The dawn of modern architecture education in Japan came as the Meiji Administration established public universities and technical training schools. During the the end of the Taisho period (1912-1926) to the Showa period (1926-1989), with rapid social modernization, construction technologies also needed to be modernized. In the private education sector, Waseda University, the pioneer in individualized architecture education, introduced and implemented a special education system called correspondence education (a form of distance learning) in the early Showa period to serve the society's demand for architectural professionals and technicians. The Waseda Architecture Lecture Notes, used as course materials for correspondence education, play a vital role in understanding Japanese architectural education's founding period. This paper focuses on current storage locations, publication time frames, educational background of the lecturers, proportional arrangements of the various subjects, as well as the design and characteristics of lecture syllabi of the Waseda Architecture Lecture notes. This analysis reveals that the Waseda Architecture Lecture Notes had specifically emphasized on architectonics courses. Therefore, Waseda University made significant contributions to the national reserve and the cultivation of architectural specialists through the distance learning approach tailored to the historical context of the Showa period.[GRAPHICS].

It is considered that it is difficult to build a well-constructed building without proportional or dimensional relationships of precise parts, so it is estimated that Korea has some sort of numerical determination method now. Also, in China there is "Ying Zao Fa Shi: " of technical books and it is doubtful that there is no similar technology in Korea with the same architectural flow, given that there are ways to decide "Kiwarisho: (sic)" in Japan. Therefore, focus on this point and aim to clarify the dimension determination method of Miruk-jon Hall Kumsan-sa Temple using analysis method of each proportional method in Japan.

The purpose of this paper is to confirm the process and characteristics of the introduction of the law and system of classification of the Historic Monuments in French Indochina by comparison of the law in French mainland. Furthermore, it aims to discuss the significance and relationship of the boundary of protection area around Angkor monuments in Cambodia, which established after the introduction of the law on the Historic Monuments.

The documents about the construction of Ishiyamadera-temple during the Nara period still exist, and the restoration research of the main hall has been examined. This paper focused on rafters and angle rafter and tried to restore the roof by examining document and drawing. The grade can be calculated from the dimensions of the listed rafter, and the advanced estimation of the material used for the main hall. As a conclusion, it is thought that the roof type was a hipped roof, and discovered the process of construction in ancient periods.

In this paper, we showed that Dimensional planning method of column interval was Shiwari-sei (枝割制), and Dimension of Kumimono (組物) was planed by Taruki-wari (垂木割) in the Zen style architecture. Then, we presented its concrete technique.

 In the conventional research, four methods of the column spacing dimensional planning of the Zen style building have been assumed: “Kansu-sei （完数制）”(the method of controlling the dimension between columns with the Syaku(尺), in principle.”), “Aita （アイタ）”(the method to control the dimension between columns by the width of Kumimono in Tsumegumi （詰組）), “ratio （比）”(the method that uses a simple ratio such as 3: 2 or 4: 3 between the central bay and the side), and “Shiwari-sei”(the planning method based on the distance between adjacent rafters, measuring from the center of the rafters, called "Isshi”.). Among them, Shiwari-sei has been considered to be relatively unimportant, because of the characteristics of the Zen style architecture such as the fan rafter, the Zen style Kumimono and Tsumegumi. However, it is pointed out that the Shiwari-sei is a precondition of Aita from the result of the Architectural technical book research. In addition, the almost Wayo style （和様） buildings had been planned by Shiwari-sei, and this style was the dominant style in the medieval period. And even in some remnants which considered planed by Kansu-sei, is compatible with Shiwari-sei. Based on these, in this paper, we examined the possibility that Shiwari-sei existed as dimensional planning method in the medieval Zen style Buddhist Halls. We analyzed following four buildings. Shohukuji Jizodo (正福寺地蔵堂, 1407), Seihakuji Butsuden(清白寺仏殿, 1415), Tokoji Hondo (東光寺本堂, before 1517), Okunoin Bentendo (奥之院弁天堂, Middle Muromachi).

 As a result, it was found that the column spacing dimensional planning for each building was designed by Shiwari-sei and the size of Kumimono was also planned by Taruki-wari. In addition to the Shofukuji Jizodo, where the use of the split system was pointed out conventionally, we found a concrete Taruki-wari plan that is latent in a building (Seihakuji Butsuden, Tokoji Hondo) that was previously considered unrelated to it. As the column spacing composition gets under the influence of Tsumegumi and the center bay and the side bay settles in a 3: 2 relationship, Taruki-wari was limited to Shiwari that could maintain this relationship. Its combinations were 19.5shi and 13shi at Seihakuji Butsuden and 24shi and 16shi at Tokoji Hondo. By fixing the number of rafters between columns in this way, the planning method changes, for example, to the technique in which the dimension of one branch is determined as a result of making the size of the center bay the Kansu. It was shown that the maximum width of Kumimono was determined based on the Isshi dimensions thus obtained. At the same time, we also shown that these dimensions could be easily and accurately obtained using the carpenter's square in those day.

The authors thanks Dr. Akira Nakanisi for his discussion, and the answers are as follows:

 1. The definition of 「integer multiple」 in Table 2 has been clarified.

 2, 3. A comparative analysis is conducted on the relationship between 「Sujangpok」 and the size of each building.

It is considered that it is difficult to build a well-constructed building without proportional or dimensional relationships of precise parts, so it is estimated that Korea has some sort of numerical determination method now. Also, in China there is "Ying Zao Fa Shi" of technical books and it is doubtful that there is no similar technology in Korea with the same architectural flow, given that there are ways to decide Kiwarisho in Japan. Therefore, focus on this point Sujanpok as an example, the objective is to examine the Korean design method through comparative analysis of existing building dimensions and its proportional method.

 Specifically, Sujangpok is the only thing remaining as a proportional method among Korean building materials. However, Sujangpok has not been discussed, studied, etc., it is an on-site carpenter's field technology, its origin is unknown. So, in this paper we will clarify whether Sujangpok is applied to Korean buildings, and prove Sujangpok which is among the proportional method of Korea.

 The conclusion of study is as follows:

 1. It is understood that there are many buildings which can be judged that Sujagpok is used among the buildings to be analyzed. As a result of each Type, A: 33, B: 12, C: 26, D: 4, E: 1 with no dimensions listed in the report, and 2 with no Nukizai became. With regard to D, it was confirmed that the dimensional difference of the four members occurs due to the replacement of the members at the time of disassembly and repair, that there is no variation in the dimensions of each member, and no description of the dimensions. Among the 78 buildings considered, 71 buildings (a total of A, B, and C) excluding 7 unmatched and unknown buildings (A, B, and C total) had the result that Sujangpok was used (91%). When examining the standard material in Sujangpok, it is thought that Hijiki is more likely to be the standard material than Nuki.

 2. The members determined from Sujangpok are Makito, Nuki. Daito are not matched. From this it is true that in the case of Korea the square and the width are the same size and the width is the column diameter . Daito confirmed that when planning the size, rather than Sujangpok, the column diameter takes precedence.

 3. From the examination according to the style, Dapo is a theory that plans mainly on Kumimono, but from this analysis, it is confirmed that the building to be analyzed is often multiplied by an integer multiple from Sujangpok.

 4. It is possible to confirm that the occupancy rate of A Type increases by analyzing the result values ​​ of the 17th and 18th centuries in which the comparison group is formed. It can be inferred that the ratio of 50% or more of the 18th century figures is the technology possessed in this era. Looking at the overall occupancy rates of the 18th century A, B, and C types, the overall occupancy rate is 96%, excluding the 12th building.

Sambor Prei Kuk Monuments were functioned as huge-scale heritage of city between the period of Pre-Angkor and Angkor. These Monuments are regarded as "Īsānapura" and "伊奢那城" appered in Chinese historical documents and inscriptions. These Monuments were registered UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015 based on the historical importance and the sites have been restored vigorously. However, the architectural study is not progressed actively, especially about the planning methods of brick structures. The purpose of this study is to revealing the method of planning the structure based on recent studies about dimensional planning of Khmer temple complex achived certain results.

 Sambor Prei Kuk Monuments is bisected by O-Kru-Ker River and west Zone called "city zone" and east zone is called "temple zone". In temple zone, three main complexes of temple: North Group, Central Group and South Group, are situated, and many brick shrines situated in. These Monuments were functioned as capital of Chenla from 6 century. After transfered to Angkor period, these were functioned as provincial city subtend Angkor area. Recent studies of methods of plan Khmer temples in structures in Angkor period, reveal that the modules of architectural planning are "hasta" and "vyama" based on body length. In Pre-Angkor period. the values of module are estimated close to those. Therefore the purpose is to reason the value of module in times of Pre-Angkor and the basical planning.

 Through the analyzing N1, N7, N8, N9, N10, N11, N12, N13, N14, N18, and N22, the value of module is estimated about 410 mm = 1 unit. However, some groups of module are confirmed as around unit = 420, 410 and 400 mm. The shrines belong to group of unit = 420 mm are rectangle plan and situated between middle and outer enclorsure. The shrines of rectangle plan is positioned in early times in Khmer history, so the larger module compared with other shrines may be possible to regard as low-level of construction. On the other hand, the different of value may be distinguished depending in module of finger intentionally. About the basical planning, for example of N13 tower, inner chamber is rectangle and outer wall is square plan. In the analyzed structures, the form of plan is the only and characteristic. The planning is regarded as secondly manipulation. Therefore, all plans of rectangle should not be placed in early times in Angkor easily. In additions to that, two tendencies are indicated those are relationship thikness of wall and innner chamber. About shrines of rectangle plan, the dimension of shorter side and thickness of wall proportional relationship. The directions of development transition are observed in two tendencies.

 Accordingly, the result of analysis reveal the each basical planning and values of module. As the result, the values of module apprpach to that of Angkor-period. However, the different of these values are necessary to examine carefully. That the module of dimension changes significantly would not be expected in brief period. There is the possibility that shrines of rectangle plan are designed the way that is different with square plans. In addditon to that, the planning method involved with thickness of wall closely. The shorter side of inner chamber and thickness of wall is propotional relationship. It may be possible to obtain the structural index. Therefore, rectangle plans and square plans are different explicitly in methods of planning. It is supposed that the square plan is intend to expand the area of chamber. The age of planning is possible to evaluate with accurancy construction. On the other hand, it is necessary to analysis the detail of each and other sites.

In the history of Khmer architecture, it is well known that there was a transition from wooden construction to stone construction during the early 10th century to the second half of the 11th century. Also well known in the course of transition there was a period when wooden roof structure with tile on the stone structure wall appeared. There was a famous study by J. Dumarcay on the construction of wooden roofs in these periods, and the critically revisited by Chika Sawada, Kunikazu Ueno, there are many unclear elements requiring further study. The connection of the wooden roof structure and stone structure wall was a very technical problem in the period of transition from wooden to stone structure.<br> This report studied and organized the process of transition of the pole plate and beam at the upper part of the stone wall with a central focus on Preah Vihear because the monument had a history of continuous extension and reconstruction from about end of the 9th century to 11th century. Additionally, a comparison with other temples constructed in a similar age showed similar trace elements with Preah Vihear. Concurrently, the result of this study includes a new proposal to the construction process of Preah Vihear adding to proposals by H. Parmentier, and S. Sahai.<br> Koh Ker monuments did not have a pole plate and put the beam directly on the stone structure wall, whereas the pole plate was generated after the East Mebon. The pole plate in this period was embedded in the upper face of the stone wall, and from around 1000 AD was put on the upper face. There are many cases where stone parts had the decoration of roof tile on the outside. Although in the early period the beam was thicker than the pole plate and the beam was set under the pole plate, from around second quarter of the 11th century the position of beam and pole plate reversed and beam set on the pole plate. The size of beam and pole plate became the same, and stone parts were used to cover the upper parts of the pole plate from rain water.<br> Based on this study, the phases of the construction process and period of each building in Preah Vihear can be proposed with the other temples being the benchmark of age had wooden roof structure on the stone structure wall. Each construction period is possible to define become in the later period if the same technique was applied the process shows the upper limit of the period.<br> 1) Jayavarman IV (928-941): attached building in Prasat Thom, transept of the gopura in Prasat Krachap,<br> 2) Rajendravarman II (944-968), third quarter of the 10th century: East Mebon, Pre Rup, attached building of Banteay Srei (before reconstruction)<br> 3) Jayavarman V (968- around 1000), fourth quarter of 10th century?: attached building of Banteay Srei(after reconstruction), attached building of Ta Keo, preceding building shaped as “一” (center part of H') at the west of Gopura III and building E in Preah Vihear<br> 4) Suryavarman I (1002-1050), end of 10th century – first quarter of 11th century : Gopura I and II and west attached building shaped as “コ” (I') and east attached building shaped as “一” (H) of Gopura III, building F<br> 5) Suryavarman I (1002-1050), second quarter of the 11th century: east attached building shaped as “コ” (I) of Gopura III<br> 6) After Udayadityavarman II (1050-1066), second half of the 11th century – 12th century: Gopura III, IV, and V in Preah Vihear

This paper explores Rinzō, the wooden revolving bookshelf used for storing sutras in Buddhism temples. Although this particular type of small architecture has attracted a quite number of scholarly attentions, the importance of Rinzō either in architectural history or in social history has not been clearly clarified. Therefore, the paper used the typology method to figure out a new classification of the type of Rinzō between Japan and China, mainly focusing on the existing Rinzō examples and several architectural technic books.<br> Based on the structure and shape characteristics, and the type ideas found in the ancient architectural books, three types of Rinzō in Japan and China are classified by the author. A type refers to the Rinzō of Yingzaofashi, which shows a separated structure of ‘Rin’ (revolving structure) and ‘Zō’ (outside cover imitating the real architecture), and is thought to be an early style traced to Tang dynasty. B type, the most popular Rinzō shape of the two countries, shows the unified shape of ‘Rin’ and ‘Zō’ which can be traced back to the Chinese North Song dynasty. Moreover, the B type Rinzō is classified into three phases: the Rinzō with eaves, Rinzō without eaves, and multi-story Rinzō. C type refers to the Rinzō with decorated middle column, which only can be found in Japan. The C type Rinzō is divided into two phases: the Rinzō with eaves and without eaves.<br> Besides, based on the type classification, the authors take a brief look at the age and regional distinction of Japanese Rinzō. Before the 18^th century, the Rinzō almost showed the type of B-I, and the erection of Rinzō was managed by the classes of nobility and the samurai. C type and II phase Rinzō occurred in 17^th century. However, B-I type was still the mainstream style of Japanese Rinzō. After the 18^th century, based on the publishing of “Obaku” version Tripitaka, Rinzō was swiftly spread all over the country. By this way, the property of Rinzō had been experienced a revolutionary process changing from ‘official’ into ‘folk’. When it comes to the 19^th century (before the age of Meiji), the C-II type Rinzō had become the most famous type. Moreover, the Japanese Rinzō can be divided into four districts: the district of B type (Kinki area, Shikoku area, Chūgoku area and Kyūshū area), the district of C type (Kantō area and Tōhoku area), the district mixed with B and C type (Chūbu area).<br> In conclusion, Rinzō, which was originated in China, showed separated type (A type) and unified type (B type) in Tang and Song dynasty, then the unified type Rinzō was introduced into Japan along with the introduction of Tripitaka and Zen Buddhism during the Japanese medieval period. After that, the development of Rinzō of the two countries each underwent independent process. All in all, Rinzō is not only proof of technical communication between Japan and China, but also an epitome of religious prosperity in public.

Jitchu was a famous monk who played an active part in Todai-ji from the late Nara period to the early Heian period. Among his various activities, this study aims to clarify the actual situation of his construction works. In this paper it is revealed that Jitchu played several roles in the construction for not only the management but also planning and site working. This shows that he had broad and respective relations with those who concerning in the construction processes, especially he was linked closely to the Empress Shotoku in several cases.

"Tameshi" is a specific word seen in the historical material of ancient Japan, recognized as an exemplar or normative model. This study aims to clarify the practical function and influence of the Tameshi manufactured by Todai-ji monk Jitchu, in the architectural construction process of the miniature pagoda halls at Nara period. In this paper it is revealed that the halls of relevant temples were not same style, therefore the temples did not apply the Jitchu's Tameshi entirely on the construction. This shows that the regulation of Tameshi was not strict, while it was dedicated to the Empress Shotoku.

The purpose of this study is to reveal the true nature of detached houses of a city by looking at the characteristics and the transitions of Tokyo Sumida private houses. The depth of dirt floor and kitchen space from a street impinges on the way of urban living in the end of the early modern age and modern ages. To make an investigation into wife's whereabouts, fittings which divide an area into zones, or, which connect or link dirt floor and kitchen are surveyed. Along with an urban environment, Tokyo Sumida private houses vary continuously, people in these areas keep the existentialist character of their ideas. The depth of dirt floor and kitchen space from a street is a historic epitome of that.

The institute of Egyptology of Waseda University newly uncovered a tomb-chapel of the high official named Pashedw at the New Kingdom cemetery of the north Dahshur in the spring of 2002. The close observation of the remaining stone pavement and numerous incised preliminary lines on it revealed the whole superstructure consisted of an impressive portico at the front with four columns, a pylon gateway, a courtyard with tomb-shaft, a tripartite offering-chapel at the rear and a small pyramid at the western end, and that the plan is basically determined in multiples of the royal cubit (ca. 52.5cm). This structure would shed new light to the historical study on the development of tomb-style in the Memphite necropolis.