This research project has suggested three basic perspectives for the study of the First World War. The first is globality, which does not only means that there were hostilities throughout the world but also means that the war brought about a global transformation. The second is totality, which means that the war provoked profound and radical changes in the lifestyles, ways of thinking, feelings and even unconsciousness. .The third is continuity, which means that we are still bound by the world created by the war. The project has made it clear that the First World War has to be understood to be the defining event of the modern world. The publications of the project have presented an alternative image of the war to that is more or less informed by Euro-centrism, which is still influential among the First World War studies in Europe and America. They will certainly be regarded as essential readings for the students of the First World War

Our project has aimed at making clear, with a comparative perspective, the reasons for and the way of the enthusiastic participation in the war, which was demonstrated by women, children and even colonized peoples. It has been found out that the war propaganda, including such various media as printed words, images, music and exhibitions, which was endlessly repeated by the use of reproduction technology, played somewhat a crucial role. It was precisely because the government did realize the importance of such propaganda that the Intelligence Department in the Foreign Office and the Newspaper Division in the War Office were set up. The very technique of war propaganda was to be adopted by the government's official publicity and commercial publicity business. Our project has closely examined this historical process from various viewpoints

I researched on the question of the title to islands including the uninhabited islands at the turn of century from 19th century to 20th century. As a case study I treated the islands in Southeast Asia. For this research I used the British Parliament papers, British East India Company documents and so on. As a result I understand that people insisted on usufruct for fishery activities, but not on the exclusive rights of possession of land except the living quarters

It is a common obligation for human societies to mourn for the dead men and to commemorate them. This is a problem that all civilizations cannot avoid. Funerals are main procedures, which reorganize social relations of living people through rituals of separation from dead men. And commemorative ceremonies of dead men are occasions for living people to reconfirm their own identities and to reunify their own groups. This project, focusing on how dead men were treated in their funerals or commemorative ceremonies aimed to find important clues to our comparative understanding of states and societies from pre-modern era to contemporary one.The funerals and commemoration of the dead can be divided into two types of social phenomena: (1)`the ordinary dead', whose funeral and commemoration are fundamentally the problems of relatives or a neighbouring community; (2) special dead' whose funeral or commemoration concerns a larger community or state (sovereigns, dictators, martyrs in different religions, people killed in national wars as soldiers or civilians, etc.)Starting from this suppositions, we have studied: (1) funerals and commemoration in various religions with their features of syncretism; (2) the complex relations between the rituals for`the special dead'and that of`the ordinary dead'; (3) the conscience represented in the funerals and the commemoration of contemporary societies where the influence of grand religions is weakened; (4)`political meanings of commemorations of killed in war

This research aimed to clarify the Southeast Asian history that did not see enough in the research of the past. Especially, a Southeast Asian history of the 18^<th> century was called "century of Chinese" or "century of Bugis". Both of peoples were not supported by a royal family or a nation. So, their documents are scarce and it is not easy to clarify their history. In this research it tries to excavate new historical materials in English and in Chinese for such a Southeast Asian history. In other words, this research aimed to lead the Southeast Asian historical research by using materials which European researchers did not use Chinese ones and Japanese did not use English ones in the past.For that aim we had done the historical material investigation in London, the People's Republic of China and Taiwan in overseas and British Parliamentary Papers in the Japan Center for Area Studies, Museum of Ethnology, Hakluyt Society publications in Faculty of Letters, Kyoto University etc.This research was assisted by postgraduate students and junior researches who attended the monthly meeting of Kansai branch of Japan Society for Southeast Asian History. Our seminars were held after that meeting. We also educated them

We discussed three major topics :1. educational and research conditions on Southeast Asian history in Japan,2. relations to other disciplines and fields,3. foreign history and national history.We spent one year for each topic. In the first year we researched the educational conditions on the Southeast Asian history in Japanese universities. Also we organized seminars where senior scholars discussed suitable topics for bachelor theses and master theses on Southeast Asian history. In the second year we invited scholars who are majoring in Southeast Asia, but not history, for our seminars. In the third year we researched the educational and research conditions in each nation-state of Southeast Asia. Because a national history is something different from a history as an academic subject.The head investigator wrote a draft of textbook on the Philippine history last July. The other investigators are writing or preparing each. We have also recognized the. necessity of bibliographies, lists of primary sources, reprinted documents, translations, monographs and so on. The head of investigator will publish the list of Japanese consular reports from the Philippines, 1881-1943 and will reprint Firipin Joho (information Bulletin of the Philippines) , 1936-1944, in June of this year. At first we publish 28 papers based on our seminars last three years

This study attempts to document the environmental degradation and survival strategies of inhabitants in upland areas. Followings are major findings.(1) A great number of people have migrated from lowland to upland areas where deforestation was done by the commercial logging opperations for the past decades.(2) Our rural-upland migration hypothesis is clearly supported.(3) Although migrants from lowlands start practicing swidden agriculture at the beginning, they intensify their land use once they introduce commercial crops.(4) Major culprits for forest disappearance are not population increase, but the government policies on forest development, encouragement of commercial logging for the external debt payment, enclosure of public land by forest concessionaires, construction of timber road, employment absorption of logging workers.(5) Factors that accelerate upland migration are deprivation of land rights of natives by modern system of land ownership, eviction of tenant farmers by landlords, agricultural commercialization, conversion of agricultural land for the development of industrial estates in suburban areas

The eastern half or insular Southeast Asia extending from the Wallace Line is called the Wallacea, which consists of the Celebes Sea, the Makassar Strait, the Maluku Sea and the Flores Sea. In this maritime world, people have maintained their livelihood depending on the ecological basis provided by the sea and established socio-cultural tradition which can be defined as network society. This research project aimed at clarifying the characteristics of such society by focusing migration and trading networks among the people in the WallaceaThe joint research was conducted in the areas around the Celebes Sea and the Makassar Strait in F.Y.1995, the Maluku Sea-and the Flores Sea in F.Y.1996, and the Celebes Sea, the Flores Sea and Makassar Strait in F.Y.1997.Through this research, various first-hand materials were obtained, firstly, for investigating the present situation and the historical process of migration among the Bugis, the Sama and the Sangihe peoples. They includematerials for investigation social and individual history of the migration and trading network of the Bugis people who have established a wide ethnic distribution all over the Wallacea, for estimating the distribution of the Sama people from their languages and oral-histories, and for reconstructing the history of Sangihe migration and settlement. Secondly, from the fieldworks conducted in the border areas between Malaysia and Indonesia as well as between the Philippines and Indonesia, useful materials were obtained for reconsidering the significance of network society in theframe of nation state, particularly, from the view points of ethno-history, social history and comparative educational science. Analyzing these materials and compiling the research findings and results, we will publish the final report in English in F.Y.199

Peoples of Mindanao, Southern Philippins and Sangihe-Talaud Island, Northern Indonesia were well known seafaring peoples and have kept their genealogies and the related narratives. In these oral records they have often moved. It was estimated that near million people have moved last 50 years. The aim of this research is to arrange, translate, analyze and publish these oral records which was collected by the overseas research projects "Mobility of Frontier in Insular Southeast Asia" and "Cultural and Environmental Mobility of Network Society in Insular Southeast Asia" from 1994 to 1996. As a result, it become clear that Muslims moved and extended Islam to southern Mindanao. On the other hand, peoples is Sangihe-Talaud Islands have recorded and remembered that people came and went between Mindanao and their islands. From this research it is confirmed their mobility, how and when they moved, and how they memorize. A part of the results, which was already arranged and translated, is published in this year as a trial edition. In near future whole results of this research will be published after a further fieldresearch in the Philippines and Indonesia in 1997

Following the research plans adopted in the previous two fiscal years, we combined, in this fiscal year too, the joint research and researches conducted by individual research participants in insular Southeast Asia. The joint research was carried out in East Kalimantan which was not yet covered in our research project. It consisted of two parts : firstly, to travel along the Mahakam from the estuary to the upper stream and, secondly, to conduct research in the areas bordering with Malaysian Sabah.The areas along the Mahakam have been exploited and developed very rapidly since before the war. Coal and oil had areadly been exploited before the war and after the war logs and timbers began to be exported. The government-sponsord relocation of the Dayak and transmigration of the Javanese have also been carried out. In our research along the Mahakam, we could obtain a clear historical perspective on the massive transformation of the forntier areas which were initiated by the government and capitalist sector.In the border areas with Malaysian Sabah, we recognized the existence of a different type of frontier hithertoo not clearly recognized in our research project, that is, border-area frontier. Goods, people and information travel daily form these areas to Sabah and vice versa. Mobility in every sense of the term is hightened in these areas precisely because they face the national border. A similar kind of border-area frontier is also observed in maritime frontier such as the sea zone between the Sulu archipelago on one hand and on the other Saba and North Sulawesi. We will have to contemplate how to locate this "crossover-frontier" in our total picture of the fronteir world in Southeast Asian archipelago.Researches by individual research participants were carried out in various areas in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Brunei. It was extremely useful for our research purposes to expand our research activities to these wide-ranging areas in order to comprehend the complexity of Southeast Asian archipelago. Through the three-year project, we are confident that we established a solid foundation for describing and explaining the dynamics of the frontier world of Southeast Asian archipelago

本年度はK班として研究活動を行なう最終年度であるが、以下のような成果をあげることができた。1。東南アジア・イスラ-ム宗教・民族運動関係の文献資料の整理とデ-タ・ベ-ス化を行なった。およそ千点におよぶ資料の書誌学的情報のコンピュ-タ入力を完了した。(中村光男)2。アメリカ統治期のフィリピン・ムスリムに関する第一次資料を入手し、整理中である(早瀬普三)3。イラン近現代政治運動に関する第一次資料およびペルシャ語学術雑誌を入手して、現在整理中でありコンピュ-タ入力によるデ-タ・ベ-ス化を準備中である。4。平成2年7月18〜19日、M,O,V班との合同研究会を開催し、イスラ-ム都市および宗教・民族運動の地域性に関して報告・討議を行ない、秋の全体集会の準備を行なった。5。平成2年11月27日〜12月2日、全体集会および国際会議に研究分担者全員参加し、とくに全体集会の第7セッション「イスラ-ム都市の地域間比較」をM班と協力して組織した。6。平成3年2月1〜3日、鹿児島大学南太平洋海域研究センタ-およびV班との共催にて、シンポジウム「東南アジアのイスラ-ム」およびポスト・シンポジウム「イスラ-ム世界のなかの東南アジア」を開催し、多数の参加者をみた。このシンポジウムの成果は平成3年度中に公刊の予定である。7。K班の研究分担者全員が平成3年度中に公刊される予定の『イスラ-ムの都市性事典』の分担執筆を通じて本プロジェクトにおける研究成果の発表を行なう予定である

今年度も前年度に引き続き、研究分担者が自ら発表するとともにゲスト・スピーカーを依頼し、また南方関与に縁のある場所においての研究会開催を担当するという方針で、研究会活動を遂行した。第1回研究会{7月2日(土)〜3日(日)場所;長崎県平戸市}では、2日には、清水元による「西海から見た日本史」とゲスト・スピーカーの川瀬平太・早稲田大学政治経済学部教授による「南方(南アジア)関与の比較経済史」の研究発表を行い、3日には、松浦資料館などを見学した。第2回研究会{9月22日(木)〜23日(金・祝)場所;愛知県蒲郡市}では、22日には蔡史君が「日本の南進政策に於ける台湾人の活動」をゲスト・スピーカーの後藤乾一・早稲田大学社会科学研究所所長が「『1930年代『南進』と『ポルトガル領ティモ-ル』問題」を発表した。23日には、倉沢愛子・名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科教授が「日本軍政下の輸送問題」を発表し、午後に近くの三ケ根山の元フィリピン在留邦人慰霊碑を見学。第3回研究会{12月4日(日)〜5日(月)場所;愛知県那覇市・金武町}では、4日には、小島勝が「『日本』の南方関与の多重性-フィリピンのダバオにおける沖縄県人子弟と混血児童生徒の教育問題を通して」を石川友紀・琉球大学法文学部教授が「東南アジアにおける沖縄県出身移民の歴史と実態」を発表した。午後は、金武町役場内の「金武町史料編纂室」において南方関与関係史料を閲覧・蒐集し、また金武町教育委員会にてフィリピン移民関係史料・歴史的遺物を見学した。5日には、沖縄県立図書館などを訪れ、資料を蒐集した

本研究は、戦前期日本の国制を帝国として総合的に再把握する視角を提示することを目的としつつ、本国と統治地域さらにはその外郭としてのアジア圏域とがいかなる経済的な連関をもって構成されていたかを明らかにするための前提として、戦前期の対アジア調査機関群の調査活動を解明することを課題に、その分析のために国内外の図書館などに架蔵されている資料や統計について調査を行ってきた。ただ、これらの調査機関については、現在ではその調査活動の実態が不分明なままであるため、ここでは戦前期において最大の調査範囲をカヴァーした東亜研究所の活動に焦点を当て、同所が蒐集したアジア全域についての情報を分析し、ついで特定地域に設置された機関としての南洋協会で日印協会、比律賓協会などについても史料調査を行った。その調査結果に基づいて、日本とアジアの諸地域との関連がいかに捉えられ、それが現実の外交・経済政策や日本人のアジア認識にいかなる影響を与えたのかを明らかにすべく、班員間での意見交換を重ねてきた。さらに、これらの調査や意見交換を基礎として、蒐集した史料から日本の「帝国」としての構成がどのように進められたかについての見通しと課題を明らかにしていくことために帝国的統治システムとその域内における経済連関や人的ネットワークがいかに構成され、変遷していったかについての理論的討議を重ね、その成果の一部を『帝国の研究』(名古屋大学出版会)として公刊した

　2007年に出版した『戦争の記憶を歩く　東南アジアのいま』（岩波書店）は、2003-05年に東南アジア各国でおこなった調査に基づいている。その後、博物館がなくなったり、新たにオープンしたりしたものがあった。すでに調査をおこなったところの追跡調査、および、これまで調査する機会がなかった国・都市を新たにおこなう必要を感じた。2020年度は、新型コロナウィルス感染拡大の影響で海外出張ができず、これまでに収集した資料の整理に専念した。これまで本助成金などを得て『アジア太平洋討究』に投稿した6本に加えて、8本の論文からなる単著単行本『戦争でねじ曲げられた歴史　それを糺す試み』（仮題、人文書院）の出版準備を進めている。

　日本占領・勢力下の東南アジアにおける新聞・雑誌の発行状況等については、拙稿「日本占領・勢力下の東南アジアで発行された新聞」（『アジア太平洋討究』第27号、2016年、pp.61-100）でまとめ、おおよそのことはわかったが、その所蔵状況、とくに東南アジア現地での所蔵状況はよくわかっていない。東南アジア現地の文書館、図書館、博物館などで所蔵されているものの調査を、科研費基盤研究（B）を申請して、網羅的に把握したいと考えている。まずは、研究協力者のJulz Riddleと姫本由美子がシンガポール、マレーシア、インドネシアの予備的調査をおこなった。また、代表者の早瀬晋三はオーストラリアのキャンベラで調査をおこなった。

　2007年に出版した『戦争の記憶を歩く　東南アジアのいま』（岩波書店）は、2003-05年に東南アジア各国でおこなった調査に基づいている。その後、博物館がなくなったり、新たにオープンしたりしたものがあった。すでに調査をおこなったところの追跡調査、および、これまで調査する機会がなかった国・都市を新たにおこなう必要を感じた。2015-18年度に続いて、19年度はフィリピンのバギオ、ダバオ、オーストラリアのキャンベラで戦争記念碑・博物館の調査をおこなった。追跡調査・補足調査をおこなうことで、東南アジア各国・地域での共通点と相異点が明らかになってきている。また、オーストラリアからみた東南アジアでの戦争を概観した。

　国益を守る政策を尊重しつつ、市民・生活者の目線で環境・資源の保全をはかり、紛争を回避する方途を探る。近年、日本周辺海域で、無人島などをめぐる領有権争いが問題になっている。本研究は、海を共有物と考えるコモンズの思想が古今東西で発達してきたことに注目し、歴史学、社会学、人類学などの基礎研究から問い、国を超えた地域（リージョン）や地方（ローカル）の生活者の目線から解決の糸口を見出そうとするものである。本年度は、10月21日（日）早稲田大学、12月15日（土）京都大学で研究会をおこなった。より視野を広くし、深みのある議論ができ、本格的な研究・議論に発展できる準備が充分整った。

　2007年に出版した『戦争の記憶を歩く　東南アジアのいま』（岩波書店）は、2003～05年に東南アジア各国でおこなった調査に基づいている。その後、博物館がなくなったり、新たにオープンしたりしたものがあった。すでに調査をおこなったところの追跡調査、および、これまで調査する機会がなかったところの調査を新たにおこなう必要を感じた。2015-17年度に続いて、18年度はマレーシアのコタバル、マラッカ、スレンバン、コタキナバルで戦争記念碑・博物館の調査をおこなった。追跡調査・補足調査をおこなうことで、東南アジア各国・地域での共通点と相異点が明らかになってきている。また、マレーシアでは、国と州、都市でも相違がある。

　2007年に出版した『戦争の記憶を歩く　東南アジアのいま』（岩波書店）は、2003～05年に東南アジア各国でおこなった調査に基づいている。その後、博物館がなくなったり、新たにオープンしたりしたものがあった。すでに調査をおこなったところの追跡調査、および、これまで調査する機会がなかったところの調査を新たにおこなう必要を感じた。2015年度、16年度に続いて、17年度はマレーシア、シンガポールで調査をおこなった。追跡調査・補足調査をおこなうことで、東南アジア各国・地域での共通点と相異点が明らかになってきている。シンガポールでは第51回日本占領期戦没者追悼式典に出席し、次世代へ継承していることが確認できた。

This is a supplement of A Walk Through War Memories in Southeast Asia published in 2007 (Iwanami Shoten in Japanese) and 2010 (Metro Manila: New Day Publishers in English).I conducted a field-research at war memorials, museums, and war cemeteries in Manila and Dumaguete in the Philippines in July 2016 and in Hong Kong in February 2017. The National Historical Institute erected 10 or more historical markers every year, not only in Manila but also in rural area. Many of them mention on Japanese occupation in the Philippines in 1942-45. Hong Kong is not included in Southeast Asia usually, but there are same war monuments and cemeteries with Singapore because of a British colony. The Japanese occupation in Hong Kong on 25 December 1941 is important as a pre-history of Japanese occupation in Singapore on 15 February 1942. These war monuments and cemeteries were originally constructed by British after World War I. It is important to consider the continuity from World War I to World War II.

This is a supplement of A Walk Through War Memories in Southeast Asia published in 2007 (Iwanami Shoten in Japanese) and 2010 (Metro Manila: New Day Publishers in English).There are three war memorials in Labuan Island: (1) Surrender Point, (2) Peace Park, and (3) World War II Memorial. In the Peace Park the Japanese do not mention anything on "murders" and atrocities committed by Japanese Imperial Forces like the Api Incident and Sandakan Death March. On the other hand the official web site of Labuan Corporation does not mention on the Peace Park built by Japanese in the "Historical Monument" in Labuan City.&nbsp;I will contribute an article on this gap to the Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies (Waseda University), No. 27 (September 2016).