Immigrant Japan? Sounds like a contradiction, but as Gracia Liu-Farrer shows, millions of immigrants make their varied lives in Japan, dealing with the tensions between belonging and not belonging in this ethno-nationalist country. Why do people want to come to Japan? Where do immigrants with various resources and demographic profiles fit in the economic landscape? How do immigrants narrate belonging in an environment where they are "other" at a time when mobility is increasingly easy and belonging increasingly complex?

Housing more than half of the global population, Asia is a region characterised by increasingly diverse forms of migration and mobility. Offering a wide-ranging overview of the field of Asian migrations, this new handbook therefore seeks to examine and evaluate the flows of movement within Asia, as well as into and out of the continent. Through in-depth analysis of both empirical and theoretical developments in the field, it includes key examples and trends such as British colonialism, Chinese diaspora, labour migration, the movement of women, and recent student migration.

Organised into thematic parts, the topics cover:

The historical context to migration in Asia
Modern Asian migration pathways and characteristics
The reconceptualising of migration through Asian experiences
Contemporary challenges and controversies in Asian migration practice and policy
Contributing to the retheorising of the subject area of international migration from non-western experience, the Routledge Handbook of Asian Migrations will be useful to students and scholars of migration, Asian development and Asian Studies in general.

Through the project’s prior three years, we understood the development of Chinese Buddhism, on the one hand, in western countries, such as Canada and the US, as the center of Chinese cultural activities. On the other hand, Chinese Buddhism has been reestablishing historical links with original Buddhism sites in Asia to gain authenticity as a part of a state effort to make Chinese Buddhism a global one.<BR>To examine the phenomena, Ashiwa surveyed the presence of Chinese Buddhism in sacred historical sites of Buddhism in India, including Bodhgaya, Sarnath, Rajgir, and Nalanda. She found that Chinese attempts that started in the early 2000s to gain a presence in these sites by investing in renovations, were not working well. These efforts had created tension with local communities, and the institutional presence of Chinese Buddhism was not that visible, even though Chinese tourism has been increasing.<BR>Ashiwa participated in the Global Study Consortium in Leipzig University to discuss issues of ideoscape--the project's organizing concept. Additionally, she conducted fieldwork at Asian Buddhist temples in Leipzig and meet with Dr. Philipp Clart, a scholar of Chinese Buddhism. Interviews at the Buddhist temples in Leipzig made us realize that Buddhist activities in former socialist countries such as Leipzig have strong links with the Buddhism of social and communist countries in Asia, such as China, Vietnam, and Burma that started in the socialist era through the mobilities of people and cultural policies of international cultural exchange among socialist countries

本研究は日本政府が高度人材を歓迎する政策を創設しているが、日本企業は外国人材を留めておくことができないことについて研究した。発見は、以下になる。１、日本企業内で人材を育成する日本企業の仕組みは、多くの外国人従業員が視野に入れているネオリベラルグローバル労働市場とは合致していない。また、日本企業の仕組みは、現代の価値体系である男女平等や多様性と矛盾している。２、日本企業に問題があるにもかかわらず、日本は外国人にとって魅力的な目的地である。なぜなら、機会に加え、文化的魅力が存在するからである。外国人労働者は日本企業を離れるかもしれないが、彼らは必ずしも日本を離れているわけではないのである。

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role that media plays in Chinese migrant lives in Japan, paying particular attention to how their media use reflects changes in Sino-Japanese relations.The research achievements of this project finished in September.1)Dr Coates presented our research findings at several plenaries, guest talks, and international conferences from April to September2)Dr Coates completed a 55 minute documentary film that explores the influence of media practice on young Chinese friendships in Japan. It is currently being submitted to international scholarly film festivals3)Dr Coates submitted several publications that present our research findings28年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。28年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない

環太平洋地域では種々の移民コミュニティが形成されている。華人や在外インド人のコミュニティだけではなく、日本人、東南アジア各地から発した人々、東南アジアにやってきたアフリカ人もみられる。また、華人についても種々の人々が多様な社会を形成している。本研究では同地域の移民コミュニティの多様さ、近年の変化の大きさについて、具体的な事例研究に基づいて提示した。コミュニティの大きな変化と多数の移動する者を支える背景として、交通、運搬、通信、送金の便が向上したことが挙げられた。また、長期間居住する移住者ではなく、短期間の滞在を頻繁に繰り返す「頻繁な移動者」に注目したコミュニティの描写への試みがされた

Housing more than half of the global population, Asia is a region characterised by increasingly diverse forms of migration and mobility. Offering a wide-ranging overview of the field of Asian migrations, this new handbook therefore seeks to examine and evaluate the flows of movement within Asia, as well as into and out of the continent. Through in-depth analysis of both empirical and theoretical developments in the field, it includes key examples and trends such as British colonialism, Chinese diaspora, labour migration, the movement of women, and recent student migration. Organised into thematic parts, the topics cover: The historical context to migration in Asia Modern Asian migration pathways and characteristics The reconceptualising of migration through Asian experiences Contemporary challenges and controversies in Asian migration practice and policy Contributing to the retheorising of the subject area of international migration from non-western experience, the Routledge Handbook of Asian Migrations will be useful to students and scholars of migration, Asian development and Asian Studies in general.

This research&nbsp;aims to understand why and how international students choose a particular country, and to study a specific academic subject in a specific university. Our efforts&nbsp;focused on reviewing the literature of international student mobilities and collecting qualitative interview data among international students. With the help of a research assistant, we have collected over 20 interviews with Chinese students who chose to study in either Japan or Germany, majoring in either humanities/social sciences or STEM. These interviews reveal the determinants for students’ decision-making, and especially the important roles the institutional channels and educational intermediaries have played in channeling students into specific regions or countries. We have also learned that, in China, it is often the children who were more concerned about the economic costs of studying abroad.&nbsp; &nbsp; The main publication, mosty based on literature review, is:Liu-Farrer, Gracia. 2022. “International Students as Transnational Migrants,” in F. Collins and B.S. Yeoh (eds)&nbsp;Handbook of Transnationalism, Chapter 19.&nbsp;Edward Elgar Publishing: 294–309&nbsp;

Because of the Pandemic, the researcher is not able to conduct fieldwork in the US as planned. As a result, the main research activities revolved around literature review and the preparation for a new project. International student mobilities have experienced important changes in recent years.&nbsp;In order to have a more systematic understanding of the relationship between education and career mobilities, this researcher decides to first investigate why international students choose to go to particular countries, are enrolled in specific schools, and select different majors. In the fall,&nbsp;the researcher submitted a Kaken-B proposal titled "Determinants and Processes of International Education Mobility: a Comparative&nbsp;Study of Japan and Germany".

This project focused on Nepalese immigrant restauranteurs and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their business operations, living arrangements, and the plight of their employees. In total, we collected 30 in-depth interviews with Nepalese restaurant owners (15) and Nepalese cooks (15) who worked in these restaurants in Tokyo between August 2020 and March 2021.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Immigrant restaurants are precarious during normal times because they have more legal constraints and less access to the host society’s institutional resources. For services and supports most rely on personal, and especially co-ethnic, networks. These networks both help and exploit the co-ethnics. The prolonged COVID pandemic since early 2020 has devastated the restaurant industry around the world and has put even more strain on businesses run by immigrants, exposing the structural vulnerability of such businesses and people depending on them for livelihood. Our research indicates the structural vulnerability and ethnic burden these restaurant owners and workers face as well as their strategies to deal with the hardship brought by the pandemic.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Many researchers who study skilled migration in Japan have pointed out that, despite Japanese government's welcoming policies toward foreign workers, Japanese firms have trouble retaining skilled foreign workers. The general consensus is that Japanese firms have problems with their organizational culture. In order to understand whether it is the problems of Japanese firms or that it manifests new patterns of career mobility, this research has proposed to investigate the situation in Germany, a country that is not a traditional immigrant country, uses a national language that is not English, and has a distinct national culture.&nbsp;The researcher conducted the pilot study in August , 2017 in Dusseldorf. By participant observation in a German language intensive course and interviewing foreign workers working in German firms, the research has found that:1) There are many similarities between foreign employees working in German firms and those in Japanese firms. Immigrant employees in German firms also share some of the cultural and social issues with immigrants in Japan.2) In the globalizing world, skilled migrants are increasingly seeing global geographic mobility as an integral part of individual career mobility. Multiple migrations are common among immigrant employees in Germany.&nbsp;

This project focuses on foreigners' as well as Japanese employees' experiences working in Japanese firms that attempt to globalise their businesses as well as their workforce. In collecting the narratives of their work experiences, the study aims to understand the nature of the difficulties corporate Japan has had in attracting and retaining foreign talents.&nbsp;Based on our interviews with close to 20 foreign employees who have been working in Japanese firms and several Japanese employees and managerial personnels this year, this study finds that the apparent difficulty for foreigners to adapt to Japanese organisations, aside from work style and office culture, &nbsp;seems to have to do with the different meanings foreign employees and Japanese employees attach to work and career as well as the uncertainties Japanese firms treat foreign employees. What Japanese employees view as the instrumental and intrinsic values of work are related to a commitment to the firm which are more consistent with the firm's organisational logic. On the other hand, both Japanese firms and foreign employees have a more ambivalent understanding of the nature of their employment. This sometimes leads to frustrations and high turnovers.&nbsp;A theoretical framework of this study is presented at AAS-in-Asia Conference in June, 2015.