The way people perceive the things around them is closely related to living in a complex and challenging social environment. Dichotomous thinking (preference for dichotomy, dichotomous belief, and profit-and-loss thinking), which classifies things in a simple way, can be useful in dangerous and resource-limited environments. However, based on prior studies, people's manner of perceiving things may have developed as a response to the harshness of their childhood environment, and may not be related to their current environment. Therefore, we examined the relationship between individual differences in dichotomous thinking and high-crime environments as indicators of environmental harshness. We assessed dichotomous thinking in 41,284 Japanese residents using large-scale data from the Human Information Database FY19 compiled by NTT DATA Institute of Management Consulting, Inc. The fixed effects regression model showed that, after controlling for age, high-crime environment of the residents' childhood was associated with dichotomous thinking, with the exception of dichotomous belief. On the other hand, their current environment of crime was not associated. In sum, our research suggests that people's dichotomous thinking tendency may be a form of adaptation to the harshness of their childhood environment rather than their current one.

This study examined the relationship between the Dark Triad of personality, cognitive ability, and social value orientations. After gender and age were controlled for, dark personality traits and cognitive ability were examined for their predictive utility of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive social value orientations. A sample of 4730 Japanese adults (60.25% men, 39.75% women) aged between 18 and 71 (M = 49.62, SD = 11.06) completed a large-scale cross-sectional online survey. Results showed that dark personality traits negatively predict prosocial value orientation, whereas higher cognitive ability was linked with an increase in prosocial behavior. Further, higher scores in all dark personality traits predicted an individualistic social value orientation, while Machiavellianism and low cognitive ability predicted competitive behaviors. Results suggest that when there is a conflict between individual and collective interests, individuals high in dark personality traits have a preference for proself behavior and tend to avoid prosocial decisions, prioritizing their benefit over others'.

BACKGROUND: Surgical procedures for proximal gastric cancer remain a highly debated topic. Total gastrectomy (TG) is widely accepted as a standard radical surgery. However, subtotal esophagectomy, proximal gastrectomy (PG) or even subtotal gastrectomy, when a small upper portion of the stomach can technically be preserved, are alternatives in current clinical practice. METHODS: Using a cohort of the PGSAS NEXT trial, consisting of 1909 patients responding to a questionnaire sent to 70 institutions between July 2018 and December 2019, gastrectomy type, reconstruction method, and furthermore the remnant stomach size and the anti-reflux procedures for PG were evaluated. RESULTS: TG was the procedure most commonly performed (63.0%), followed by PG (33.4%). Roux-en-Y was preferentially employed following TG irrespective of esophageal tumor invasion, while jejunal pouch was adopted in 8.5% of cases with an abdominal esophageal stump. Esophagogastrostomy was most commonly selected after PG, followed by the double-tract method. The former was preferentially employed for larger remnant stomachs (≧3/4), while being used slightly less often for tumors with as compared to those without esophageal invasion in cases with a remnant stomach 2/3 the size of the original stomach. Application of the double-tract method gradually increased as the remnant stomach size decreased. Anti-reflux procedures following esophagogastrostomy varied markedly. CONCLUSIONS: TG is the mainstream and PG remains an alternative in current Japanese clinical practice for proximal gastric cancer. Remnant stomach size and esophageal stump location appear to influence the choice of reconstruction method following PG.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) frequently also have functional dyspepsia (FD) symptoms, which impair their quality of life. However, the magnitude and characteristics of the effects of each symptom on daily life have been unclarified. Using multiple regression analysis, we aimed to clarify these questions. METHODS: We enrolled 290 patients from 29 institutions across Japan, in this prospective, observational study. Patients responded to three questionnaires (Gastroesophageal Reflux and Dyspepsia Therapeutic Efficacy and Satisfaction Test [GERD-TEST], Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS], and 8-item Short-Form Health Survey [SF-8]) before and after 4 weeks of proton pump inhibitor treatment. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted between symptoms such as typical GERD, epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) and postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) of FD, and aspects of daily life, namely, level of satisfaction with the daily life of GERD-TEST, anxiety and depression score of HADS, and physical and mental component summary of SF-8. RESULTS: Pearson correlation analysis showed a significant correlation in all combinations between GERD/FD-EPS/FD-PDS symptoms and the nine aspects of daily life. However, multiple regression analysis results deviated from these results, with the most significant effects seen in the PDS-symptom subscale (SS) on the five aspects of daily life, that is, dissatisfaction with eating, daily life-SS, anxiety, depression, and mental component summary (MCS) whereas the significant effects in GERD-SS on five aspects of daily life, that is, dissatisfaction for eating, anxiety, depression, physical component summary, and MCS, disappeared. CONCLUSION: Dealing with co-existing FD symptoms without overlooking them may be important in the management of GERD.

The purpose of this study was to adapt a Japanese version of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2-J) to examine its factor structure, reliability, validity, and measurement invariance. The BFI-2-J assesses five domains and 15 facets of the Big Five personality traits. We analyzed two datasets: 487 Japanese undergraduates and 500 Japanese adults. The results of the principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the domain-facet structure of the BFI-2-J was similar to that of other language versions. The reliability of the BFI-2-J is sufficient. The correlation coefficients between the BFI-2-J and the other Big Five and self-esteem measures supported convergent and discriminant validity. Moreover, we confirmed measurement invariance across age and sex groups in domain-level and facet-level models. The results suggest that the BFI-2-J is a good instrument for measuring the Big Five personality traits and their facets in Japan. The BFI-2-J is expected to be useful in Japanese personality research and international comparative research.

BACKGROUND: Although double tract reconstruction after proximal gastrectomy (PGDT) is commonly performed for proximal gastric or esophagogastric junction cancer, the impact of the procedure on postoperative quality of life (QOL) has not been clarified. We aimed to clarify the optimal PGDT procedure in terms of postoperative QOL. METHODS: Postoperative QOL was analyzed in 172 patients who underwent PGDT for proximal gastric cancer and were enrolled in the PGSAS-NEXT study, a multicenter cross-sectional study in Japan (UMIN000032221), in relation to the remnant stomach size, length of interposed jejunum between the esophagojejunostomy (E-J) and jejunogastrostomy (J-G), and size of the J-G. RESULTS: The remnant stomach size was approximately one-third in 13, half in 97, and two-thirds in 60 patients. Dissatisfaction scores for symptoms, diet, work, and daily life subscales were lower in patients with a larger stomach (p < 0.05). These patients also scored better in terms of weight loss (- 13.5%, - 14.0%, and - 11.2%, respectively) and amount of food ingested per meal (52%, 62%, and 66%). The length of the interposed jejunum was ≤ 10 cm in 62 and ≥ 11 cm in 97 patients. Weight loss (- 11.3% and - 13.8%) and dissatisfaction scores were better in the ≤ 10 cm group (p < 0.05). J-G size was ≤ 5 cm in 27 and ≥ 6 cm in 135 patients. The amount of food ingested (56%, 64%) and dissatisfaction scores were better in the > 6 cm group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Larger remnant stomach, shorter length of interposed jejunum, and longer J-G might contribute to better postoperative QOL after PGDT.

BACKGROUND: It is important to determine the effect of clinical factors on several domains (symptoms, living status, and quality of life [QOL]) after gastrectomy to establish individualized therapeutic strategies. This study was designed to determine the factors-particularly surgical method-that influence certain domains after gastrectomy for proximal gastric cancer by using the Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale-45 (PGSAS-45) questionnaire. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide study of PGSAS-45 questionnaire responses retrieved from 1950 (82.5%) patients from 70 institutions who had undergone gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Of these, 1,538 responses for proximal gastric cancer (1020 total gastrectomies and 518 proximal gastrectomies [PGs]) were examined. RESULTS: PG significantly and favorably affected four main outcome measures (MOMs): elderly affected 10 MOMs, male sex affected 4 MOMs, longer postoperative period affected 8 MOMs, preservation of the vagus nerve affected 1 MOM, adjuvant chemotherapy affected 1 MOM, clinical stage affected 2 MOMs, and more extensive lymph node dissection affected 2 MOMs. However, the laparoscopic approach had an adverse effect on MOMs and combined resection of other organs had no favorable effect on any MOMs. CONCLUSIONS: This PGSAS NEXT study showed that it is better to perform PG for proximal gastric cancer, even for patients with advanced cancer, to obtain favorable postoperative QOL if oncological safety is guaranteed. Because the MOMs of PGSAS-45 are positively and negatively influenced by various background factors, it also is necessary to provide personalized care for each patient to prevent deterioration and further improve symptoms, living status, and QOL postoperatively.

This study examined the relationship between personality traits and selective migration to the Tokyo metropolitan area, to explain the high extraversion and openness levels among urban residents. In Study 1, 247 undergraduates responded to a questionnaire encompassing a Big Five personality trait scale and their experience of moving to Tokyo to enroll in their university. Study 2 examined the relationship between personality traits and the experience of migration to the Tokyo metropolitan area using a large dataset of 18,665 Japanese adults. People who moved to the Tokyo metropolitan area from local areas reported higher openness levels. People who had lived in the Tokyo metropolitan area for a long time demonstrated as generally extroverted as people who moved there.

BACKGROUND: Defecation disorders are obscure sequelae that occurs after gastrectomy, and its implication on daily lives of patients have not been sufficiently investigated. AIM: To examine the features of defecation disorders after gastrectomy and to explore its implication on daily lives of patients in a large cohort using the Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale (PGSAS)-45. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide multi-institutional study using PGSAS-45 to examine the prevalence of postgastrectomy syndrome and its impact on daily lives of patients after various types of gastrectomy. Data were obtained from 2368 eligible patients at 52 institutions in Japan. Of these, 1777 patients who underwent total gastrectomy (TG; n = 393) or distal gastrectomy (DG; n = 1384) were examined. The severity of defecation disorder symptoms, such as diarrhea and constipation, and their correlation with other postgastrectomy symptoms were examined. The importance of defecation disorder symptoms on the living states and quality of life (QOL) of postgastrectomy patients, and those clinical factors that affect the severity of defecation disorder symptoms were evaluated using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Among seven symptom subscales of PGSAS-45, the ranking of diarrhea was 4th in TG and 2nd in DG. The ranking of constipation was 5th in TG and 1st in DG. The symptoms that correlated well with diarrhea were dumping and indigestion in both TG and DG; while those with constipation were abdominal pain and meal-related distress in TG, and were meal-related distress and indigestion in DG. Among five main outcome measures (MOMs) of living status domain, constipation significantly impaired four MOMs, while diarrhea had no effect in TG. Both diarrhea and constipation impaired most of five MOMs in DG. Among six MOMs of QOL domain, diarrhea impaired one MOM, whereas constipation impaired all six MOMs in TG. Both diarrhea and constipation equally impaired all MOMs in DG. Male sex, younger age, division of the celiac branch of vagus nerve, and TG, independently worsened diarrhea, while female sex worsened constipation. CONCLUSION: Defecation disorder symptoms, particularly constipation, impair the living status and QOL of patients after gastrectomy; therefore, we should pay attention and adequately treat these relatively modest symptoms to improve postoperative QOL.

PURPOSE: This retrospective nationwide survey investigated the quality of life (QOL) of patients with esophagogastric junction cancer after gastrectomy using the Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale-45. METHODS: The Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale-45 comprises 45 questions classified into symptoms, living status, and QOL domains. A total of 1950 gastrectomized patients with upper-third gastric or esophagogastric junction cancer returned the completed forms. Among them, 224 eligible patients with esophagogastric junction cancer were selected, including 86, 120, and 18 patients who underwent total gastrectomy, proximal gastrectomy (reconstruction-esophagogastrostomy: 56; double-tract method: 51), and other procedures, respectively. RESULTS: The postoperative period was significantly shorter (47 ± 30 vs. 34 ± 30 months, p = 0.002), and the rates of early-stage disease and minimally invasive approaches significantly higher (both p < 0.001) in the proximal gastrectomy group than in the total gastrectomy group. Despite advantageous background factors for proximal gastrectomy, the postoperative QOL did not differ markedly between the groups. Compared to patients who underwent reconstruction with the double-tract method, patients who underwent esophagogastrostomy had significantly larger remnant stomachs but a similar QOL. CONCLUSION: Even with total gastrectomy, a postoperative QOL comparable to that with proximal gastrectomy can be maintained. Clarifying the optimal reconstruction methods for proximal gastrectomy for esophagogastric junction cancer is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered at the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR; registration number: 000032221).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality traits and hoarding behavior during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. An online survey was conducted among 530 Japanese adults (274 women; M age = 44.26, SD age = 8.43) who were living in Tokyo when a state of emergency was declared. Personality traits were assessed using measures of the Big Five personality traits and dispositional greed. They also responded to measures of tendencies to hoard essential and countermeasure products during the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlation analysis revealed that Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness, and dispositional greed were positively associated with hoarding behavior. Multiple regression analysis revealed that individuals with high Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and dispositional greed tended to hoard products. The present findings suggest that personality traits account for behavioral responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The emergent relationship between hoarding behavior and each personality trait is discussed in relation to the existing literature.

While dispositional mindfulness is a popular construct in the field of positive psychology, its nomological network in the context of health and well-being is not well established. Our study addresses this limitation by examining the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and various health-related psychological constructs, including personality, social well-being, and affective states. Data for this study were gathered from the national longitudinal studies of health and well-being called Midlife in the United States (MIDUS-II and MIDUS-III). The nomological network analysis of dispositional mindfulness showed positive associations with both religiosity and overall well-being measures (e.g., Social Well-Being, Sympathy, Optimism, and Generativity) and negative associations with maladaptive tendencies (e.g., Pessimism, Aggression, Neuroticism, and Personal Constraints). Finally, test-retest validity was positively verified by significant correlations among the variables, spanning over ten years. Articulating a nomological network of dispositional mindfulness has important implications for future research and practice.&#x0D;
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BACKGROUND: The effects of various gastrectomy procedures on the patient's quality of life (QOL) are not well understood. Thus, this nationwide multi-institutional cross-sectional study using the Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale-45 (PGSAS-45), a well-established questionnaire designed to clarify the severity and characteristics of the postgastrectomy syndrome, was conducted. AIM: To compare the effects of six main gastrectomy procedures on the postoperative QOL. METHODS: Eligible questionnaires retrieved from 2368 patients who underwent either of six gastrectomy procedures [total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction (TGRY; n = 393), proximal gastrectomy (PG; n = 193), distal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction (DGRY; n = 475), distal gastrectomy with Billroth-I reconstruction (DGBI; n = 909), pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG; n = 313), and local resection of the stomach (LR; n = 85)] were analyzed. Among the 19 main outcome measures of PGSAS-45, the severity and characteristics of postgastrectomy syndrome were compared for the aforementioned six gastrectomy procedures using analysis of means. RESULTS: TGRY and PG significantly impaired the QOL of postoperative patients. Postoperative QOL was excellent in LR (cardia and pylorus were preserved with minimal resection). In procedures removing the distal stomach, diarrhea subscale (SS) and dumping SS were less frequent in PPG than in DGBI and DGRY. However, there was no difference in the postoperative QOL between DGBI and DGRY. The most noticeable adverse effects caused by gastrectomy were meal-related distress SS, dissatisfaction at the meal, and weight loss, with significant differences among the surgical procedures. CONCLUSION: Postoperative QOL greatly differed among six gastrectomy procedures. The severity and characteristics of postgastrectomy syndrome should be considered to select gastrectomy procedures, overcome surgical shortcomings, and enhance postoperative care.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the prevalence of proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been increasing, posing a clinical obstacle to improving the management of GERD patients. The ability of known predictive factors to explain therapeutic response to PPI remains insufficient. Therefore, we examined whether the addition of early therapeutic response to PPI as an explanatory variable may increase the predictive power for PPI-refractory GERD. METHODS: The severity and therapeutic response of GERD symptoms to PPI were evaluated using the GastroEsophageal Reflux and Dyspepsia Therapeutic Efficacy and Satisfaction Test (GERD-TEST) questionnaire at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. The relevance of the therapeutic effect of PPI at 2 weeks compared to that at 4 weeks was examined in 301 patients with GERD. Independent predictive factors for refractory GERD at 4 weeks of PPI therapy were examined in 182 patients. The effect of various clinical factors, including the early response to PPI, was assessed using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The number of PPI-therapy responders increased significantly with the duration of treatment (p < 0.0001). The response to PPI therapy at 2 weeks was significantly correlated with that at 4 weeks (p < 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the therapeutic response to PPI at 2 weeks was by far the strongest predictor of the therapeutic effect at 4 weeks among all clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS: Medication change for PPI-refractory GERD at 2 weeks may be an efficacious therapeutic strategy to improve patients' quality of life.

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Dichotomous thinking has three dimensions: preference for dichotomy, dichotomous belief and profit-and-loss thinking. Previous studies imply that the dichotomous thinking is associated with low cognitive abilities and low level of education attainment. In the present study, we examined the relationships between dichotomous thinking and cognitive abilities, educational attainment in Japanese undergraduate sample and wider population sample who have different educational background. They completed Dichotomous Thinking Inventory and one of four cognitive tasks: The Cattel's Culture Fair Intelligence Test, Tanaka B method Intelligence Scale, syllogism test or the BAROCO short. Overall, correlation coefficients between the dichotomous thinking and the cognitive tasks were small but significantly negative in undergraduate sample. In wider population sample, dichotomous beliefs were negatively associated with cognitive ability, while profit-and-loss thinking was positively associated. Additionally, multiple regression analyses revealed that people with low level educational background show higher dichotomous thinking tendency. These findings indicate that the relationship between the dichotomous thinking and cognitive ability depends on the dimension, whereas dichotomous thinking is generally related to low educational attainment.

There is a pressing need for more evidence from regions from Western countries to draw conclusive outcomes concerning psychological sciences. Hence, the study intends to develop the Japanese version of the short form of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory; (FFNI-SF) to assess reliability and validity, and to explore the psychometric adaptation of a broad range of narcissistic personalities in relation to the Japanese people. Altogether, 449 Japanese undergraduate students took part in this study. The findings denoted that FFNI-SF had an acceptable level of reliability and correlated well with existing Japanese scales. Based on the exploratory factor analysis, the lack of empathy was excluded from grandiosity, yielding an isolated factor. However, the exploratory factor analysis revealed that the lack of empathy had nothing to do with Japanese narcissism.

<p>The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI), consisting of 7 sub-scales, was developed to comprehensively assess the components of narcissism, including not only grandiose but also vulnerable aspects. The purpose of this study was to develop the Japanese version of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI-J) and to examine its factor structure, reliability, and validity in the Japanese population. The results from 402 participants showed that the PNI-J has a factor structure that is nearly equivalent to the original PNI. Furthermore, the PNI-J had good test-retest reliability, and had a theoretically reasonable correlation with self-, interpersonal-, and personality-related variables. Additionally, the Japanese version of the Brief-Pathological Narcissism Inventory (B-PNI-J) was constructed based on previous research, demonstrating nearly the same properties as the full version. Thus, the PNI-J and the B-PNI-J can reflect the pathological features of narcissistic people in the Japanese population more comprehensively than other conventional measurement scales of narcissism. </p>

<p>A previous study revealed curvilinear changes over time in 12 traits of the Yatabe-Guilford Personality Inventory in Japan (Oshio et al., 2019). The purpose of the present study was to examine relationships between the survey-year change of the inventory and social indices. A cross-temporal meta-analysis was conducted on 171 to 181 samples (68 to 74 papers) of Japanese undergraduates who completed the inventory from 1957 to 2012 (total N = 29,524–29,847). The dataset was partially identical to the previous study. Partial correlation with previous control scores of personality traits indicated that mean scores for seven personality traits are associated with changes in social indices. Results of time series analyses indicated that the change of social indices has significant associations with the following mean score changes of personality traits. Implications of the results are discussed. </p>

<p>本研究の目的は日本におけるパーソナリティの地域差をBig Five尺度を用いて検討することである。3つの大規模調査のデータセット (調査1: 4,469名，調査2: 5,619名，調査3: 4,330名) を用いて二次分析をおこなった。各Big Fiveパーソナリティにおける局所的な集積を日本地図上にマッピングし，さらに3つのデータセットを通して高い，あるいは低い傾向にある都道府県を確認したところ，結果は次のようになった。外向性は首都圏や沖縄県で高く，中国地方で低い傾向にあった。協調性は九州東部や沖縄県で高く，北陸地方で低い傾向にあった。勤勉性は東北地方で低い傾向にあった。神経症傾向は東北地方や中国地方で高く，沖縄県で低い傾向にあった。開放性は九州北部で高い傾向にあった。首都圏や沖縄県，北海道における傾向はおおむね仮説と一貫していた。また特徴の見られた地域や日本におけるパーソナリティ特性の地域差について考察をおこなった。</p>

BACKGROUND: Proximal gastrectomy (PG) has become an increasingly preferred procedure for early cancer in the upper third of the stomach, owing to reportedly superior quality of life (QOL) after PG when compared with total gastrectomy. However, various methods of reconstruction have currently been proposed. We compared the postoperative QOL among the three different reconstruction methods after PG using the Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale-45 (PGSAS-45) questionnaire. METHODS: Post Gastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Study (PGSAS), a nationwide multi-institutional survey, was conducted to evaluate QOL using the PGSAS-45 among various types of gastrectomy. Of the 2,368 eligible data from the PGSAS survey, data from 193 patients who underwent PG were retrieved and used in the current study. The PGSAS-45 consists of 45 items including 22 original gastrectomy specific items in addition to the SF-8 and GSRS. These were consolidated into 19 main outcome measures pertaining postgastrectomy symptoms, amount of food ingested, quality of ingestion, work, and level of satisfaction for daily work, and the three reconstruction methods (n = 193; 115 esophago-gastrostomy [PGEG], 34 jejunal interposition [PGJI], and 44 jejunal pouch interposition [PGJPI]) were compared using PGSAS-45. RESULTS: Size of the remnant stomach was significantly larger in PGEG, and significantly smaller in PGJI and PGJPI (P < 0.05). There was no difference in other patient background factors among the groups. EGJPI tended to be superior to PGEG in several of the 19 main outcome with marginal significance (P = 0.047-0.076). CONCLUSION: PGJPI appears to be the most favorable of the three reconstruction methods after PG especially when the size of remnant stomach is rather small. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN-CTR #000002116 entitled as "A study to observe correlation between resection and reconstruction procedures employed for gastric neoplasms and development of postgastrectomy syndrome".

© 2020 Japanese Psychological Association. Published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. Dichotomous thinking is a feature of certain personality traits, such as the Dark Triad and Cluster B personality disorders, which commonly reflect a fast life history strategy. The Big Five and HEXACO personality models are useful for understanding the personality structure and individual differences in life history strategy. Our study aimed to shed light on the propensity for dichotomous thinking using the framework of the Big Five and HEXACO personality models. Participants (n = 229) completed the Dichotomous Thinking Inventory, the 60-item HEXACO Personality Inventory – Revised, and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. We examined correlations between dichotomous thinking and each domain of the Big Five and HEXACO personality models, and then computed multiple correlations predicting total and dimensional scores on the propensity for dichotomous thinking with scores on the Big Five and HEXACO personality traits. Results indicated that dichotomous thinking tendency is characterized by the set of low Agreeableness and Honesty–Humility. This study suggests that dichotomous thinking has antagonistic characteristics and a linkage to the fast life history strategy.

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Geographical personality differences robustly predict diverse consequential outcomes. However, comparatively little is known about the factors that create such differences, in particular the role of the built environment. To bridge the gap, the present study used a socioecological approach to examine the relationship between walkability and personality. Walkability reflects the degree to which urban areas are easily walkable and accessible for pedestrians. As such it is considered a defining feature of people's living environments. We utilized a large sample from the Data Sharing for Psychology in Japan (DSPJ) project, which assessed the Big Five personality traits of 5141 Japanese residents. Walkability estimates were extracted from Walk Score, an established online platform, based on individuals' place of living. Building on prior research, we hypothesized that walkability would be positively linked to Agreeableness and Extraversion due to increased opportunities for social interactions and selective migration. Multiple regression analyses showed that walkability was positively related to Extraversion (B = 0.033; 95%CI [0.019, 0.047]; β = 0.066), but not to Agreeableness. This pattern persisted in the presence of a conservative set of individual and socioecological controls. Taken together, our research suggests that walkable urban environments may be conducive to a more animated and lively social climate which is reflected in heightened extraversion among residents of such areas. As such it advances psych-geographical theory and our understanding of the role of the built environment in the emergence of geographical personality differences.

This study investigated the age differences in the Dark Triad (DT) traits with 2 independent samples. Personality was measured using the Short Dark Triad and the Dark Triad Ditty Dozen. Results showed a significant negative correlation between age and DT traits except for narcissism, which differed between the samples. Significant age-by-sex interaction effects were observed for Macitiavellianism and the DT composite score, indicating that women showed a steeper downward age trend in dark personalities.

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine associations between the Big Five personality traits and tolerance toward foreign residents in Japan, and to examine the moderating effect of the population ratio of foreign residents in a residential area on these associations. We conducted a multiple regression analysis on a dataset including 18,656 Japanese residents (9,097 females; M_age = 47.80). The results of the analysis showed that tolerance was positively associated with Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness and negatively associated with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. There was a significant interaction between Conscientiousness and the population ratio of foreigners on tolerance toward foreigners. A simple slope analysis showed a stronger negative association between Conscientiousness and tolerance for the high population ratio of foreigners than for the low population ratio of foreigners. We discussed the associations between the Big Five personality traits and tolerance.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between the Big Five personality traits and a person's body mass index (BMI). We used three large datasets (survey 1, N = 3,063; survey 2, N = 4,242; survey 3, N = 17,471) including Japanese participants and examined the associations using correlation and multiple regression analyses. Consecutively, we conducted a meta-analysis including the results in the present study and a previous study. The results of these analyses show that Conscientiousness is consistently negatively associated with BMI. Extraversion is positively associated with BMI only for male participants. The pattern of relationships between the Big Five personality traits and BMI in Japan is similar to Western countries rather than to other East Asian countries. We discuss these associations in terms of eating habits and lifestyles.</p>

<p>The present study examined the relationships between the tendency to consume energy drink and personality traits. The participants were 288 Japanese undergraduates （M_age=20.15; 207 females）. They completed the questionnaire including Big Five personality traits, sensation seeking, and tendency to consume energy drink. Logistic and Poisson regression analyses revealed that the consumption of energy drink was associated positively with Thrill & Adventure and Disinhibition dimensions of the sensation seeking, which is a part of Extraversion. The results imply the psychological characteristics of its consumers.</p>

<p>The present study examined the relationships of sunshine duration with extraversion and neuroticism. Previous studies suggested that individuals living in regions that receive little direct sunlight tend to experience depression and lack of sleep, which are associated with particular personality traits. Moreover, they are associated with increases in the amount of serotonin with longer daylight durations. We used a Japanese dataset including 18,922 adults (9,227 females; mean age: 47.74) and conducted a prefecture-level analysis. Results of multiple regression analysis indicated that neuroticism was negatively associated with sunshine duration while extraversion was not. The results showed that sunshine duration may explain the variance of regional differences in personality traits.</p>

<p>The relationship between exercise behavior and the Big Five personality traits in Japanese adults (N=4,313, 2,618 men, 1,695 women; mean age=49.05 years, SD=10.84, age range=20–69 years) was investigated. Results indicated that exercise behavior was significantly correlated with Neuroticism (ρ=−.12), Extraversion (ρ=.18), Openness (ρ=.14), Agreeableness (ρ=.06), and Conscientiousness (ρ=.13). Controlling for sex, age, body mass index, educational level, household income, marital status, and the number of children indicated that levels of Extraversion and Openness were positively and significantly associated with exercise behavior. These findings suggest that personality traits influenced exercise behavior in Japanese people, and corroborated international studies.</p>

<p>本研究の目的はDark Triad （マキャベリアニズム，自己愛傾向，サイコパシー傾向）と他者操作方略（寺島・小玉，2004）との関連を検討することであった。大学生210名がDark Triad尺度と他者操作方略尺度を含む質問紙に回答を行った。共分散構造分析の結果，マキャベリアニズムとサイコパシー傾向は自己優越的行動操作に加えて，自己卑下的行動操作や各感情操作に対して正の影響を示した。また，自己愛傾向は自己優越的感情操作のみに正の影響が示された。本研究の結果はDark Triad尺度の妥当性を示すとともに，Dark Triadが高い者は自己優越的行動操作だけでなく，自己卑下的行動操作や感情操作を用いる傾向にあることを示すものであった。</p>

<p>This study aimed to investigate whether sadism is related to high competitive performance and whether this relationship is mediated by gamesmanship. Responses to sadism and gamesmanship scales of 339 university students majoring in physical education were analyzed. Results showed that sadism is significantly related to high competitive performance in relative competitions, and that this relationship is mediated by gamesmanship. Our findings suggest that sadism has positive aspects, despite its negative ones. This study contributes to the development of an accurate understanding of sadism.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between littering behavior and Dark Triad personality traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy). Forty-one college students (average age=19.83 years, SD=1.11; 9 males, 32 females) were assigned randomly into either a clean or a dirty laboratory condition, and participated in an experiment to assess their littering behavior. Results of Bayesian logistic regression analysis that predicted the littering index, indicated that cumulative probabilities that the odds ratio for narcissism and psychopathy exceed 1 in posterior distribution under dirty condition were 84% and 87%, respectively. The results of the present study showed that the Dark Triad personality traits may be related to littering behaviors, while previous studies focused on manipulations of condition.</p>

<p>This study aimed to reinvestigate age differences in resilience in a large cross-sectional Japanese sample (N=18,843; 9,657 men, 9,156 women; mean_age=47.74 years, SD_age=14.89, range_age=15–99 years). The data were obtained from a large cross-sectional study by NTT DATA Institute of Management Consulting, Inc. The results of hierarchical multiple regression indicated that age and squared term of age were significantly positively associated with resilience. These results reconfirm that resilience in Japanese individuals increases with age, corroborating the findings of previous studies.</p>

<p>本研究では辞書から抽出した対人特性語から円環構造が見出されるかどうかを検討した。大学生719人の回答をもとに主成分分析を行い，第1主成分と第2主成分からなる平面上に対人特性語をプロットすると円環状の配置が得られた。また海外の先行研究同様，支配性と親密性と解釈可能な2つのほぼ直交する軸が見出された。このことから対人特性の円環構造と支配性・親密性の軸の汎文化的特性が示唆された。外向性を表す対人特性語群の配置も先行研究通りであった。一方，協調性を表す対人特性語群の配置は海外での先行研究とは異なり，親密性寄りに配置された。今回円環上に配置された対人特性語群は語彙プールとしての活用が今後期待される。</p>

The current review synthesized studies investigating the relationships between resilience and Big Five personality traits and aimed to investigate how the relationships vary according to the two types of resiliency, psychological resilience and ego-resiliency. Thirty studies with a total sample size of 15,609 met the inclusion criteria to be used for the current meta-analysis. Results indicated that overall, estimated average correlation coefficients for resilience were: r = −0.46 with Neuroticism, r = 0.42 for Extraversion, r = 0.34 for Openness, r = 0.31 for Agreeableness, and r = 0.42 for Conscientiousness. When comparing the differences between the two types of resiliency, a stronger negative relationship with Neuroticism, and stronger positive relationships with Openness and Agreeableness were obtained with ego-resiliency, compared with trait resilience. However, there was a lack of homogeneity in effect sizes across studies especially for ego-resilience. Directions for future research regarding resilience and the limitations of present research are discussed.

Recent studies have suggested that ruminative and distractive response styles to negative moods could have adaptive and maladaptive consequences, respectively. However, whether there is a common component in the adaptive aspects of ruminative or distractive response styles has not been examined sufficiently. Adaptiveness of ruminative or distractive response styles is considered to be associated with decentering
thus, we investigated the indirect effects of four types of the response style (adaptive/maladaptive aspects of each response style) on depression through decentering. In this study, 241 Japanese undergraduate students (75 men and 166 women) were assessed using the Response Style Scale, the Japanese Version of Experience Questionnaire, and the Japanese Version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Mediation analyses revealed that decentering fully mediated the effects of adaptive aspects of ruminative and distractive response styles on depression whereas it partially mediated the effects of maladaptive aspects of response styles. These results indicate that the adaptiveness of response styles is influenced by decentering, and it particularly works in the adaptive aspects of ruminative/distractive response styles as a common element. Thus, a possibility is suggested that cultivating decentered perspective is effective in reducing maladaptive aspects of both response styles to negative moods or objects.

<p>This study aimed to examine the relationship among athletes' envy, athletic events, and competitive level. A survey was conducted among 496 university athletes (428 men and 68 women). The results indicated that competitive level was positively associated with benign envy in competitive sports (open-skill sports), while no significant association between the two was observed in record sports (closed-skill sports). Moreover, athletic events and competitive level were not significantly associated with malicious envy. Therefore, envy scores differed depending on the athletic events, competitive level, and the combinations thereof.</p>

<p>This study aimed to examine the relationship between resilience and age in Japanese adults. Participants were Japanese adults (N = 5,143; 3,078 men and 2,065 women, mean age = 49.62 years, SD = 10.76, age range = 20–69 years). They responded to the Bidimensional Resilience Scale, examining innate and acquired factors of resilience. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted, and the results indicated a linearly increasing trend for resilience with age in acquired resilience factors that are strongly related to character. Additionally, a linearly increasing trend with age was also indicated in innate resilience factors that are strongly related with temperament. A significant correlation was observed with the squared term of age, suggesting a curvilinear relationship. These results suggest that resilience in Japan increases with age, which corroborates the findings of previous international studies; however, the status of age-related changes differs slightly based on whether the resilience factors are innate or acquired.</p>

<p>This study investigated the influence of the combination of an athlete's big five personality traits and athletic event (individual/group event) regarding competitive level. A questionnaire survey was conducted with university athletes (N=857, 303 men and 554 women, mean age=19.7 years, SD=1.0). The results showed that competitive level was significantly lower when individual events were combined with high agreeableness and higher when group events were combined with high conscientiousness. These results suggest that the function of the big five personality traits differs depending on their combination with the type of athletic event.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study was to develop the Japanese version of the Dispositional Greed Scale (J-DGS), and to examine its reliability and validity. The participants in this study were Japanese university students (N = 856). The principal component analysis indicated that the J-DGS had a unidimensional structure and adequate internal consistency. There were positive associations between the J-DGS and envy, psychological entitlement, materialism, impulsive buying behavior, extravagance, and neuroticism. Conversely, J-DGS scores were negatively correlated with self-control, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and agreeableness. These results, which are consistent with previous studies, confirmed the concurrent validity of the J-DGS.</p>

<p>This study investigated the relationships between interpersonal traits (Nurturance and Dominance) measured by the Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC) model and Big Five personality traits. As hypothesized, a meta-analysis revealed that the angular location of Extraversion was located at 51 degrees on the IPC space, and Agreeableness was located at 325 degrees. The results also showed that Extraversion and Agreeableness were strongly correlated with Interpersonal traits than with Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. The angular locations of Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness were 347, 224, and 46 degrees, respectively.</p>

In contrast to work examining motivational and affective biases, we examined potential cognitive biases, in the shape of dichotomous thinking (i.e., a tendency to see the world as black or white), linked to the Dark Triad traits. In Study 1 (N = 712), Japanese participants revealed that the latent variance the ostensible "adaptive" competent of the Dark Triad traits was linked to a tendency to see the world as black or white. In Study 2 (N = 1489), we replicated effects from Study 1 using a multinational sample and structural equation modeling and revealed some moderation by participants' sex and country in the relationship between the Dark Triad traits and dichotomous thinking. We discuss our results in terms of life history theory, contending black and white thinking might be part of the cognitive adaptations that make the Dark Triad traits function.

In samples drawn from Australia, Japan, and Russia (N = 1032) we replicated an extended work on the relationships between the Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) and individual differences in time perspectives. We documented that narcissism was associated with recollections of favorable pasts, whereas psychopathy and Machiavellianism were associated with recollections of unfavorable pasts. Consistent with life history models of the Dark Triad traits, the Dark Triad traits were associated with hedonism and limited future concerns. Country-wise comparisons suggested that narcissism was associated with less future concerns in Australia and Russia but more future concerns in Japan. Sex differences in future concerns were mediated by individual differences in psychopathy but suppressed by individual differences in narcissism. Results are discussed using a life history framework.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to cross-culturally examine associations among three different anger regulation strategies, namely, anger-in (AI), anger out (AO), and anger control (AC), perceived stress status as the psychological antecedent, and the number of claimed chronic medical conditions as the physical health. Large samples of American and Japanese adults participated in this study. The results show the cultural differences that are consistent with previous findings in the literature while extending them to the association with physical health. Consequently, culturally different path models were identified. In this study, we found that anger regulation affects perceived stress, which in turn, was associated with physical health. Discussion of these findings and their implications is provided. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This study examined a model of independent and interdependent self-construal, individual and collective self-esteem, and subjective well-being in a sample of college students from the mainland USA, Hawaii, and Japan. Specifically, the mediation role of individual as well as collective self-esteem in the effects of independent and interdependent self-construal on subjective well-being was explored. Results indicated that the hypothesized model fit well. The study found the direct effects of independent self-construal on subjective well-being in all three cultural groups. Collective self-esteem was a significant mediator of the effects of both independent and interdependent self-construal on subjective well-being only in the mainland USA. The negative effect of interdependent self-construal on collective self-esteem was observed only in the mainland USA. Better understanding of both universal and culture-specific aspects of collective self-esteem in promoting subjective well-being seems essential for further theoretical development as well as effective prevention/intervention efforts across three cultural groups.

This study examines the relationship among personality traits, day-to-day resilience, and athletes’ resilience among Japanese athletes. Participants, comprising 165 Japanese athletes (male = 57, female = 108, mean age = 19.4 years, SD = 1.2), were asked to complete a questionnaire. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that the personality traits of “Extroversion,” “Agreeableness,” “Conscientiousness,” and “Openness” were significantly associated with athletes’ resilience and related concepts such as “Athletic Mental Toughness,” “Athletic Self-understanding,” and “Athletic Physical Toughness,” which develop through innate resilience. Their personality traits were also significantly associated with concepts such as “Athletic Motivation and Challenge” and “Athletic Self-understanding,” which develop through acquired resilience. In addition, “Neuroticism” showed a significant negative association with athletes’ resilience developed through innate resilience. The findings of our study support our hypothesis that the personality traits of athletes, owing to their resilience, may vary based on whether they are involved in day-to-day life situations or in competitive situations.

Work on the Dark Triad traits has benefited from the use of a life history framework but it has been limited to primarily Western samples and indirect assessments of life history strategies. Here, we examine how the Dark Triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism) relate to two measures of individual differences in life history strategies. In Study 1 (N = 937), we replicated prior observed links between life history strategies, as measured by the Mini-K, and the Dark Triad traits using samples recruited from three countries. In Study 2 (N = 1032), we measured life history strategies using the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale and correlated it with the Dark Triad traits in samples recruited from three additional countries. While there was some variability across participants' sex and country, the results were generally consistent in that psychopathy and (to a lesser extent) Machiavellianism were related to faster life history strategies and narcissism was related to slower life history strategies. These results add cross-cultural data and the use of two measures of life history speed to understand the Dark Triad traits from a life history perspective.

In a sample (N = 1969) drawn from six countries, we examined the relationships between individual differences in independent and interdependent self-construals and the Dark Triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism). Overall, the Dark Traits were largely unrelated to interdependence whereas Machiavellian ism and narcissism, in particular, were associated with stronger independent self-construals. Men scored higher than women did on the Dark Triad traits in all countries with some cross-cultural variance. Women were used both more independent and interdependent self-construals than men were but these were weak and driven by country-specific effects. Sex differences in the Dark Triad traits were partially accounted for by individual differences in self-construals, but these mediation effects were quite small and speculative given limited evidence for sex differences in self-construals in the six countries we sampled. Results are discussed in terms of differentiating the Dark Triad traits. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

AIM
To evaluate the psychometric properties of a newly developed questionnaire, known as the gastroesophageal reflux and dyspepsia therapeutic efficacy and satisfaction test (GERD-TEST), in patients with GERD.
METHODS
Japanese patients with predominant GERD symptoms recruited according to the Montreal definition were treated for 4 wk using a standard dose of proton pump inhibitor (PPI). The GERD-TEST and the Medical Outcome Study Short Form-8 Health Survey (SF-8) were administered at baseline and after 4 wk of treatment. The GERD-TEST contains three domains: the severity of GERD and functional dyspepsia (FD) symptoms (5 items), the level of dissatisfaction with daily life (DS) (4 items), and the therapeutic efficacy as assessed by the patients and medication compliance (4 items).
RESULTS
A total of 290 patients were eligible at baseline; 198 of these patients completed 4 wk of PPI therapy. The internal consistency reliability as evaluated using the Cronbach's alpha values for the GERD, FD and DS subscales ranged from 0.75 to 0.82. The scores for the GERD, FD and DS items/subscales were significantly correlated with the physical and mental component summary scores of the SF-8. After 4 wk of PPI treatment, the scores for the GERD items/subscales were greatly reduced, ranging in value from 1.51 to 1.87 and with a large effect size (P &lt; 0.0001, Cohen's d; 1.29-1.63). Statistically significant differences in the changes in the scores for the GERD items/subscales were observed between treatment responders and non-responders (P &lt; 0.0001).
CONCLUSION
The GERD-TEST has a good reliability, a good convergent and concurrent validity, and is responsive to the effects of treatment. The GERD-TEST is a simple, easy to understand, and multifaceted PRO instrument applicable to both clinical trials and the primary care of GERD patients.

本研究では、スポーツ競技者を対象とした、二分法的思考と心理的健康、成長感との関連を検討することを目的とする。調査対象者は、大学の体育会運動部に所属する学生154名（男性54名、女性100名、平均年齢19.4歳、SD=1.2）であり、質問紙を用いた調査を行った。分析の結果から、二分法的思考尺度の下位尺度である二分法的信念はバーンアウト傾向との間で正の関連、自尊感情と部活動適応感、競技的成長感、人間的成長感との間で負の関連、損得思考では自尊感情と部活動適応感との間で正の関連が示された。一方で、二分法の選好では有意な関連を示す変数が確認されなかった。以上のことから、二分法的思考の下位概念によって、スポーツ競技者の心理的健康や成長感に対して適応的・不適応的な反応が多様であることが示唆された。

<p>Correlations between factors characteristic of competitive sports (athletic events and competitive levels) and dichotomous thinking were investigated. A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students in university athletic clubs (N=200, 67 men and 133 women, mean age=19.5, SD=1.2). The results indicated the following. (1) Dichotomous Thinking Inventory (DTI, Oshio, 2009) is appropriate for use with athletes. (2) Athletes in general use more dichotomous thinking, compared to average Japanese university students. (3) No significant differences in DTI scores were observed between individual and group events, although the possibility of a hierarchical structure consisting of micro (individual athletes)–macro (athletic group: athletic event) was suggested. (4) DTI score of male athletes tended to be higher in the high-competitive, compared to the low-competitive group. These results indicate that dichotomous thinking, which could be maladaptive, might have adaptive functions in sports.</p>

<p>マキャベリアニズム，自己愛傾向，サイコパシー傾向の3特性は社会的に嫌われやすい特性であることから"Dark Triad"と総称される。海外では少数項目のDark Triad尺度としてDark Triad Dirty Dozen（DTDD）とShort Dark Triad（SD3）が作成されているが，DTDDは日本語版（DTDD-J）が作成されているものの，SD3は日本語版が作成されていない。本研究の目的は日本語版SD3（SD3-J）を作成し，その信頼性・妥当性を検討することであった。確認的因子分析の結果，SD3-Jは階層因子構造を有していることが示された。また，SD3-Jのα係数はおおむね十分な値を示した。SD3-Jと既存の尺度との単相関分析，偏相関分析の結果からSD3-Jの併存的・弁別的妥当性，増分妥当性が確認された。これによりSD3-Jが国内において使用に耐えうるDark Triad尺度であることが示された。</p>

理論犯罪学では"法律の感情化"と二分法的思考が厳罰傾向に影響を与えてきたという議論がなさ れている。本研究はその理論的議論を検証するため、質問紙法による調査を行い、二分法的思考、 社会的支配志向性、仮想的有能感、情報処理スタイルといった変数が厳罰傾向に及ぼす影響を明ら かにすることを試みた。その結果、検討に含めたすべての変数が有意であったが、その中でもとく に情報処理スタイルと二分法的思考が厳罰傾向の大きな予測因子であることが示された。この結果 は厳罰傾向にはある種の"非合理的"な要素が含まれており、刑罰に関する世論を理解しようとする のであれば、そのような要素を考慮に含める必要があることを示唆している。

Correlations between the factors characteristic of competitive sports, such as the type of athletic event and competitive level, and the dark triad were investigated. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 506 Japanese university athletes (217 male and 289 female, mean age = 19.9, SD = 0.8). A three-way ANOVA indicated significant and marginal significant main effects of gender (male/ female), type of athletic event (record-style events/ game-style events), and competitive level (low-competitive group/ high-competitive group) on total dark triad score and its sub-scale scores, including Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism, as well as marginally significant two-way and three-way interactions among their specific combinations. These results are suggestive of correlations between the dark triad and gender, type of athletic event, and competitive level. It is suggested that future studies should investigate causal relationships between the strength of the dark triad and the processes of exhibiting performance and problem behaviors in athletes.

Binary or dichotomous thinking may lead to aggression throughout people’s lifespan
additionally, relationships are likely to be affected by types of aggression (i.e. physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility) as well as gender and age. Using large-scale data (N = 2,315), the current study tested if age or gender moderated dichotomous thinking’s correlation with four different types of aggression. Participants (Mage = 36.1, SD = 16.2, range = 18–69) completed the Dichotomous Thinking Inventory and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Dichotomous thinking differentially affected aggression depending on participants’ age: dichotomous thinking and aggression were more strongly correlated in younger participants. Individuals’ tendency to think dichotomously appeared relatively stable
however, age appeared to moderate dichotomous thinking’s effects.

AIM
To identify certain clinical factors other than the type of gastrectomy which affect the postoperative quality of life (QOL) of patients after gastrectomy.
METHODS
The postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale (PGSAS)-45 was designed to assess the severity of symptoms, the living status and the QOL of gastrectomized patients. It consists of 45 items, of which 22 are original items while 23 were retrieved from the SF-8 and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale questionnaires with permission. A nationwide surveillance study to validate PGSAS was conducted and 2368 gastric cancer patients who underwent various types of gastrectomy at 52 medical institutions were enrolled. Of these, 1777 patients who underwent total gastrectomy (TG) reconstructed with Roux-Y (n = 393), distal gastrectomy (DG) reconstructed with Billroth-I (n = 909), or DG reconstructed with Roux-Y (n = 475) were evaluated in the current study. The influence of the type of gastrectomy and other clinical factors such as age, sex, duration after surgery, the symptom severity, the degree of weight loss, dietary intake, and the ability for working on the postoperative QOL (i.e., dissatisfaction for daily life subscale, physical component summary and mental component summary of the SF-8) were examined by multiple regression analysis (MRA). In addition, importance of various symptoms such as esophageal reflux, abdominal pain, meal-related distress, indigestion, diarrhea, constipation and dumping on the postoperative living status and QOL were also appraised by MRA.
RESULTS
The postoperative QOL were significantly deteriorated in patients who underwent TG compared to those after DG. However, the extent of gastrectomy was not an influential factor on patients' QOL when adjusted by the MRA. Among various clinical factors, the symptom severity, ability for working, and necessity for additional meals were the most influential factors to the postoperative QOL. As for the individual symptoms, meal-related distress, dumping, abdominal pain, and esophageal reflux significantly affected the postoperative QOL in that order, while the influence of indigestion, diarrhea and constipation was insignificant.
CONCLUSION
Several clinical factors such as the symptom severity (especially in meal-related distress and dumping), ability for working and necessity for additional meals were the main factors which affected the patients' wellbeing after gastrectomy.

A sedentary lifestyle is harmful for health; personality traits may contribute to physical (in)activity. With participant-level data from 16 samples (N &gt; 125,000), we examined the personality correlates of physical inactivity, frequency of physical activity, and sedentary behavior (in a subset of samples). Lower Neuroticism and higher Conscientiousness were associated with more physical activity and less inactivity and sedentary behavior. Extraversion and Openness were also associated with more physical activity and less inactivity, but these traits were mostly unrelated to specific sedentary behaviors (e.g., TV watching). The results generally did not vary by age or sex. The findings support the notion that the interest, motivational, emotional, and interpersonal processes assessed by five-factor model traits partly shape the individual's engagement in physical activity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Previous studies have reported evidence that indicates differences between Western and East Asian cultures in anger regulation and its psychological consequences. However, many of these studies have focused on a specific anger regulation strategy and its relation with a psychological consequence. Here, we developed an integrated model that can comprehensively examine three different anger regulation strategies (anger suppression, expression, and control), independent and interdependent self-construals as the psychological antecedent, and life satisfaction as the psychological consequence. We estimated the model using large samples of American and Japanese adults to examine the associations between the two self-construals, three anger regulation strategies, and life satisfaction. We compared the difference in the patterns of relationships among the key constructs between the American and Japanese samples. The results confirmed previously suggested cultural differences while also discovering new culturally different paths. The results generally suggest that individual-level self-construals matter more when anger is a culturally condoned emotion (vs. condemned). The implications and limitations of the integrated model are discussed.

<p>自尊感情はこれまでの心理学の歴史の中で非常に多くの研究で取り上げられてきた構成概念のひとつである。近年では，多くの研究知見を統合するメタ分析が注目を集めている。その中でも本稿では，平均値等の統計量をデータが収集された調査年ごとに統合することで，心理学概念の時代的な変化を検討する時間横断的メタ分析に注目する。小塩ほか（2014）は日本で報告されたRosenbergの自尊感情尺度の平均値に対して時間横断的メタ分析を試み，自尊感情の平均値が近年になるほど低下傾向にあることを見出した。また岡田ほか（2014）は，近年になるほど自尊感情の男女差が小さくなる可能性を報告した。本稿ではこれらの研究の背景と研究知見を紹介し，時代変化という要因を考慮に入れたうえで今後どのような研究の方向性が考えられるのかを展望した。具体的には，研究の継続性，検討する指標の多様性，行動指標への注目，関連性の変化への注目，社会状況の変化との照合という観点が提示された。</p>

<p>Reporting of reliability coefficients is an important procedure in articles describing the development of new psychological scales. However, it appears that Japanese psychology researchers have not yet arrived at a consensus regarding what constitutes a desirable magnitude for a reliability coefficient. In this study, I conducted a meta-analysis summarizing 65 test-retest correlations from 58 studies published in the Japanese Journal of Psychology, which is a highly-ranked peer-reviewed psychological journal in Japan. The results of a meta-analysis, which involved the use of a random effect model, showed that the desirable mean test-retest correlation was ρ =.76 (95% CI =.70–.81). There was no significant relationship between the test-retest correlations and coefficients alpha. The number of items of the scale correlated positively with the test-retest correlation coefficients. Researchers tended to mention problems regarding test-retest coefficients only when they were less than r =.50. The desirable usage of reliability coefficients was also discussed.</p>

This study was used to develop a Japanese version of the International Personality Item Pool-Interpersonal Circumplex and examined its reliability and validity. Participants included 625 Japanese university students. They completed the IPIP-IPC-J and one or two other scales: the Japanese version of Ten Item Personality Inventory (Oshio et al., 2012); a short form of the Japanese Big Five Scale (Namikawa et al., 2012); the Japanese Version of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (Tamura et al., 2015); the Friendship scale (Okada, 1995); or the Assertion Inventory (Murayama et al., 1991). The IPIP-IPC-J was administered again to 65 participants five weeks later to determine test-retest reliability. The results generally supported the reliability and validity of the IPIP-IPC-J.

自己愛の下位側面としての特権意識は誇大型特権意識と過敏型特権意識とに分けられると考えられる。また，それらとは特徴の異なる特権意識として心理的特権意識(Campbell, Bonacci, Shelton, Exline, & Bushman, 2004)がある。本研究では心理的特権意識，誇大型特権意識，過敏型特権意識の共通点や相違点を検討することを目的とした。調査対象者はインターネット調査の回答者941名および質問紙調査の回答者174名であった。二分法的思考，他者軽視，自尊感情，Big Fiveとの関連を検討したところ，誇大型特権意識と過敏型特権意識には他者軽視や二分法的思考との関連において共通する特徴がみられた。また，誇大型特権意識や心理的特権意識は神経症傾向との関連において過敏型特権意識とは異なった関連を示した。更に，心理的特権意識は自尊感情との関連において誇大型特権意識や過敏型特権意識とは異なった特徴を示した。これらの結果から，各特権意識の特徴が論じられた。

AIM: Dumping syndrome is a well-known adverse outcome after gastrectomy, but the precise clinical features have not been described. The aim of this study was to examine global aspects of dumping syndrome and to explore factors affecting the intensity of dumping syndrome in a large cohort using a newly developed integrated questionnaire, the Post-Gastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale (PGSAS)-45. METHODS: Eligible questionnaires retrieved from 2,368 patients after 6 types of gastrectomy were analyzed. The incidence, intensity and number of symptoms of early general, early abdominal and late dumping syndrome were examined across various types of gastrectomy, and clinical factors affecting the intensity of each category of dumping syndrome were identified by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Dumping syndromes occurred most frequently and strongly in patients who underwent total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y (TGRY), followed by proximal gastrectomy (PG), distal gastrectomy with Billroth-I, distal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y, pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) and local resection (LR), in that order. Significant positive correlations among different categories of dumping syndromes were observed. TGRY, female sex, younger age, division of the celiac branch of the vagus nerve, PG and shorter postoperative period were independently related to worse dumping syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Dumping syndromes were most common after TGRY and least common after PPG and LR among the various gastrectomy procedures. Type of gastrectomy and several clinical factors were related to the intensity of dumping syndrome. PGSAS-45 could offer a useful tool for evaluating dumping syndrome after gastrectomy.

Background Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, the first-line treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is not always effective. This study aimed to examine the effect of pretreatment patient characteristics on response to PPI therapy.
Methods Japanese outpatients with symptomatic GERD scheduled to receive endoscopy and PPI therapy were enrolled in this multicenter prospective observational study. The patients' characteristics, including GERD and dyspeptic symptoms, anxiety, depression, and quality of life, were assessed using questionnaires before and 2 and 4 weeks after the start of PPI therapy. Factors affecting therapeutic response were examined by simple and multiple regression analyses using three patient-reported outcome measures as objective variables.
Results Data from 182 patients were analyzed. In multiple regression analysis using the residual symptom rate as an objective variable, lower GERD symptom score (p &lt; 0.05), absence of erosive esophagitis (p &lt; 0.05), higher epigastric pain/burning symptom score (p &lt; 0.05), and higher depression subscale score (p &lt; 0.05) accompanied poorer therapeutic response. In analyses using the patient's impression of therapy, lower GERD symptom score (p &lt; 0.05) and absence of erosive esophagitis (p &lt; 0.05) accompanied poorer therapeutic response. In analyses using the relative GERD symptom intensity evaluated using a numeric rating scale, lower GERD symptom score (p &lt; 0.05), higher epigastric pain/burning symptom score (p &lt; 0.1), and lower body mass index (p &lt; 0.05) accompanied poorer therapeutic response.
Conclusions Patients who complained of milder GERD symptoms before treatment were likely to have poorer response to PPI therapy. Association of absence of erosive esophagitis, severer epigastric pain/burning symptoms, lower body mass index, and severer depression with poorer therapeutic response was also suggested.

Posttraumatic growth (PTG), positive change that may occur as a result of psychological struggle with a traumatic event, has been widely reported across cultures. However, there is some disagreement on how the self-reported PTG, measured by the PTG Inventory (PTGI), reflects the construct that is described in PTG theory. The current study was designed to conduct an item-level analysis of the PTGI to identify the type of growth that is explained by an examination of one's core beliefs and deliberate rumination - two major precursors for PTG, according to a PTG theoretical model. A multivariate multiple regression analysis predicting each of the PTGI items was conducted with young adults who experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake (N = 316). Results indicated that five out of 21 items were explained by both core beliefs' examination and deliberate rumination and 13 were explained by only core beliefs' examination. Three items were not accounted for by either core beliefs' examination or deliberate rumination. These findings indicate that most types of PTG assessed by the PTGI are likely to occur when core beliefs are challenged; however, some types of PTG may occur without cognitive effort. Future research should consider the variation within the PTGI. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) is sometimes performed as a function-preserving surgery for the treatment of early gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to use an integrated assessment scale for postgastrectomy syndrome to determine the appropriate indicators and optimal methods for PPG.
The Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Study (PGSAS) is a multicenter survey based on an integrated questionnaire (PGSAS-45) consisting of 45 items. Questionnaire responses were retrieved from a total of 2,520 patients, each of whom had undergone one of six different types of gastrectomy procedures; 313 responses from patients who had received PPG were analyzed here.
The size of the proximal gastric remnant (less than one-quarter, about one-third, or more than one-half of the original size) significantly influenced the change in body weight, the scores for dissatisfaction at the meal, and dissatisfaction for daily life subscale (P = 0.030, P = 0.005, P = 0.034, respectively). The nausea score in patients who underwent hand-sewn anastomosis was significantly lower than in those who underwent anastomosis with a linear stapler (P = 0.006). The scores for diarrhea subscale, increased passage of stools, and sense of foods sticking differed significantly depending on the length of the preserved pyloric cuff (P = 0.047, P = 0.021, P = 0.046, respectively).
The results suggest that preservation of a sufficient proximal gastric remnant is recommended when utilizing PPG as function-preserving surgery.

We know that there are cross-cultural differences in psychological variables, such as individualism/collectivism. But it has not been clear which of these variables show relatively the greatest differences. The Survey of World Views project operated from the premise that such issues are best addressed in a diverse sampling of countries representing a majority of the world’s population, with a very large range of item-content. Data were collected online from 8,883 individuals (almost entirely college students based on local publicizing efforts) in 33 countries that constitute more than two third of the world’s population, using items drawn from measures of nearly 50 variables. This report focuses on the broadest patterns evident in item data. The largest differences were not in those contents most frequently emphasized in cross-cultural psychology (e.g., values, social axioms, cultural tightness), but instead in contents involving religion, regularity-norm behaviors, family roles and living arrangements, and ethnonationalism. Content not often studied cross-culturally (e.g., materialism, Machiavellianism, isms dimensions, moral foundations) demonstrated moderate-magnitude differences. Further studies are needed to refine such conclusions, but indications are that cross-cultural psychology may benefit from casting a wider net in terms of the psychological variables of focus.

本研究の目的は，大規模社会調査のデータを横断的研究の観点から二次分析することによって，ビッグ・ファイブ・パーソナリティ特性に及ぼす年齢と性別の影響を検討することであった。分析対象者は4,588名（男性2,112名，女性2,476名）であり，平均年齢は53.5歳（SD＝12.9，23–79歳）であった。分析の対象とされた尺度は，日本語版Ten Item Personality Inventory（TIPI-J；小塩・阿部・カトローニ，2012）であった。年齢と性別，それらの交互作用項を独立変数，ビッグ・ファイブの5つの側面を従属変数とした重回帰分析を行ったところ，次のような結果が得られた。協調性と勤勉性については年齢の線形的な効果が有意であり，年齢に伴って上昇する傾向が見られた。外向性と開放性については性別の効果のみ有意であり，男性よりも女性の外向性が高く，開放性は低かった。神経症傾向については年齢の線形的効果と性別との交互作用が有意であり，若い年齢では男性よりも女性の方が高い得点を示した。

本研究の目的は，髙坂（2011）が提示した青年期における恋愛様相モデルにもとづいた恋愛様相尺度を作成し，信頼性・妥当性を検証することであった。18～34歳の未婚異性愛者750名を対象に，恋愛様相尺度暫定項目，アイデンティティ，親密性，恋愛関係満足度，結婚願望，恋愛関係の影響などについて，インターネット調査を実施し，回答を求めた。高次因子分析モデルによる確証的因子分析を行ったところ，高次因子「愛」から「相対性―絶対性」因子，「所有性―開放性」因子，「埋没性―飛躍性」因子にパスを引き，各因子から該当する項目へのパスを引いたモデルで，許容できる範囲の適合度が得られた。また，ある程度の内的一貫性も確認された。「恋―愛」得点について，アイデンティティや親密性，恋愛関係満足度，結婚願望，恋愛関係のポジティブな影響と正の相関が，恋愛関係のネガティブな影響と負の相関が確認され，また年齢や交際期間とは有意な相関がみられなかった。これらの結果はこれまでの論究からの推測と一致し，妥当性が検証された。また，3下位尺度得点には，それぞれ関連する特性が異なることも示唆された。

This study investigated the dual processing model of psychological resilience among university athletes. Participants were 162 university athletes (male=55, female=107, mean age=19.7, SD=1.2), who were asked to complete a questionnaire containing questions on psychological resilience, self-esteem, burnout, self-evaluation of competitive performance, and athletic growth. Results of structure equation modeling indicated that psychological resilience was negatively associated with burnout via self-esteem and positively associated with athletic growth through self-evaluation of competitive performance. The findings of this study support our hypothesis that university athletes' psychological resilience promotes growth and reduces burnout.

Lack of a suitable instrument to comprehensively assess symptoms, living status, and quality of life in postgastrectomy patients prompted the authors to develop postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale (PGSAS)-45.
PGSAS-45 consists of 45 items in total: 8 items from SF-8, 15 items from GSRS, and an additional 22 items selected by 47 gastric surgeons. Using the PGSAS-45, a multi-institutional survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of postgastrectomy syndrome and its impact on everyday life among patients who underwent various types of gastrectomy. Eligible data were obtained from 2,368 patients operated and followed at 52 institutions in Japan. Of these, data from 1,777 patients were used in the current study in which symptom subscales of the PGSAS-45 were determined. We also considered the characteristics of the postgastrectomy syndrome and to what extent these symptoms influence patients' living status and quality of life (QOL).
By factor analysis, 23 symptom-related items of PGSAS-45 were successfully clustered into seven symptom subscales that represent esophageal reflux, abdominal pain, meal-related distress, indigestion, diarrhea, constipation, and dumping. These seven symptom subscales and two other subscales measuring quality of ingestion and dissatisfaction for daily life, respectively, had good internal consistency in terms of Cronbach's alpha (0.65-0.88).
PGSAS-45 provides a valid and reliable integrated index for evaluation of symptoms, living status, and QOL in gastrectomized patients.

Dark Triad (DT)とはマキャベリアニズム，サイコパシー傾向，自己愛傾向という3つの反社会的なパーソナリティ特性を指す。本研究の目的は，DTを簡便に測定できるDark Triad Dirty Dozenの日本語版(DTDD-J)を作成し，信頼性と妥当性を検討することであった。246名の大学生がDTDD-J，各DT特性に対応する既存のDT尺度，ビッグファイブ尺度に回答した。確認的因子分析の結果，各DT特性に対応した3つのグループ因子と総合的なDT特性による1つの一般因子から構成されることが示された。内的信頼性はサイコパシー傾向を除くといずれも高い値が示された。併存的妥当性と弁別的妥当性についても概ね先行研究を支持する結果であった。以上から，DTDD-JはDTを包括的，かつ効率的に測定できる尺度として一定の信頼性と妥当性を持つことが示された。

本研究では，メタ分析によって日本人の自尊感情の性差を検討した。また，性差の程度に影響を与える調整変数として，年齢段階，調査年，翻訳種の効果を検討した。包括的なレビューを通して，Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scaleを用いて日本人の男女ごとの自尊感情を測定している研究を検索した。検索の結果，1982年から2013年に発表された50研究を収集した。収集された研究をもとに効果量を推定したところ，その値はg=.17 (Hedgesのg)であり，女性よりもわずかに男性の方が高かった。また，調整変数については，年齢段階と調査年によって，自尊感情の性差の程度が異なっていた。本研究の知見は，日本人における自尊感情の性差について論じるための実証的な基盤となり得るものである。

The Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003) is a widely used very brief measure of the Big Five personality dimensions. Oshio, Abe, and Cutrone (2012) have developed a Japanese version of the TIPI (TIPI-J), which demonstrated acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Until now, all studies examining the validity of the TIPI-J have been conducted in the Japanese language; this reliance on a single language raises concerns about the instrument's content validity because the instrument could demonstrate reliability (e.g., retest) and some forms of validity (e.g., convergent) but still not capture the full range of the dimensions as originally conceptualized in English. Therefore, to test the content validity of the Japanese TIPI with respect to the original Big Five formulation, we examine the convergence between scores on the TIPI-J and scores on the English-language Big Five Inventory (i.e., the BFI-E), an instrument specifically designed to optimize Big Five content coverage. Two-hundred and twenty-eight Japanese undergraduate students, who were all learning English, completed the two instruments. The results of correlation analyses and structural equation modeling demonstrate the theorized congruence between the TIPI-J and the BFI-E, supporting the content validity of the TIPI-J.

本研究では, 日本で測定されたRosenberg（1965）の自尊感情尺度の平均値に与える調査対象者の年齢段階や調査年の要因を検討するために, 時間横断的メタ分析を試みた。1980年から2013年までに日本で刊行された査読誌に掲載された論文のうち256研究を分析の対象とした。全サンプルサイズは48,927名であった。重回帰分析の結果, 調査対象者の年齢段階と調査年がともに, 自尊感情の平均値に影響を及ぼすことが明らかにされた。年齢段階に関しては, 大学生を基準として, 調査対象者が中高生であることが自尊感情の平均値を低下させ, 成人以降であることが自尊感情の平均値を上昇させていた。また調査年に関しては年齢層によって効果が異なっていた。中高生や成人においては最近の調査であるほど直線的に自尊感情の平均値が低下しており, 大学生では曲線的に変化し, 近年は低下していた。また件法が自尊感情得点の平均値に影響を及ぼすことも明らかにされた。

The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) is a widely used, very brief measure of the Big Five personality dimensions (Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003). Recently, Oshio, Abe and Cutrone (2012) developed and validated a Japanese version of the TIPI. The present study focuses on evaluating the content validity of the TIPI-J with respect to the thirty facets of the Japanese version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R-J). 163 Japanese undergraduates (67 males and 96 females) completed the TIPI-J and the NEO-PI-R-J. The convergent correlations between the TIPI-J and the Big Five dimensions of the NEO-PI-R-J were as follows: r = 0.65 (Extraversion), r = 0.49 (Agreeableness), r = 0.63 (Conscientiousness), r = 0.70 (Neuroticism), and r = 0.46 (Openness). Twenty-eight of thirty facets of the NEO-PI-R-J correlated positively with equivalent scales of the TIPI-J. A joint factor analysis of the five scales of the TIPI-J with the thirty facets of the NEO-PI-R-J showed clear indicators for the five known superordinate dimensions of personality in both scales. Results indicated that the TIPI-J provides an adequate representation of the Big Five dimensions of personality and correlates sufficiently well with the larger scale NEO-PI-R-J.

The purpose of this study is to examine the concept of "magical thinking". "Magical Thinking Followers" are persons who believe in the effect of thinking. This research will contrast magical thinking to the ideas of positive psychology, construct the scale to measure it and investigate its benefits and pitfalls. With the aid of three surveys comprising data of 306 and 382 Japanese undergraduate students, a scale was developed. The scale was made of two factors: "a positive set of thinking and results," and "a negative set of thinking and results." Internal efforts of control to be positive were positively related to both of the two factors. Positive daily activities were positively related to a positive set. Dichotomous thinking was positively related to a negative set. Results implied that Magical Thinking Followers were more motivated to be positive persons partly depending on a naive dichotomous pattern of thinking mechanism.<br>

The purpose of this study is to explore factors which affect the degree and change of freshmen's sense of adjustment to university during the first 6 month. Investigations on freshmen were performed three times (April, July, October, 2007) . Participants were 189 freshmen, 99 males and 90 females. They were asked to respond to the following questions, 1) whether or not it was their first-choice university, 2) their level of confidence in admission to their chosen university, 3) the degree of adjustment to university life, and 4) the tendency of their peer relationship. A correlation analysis and an analysis of Latent Curve Model revealed as follows. First, the degree of their adjustment to university gradually went down from April to July. Second, Female freshmen showed a higher degree of adjustment than male freshmen. Third, freshmen who thought their universities were their first choice and had more peer-oriented tendency showed higher adjustment to university life right at the beginning of the first year, and their adjustment level went down gradually. From these results, the process of adjustment to university among freshmen and issues regarding future investigations were discussed.

Dichotomous thinking is an individual's propensity to think terms of binary opposition. While this thinking style may be useful for quick decision-making, some clinical psychologists have indicated that such a style is related to personality disorders. Oshio (2009) revealed that the Dichotomous Thinking Inventory (DTI) has significant positive correlations with borderline personality and narcissism. This study examines whether dichotomous thinking is associated with cluster A, B, and C personality disorders. The participants comprised 152 Japanese undergraduates (84 male and 68 female). They completed the DTI and Ten Personality Styles scale (10 PesT
Nakazawa (2006)), developed from the definitions of personality disorders the DSM-IV. Structural equation modeling supported the hierarchical factor structure of personality disorders. The dichotomous thinking effects "cluster" level of disorders more than other levels. The results indicated that thinking dichotomously may lead to wide-ranging personality disorders. © 2012 Japanese Psychological Association.

本研究の目的は日本語版Ten Item Personality Inventory（TIPI-J）を作成し，信頼性と妥当性を検討することであった。TIPI-Jは10項目で構成され，Big Fiveの5つの因子を各2項目で測定する尺度である。TIPI-Jの信頼性と妥当性を検討するために，計902名（男性376名，女性526名）を対象とした複数の調査が行われた。各下位尺度を構成する2項目間には有意な相関が見られ，再検査信頼性も十分な値を示した。併存的妥当性と弁別的妥当性の検討のために，FFPQ-50（藤島他，2005），BFS（和田，1996），BFS-S（内田，2002），主要5因子性格検査（村上・村上，1999），NEO-FFI日本語版（下仲他，1999）との関連が検討された。自己評定と友人評定との関連を検討したところ，外向性と勤勉性については中程度の相関がみられた。これらの結果から，TIPI-Jの可能性が論じられた。

The relationship between dichotomous thinking and music preferences was investigated with a sample of 176 Japanese undergraduates (111 males, 65 females). Participants completed the Dichotomous Thinking Inventory (Oshio, 2009) and the Short Test of Music Preferences (Rentfrow & Gosling, 2003). Individuals who thought dichotomously preferred intense and rebellious, energetic and rhythmic, and fast and contemporary music rather than music that was complex and conventional. Specifically, they most liked rock, alternative, soul, funk, and heavy metal and disliked classical music.

現代社会は絶え間なく拡張し続けているが、個人が生来的に有している心理的メカニズムまでが飛躍的に拡張するわけではないので、世界が拡張するほど個人が把握可能な相対的範囲は小さくなる。その結果、個人にとって世界の不明瞭感は高まり、さらに限られた視野の中での適応を優先する方略の促進に繋がり得る。さらに、それらの適応方略は限定的であるがゆえに、より広範な社会に種々のリスクをもたらす可能性も想定される。本論文は、このような問題意識に基づく複数の研究プロジェクトの成果を紹介した学会ワークショップをまとめたものである。各発表者は、一見不適応的な心性が、実は今日の社会的状況で生きていくために有効な適応方略として機能している可能性、もしくは逆に適応的に見える方略が実は不適応的な帰結をもたらす可能性について議論する。最初の話題提供では、自己への拘りを目的化する「自己目的化」の心理について議論する。次に、自分たちの親密関係を絶対的に高く価値づけようとする心理、すなわち「特別観」について議論を展開する。さらに、「良いことしか見（え）ない」心理、すなわち「ポジティブ信奉」や「二分法的思考」について議論する。最後に指定討論では、社会生態学的アプローチの視点も含めつつ、「拡がる世界、狭まる視界」という現象の実証的検討のためには何が必要なのかについて議論を深める。

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine prognostic factors for seizures in 106 epileptic patients with SMIDS.
Subjects and methods: One-hundred-six epileptic patients with SMIDS were the subjects of this study. The study group consisted of 60 mate and 46 female patients. The ages ranged from 4 to 61 years. They were all followed up for more than 4 years in our residential facility hospital "Kobato Gakuen". Fourteen possible prognostic factors were investigated statistically, and the validity is studied by factor analysis (principal component method).
Results: Statistically significant poor prognostic factors for epileptic seizures in SMIDS were (1) status epilepticus; (2) multifocal spikes (MFS) or Diffuse spike and waves (DSW) on final EEG; (3) symptomatic generalized epilepsy; (4) MFS or DSW on first EEG; (5) multi-antiepileptic drugs; (6) postnatal etiology; and (7) short duration of institutional hospitalization. As a result of factor analysis, the following five factors are elucidated: (1) Age/Time Passage; (2) Status epilepticus/Etiotogy; (3) Epileptic syndrome/EEG; (4) intensive medical care; and (5) Severity of Disabilities/Gender.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that intractability of epilepsy may be identified early in the course of the disease, even in SMIDS, and EEG and epileptic syndrome are the very important factors for predicting the seizure prognosis. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

The Dichotomous Thinking Inventory (DTI) was developed for this study as a self-report measure used to assess a black-and-white cognitive thinking style or worldview. Validation of the DTI was explored with regard to the relationships among dichotomous thinking, borderline personality, narcissism, self-esteem, undervaluing others, intolerance for ambiguity, perfectionism, and the Big Five; and relationships between dichotomous thinking and peer ratings of traits and attitudes. Factor analysis of the DTI revealed 3 components: preference for dichotomy, dichotomous beliefs, and profit-and-loss thinking. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the DTI were at a sufficient level. Correlations among self-measures supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the DTI. Participants who scored highly on the DTI were rated as being articulate and straightforward by their friends. These results generally supported the reliability and validity of the DTI.

本研究の目的は，他者軽視および顕在的自尊感情と，潜在連合テスト (Implicit Association Test; IAT) によって測定された潜在的自尊感情との関連を検討することによって，仮想的有能感の特徴を明らかにすることであった。研究1では大学生119名に対し，紙筆版の潜在連合テストによって潜在的自尊感情を測定し，顕在的自尊感情尺度，他者軽視に基づく仮想的有能感尺度を実施した。また研究2では，大学生155名を対象に，パーソナルコンピュータ上の潜在連合テストによって潜在的自尊感情を測定し，顕在的自尊感情尺度，仮想的有能感尺度を実施した。2つの研究ではほぼ同じ結果が再現された。まず第1に，仮想的有能感は顕在的自尊感情とは有意な関連がみられないが，潜在的自尊感情とは有意な正の相関関係にあった。また第2に，顕在的自尊感情が低く潜在的自尊感情が高い者が，もっとも他者軽視を行う傾向にあることが示された。

本研究の目的は，対人関係で経験される抑鬱感情と敵意感情に焦点を当て，仮想的有能感と日常の感情経験との関連を検討することであった。調査1では，仮想的有能感尺度および自尊感情尺度が実施された。続く調査2では，大学生445名（男性238名，女性207名）を対象に，1日のうち印象に残っている対人関係上の出来事とそれに対する抑鬱感情・敵意感情を7日間に渡って記入するように求めた。その結果，他者軽視傾向が強く自尊感情の低い『仮想型』が，抑鬱感情，敵意感情の両方を強く感じていること示された。また，7日間の評定値の変動に関しても，他者軽視傾向が弱く自尊感情の高い『自尊型』と比較して大きいことが示された。本研究の結果から『仮想型』に分類される個人は，特に対人関係に関わる出来事に関して，日常から不安定で強い抑鬱感情，敵意感情を経験していることが示された。

本研究の目的は,対人関係で経験される抑鬱感情と敵意感情に焦点を当て,仮想的有能感と日常の感情経験との関連を検討することであった。調査1では,仮想的有能感尺度および自尊感情尺度が実施された。続く調査2では,大学生445名(男性238名,女性207名)を対象に,1日のうち印象に残っている対人関係上の出来事とそれに対する抑鬱感情・敵意感情を7日間に渡って記入するように求めた。その結果,他者軽視傾向が強く自尊感情の低い『仮想型』が,抑鬱感情,敵意感情の両方を強く感じていること示された。また,7日間の評定値の変動に関しても,他者軽視傾向が弱く自尊感情の高い『自尊型』と比較して大きいことが示された。本研究の結果から『仮想型』に分類される個人は,特に対人関係に関わる出来事に関して,日常から不安定で強い抑鬱感情,敵意感情を経験していることが示された。

Currently, individuals tend to encounter many unavoidable, painful events and hardships in the process of growth and development. To lead one's life adapting to these social conditions, it is necessary to maintain one's mental health even while experiencing challenging events; in other words, resilience is required. This study of 130 undergraduates focused on the Adolescent Resilience Scale which assesses capacity for successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances and examined correlations with scores on the Big Five Personality Inventory. A significant negative correlation of -59 (p &lt;.001) was noted for scores on the Adolescent Resilience Scale and the Neuroticism dimension of the Big Five Personality Inventory, accounting for 35% of the variance, and positive values with the Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness dimensions (rs-.37,.40,.48, accounting for 14, 16, and 18% of the variance, respectively. Personalities of adolescents who have psychological traits leading to resilience may be partially predicted using these results.

The aim of this study was to assess the construct validity of the Adolescent Resilience Scale which measures the psychological features of resilient individuals. Research involving this scale, the Negative Life Events Scale, and the General Health Questionnaire was conducted with a group of 207 Japanese undergraduate students (104 men and 103 women
M age = 20.2 yr., SD = .9). A cluster analysis for the Negative Life Events Scale and General Health Questionnaire yielded three clusters: (1) mentally healthy with little experience of Negative Life Events, (2) poorer mental health with many experiences of Negative Life Events, (3) mentally healthy despite many experiences of Negative Life Events. These three groups were defined as (1) Well Adjusted, (2) Vulnerable, and (3) Resilient, respectively. Mean differences in scores on the Adolescent Resilience Scale among the three groups were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. The mean scores of both the Well Adjusted and Resilient groups were higher than that of the Vulnerable group, and therefore support the construct validity of the Adolescent Resilience Scale.

本論文の目的は理論的に指摘される2種類の自己愛を考慮した上で,自己愛傾向の観点から青年を分類し,対人関係と適応の観点から各群の特徴を明らかにすることであった。研究1では511名の青年(平均年齢19.84歳)を対象に,自己愛人格目録短縮版(NPI-S),対人恐怖尺度,攻撃行動,個人志向性・社会志向性,GHQを実施した。NPI-Sの下位尺度に対して主成分分析を行い,自己愛傾向全体の高低を意味する第1主成分と,「注目・賞賛欲求」が優位であるか「自己主張性」が優位であるかを意味する第2主成分を得た。そして得られた2つの主成分得点の高低によって被調査者を4群に分類し,各群の特徴を検討した。研究2では,研究1の各被調査者のイメージを彼らの友人が評定した。384名を分析対象とし,各群の特徴を検討した。2つの研究を通して,自己愛傾向が全体的に高い群を,理論的に指摘される2種類の自己愛に類似した特徴を示す2つの群に分類可能であることが示された。

本論文の目的は理論的に指摘される2種類の自己愛を考慮した上で, 自己愛傾向の観点から青年を分類し, 対人関係と適応の観点から各群の特徴を明らかにすることであった。研究1では511名の青年 (平均年齢19.84歳) を対象に, 自己愛人格目録短縮版 (NPI-S), 対人恐怖尺度, 攻撃行動, 個人志向性・社会志向性, GHQを実施した。NPI-Sの下位尺度に対して主成分分析を行い, 自己愛傾向全体の高低を意味する第1主成分と,「注目・賞賛欲求」が優位であるか「自己主張性」が優位であるかを意味する第2主成分を得た。そして得られた2つの主成分得点の高低によって被調査者を4群に分類し, 各群の特徴を検討した。研究2では, 研究1の各被調査者のイメージを彼らの友人が評定した。384名を分析対象とし, 各群の特徴を検討した。2つの研究を通して, 自己愛傾向が全体的に高い群を, 理論的に指摘される2種類の自己愛に類似した特徴を示す2つの群に分類可能であることが示された。

本研究では, 自己愛傾向と自己像の不安定性, 日常の自尊感情レベルおよび変動性との関連, ならびに自己愛傾向が自己像の不安定性を媒介して自尊感情の高さおよび変動性に与える影響について検討した.184名の大学生に対し, 調査1として自己愛人格目録短縮版(NPI-S), 自己像の不安定性尺度を実施し, 調査2として1日の出来事, その出来事の評価, 自尊感情尺度を6日間連続で記入する日記法による調査を実施した.結果から, 自己愛傾向のうち「優越感・有能感」「自己主張性」が日常の自尊感情の高さに関連し, 「注目・賞賛欲求」が自己像の不安定性および自尊感情の変動性に関連することが示された.またパス解析の結果から, 「優越感・有能感」「自己主張性」が自尊感情のレベルに正の影響を与えること, 「注目・賞賛欲求」が自己像の不安定性を媒介して自尊感情の変動性に正の影響を与え, 自尊感情のレベルに負の影響を与えることが示された.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

本研究の目的は青年の自己愛傾向と友人関係のあり方との関連を検討することであった.全調査対象は399名の高校1年生男子であった.自己愛人格目録短縮版(NPI-S),友人への要求尺度,友人獲得尺度が318名に対して,NPI-S,友人獲得尺度,クラスメイトによる友人関係のあり方の評定が81名に対して実施された.結果より,以下の3点が明らかにされた.(1)自己愛傾向は,友人に対して今以上に自分を理解・信頼してほしい,自分にかかわりをもってほしいと望むことに関係している.(2)自己愛傾向は,高校入学以降,親しい友人や所属する集団の獲得に成功し,仲間集団に上手くとけ込んでいると自己認知することに関係している.(3)自己愛傾向の高い者は低い者よりも,好かれており,友人も多そうだと,クラスメイトに認知されている.

本研究の目的は, 自己愛傾向と自尊感情との関わりを検討すること, そしてその両者が, 青年期における友人関係とどのように関連しているのかを検討することであった。自己愛人格目録(NPI), 自尊感情尺度(SE-I), 友人関係尺度が265名(男子146名, 女子119名)に実施された。NPIの因子分析結果から, 「優越感・有能感」「注目・賞賛欲求」「自己主張性」の3つの下位尺度が得られた。NPIとSE-Iとの相関から, 自己愛は全体として自尊感情と正の相関関係にあるが, 特に「注目・賞賛欲求」はSE-Iと無相関であり, SE-Iの下位尺度との関係から, 高い自己価値を持つ一方, 他者の評価に敏感であり, 社会的な不安を示すといった特徴を有していることが明らかとなった。これらの結果は, NPIの妥当性を示す1つの結果であると考えられた。また, 友人関係尺度の因子分析結果から, 友人関係の広さの次元と浅さの次元が見出され, その2つの次元によって友人関係のあり方が四類型された。この友人関係のあり方とNPI, SE-Iとの関係が分析された。結果より, 広い友人関係を自己報告することと自己愛傾向が, 深い友人関係を自己報告することと自尊感情とが関連していることが明らかとなった。このことから, 青年期の心理的特徴と友人関係のあり方とが密接に関連していることが示唆された。

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

本研究の目的は, 自己愛傾向と自尊感情との関わりを検討すること, そしてその両者が, 青年期における友人関係とどのように関連しているのかを検討することであった。自己愛人格目録 (NPI), 自尊感情尺度 (SE-1), 友人関係尺度が265名 (男子146名, 女子119名) に実施された。NPIの因子分析結果から, 「優越感. 有能感」「注目・賞賛欲求」「自己主張性」の3つの下位尺度が得られた。NPIとSE-1との相関から, 自己愛は全体として自尊感情と正の相関関係にあるが, 特に「注目・賞賛欲求」はSE-1と無相関であり, SE-1の下位尺度との関係から, 高い自己価値を持つ一方, 他者の評価に敏感であり, 社会的な不安を示すといった特徴を有していることが明らかとなった。これらの結果は, NPIの妥当性を示す1っの結果であると考えられた。また, 友人関係尺度の因子分析結果から, 友人関係の広さの次元と浅さの次元が見出され, その2つの次元によって友人関係のあり方が四類型された。この友人関係のあり方と NPI, SE-1との関係が分析された。結果より, 広い友人関係を自己報告することと自己愛傾向が, 深い友人関係を自己報告することと自尊感情とが関連していることが明らかとなった。このことから, 青年期の心理的特徴と友人関係のあり方とが密接に関連していることが示唆された。

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。