『大衆紙の源流：明治期小新聞の研究』(2002年日本語版出版）の中国語訳

『大衆紙の源流：明治期小新聞の研究』(2002年日本語版出版）の韓国語訳

First, detailed organizations of the Office of War Inforemation(OWI), USA for overseas propaganda radio broadcasting toward Asia and Pacific area was revealed from public records of NARA. Second, as a result of reviewing radio programs recorded in Japanese, Chinese and Korean, it became clear that OWI attached importance to both Japanese and Chinese broadcasting, though Korean programs were treated lightly until 1944. Contents, policy and staff of Korean radio programs were also clarified. Third, distinctions of Japanese and Chinese programs in OWI broadcasting were usage of news from news agencies including AP, and linguistic varieties of Chinese including not only Northern Mandarin but also Cantonese. Fourth, most of OWI English programs were commentaries including 'Victory for China' series toward Chinese in USA, and programs for the Allied Powers broadcasted in late 1945 after the end of the war.

To reveal the continuity of policies and activities of the psychological warfare branches of the Allied Powers and the Office of War Information (OWI), USA, during WWII with regard to those of the Civil Information and Education (CIE) Section, SCAP/GHQ, in Occupied Japan after the war, "CIE Weekly Reports" were investigated. The CIE produced many research reports and public opinion polls in cooperation with Japanese public opinion research institutions. The activities of one organization, the Suenaga Public Opinion Institute, has been revealed through this project. It was also shown that the CIE information and propaganda policies included the intervention of the CIE radio section into news coverage of the Korean War by NHK radio in Tokyo, the controlled coverage of the atomic bomb and atomic power in southern Korea and the extension of the VOA in Asia.

This research project aimed to reconfirm unconscious intension of the Japanese people who achieved construction of post-war Japanese society, by verifying on foreign words imported from the U.S., newly invented Japanese coinage from English, vulgarized, abbreviated words or jargon which were peculiar during confused era, from the occupation period of Japan after being defeated and under the background of one's sense of values were revolutionized. The fruits of this project were edited as the final report which include about 100 words in occupation era, and will be published on commercial base during year 2010.

The most productive definition of multilingual societies is the "functionally multilingual societies". We find functional discrimination between languages wherever exist two or more languages. The purpose of this research is to verify historically such multilingual functions and the formation of "functionally equal multilingual societies".
This was the final research year so we tried to analyze globally to draw up a final report. We made a study conference in June in Tokyo, a 3 day research seminar in August in Toba-shi, Mie Prefecture. We hold an open research conference in Hitotsubashi University, at the beginning of December, in order to make global comparison.
The theory and the practice of functionally equal multilingual societies are developing in EU, especially, in minority language areas, such as Wales and Catalonia, in this decade. In Africa or in South Asia, there are also many countries where legal protections of minority languages are progressing. But it cannot be said that minority groups in these areas are really protected by laws. In Japan, although we can see some progress about the recognition of the language and the culture of Okinawa and of Ainu, and the comparison of these cultures and those of the Korean people in Japan, and of the Japanese-Brazil, the legal protection still lags behind. Moreover, comparison on the global scale of overall theory about multilingual societies remains as a future project.

France, Britain and Japan experienced the development of mass media and the democratization of information at the end of nineteenth century. Especially it was found out in our project that the progress of those changes in each countries in three wars by three nation-states, the Sino-French War (1884-1885), the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), and the Boer War (1899-1902). In Japan, by the research of Yomiuri Shimbun published in Tokyo and Osaka Asahi Shimbun published in Osaka, it became clear that calmness of war coverage consisted of telegram news and editorial columns was impressive at the Sino-French War, though popular images of Koreans, Chinese and soldiers were spread through war reporting as well as Kodan story telling, novels, and advertisements during the Sino-Japanese War. In France, by analyzing the war reports in L'llustration, Glaube, Petit Journal Fence Illustree, Le Rim and Gile Blas Illustre, and war works by Vernem Loti, Maupassant and Tharuad, it was found that while information became popularized, the question of what role literature assume was raised in consequent of competition between war coverage and literary works to attract public interest through dramatic subjects. In that background, there was the political ideology and social culture of the Third Republic as a nation-state. In Britain, through analyzing Illustrate London News and Graphic it could be found that war reporting, advertisements and popular literature produced images of the ideal soldier and ideal nation, though some heterogeneous elements became clear in the army and the nation, then the established boundaries between different ethnicity, military and civil worlds, and civilization and barbarism became destabilized. Thus popular newspapers as mass media had a deep relation with the wars by nation-states. Consequently uplift of nationalism and changes in media and literature progressed quickly under the aspect of propaganda toward the nation peoples.

We made conferences concerning multilingual societies, multilingualism, linguistic imperialism, revitalizing movements of minority languages and language policies: in January 2002 in Tokyo, about European multilingualism, in November 2002 in Naha, Okinawa, about linguistic movements in Japan, and in November 2003 in Tokyo, about Asian and African countries, especially Namibia, Senegal, Uganda, Tanzania, the Philippines, Taiwan, China, Korea and India. We made a research conference in December 2003 in Nagoya, about language policies and language movements and also about theoretical problems in sociolinguistics. We compiled a report of this three year project in March 2004. Main arguments are: language movements of minorities are very active in Europe which evoke a language policy of each country; In Asia and in Africa, there are countries which surpass the European countries in the domains of linguistic policies; what is important in the arguments for multilingual societies is in the level of written languages and the target multilingual society is not bilingual but trilingual or more.

Quantitative analysis of advertisements was conducted over each January from 1903 to 1907 (including the term of the Russo-Japanese War) in four popular newspapers (two papers, Osaka-Asahi Shinbum and Osaka-Mainichi Shinbum published in Osaka, and other two papers, Jiji-Shinpoh and Yorozu-Chohhou published in Tokyo). The results obtained are as follows. The monthly mean of numbers of advertisements in each newspaper, 3,751 for Jiji, 3,203 for Osaka-Mainichi, 2,956 for Osaka-Mainichi, and 2,010 for Yorozu, shows differences between newspapers at the degree of dependence on advertisements. Numbers of advertisements in two Osaka newspapers increased 1.4 times after the war, which supports a common view about the development of advertisements at the war. The category of advertisements with highest ratio in number was commercial advertisements for goods in each newspaper, though it was over 60%, the highest in Yorozu and as low as 30% in Jiji. Categories of second and third highest ratio in two Osaka newspapers were new-year advertisements and institutional advertisements. In size of advertisements, the ratio in number of big size advertisements over 50 lines was 6-10% in two Osaka newspapers. Graphic design was more used and well developed in two Osaka newspapers, especially for victory advertisements. The fact that 50% of advertisers of two Osaka newspaper lived in Osaka, and over 60% of advertisers of two Tokyo newspapers lived in Tokyo proved locality of advertisers. Thus this research shows quantitative differences of advertisements in popular newspapers between Osaka and Tokyo during the Russo-Japanese War.

In this research project, we focus on the Collection of Ono Hideo in ISICS, Institute of Socio Information and Communication Studies, that includes 597 types of Kawaraban and 275 types of Shinbun-Nishikie. These visual media are very important in the popular culture of the late 19ィイD1thィエD1 century Japan. So in this research project, we analyze all these Kawaraban and Shinbun-Nishikie from various inter-diciplinary aspects including history, art history, mass communication studies, sociology and cultural studies. Trough those analysis, we made clear about the popular concept of 'News' which is very different from the today's concept and elucidated the relationship between text and image in these visual media. Also, we m4de visual data base of this Kawaraban and Shinbun-Nishikie Collection and published in the form of CD-ROM. This visual data base has all the translated text data of these Kawaraban and Shinbun-Nishike which must be very useful for the researchers of media history.