAL INCOME AND SKILLS: EVIDENCE FROM AN AID-FUNDED PROJECT IN RURAL ETHIOPIA

    Yasuyuki Todo, Ryo Takahashi

    JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT   25 ( 3 ) 362 - 381  2013.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This study estimates the effect of farmer field schools in rural Ethiopia on income from agriculture. The farmer field schools were established in association with participatory forest management associations for forest protection funded by Japanese aid. We employ a difference-in-differences propensity score matching approach to correct for possible biases due to selection of participants. We find that by participating in the farmer field schools, agricultural households increased their real income per worker by about 60-160 US dollars in two years on average, which is equivalent to, or even more than, the average income per worker before the project. We also find evidence that the large increase in income is due to the use of new agricultural practices, such as new varieties, taught and promoted in the farmer field schools. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

    DOI

    Scopus

    23
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Impact of Community-Based Forest Management on Forest Protection: Evidence from an Aid-Funded Project in Ethiopia

    Ryo Takahashi, Yasuyuki Todo

    ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT   50 ( 3 ) 396 - 404  2012.09  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Many African countries have adopted community-based forest management (CBFM) to prevent deforestation. However, empirical studies have not reached a consensus on the effectiveness of CBFM. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the establishment of participatory forest management associations in Ethiopia. We used remote sensing data to gauge the change in forest area and employed a two-stage least squares model to correct for possible biases. The results indicate that the forest area managed by forest associations declines more in the year of establishment than forest areas with no association. This finding suggests that villagers may engage in "last-minute" logging. However, 1 year after the establishment of the forest associations, the forest area of the associations increased substantially, most likely because the associations monitor illegal logging, enabling the regeneration of open areas within the registered forest area. On average, the forest area of the forest associations increased by 1.5 % in the first 2 years, whereas forest areas not managed as part of an association declined by 3.3 %. The cumulative impact over 2 years yields a net increase in the rate of change of 4.8 %. These results demonstrate that it is important to improve the monitoring of forest areas during the initial establishment of participatory forest management associations to maximize the effects of association establishment.

    DOI

    Scopus

    52
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Intra-industry Knowledge Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment in Research and Development: Evidence from China's "Silicon Valley"

    Yasuyuki Todo, Weiying Zhang, Lei-An Zhou

    REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS   15 ( 3 ) 569 - 585  2011.08  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This study examines a specific channel of technology diffusion from multinational enterprises to domestic firms in less developed regions: research and development (R&D) activities of multinational enterprises in the host country. Using firm-level panel data from a Chinese science park, known as China's "SiliconValley," we find that the R&D stock of foreign-owned firms has a positive effect on the productivity of domestic firms in the same industry, while the capital stock of foreign firms has no such effect. These results suggest that foreign firms' knowledge spills over within industries through their R&D activities, but not through their production activities. In addition, we find no evidence of spillovers from domestic firms or firms from Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan, suggesting that the size of knowledge spillovers is larger when the technology gap between source and recipient firms is larger.

    DOI

    Scopus

    24
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Quantitative Evaluation of the Determinants of Export and FDI: Firm-level Evidence from Japan

    Yasuyuki Todo

    WORLD ECONOMY   34 ( 3 ) 355 - 381  2011.03  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Using firm-level data for Japan, this paper examines the determinants of the export and foreign direct investment (FDI) decision. We contribute to the literature by employing a mixed logit model, i.e. a multinomial logit model with random intercepts and random coefficients, to incorporate any unobserved firm heterogeneity and by paying special attention to the quantitative significance of the determinants. We find that while the impact of productivity on the export and FDI decision is positive and statistically significant, it is economically negligible. The effect of firm size, credit constraints and information spillovers from experienced firms is also small in magnitude. A quantitatively dominant determinant of the export and FDI decision is instead the prior status of firms in terms of internationalisation. In addition, the use of the mixed logit model enables us to find a substantial role of unobserved firm characteristics in internationalisation of the firm. These findings suggest that entry costs to foreign markets, which substantially vary in size across firms, play an important role in the export and FDI decision. In addition, given that the negligible effect of productivity and the dominant effect of prior status appear to be more prominent in Japan than in some other countries, this study helps highlight the uniqueness of Japanese firms.

    DOI

    Scopus

    34
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Impacts of Aid-Funded Technical Assistance Programs: Firm-Level Evidence from the Indonesian Foundry Industry

    Yasuyuki Todo

    WORLD DEVELOPMENT   39 ( 3 ) 351 - 362  2011.03  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This study examines the effect of Japanese aid-funded technical assistance programs on the Indonesian foundry industry funded, applying difference-in-differences propensity score matching estimation to a unique firm-level dataset. The major finding is that the average effect of the aid programs on the change in the reject ratio is negative and significant, suggesting that these programs help local participant firms improve their technology. However, technical assistance programs provided by the local counterpart of aid after the completion of the aid programs do not seem to improve technology of participants in the short run on average. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Technological impact of placer gold mine on water quality: Case of Tuul river valley in the Zaamar Goldfield, Mongolia

    Byambaa, B., Todo, Y.

    World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology   75  2011

  • Impact of placer gold mine technology on water quality: A case study of Tuul river valley in the Zaamar goldfield, Mongolia

    B. Byambaa, Y. Todo

    WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment   145   309 - 318  2011  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The paper finds that placer gold mining operation has significant impact on the surface water quality, which varies from mine to mine depending on the types of gold recovery technologies applied. Only primitive gold recovery technologies are dominating in the Zaamar goldfield. We assume that the mines with foreign ownership have cleaner technologies with less impact on the water quality than the local ones. But results from the water quality measurement and surveys at the field show that mines with joint ownerships of Russian or Chinese companies in Zaamar area have more polluting technologies than the local smaller companies. © 2011 WIT Press.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Inward and outward fdi of Japan

    Yasuyuki Todo

    Foreign Direct Investments in Asia     257 - 286  2011.01  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • 国際化する日本企業の特性

    若杉隆平, 戸堂康之, 佐藤仁志, 松浦寿幸, 伊藤萬里, 田中鮎夢

    若杉隆平編『現代日本企業の国際化-パネルデータ分析』第1章    2011

  • DOES OFFSHORING PAY? FIRM-LEVEL EVIDENCE FROM JAPAN

    Alexander Hijzen, Tomohiko Inui, Yasuyuki Todo

    ECONOMIC INQUIRY   48 ( 4 ) 880 - 895  2010.10  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This article explores the impact of offshoring on productivity using firm-level data for the Japanese manufacturing industries during the period 1994-2000. We find that intrafirm offshoring, that is, sourcing of intermediate inputs to foreign affiliates within a particular multinational firm, has generally a positive effect on productivity of the offshoring firm, while arm's-length offshoring, that is, sourcing to unaffiliated foreign firms, does not have such an effect. In addition, the impact of arm's-length offshoring is negative for nonmultinationals and nonexporters but nonnegative for multinationals and exporters. These results suggest that the costs of searching foreign firms suitable for offshoring are nonnegligible. (JEL F14, L23)

    DOI

    Scopus

    61
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Is Foreign Aid a Vanguard of Foreign Direct Investment? A Gravity-Equation Approach

    Hidemi Kimura, Yasuyuki Todo

    WORLD DEVELOPMENT   38 ( 4 ) 482 - 497  2010.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This paper investigates whether and how foreign aid facilitates foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into less developed countries. We employ a large data set of source-recipient country pairs and conduct gravity equation-type estimation. Our empirical methodology enables us to examine an effect through which aid from a donor country promotes FDI from the same donor in particular, which we call a "vanguard effect." We find that foreign aid in general does not have any significant effect on FDI. However, when we allow for differences in the size of aid effects across donor countries, we find robust evidence that foreign aid from Japan in particular has a vanguard effect, i.e., Japanese aid promotes FDI from Japan but does not attract FDI from other countries. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    101
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Perception of farmers and agricultural professionals on changes in productivity and water resources in Ethiopia

    Mojo, D., Todo, Y., Matous, P.

    World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology   42  2010

  • Perception of farmers and agricultural professionals on changes in productivity and water resources in Ethiopia

    Mojo, D., Todo, Y., Matous, P.

    World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology   66  2010

  • Knowledge spillovers from FDI in China: The role of educated labor in multinational enterprises

    Yasuyuki Todo, Weiying Zhang, Li-An Zhou

    Journal of Asian Economics   20 ( 6 ) 626 - 639  2009.11  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This paper employs a firm-level panel data set for a high-tech cluster in China to examine knowledge spillovers from multinational enterprises (MNEs) to domestic firms, focusing on the role of MNEs' employment of educated workers. We find that knowledge of MNEs spills over to domestic firms in the same industry through MNEs' employment of workers with graduate-level or overseas education. We also find that Japanese MNEs contribute less to knowledge spillovers than US MNEs. This is likely due to the fact that Japanese MNEs in China do not employ much educated labor. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    18
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • R&D intensity for innovative and adaptive purposes in overseas subsidiaries: Evidence from Japanese multinational enterprises

    Yasuyuki Todo, Satoshi Shimizutani

    Research in International Business and Finance   23 ( 1 ) 31 - 45  2009.01  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This paper investigates the causes of R&amp
    D activities of overseas subsidiaries using firm-level panel data for Japanese multinationals. We distinguish between overseas innovative R&amp
    D (basic and applied research) and adaptive R&amp
    D (development and design) and examine how the intensity of each type of R&amp
    D is determined, using Amemiya Generalized Least Squares estimation. Our findings suggest that overseas innovative R&amp
    D aims at the exploitation of foreign knowledge, whereas adaptive R&amp
    D has no such aim. In addition, the size of the host country's market positively affects both types, whereas geographic distance between the host and the home country has a negative impact. Finally, the parent firm's knowledge is found to increase the size of overseas adaptive R&amp
    D but not innovative R&amp
    D. Based on a theoretical model, we interpret this evidence as showing that knowledge of the parent firm is not fully utilized in innovative R&amp
    D of its subsidiary. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Are immigrants more likely to commit crimes? Evidence from France

    Yu Aoki, Yasuyuki Todo

    APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS   16 ( 15 ) 1537 - 1541  2009  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Using French data, we find that the share of immigrants in the population has no significant impact on crime rates once immigrants' economic circumstances are controlled for, while finding that unemployed immigrants tend to commit more crimes than unemployed nonimmigrants.

    DOI

    Scopus

    15
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • OVERSEAS R&D ACTIVITIES AND HOME PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM JAPANESE FIRM-LEVEL DATA

    Yasuyuki Todo, Satoshi Shimizutani

    JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS   56 ( 4 ) 752 - 777  2008.12  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This paper investigates the impact of overseas subsidiaries' R&D activities on the productivity growth of parent firms Using firm-level data for Japanese multinational enterprises. Based oil Survey responses, we classify each overseas subsidiary's R&D as either 'innovative R&D,' which we hypothesize is likely to lead to the acquisition of foreign knowledge, or 'adaptive R&D,' which is more likely to lead to adaptation to local conditions. We find that overseas innovative R&D raises the parent firm's productivity growth, while adaptive R&D has no such effect. In addition, overseas innovative R&D does not improve the rate of return on home R&D.

    DOI

    Scopus

    34
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • What determines overseas R&D activities? The case of Japanese multinational firms

    Satoshi Shimizutani, Yasuyuki Todo

    RESEARCH POLICY   37 ( 3 ) 530 - 544  2008.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This paper explores what factors determine the nature, extent, and location of Japanese multinationals' R&D activities abroad. Taking advantage of a rich micro-level dataset from the survey on Japanese overseas subsidiaries, the study distinguishes between two types of overseas R&D: basic/applied research and development/design. We find several differences between the determinants of those R&D activities. These differences confirm the view that basic/applied research of overseas subsidiaries aims at the exploitation of foreign advanced knowledge, whereas their development/design activities are mostly influenced by the market size of the host country. Our results provide a convincing and comprehensive explanation of the geographical distribution of overseas R&D by Japanese MNEs. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    69
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • The Effects of Multinational Production on Domestic Performance: Evidence from Japanese Firms

    Alexander Hijzen, Tomohiko Inui, Yasuyuki Todo

    RIETI Discussion Paper Series   07-E ( 006 )  2007.03

  • Knowledge spillovers from foreign direct investment in R&D: Evidence from Japanese firm-level data

    Yasuyuki Todo

    Journal of Asian Economics   17 ( 6 ) 996 - 1013  2006.12  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    This study uses firm-level panel data from the Japanese manufacturing industries and examines whether foreign direct investment generates intra-industry knowledge spillovers to domestic firms. The analysis found positive effects of R&amp
    D stocks of foreign firms on the productivity of domestic firms, while effects of capital stocks of foreign firms were absent, suggesting that knowledge of foreign firms spills over through their R&amp
    D activities, but not through their production activities. In addition, we found that the extent of spillovers from R&amp
    D stock of foreign firms is substantially larger than spillovers from R&amp
    D stock of domestic firms. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    34
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Knowledge spillovers from foreign direct investment and the role of local R&D activities: Evidence from Indonesia

    Yasuyuki Todo, Koji Miyamoto

    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL CHANGE   55 ( 1 ) 173 - 200  2006.10  [Refereed]

    DOI

    Scopus

    48
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Technology adoption in follower countries: With or without local R & D activities?

    Yasuyuki Todo

    Topics in Macroeconomics   5 ( 1 )  2005  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Technology adoption in follower countries can be accomplished by local R&amp
    D activities, but it can also be achieved without formal R&amp
    D, for example, by foreign direct investment. Empirical evidence suggests that current R&amp
    D activities often expand local knowledge for future R&amp
    D, while adoption without R&amp
    D does not seem to have this effect. We formalize this idea in a quality-ladder growth model and find that this biased externality results in multiple steady states: In the long run, countries with sufficient initial knowledge and human capital converge to a state in which R&amp
    D is locally undertaken and thus become relatively rich, while other countries fully rely on technology adoption without R&amp
    D and stay poor. Switching regression using cross-country data supports the presence of multiple steady states in R&amp
    D expenditures. Copyright ©1999-2005 Internet-Journals, Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Empirically consistent scale effects: An endogenous growth model with technology transfer to developing countries

    Y Todo

    JOURNAL OF MACROECONOMICS   25 ( 1 ) 25 - 46  2003.03  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Scale effects in endogenous growth models have been questioned by the fact that a remarkable increase in the number of scientists and engineers engaged in R&D in the postwar United States was indeed associated with a productivity slowdown. This paper, however, shows that this evidence could be reconciled with scale effects, once technology diffusion from technologically leading countries to followers by foreign direct investment (FDI) is incorporated into a standard model. If FDI requires scientists and engineers of advanced countries to adapt existing technologies to the local environment and to train local workers, the number of scientists and engineers would increase as the magnitude of technology diffusion expands. Also, the emergence of FDI as more profitable opportunities for scientists and engineers could lead to a domestic productivity slowdown in advanced countries. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    Citation
    (Scopus)

▼display all

Books and Other Publications

  • コロナ禍で変わる地政学 : グレート・リセットを迫られる日本

    国際経済連携推進センター

    産経新聞出版  2022.01 ISBN: 9784863061590

  • 現代経済学の潮流

    宇井, 貴志, 加納, 隆, 西山, 慶彦, 林, 正義

    東洋経済新報社  2021.12 ISBN: 9784492315385

  • なぜ「よそ者」とつながることが最強なのか : 生存戦略としてのネットワーク経済学入門

    戸堂, 康之

    プレジデント社  2020.12 ISBN: 9784833423922

  • Emerging states at crossroads

    恒川, 恵市, 戸堂, 康之

    Springer Open  2019 ISBN: 9789811328589

  • 開発経済学入門 (経済学叢書Introductory)

    戸堂 康之( Part: Sole author)

    新世社  2015.10 ISBN: 4883842312

    ASIN

  • 日本の成長戦略と商社 : 日本の未来は商社が拓く

    日本貿易会「日本の成長戦略と商社」特別研究会, 日本貿易会, 戸堂, 康之

    東洋経済新報社  2014.06 ISBN: 9784492762165

  • 巨大災害・リスクと経済

    澤田, 康幸, 木原, 隆司, 中田, 啓之, 外谷, 英樹, 戸堂, 康之, 中島, 賢太郎, Matous, Petr, 山形, 辰史, 齊藤, 誠, 深尾, 光洋

    日本経済新聞出版社  2014.01 ISBN: 9784532134457

  • 平成23年度国際政策セミナー「世界経済の動向と日本の成長戦略」報告書

    国立国会図書館調査及び立法考査局

    国立国会図書館調査及び立法考査局  2012.09 ISBN: 9784875827351

  • 社会経済史学の課題と展望

    社会経済史学会, 岡崎, 哲二, 菅山, 真次, 鈴木, 俊夫, 谷本, 雅之, 中林, 真幸, 勘坂, 純市, 安元, 稔, 山本, 千映, 竹内, 敬子, 友部, 謙一, 脇村, 孝平, 神門, 善久, 田北, 廣道, 水野, 祥子, 小堀, 聡, 阿部, 武司, 中野, 忠, 久保, 亨, 神田, さやこ, 鴋澤, 歩, 籠谷, 直人, 城山, 智子, 松沢, 裕作

    有斐閣  2012.06 ISBN: 9784641163881

  • 現代日本企業の国際化 : パネルデータ分析

    若杉, 隆平, 伊藤, 萬里, 佐藤, 仁志, 田中, 鮎夢, 戸堂, 康之, 松浦, 寿幸

    岩波書店  2011.10 ISBN: 9784000227827

  • 日本経済の底力 - 臥龍が目覚めるとき (中公新書)

    戸堂 康之( Part: Sole author)

    中央公論新社  2011.08 ISBN: 412102124X

    ASIN

  • グローバル化と国際経済戦略 (経済政策分析のフロンティア 第3巻)

    藤田 昌久, 若杉 隆平

    日本評論社  2011.03 ISBN: 4535556547

    ASIN

  • 途上国化する日本 (日経プレミアシリーズ)

    戸堂 康之( Part: Sole author)

    日本経済新聞出版社  2010.12 ISBN: 4532261031

    ASIN

  • 立地と経済発展 : 貧困削減の地理的アプローチ

    園部, 哲史, 藤田, 昌久, Akoten, John E, Estudillo, Jonna P., 大塚, 啓二郎, 下越, 志延, 周, 黎安, 鈴木, 綾, 蔡, 洪濱, 戸堂, 康之, Vu Hoang Nam, Chowdhury Zia Uddin Hayat, 速水, 佑次郎, 武藤, めぐみ, Charity Gay E. Ramos

    東洋経済新報社  2010.08 ISBN: 9784492443682

  • 技術伝播と経済成長 ―グローバル化時代の途上国経済分析 (開発経済学の挑戦)

    戸堂 康之( Part: Sole author)

    勁草書房  2008.05 ISBN: 432654600X

    ASIN

▼display all

Research Projects

  • The role of economic and social networks in the interaction between economies and national security

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2023.04
    -
    2027.03
     

  • Estimation of economic effect on firms and economy triggerd by disaster and anti-infection measure through large-scale supply chains

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

    Project Year :

    2021.04
    -
    2025.03
     

  • Economic and psychological effects of network diversification

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

    Project Year :

    2018.04
    -
    2023.03
     

  • Interactions between multi-layered networks and their economic effects: Beyond single-network analysis

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research (B))

    Project Year :

    2018.10
    -
    2022.03
     

  • Emerging state project

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)

    Project Year :

    2015.11
    -
    2018.03
     

    SONOBE Tetsushi, TABETANDO Rayner, HIGUCHI Yuki, SHIMAMOTO Daichi, KARLAN Dean, MITSUYAMA Nahoko, KIJIMA Yoko, KONO Hisaki, KITSUKI Akinori, RU Tong, SHOJI Masahiro, BENEDICT Makanga, BANDIERA Oriana, FUJII Tomoki, MIYATA Sachiko, SELAYA Pablo, KIM YuRi, KASHIWAGI Yuzuka, ZHU Lianming, FU Jiangtao

     View Summary

    Economists, political scientists and historians conducted collaborative research in the five-year research period. They compared the paths of politico-economic development of emerging states with those of the current developing and advanced countries, conducted empirical research on current emerging states based on the comparative research, and figured out the unique path and challenges of the current emerging states. The International Group supported varieties of international research activities including international collaborative research, international workshop and financial support to the junior researchers. The Research Group in cooperation with the International Group carried out the four-volume book project on emerging state, which is in the process of publication from a global, academic publishing company, Springer Nature, as a kick-off of the Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies Series.

  • Emerging State Project

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)

    Project Year :

    2013.06
    -
    2018.03
     

    Tetsushi Sonobe

     View Summary

    Economists, political scientists and historians conducted collaborative research in the five-year research period. They compared the paths of politico-economic development of emerging states with those of the current developing and advanced countries, conducted empirical research on current emerging states based on the comparative research, and figured out the unique path and challenges of the current emerging states. The Project Managing Group led collaborative research among five research groups and supported junior researchers to nurture the mindset of multidisciplinary approaches. The project managing group took an initiative to make a four-volume book project on emerging state, which is in the process of publication from a global, academic publishing company, Springer Nature, as a kick-off of the Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies Series.

  • Political economy analysis on factors to prevent network diversity

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)

    Project Year :

    2013.06
    -
    2018.03
     

    Todo Yasuyuki, SHIMAMOTO Daichi, ZHU Lianming, TAKAHASHI Ryo, KIM Yu Ri, KASHIWAGI Yuzuka

     View Summary

    Using firm- and household-level data from emerging economies such as Indonesia, Vietnam, and Ethiopia and firm-level data for a large number of firms in the world, this research examined two major questions: Why is it difficult to construct diversified social and economic networks that are likely to contribute to economic growth?; Do dense networks lead to political protectionism and further to closed networks? The results suggest that to prevent "middle-income traps," emerging economies should dissolve closed networks stemming from strong ties between political and economic actors by deregulation and should promote diversified networks by facilitating ties with outsiders.

  • Innovation dynamics and development of spatial economics

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

    Project Year :

    2014.04
    -
    2017.03
     

    FUJITA Masahisa, TAKATOSHI TABUCHI

     View Summary

    The new field of spatial economics has been developed rapidly since the early 1990s by economists in Japan, U.S. and Europe, aiming for the unified theory of geographical economics. This research has succeeded in the further development of spatial economics by combining traditional economic models with new micromodels of knowledge creation and transfer. With the application of newly developed spatial models, empirical studies of innovation dynamics have been successfully conducted in the context of cities and industrial agglomerations in the global economy.

  • The Role of Social Networks in Economic Development in Less Developed Countries: Analysis Based on Social Experiments and Micro-data

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

    Project Year :

    2012.04
    -
    2016.03
     

    Todo Yasuyuki, MATOUS Petr

     View Summary

    This research project examined how the structure of social networks affects economic development of less developed countries, using quantitative analysis based on social experiments and micro-data at the household and firm level in Ethiopia and Indonesia. We conducted social experiments in order to estimate causal effects more accurately. In summary, we find that while social networks substantially affect technology diffusion, the network structure affects the effectiveness of diffusion. In particular, we find that networks which embody both dense and strong ties within the community and weak ties with outsiders are more effective than small-world networks. The results have been published in 6 papers and presented in seminars to non-academic audience.

  • Prescriptive Innovation Strategy for Sustainable InfrastructureDevelopment: Filling the Gap between Urban Needs and Innovation

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

    Project Year :

    2010
    -
    2012
     

    HORITA Masahide, TODO Yasuyuki, MATSUMOTO Takashi, ISHIDA Tetsuya, KUNISHIMA Masahiko

     View Summary

    This study has explored an alternative model for innovation strategy in infrastructure development. There has been a historical debate as to whether innovation in the infrastructure sector has responded to the contemporary societal needs. This study takes a constructivist turn in analyzing the process of technological innovation and diffusion. Attempts have been made to apply such a qualitative approach to prescriptive examination of the current issues on infrastructure such as public-private partnership and urban sanitation in developing countries.

  • Further development of spatial economics in the age of globalization and brain power society.

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

    Project Year :

    2009
    -
    2012
     

    FUJITA Masahisa, NISHIMURA Kazuo, WAKASUGI Ryuhei, NAGAOKA Sadao, HAMAGUCHI Nobuaki, MORI Tomoya, ZENG Dao-zhi, TODO Yasuyuki, SATO Yasuhiro, YAMAMOTO Kazuhiro, OKUBO Toshihiro, TABUCHI Takatoshi, TAMADA Schumpeter

     View Summary

    The new field of spatial economics has been developed rapidly since the early 1990s by economists in Japan, U.S. and Europe, aiming for the unified theory of geographical economics. This research has succeeded in the further development of spatial economics towards a comprehensive theory of geographical economics in the age of globalization and brain power society. In particular, we have succeeded, perhaps for the first time in the world, in developing a dynamic micromodel of knowledge creation and transfer, through interactions among heterogeneous knowledge workers in multiple regions.

  • Diffusion of Energy-Saving Technologies in Less Developed Countries

    Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(B))

    Project Year :

    2009
    -
    2011
     

    Yasuyuki TODO

     View Summary

    This project investigated how environmentally-friendly technologies diffuse in less developed countries, using firm-level data from Indonesia and Mongolia and household-level data from Ethiopia. We found that energy-saving technologies spill overs from foreign-owned firms to locally-owned firms and that the structure of social networks substantially affects diffusion of agricultural technologies. These results generate policy implications. For example, attracting foreign direct investment with high energy-saving technologies and extension systems which do not rely on extension agents but utilize existing social networks would contribute to diffusion of environmental technologies to less developed countries.

  • Global Outsourcing and Dynamics of Economic System

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

    Project Year :

    2008
    -
    2011
     

    INUI Tomohiko, KWON Hyeog ug, IJIRI Naohiko, TOYOFUKU Kenta, TODO Yasuyuki, TOKUI Joji, MATSUURA Toshiyuki, TOMIURA Eiichi, SAKURAI Kojiro, HAYAKAWA Kazunobu, YOKOI Norie

     View Summary

    The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of outsourcing activities on the economic systems both in Japan and the host countries. We found that these activities are positively associated with the productivity growth across Japanese firms. However, at the same time, we also found that multinational firms have withdrawn from Japan, which partly reduces the productivity growth at the macro level in Japan. China is one of the major host countries of outsourcing from Japanese firms and gains benefits from the positive spillover effects, which somewhat enable Chinese firms to improve their own productivities. Independently of these productivity improvements, this research confirms that the economic globalization in China proceeds.

  • Impacts of foreign aid

    Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2006
    -
    2008
     

  • Does Japanese development aid contribute to technology transfer to less developed countries-Analysis using firm-level data

    Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(基盤研究(B))

    Project Year :

    2006
    -
    2008
     

    Todo YASUYUKI, Yasuyuki SAWADA

  • 日本における研究開発活動の空洞化の実態と国内の技術進歩への影響:理論と実証

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業 若手研究(B)

    Project Year :

    2003
    -
    2004
     

    戸堂 康之

     View Summary

    まず第1に、技術後進国がどのような手段で先進国の技術を導入するかについて、理論的・実証的に考察した論文"Technology Adoption in Follower Countries : With or Without Local R&D Activities?"を国際学術雑誌に投稿し、次ページに示すようにTopics in Mancroeconomicsに掲載された。また、2004年6月にシンガポールで行われたApplied Econometrics Associationの大会にてこの論文について発表した。
    第2に、日本における研究開発活動の空洞化の実態を分析するために、経済産業省の企業レベルデータを用いて、必要なデータベースを構築した。これを使って、日系企業の海外での研究開発活動の決定要因、および親会社・海外子会社の生産性成長に与える影響について回帰分析を行った。その結果、海外における革新的な研究開発活動は、日本の親会社の生産性成長を促進させるが、親会社での研究開発活動との補完性はないということが示された。また、海外での適応的な研究開発活動は、親会社の生産性成長に何ら影響しないこともわかった。これらの結果は、"Determinants and Impacts of Overseas R&D : Evidence from Japanese Multinational Enterprises"としてまとめられ、慶応大学、内閣府総合社会経済研究所、一橋大学などで発表を行った。現在、発表の際に得られたコメントをもとに改訂中で、国際学術雑誌に近日中に投稿予定である。

  • -

▼display all

Misc

 

Syllabus

▼display all

 

Overseas Activities

  • ネットワーク多様化が経済と心理に及ぼす影響

    2019.04
    -
    2021.02

    オーストラリア   シドニー大学

Sub-affiliation

  • Faculty of Political Science and Economics   Graduate School of Economics

Research Institute

  • 2023
    -
    2024

    Center for Data Science   Concurrent Researcher

  • 2014
    -
     

    Waseda Institute of Political Economy   Concurrent Researcher

Internal Special Research Projects

  • 企業ネットワークが日本経済に与える影響に関するミクロ計量経済学的実証分析

    2014  

     View Summary

    本研究では、日本において約80万社、約400万の取引関係を網羅したデータから、製造業でデータのそろった約4万社を抽出して、特にどのようなサプライチェーン・ネットワークを通じてより活発に技術が伝わるのかを分析した。その結果、企業は、多様な取引先とつながることで生産性やイノベーション力を伸ばしていることが明らかとなった。これは、多様な取引先から多様な技術や知識を吸収できるからだと考えられる。この成果は、Tokyo Network Workshopなどで発表し、経済産業研究所よりディスカッションペーパーとして刊行された。