Updated on 2024/04/19

写真a

 
FUKUNAGA, Yuka
 
News & Topics
Affiliation
Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences
Job title
Professor
Degree
LL.D. ( University of Tokyo )
LL.M. ( University of California, Berkeley )
LL.M. ( University of Tokyo )
Homepage URL
http://www.f.waseda.jp/yuka-fukunaga/

Research Experience

  • 2022.01
    -
    2028.01

    Member of the ICSID Panel of Arbitrators

  • 2021.09
    -
    2022.09

    University of Cambridge Lauterpacht Centre for International Law   Visiting Fellow

  • 2016
    　
    　

    Assistant, International Law Commission 68th session

  • 2014
    　
    　

    Visiting Professor, Law School, Far Eastern Federal University

  • 2013
    -
    2014

    Capacity Building Seminar Lecturer (WTO Dispute Settlement, Trade Remedies, Trade and Environment)

  • 2012
    -
    2013

    Assistant Legal Counsel, Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

  • 2011
    -
    2012

    Visiting Fellow, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

  • 2011.04
    -
    　

    Professor, Waseda University

  • 2006.04
    -
    2011.03

    Associate Professor, Waseda University

  • 2002
    -
    2010

    Capacity Building Seminar Lecturer (WTO Dispute Settlement, Trade Remedies, Trade and Environment)

  • 2008
    　
    　

    WTO Lecturer for METI officials(2008, 2010)

  • 2005.04
    -
    2006.03

    Assistant Professor, Waseda University

  • 2000.09
    -
    2005.03

    Assistant Professor, University of Shizuoka

  • 2003
    　
    　

    Summer Program Lecturer, World Trade Institute (Joint Center of the Universities of Berne, Fribourg and Neuchatel

  • 2002
    　
    　

    Visiting Professorial Fellow, Institute of International Economic Law, Georgetown University Law Center

  • 2002
    　
    　

    Intern, Appellate Body Secretariat, World Trade Organization

  • 2001
    -
    　

    Admission to the New York State Bar

▼display all

Professional Memberships

  • 　
    　
    　

    Society of International Economic Law

  • 　
    　
    　

    Asian Society of International Law

  • 　
    　
    　

    American Society of International Law

  • 　
    　
    　

    Japanese Association of World Law

  • 　
    　
    　

    International Law Association, Japan Branch

  • 　
    　
    　

    Japanese Society of International Law

  • 　
    　
    　

    Japan Association of International Economic Law

▼display all

Research Areas

  • International law

Research Interests

  • International Law

  • International Economic Law

Awards

  • 2017 WASEDA RESEARCH AWARD

    2018.02   Waseda University  

Media Coverage

▼display all

 

Papers

  • Book Review: Global Regulatory Standards in Environmental and Health Disputes: Regulatory Coherence, Due Regard, and Due Diligence, written by Caroline E. Foster

    Yuka Fukunaga

    The Journal of World Investment & Trade   24 ( 6 ) 971 - 975  2023.12

  • エネルギー憲章条約(ECT) の現在地

    福永有夏

    国際経済法雑誌   1   294 - 321  2023.09  [Invited]

  • Deference and the Authority of International Adjudication

    The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals   21 ( 2 )  2022.07

  • The Appellate Body’s Power to Interpret the WTO Agreements and WTO Members’ Power to Disagree with the Appellate Body

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Journal of World Investment and Trade   20   793 - 820  2019.12  [Refereed]

  • Comment on “Trade Wars and the WTO: Causes, Consequences and Change”

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Asian Economic Policy Review    2019.08

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    Citation
    (Scopus)

  • An Analysis of Chevron II Second Partial Award and Eli Lilly Final Award

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Journal of the Japanese Institute of International Business Law   47 ( 7 ) 819 - 829  2019.07

  • An Analysis of Chevron II Second Partial Award and Eli Lilly Final Award

    Yuka Fukunaga

    KOKUSAI - SHOJI - HOMU (International Business Law and Practice)   47 ( 6 ) 691 - 699  2019.06

  • Margin of Appreciation as an Indicator of Judicial Deference: Is It Applicable to Investment Arbitration?

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Journal of International Dispute Settlement   10 ( 1 ) 69 - 87  2019.03  [Refereed]

  • ＜2017年貿易・投資紛争の概況＞投資仲裁決定

    福永有夏

      27   274 - 282  2018.11

  • TPPコンメンタール第18回 第19章 労働

    福永有夏

    貿易と関税   2018年9月   56 - 66  2018.09

  • Abuse of Process under International Law and Investment Arbitration

    ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal   33 ( 1 ) 181 - 211  2018  [Refereed]

  • 国際経済法における国際立法―ILCによる立法の可能性

    法律時報   2017年9月号   52 - 57  2017.09

  • TPP Commentary: Investment Chapter

    Trade and Tariffs   65 ( 5 ) 38 - 56  2017.05

    CiNii

  • TPP Commentary: SPS Chapter

    Trade and Tariffs   65 ( 4 ) 74 - 85  2017.04

    CiNii

  • TPP Commentary: TBT Chapter

    Trade and Tariffs   65 ( 4 ) 85 - 99  2017.04

    CiNii

  • Infrastructure Investment in Asia and Protection under International Investment Agreements

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook of International Law and Affairs   33   109 - 138  2017  [Refereed]

  • 投資仲裁の動き（2016年）

    日本国際経済法学会年報   26  2017

  • A Managerial Approach to Secure Compliance with the SPS Agreement

    Yuka Fukunaga

    International Economic Law and Governance: Essays in Honour of Mitsuo Matsushita (J. Chaisse & T-Y Lin eds., Oxford University Press, 2016)     534 - 550  2016.07

  • Investor-State Arbitration based on UNCITRAL Rules

    Arbitration ADR Forum   5   7 - 16  2016.03

  • Comment to Chapter "Free Trade Agreements and Natural Resources"

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Emerging Issues in Sustainable Development: International Trade Law and Policy Relating to Natural Resources, Energy and the Environment (Matsushita, M. Schoenbaum, T. J. eds, Springer)     211 - 218  2016

  • メガＦＴＡが変える国際標準化

    世界経済評論   682 ( 1 ) 26 - 32  2016.01

    CiNii

  • 書評：松下満雄・米谷三以『国際経済法』

    公正取引   781  2015.11

  • 国内法そのものの国際経済協定違反と救済:WTO紛争処理制度及び投資仲裁制度の分析

    国際法研究   3 ( 3 ) 37 - 58  2015.03

    CiNii

  • TBT協定の解釈及び適用に関する近年のパネル・上級委員会報告

    平成26年度貿易障害を生じる基準認証と国際規律報告書(国際貿易投資研究所)     20 - 39  2015.03

  • Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Japanese Journal of European Studies   3   44 - 57  2015

    CiNii

  • 二国間投資協定における最恵国待遇条項-その他の経済協定との比較を中心に-

    村瀬信也先生固輝記念『国際法学の諸相』(信山社)     585 - 602  2015.01

  • 解説:コトパンジャン・ダム事件—政府開発援助によるダム建設と賠償請求

    『平成25年度重要判例解説』(有斐閣)    2014

  • Transparency and the Role of Domestic Process

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Transparency in International Trade and Investment Dispute Settlement (Junji Nakagawa ed., Routledge)     30 - 48  2013

  • Experts in WTO and Investment Litigation

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Jorge A. Huerta-Goldman et al eds., WTO Litigation, Investment Arbitration, and Commercial Arbitration (Kluwer Law International)   Ch.5   135 - 167  2013  [Invited]

  • 書評:Ross Becroft, The Standard of Review in WTO Dispute Settlement: Critique and Development

    日本国際経済法学会年報   22 ( 22 ) 252 - 257  2013

    CiNii

  • 事実審としてのWTOパネルの機能-立証責任・検討基準に関する法理の発展とその意義

    『国際経済法講座』第1巻(日本国際経済法学会編、法律文化社)     163 - 178  2012

  • Standard of Review and ‘Scientific Truths’ in the WTO Dispute Settlement System and Investment Arbitration

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Journal of International Dispute Settlement   v.3 ( n.3 ) 559 - 576  2012  [Refereed]

  • 世界銀行の開発政策と「立憲化」

    FUKUNAGA Yuka

    『世界法年報』   30   81 - 108  2011.03

    DOI CiNii

  • 投資受入国の義務——サルカ[Saluka]事件(アドホック仲裁2006・3・17部分判断)

    『国際法判例百選〔第2版〕』(小寺彰・森川幸一・西村弓編、有斐閣)     146 - 147  2011

  • 権利制限規定と知的財産権条約-論点の提起と整理-

    日本国際経済法学会年報   19 ( 19 ) 145 - 165  2010.10

    CiNii

  • Global Economic Institutions and the Autonomy of Development Policy: A Pluralist Approach

    Yuka Fukunaga

    International Economic Law and National Autonomy (Meredith Kolsky Lewis & Susy Frankel eds., Cambridge Universiy Press)     22 - 43  2010.10  [Refereed]

  • Customs Law of Japan

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Customs Law of East Asia (Chia-Jui Cheng ed., Kluwer Law International)     117 - 164  2010

  • Discontinuity in the Internalization of the WTO Rules: Assessing the Democratic Deficit Critique against the Dispute Settlement System

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Alberta Law Review   46 ( 4 ) 1039 - 1059  2009.08

  • アンチダンピング:ゼロイングの歴史の終焉-それとも新たな始まりか?

    貿易と関税   57 ( 1 ) 42 - 52  2009

    CiNii

  • Civil Society and the Legitimacy of the WTO Dispute Settlement System

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Brooklyn Journal of International Law   34 ( 1 ) 85 - 117  2008

  • Chinese Taipei

    Isamu Mamiya, Bai Bagen, Yuka Fukunaga

    Anti-Dumping Laws and Practices of the New Users (Junji Nakagawa ed., Cameron May)    2007

  • Korea

    Lori Yi, Hiroe Otake, Yuka Fukunaga

    Anti-Dumping Laws and Practices of the New Users (Junji Nakagawa ed., Cameron May)    2007

  • 書評:John H. Jackson, Sovereignty, the WTO, and Changing Fundamentals of International Law

    日本国際経済法学会年報   16 ( 16 ) 232 - 235  2007

    CiNii

  • Participation of Private Parties in the WTO Dispute Settlement Processes: Treatment of Unsolicited Amicus Curiae Submissions

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Soochow Law Journal   4 ( 1 ) 99 - 130  2007.01

  • 韓国のアンチダンピング法制とその運用(上)(下)

    大竹宏枝, 福永有夏

    貿易と関税   2006年7月号、8月号 ( 7 ) 32 - 38  2006.07

    CiNii

  • Securing compliance through the WTO dispute settlement system: Implementation of DSB recommendations

    Yuka Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW   9 ( 2 ) 383 - 426  2006.06  [Refereed]

    　View Summary

    The World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system has been making substantial contributions to improved compliance with the WTO Agreements. Of particular note are the elaborate multistage mechanisms installed in the system that facilitate and ensure the implementation of the DSB recommendations. However, these multistage mechanisms are not devoid of problems and shortcomings. Several improvements are proposed by Members and scholars but a number of disagreements exist, reflecting varied understanding of the nature of the dispute settlement system. Against this background, this article first analyses the nature of the dispute settlement system. It argues that the primary purpose of the dispute settlement system is not to secure compliance in abstracto but to settle a dispute and remedy injury, and its compliance function is exerted only in the course of dispute settlement. Thereafter, in the light of the nature of the dispute settlement system, this article presents a comprehensive analysis of the manner in which the multistage mechanisms currently function and how they should function.

    DOI

  • Trade Remedies in East Asian Regional Trade Agreements

    Yuka Fukunaga

    The WTO Trade Remedy System: East Asian Perspectives (Mitsuo Matsushita, Dukgeun Ahn and Tain-Jy Chen eds., Cameron May)    2006

  • 書評:Federico Ordino and Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann eds., The WTO Dispute Settlement System 1995-2003

    福永有夏

    日本国際経済法学会年報   第14号 ( 14 ) 239 - 241  2005.11

    CiNii

  • 国際関係法辞典第2版

    国際法学会

    三省堂    2005.09

  • 投資保護協定と日本

    福永有夏

    『法律時報』   77巻 ( 6号 ) 66 - 71  2005.06

  • 書評:中川淳司編著「中国のアンチダンピング:日本企業への影響と対応策」ジェトロ(日本貿易振興機構)

    福永有夏

    『国際商事法務』   2005年2月号  2005.02

  • 「貿易と競争」

    福永有夏

    『貿易と関税』   2005年1月号  2005.01

  • An “Effect-Based” Approach to Anti-Dumping:Why Should We Introduce a “Mandatory Lesser Duty Rule"?

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Journal of World Trade   Vol.38 ( No.3 )  2004.06

  • 「ECのインドからの綿製ベッドリネンに対するアンチダンピング措置(DS141)紛争解決了解21条5項に基づく手続」

    福永有夏

    『貿易と関税』   2004年1月号 ( 1 ) 24 - 27  2004.01

    CiNii

  • Argentina - Definitive Antidumping Measures on Imports of Ceramic Floor Tiles from Italy, Report of the Panel

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Selected GATT/WTO Panel Reports, Summaries and Commentaries   Vol.9  2003.12

  • “Marc Benitah, The Law of Subsidies under the GATT/WTO System (The Hague, London, New York; Kluwer Law International)

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Journal of the Japanese and International Economies    2003

  • 「通商救済法とWTO」

    福永有夏

    『WTOビジネスハンドブック』(渡邊頼純編著、日本貿易振興機構)    2003

  • 「熱延鋼板米国アンチダンピング調査(上)(中)」

    福永有夏

    『貿易と関税』   2003年1月号、2月号 ( 1 ) 40 - 43  2003.01

    CiNii

  • 「APEC」

    福永有夏

    『貿易と関税』   2003年1月号  2003.01

  • 「自由貿易体制の構造」

    福永有夏

    六鹿茂夫、小久保康之、前山亮吉編著 『国際関係学への招待』(三恵社)    2002

  • 「アンチダンピング調査開始決定の比較分析」

    福永有夏

    『静岡県立大学国際関係学双書』   19  2002

  • 「アンチダンピング制度の国際的調和〜協定解釈に関する審査基準に注目して〜」

    福永有夏

    『社会科学研究』   第53巻 ( 4号 ) 23 - 42  2002

    CiNii

  • 「WTOと世界経済」

    小浜裕久, 福永有夏

    『国際経済』   53号 ( 53 ) 7 - 25  2002

    　View Summary

    The WTO has been playing an important role in international economic relations.It has brought the security and predictability through its comprehensive agreements and well-refined dispute settlement system.<BR>While the WTO undoubtedly has succeeded in establishing the multilateral trading system, the Third Ministerial Conference in Seattle in 1999 revealed that the WTO now confronts several difficult challenges.The future of the WTO depends on how the WTO, particularly through the New Round launched in 2002, deals with these difficulties.<BR>This paper addresses four among these new issues, including (i) trade and development, including implementation issues such as capacity building of developing countries, (ii) e-commerce, (iii) trade and environment, (iv) trade remedy laws, particularly antidumping.All of the four are targeted in the New Round, though emphasis to be placed varies from issue to issue.We analyze the background and argumentations of each issue, and lay out expected outcomes of the New Round regarding these issues.

    DOI CiNii

  • 「ECのインドからの綿製ベッドリネンに対するアンチダンピング措置」、

    福永有夏

    『貿易と関税』   2001年9月号 ( 9 ) 48 - 52  2001.09

    CiNii

  • 「アンチ・ダンピング制度の意義〜「調査開始要件」に関する諸問題への視座〜上・下」

    福永有夏

    『貿易と関税』   2000年6月号、7月号 ( 7 ) 89 - 49  2000.06

    CiNii

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Books and Other Publications

  • 貿易紛争とWTO: ルールに基づく紛争解決の事例研究

    福永 有夏( Part： Sole author)

    法律文化社  2022.05 ISBN: 4589042223

    ASIN

  • 国際経済法の現代的展開－清水章雄先生古稀記念

    ( Part： Contributor, トルコ医薬品関連措置事件－WTO紛争処理改革への示唆)

    信山社  2023.09

  • The Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law (2nd ed.)

    Yuka Fukunaga, Pasha L. Hsieh( Part： Contributor, Pacific Trade)

    Oxford University Press  2022.12

  • The Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership : analysis and commentary

    Huerta-Goldman, Jorge Alberto, Gantz, David A.( Part： Contributor, SPS chapter under the TPP agreement and its implications)

    Cambridge University Press  2021.12 ISBN: 1107163250

    ASIN

  • A new global economic order : new challenges to international trade law

    Cheng, Chia-Jui( Part： Contributor, Precedent in Investment Arbitration: Is an Institutionalized Investment Court More Desirable?)

    Brill Nijhoff  2021.11 ISBN: 9004470344

    ASIN

  • Artificial intelligence and international economic law : disruption, regulation, and reconfiguration

    Peng, Shen-yi, Lin, Ching-Fu, Streinz, Thomas( Part： Contributor, Are Digital Trade Disputes “Trade Disputes”?)

    Cambridge University Press  2021.10 ISBN: 1108844936

    ASIN

  • 国際法秩序とグローバル経済― 間宮勇先生追悼

    柳原 正治, 森川 幸一, 兼原 敦子, 濱田 太郎, 小倉 康久, 平見 健太, 森田 章夫, 江島 晶子, 戸田 修司, 米谷 三以, 川瀬 剛志, 福永 有夏, 阿部 克則, 小林 友彦, 関根 豪政, 中川 淳司, 小寺 智史, 伊藤 一頼, 児矢野 マリ, 須網 隆夫, 猪瀬 貴道, 石川 義道, 大六野 耕作( Part： Contributor, WTO協定解釈に関する上級委員会の任務と加盟国の権限ー上級委員会改革に関する一試案)

    信山社  2021.09 ISBN: 4797281243

    ASIN

  • 国際法の現在 変転する現代世界で法の可能性を問い直す

    寺谷, 広司, 伊藤, 一頼( Part： Contributor, 国際経済法における国際立法ーILCによる立法の可能性)

    日本評論社  2020.09 ISBN: 4535524815

    ASIN

  • WTO・FTA法入門〔第2版〕: グローバル経済のルールを学ぶ

    小林 友彦, 飯野 文, 小寺 智史, 福永 有夏( Part： Contributor)

    法律文化社  2020.03 ISBN: 458904062X

    ASIN

  • The appellate body of the WTO and its reform

    Lo, Chang-fa, Nakagawa, Junji, Chen, Tsai-Fang( Part： Contributor, Interpretative Authority of the Appellate Body: Replies to the Criticism by the United States)

    Springer  2019.11 ISBN: 9811502544

    ASIN

  • TPP Commentary

    Japan Tariff, Association( Part： Contributor)

    Japan Tariff Association  2019.06

  • 国際経済協定の遵守確保と紛争処理 - WTO紛争処理制度及び投資仲裁制度の意義と限界

    福永有夏

    有斐閣  2013.09 ISBN: 4641046654

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Works

  • Investment Claims Case Report: CEAC Holdings Limited v Montenegro, Decision on annulment, ICSID Case No ARB/14/8, IIC 1344 (2018)

    Yuka Fukunaga  Database science 

    2019.01
    　
    　

Presentations

  • WTO改革（ゴズィ・オコンジョ＝イウェアラ 世界貿易機関 (WTO)事務局長講演に対するコメント）

     [Invited]

    JIIA 公開ウェビナー グローバル化の新たな時代： WTO は新たな国際環境にいかに貢献できるか？  日本国際問題研究所

    Presentation date： 2022.10

  • Dispute Settlement in Trade Agreements

     [Invited]

    APEC Workshop on Current Trends on Dispute Settlement Mechanisms in Trade Agreements 

    Presentation date： 2022.08

  • Japan's perspectives

     [Invited]

    The CPTPP Expansion in New Asian Regionalism 

    Presentation date： 2022.07

  • International Trade, Investment and Climate Law

     [Invited]

    80th Biennial Conference of the International Law Association (ILA) 

    Presentation date： 2022.06

    Event date：
    2022.06
    　
    　

  • Australia and Japan: Securing an Open and Rules-Based Indo-Pacific Economic Region

     [Invited]

    Perth USAia Centre 2021 Japan Symposium 

    Event date：
    2021.03
    　
    　

  • WTO 紛争処理の現状と見通し

    福永有夏  [Invited]

    ＷＴＯ改革の進展と収斂 

    Presentation date： 2021.03

  • The EU and Japan in a post-Covid world: the resilience of supply chains

     [Invited]

    Brussels School of Governance 

    Presentation date： 2021.03

  • Building Blocks: A Sectoral Approach to Asia-Pacific Trade

     [Invited]

    Asian Society Policy Institute (ASPI) 

    Presentation date： 2021.01

  • National Security from a Trade Law Perspective

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    National Security in International Law: An Asia-Pacific Perspective  ASIL’s Asia-Pacific Interest Group

    Presentation date： 2020.09

  • Judicial Review of National Security Exceptions under Article XXI of the GATT

    Yuka Fukunaga

    The 2020 ASIL IEcLIG Biennial: Designing International Economic Law: Challenges and Opportunities 

    Presentation date： 2020.02

  • Judicial Review of National Security Exceptions under International Trade and Investment Law

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    Lancaster University CILHR Seminar Series  (Lancaster) 

    Presentation date： 2020.01

  • Japan’s Trade and Investment Policy and the Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    Conférence: Le nouveau partenariat UE-Japon : quelles perspectives ?  (Paris)  institut français des relations internationales (ifri)

    Presentation date： 2019.12

  • The Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement from a Japanese Perspective

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    EUTIP Seminar: EU-Asian Perspectives on Trade and Investment  (Singapore) 

    Presentation date： 2019.11

  • Are Digital Trade Disputes "Trade Disputes"?

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    Asian International Economic Law Network (AIELN): The 6th Biennial Conference  (Taipei) 

    Presentation date： 2019.10

  • The Future of WTO Dispute Settlement and Investor-State Arbitration: Possibility of Cross-Fertilization

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    International Conference on "A Changing International Economic Order and the Response from International Law"  (Beijing)  WTO Law Research Society of China Law Society; University of International Business and Economics

    Presentation date： 2019.09

  • Precedent in Investment Arbitration: Comparison with Institutionalized International Courts and Tribunals

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Athens Workshop of the ESIL Interest Group on International Economic Law  (Athens)  European Society of International Law

    Presentation date： 2019.09

  • Dispute Settlement

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    WTO Reform and Possibilities  (Tokyo)  ITI/JFTC

    Presentation date： 2019.09

  • WTO Reform and the Role of Japan

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    IFI / GraSPP Research Seminar: WTO Reform  (Tokyo)  The University of Tokyo Institute for Future Initiatives

    Presentation date： 2019.07

  • A New Global Crisis and the WTO 2.0

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    Re-Launching International Trade: Joining Forces in the Japanese G20 Meetings and beyond  (Milan)  ISPI

    Presentation date： 2019.06

  • WTO Reform

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    EU-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement & Reforming the Multilateral Trading System  (Brussels)  CEPS

    Presentation date： 2019.06

  • Mutual supportiveness provisions in the EU-Japan FTA (JEEPA) and the CPTPP

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and International Trade Law Conference  (Seoul)  Yonsei Law School

    Presentation date： 2019.05

  • Law and Practice of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    Japan Federation of Bar Associations

    Presentation date： 2019.03

  • A New Trade Dispute Settlement for Trade Remedy Disputes

    Yuka Fukunaga

    Tokyo Workshop on “Paradise Lost or Found? The Post-WTO International “Legal” Order (Utopian and Dystopian Possibilities)” 

    Presentation date： 2019.01

  • Interpretative Authority of the Appellate Body: Replies to the Criticism by the United States

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    Workshop on the “WTO Appellate Body and Its Reform” 

    Presentation date： 2019.01

  • Comparative Analysis of Interpretative Methods in WTO Dispute Settlement and Investment Arbitration

    Yuka Fukunaga

    2018 AWRN CIBEL Joint Conference  (Sydney) 

    Presentation date： 2018.08

  • The Appellate Body’s Power to Interpret the WTO Agreement and WTO Members’ Power to Disagree with the Appellate Body

    Society of International Economic Law 6th Biennial Conference 

    Presentation date： 2018.07

  • How Should Japan Respond to the US National Security Tariffs: Power-Oriented, Rule-Based or Rule-Oriented?

     [Invited]

    The Wisconsin – SNU Law Conference: International Economic Law in the Age of Anti-Globalization - Implications on Asia Pacific States  (Seoul) 

    Presentation date： 2018.06

  • International Arbitration and Japan

    Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law 

    Presentation date： 2018.04

  • Private Standards and Regulatory Cooperation

    The 95th GSDM Platform Seminar International Symposium on “Private Standards and Global Governance: Possibilities and Challenges” 

    Presentation date： 2018.01

  • Margin of Appreciation and Judicial Deference in Investment Arbitration

    ASIL Midyear Meeting Research Forum  (St. Louis) 

    Presentation date： 2017.10

  • Comment: Trump Administration’s New Trade Policy and the World Trading System

     [Invited]

    Japan Korea Joint Forum 

    Presentation date： 2017.10

  • Investment Arbitration Cases involving the ECT

     [Invited]

    The Energy Charter Treaty and the Role of the Secretariat  Ministry of Foreign Affairs

    Presentation date： 2017.10

  • Paris Agreement in the WTO Dispute Settlement

    Yuka Fukunaga  [Invited]

    The Asian WTO Trade Forum  (Seoul) 

    Presentation date： 2017.08

  • Currency Manipulation and Trade Remedies

    Annual Meeting of Asia WTO Research Network  (Taiwan) 

    Presentation date： 2017.06

  • Tobacco Regulations and Investment Arbitration

     [Invited]

    (Taiwan)  National Taipei University

    Presentation date： 2017.05

  • Abuse of Process under International Law and Investment Arbitration

    ASIL-MU Works in Progress Conference  (Columbia, MO)  American Society of International Law

    Presentation date： 2017.02

  • Allocation of Interpretative Power in WTO Dispute Settlement

     [Invited]

    Forum for the Asian WTO Moot Court Steering Committee  (Seoul) 

    Presentation date： 2017.01

  • Does transparency remedy legitimacy concerns of private standards?

     [Invited]

    The 76th GSDM Platform Seminar "Private Standards and Global Governance: Prospects and Challenges"  (Tokyo) 

    Presentation date： 2016.12

  • Precedent in Investment Arbitration

    Yuka Fukunaga

    ASIL Research Forum  (Seattle)  American Society of International Law

    Presentation date： 2016.11

  • Procesural Issues of the UNCITRAL/PCA Philip Morris Asia v. Australia

     [Invited]

    Asian Society of International Law Japan Chapter  (Tokyo) 

    Presentation date： 2016.10

  • Report of the International Law Commission 68th Session (co-presentation)

    MOFA international law study group  (Tokyo) 

    Presentation date： 2016.09

  • Technical Barriers to Trade: Harmonization, Coherence, Cooperation

     [Invited]

    The 67th GSDM Platform Seminar International Symposium on Global Trade Order after the TPP: Opportunities and Challenges for Japan” (Tokyo)  (Tokyo) 

    Presentation date： 2015.12

  • Applicable Rules of International Law in Investor-State Arbitration

    CCIL (Canadian Council on International Law) 44th Annual Conference: International Law: Coherence Or Chaos? (Ottawa)  (Ottawa) 

    Presentation date： 2015.11

  • Rules of Origin in the TPP and Beyond

     [Invited]

    APEC FTAAP Capacity Building Workshop: Dealing with a New Trade Landscape: Complexities of Rules of Origin and Logistical Challenges of Trade Facilitation (Seoul)  (Seoul) 

    Presentation date： 2015.09

  • Infrastructure Investment in Asia and Protection under International Law

    Joint Asian International Economic Law Conference: Regionalism in Asia-Pacific and Beyond: Challenges and Opportunities”  (Bali)  Asia WTO Research Network

    Presentation date： 2015.07

  • Discussant: Systemic Issues for WTO Anti-dumping and Countervailing Practices/Safeguard Issues in the WTO System

     [Invited]

    2015 International Conference on Trade Remedy System  (Seoul) 

    Presentation date： 2015.06

  • Domestic Law as such and Domestic Law as applied

     [Invited]

    Madrid Arbitration Day II (ICADE and Club Espa&ntilde;ol de Arbitraje (Under Forty))  (Madrid) 

    Presentation date： 2015.05

  • Linkage between Trade and Labor: Do Regional Trade Agreements Promote Labor Rights in Asia?

     [Invited]

    Workshop on Promoting Human Rights through Trade: European & Asian Perspectives (Jagiellonian University)  (Krakow) 

    Presentation date： 2015.05

  • The Experience of Japan in Dispute Settlement

     [Invited]

    International Forum on WTO law  (Kaliningrad) 

    Presentation date： 2015.03

  • The Present and Future of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

     [Invited]

    (Tokyo) 

    Presentation date： 2015.03

  • Comment: Free Trade Agreements and Natural Resources

     [Invited]

    Symposium on International Trade Law and Policy Relating to Natural Resources, Energy and Environment - Perspectives on Sustainable Development -  (Tokyo) 

    Presentation date： 2015.03

  • WTO Disputes Involving Technical Regulations of the United States

     [Invited]

    (Tokyo)  JETRO

    Presentation date： 2015.02

  • What has the WTO achieved in the past 20 years?

     [Invited]

    International Symposium on “Mega-FTAs and Global Trade Governance”  (Tokyo) 

    Presentation date： 2014.12

  • Equivalence of SPS/TBT Standards and Public Policy Objectives

     [Invited]

    Korean Society of International Economic Law International Conference  (Seoul) 

    Presentation date： 2014.11

  • National Law in International Economic Dispute Settlement Systems

     [Invited]

    Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of International Law  (Niigata) 

    Presentation date： 2014.09

  • SPS/TBT Disputes and Public Policy Objectives: Five Proposals for Reconciliation

    Society of International Economic Law (SIEL) Biennial Conference  (Bern) 

    Presentation date： 2014.07

  • A Managerial Approach to SPS Issues

    2014 Asia WTO Research Network Annual Conference  (Taipei) 

    Presentation date： 2014.06

  • Free Trade Agreements in the Asia Pacific Region and Japan

     [Invited]

    Far Eastern Federal University Law School  (Vladivostok) 

    Presentation date： 2014.04

  • Deference to National Law in WTO Dispute Settlement and Investor-State Arbitration?

     [Invited]

    Far Eastern Federal University Law School  (Vladivostok) 

    Presentation date： 2014.04

  • Investment Arbitration under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules

     [Invited]

    (Tokyo) 

    Presentation date： 2014.03

  • Investment Arbitration under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules

     [Invited]

    Japan Association of Arbitrators  (Tokyo) 

    Presentation date： 2014.03

  • Comment, Arbitration: Private Procedure to Protect Public Interests?

     [Invited]

    Kyoto Seminar on International Investment Law  (Kyoto) 

    Presentation date： 2014.02

  • ＷＴＯ紛争処理制度及び投資仲裁制度における国内法そのものの違法性審理

     [Invited]

    東大国際法研究会  (東京) 

    Presentation date： 2013.12

  • WTO Dispute between Japan and Canada concerning Renewable Energy (International Energy Governance)

     [Invited]

    Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law  (Washington, D.C.) 

    Presentation date： 2012.03

  • 国際機関の開発政策と世界政府思想

     [Invited]

    世界法学会２０１０年度研究大会 

    Presentation date： 2010.05

  • 権利制限規定と知的財産権条約—理論上及び実践上の問題—

    日本国際経済法学会第１９回研究大会 

    Presentation date： 2009.11

  • Comment, From Rule Takers, Shakers to Makers: How Japan, China and Korea Shaped New Norms in International Economic Law

     [Invited]

    International Symposium Organised by the Japan Chapter of the Asian Society of International Law 

    Presentation date： 2009.08

  • Discontinuity in the Internalization of the WTO Rules: Assessing the Democratic Deficit Critique against the Dispute Settlement System

    Four Societies Workshop on International Law and Democratic Theory 

    Presentation date： 2008.09

  • Transparency of the Trade Dispute Settlement Process

    Society of International Economic Law: Inaugural Conference 

    Presentation date： 2008.07

  • グローバル経済制度と途上国開発政策の自律性

    東大国際法研究会 第２９０回 

    Presentation date： 2007.12

  • Global Economic Institutions and the Autonomy of the Development Policy: A Pluralist Approach

    New Zealand Centre of International Economic Law: Inaugural Conference 

    Presentation date： 2007.12

  • Participation of Private Parties in the WTO Dispute Settlement Processes

    Taipei Conference on International and Comparative Law 

    Presentation date： 2006.12

  • Who Benefits from RTA Dispute Settlement Procedures?

    APEC Capacity Building for the New International Architecture in Trade and Investment: Hawaii Workshop 

    Presentation date： 2006.10

  • Trade Remedies in East Asian Regional Trade Agreements

    International Conference on Trade Remedy System: East Asian Perspectives 

    Presentation date： 2005.08

  • ＷＴＯと世界経済（小浜裕久教授との共同発表）

    日本国際経済学会第６０回記念全国大会 

    Presentation date： 2001.10

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Research Projects

  • International Law Principles and Rules in International Economic Dispute Settlement Systems

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

    Project Year :

    2018.04
    -
    2023.03
     

  • Reform of the International Economic Dispute Settlement

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research (A))

    Project Year :

    2019
    -
    2023
     

  • Reconstructing the post-WWII international trade law system based on sustainability

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)

    Project Year :

    2022.04
    -
    2026.03
     

  • Japanese Influences on International Law

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)

    Project Year :

    2021.04
    -
    2024.03
     

  • Public-Private Partnership (PPP) for the Diffusion of Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS)

    Project Year :

    2018.07
    -
    2021.03
     

  • Export of Infrastructure and International Economic Disputes

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2015.04
    -
    2018.03
     

    Fukunaga Yuka

    　View Summary

    This research analyzed potential and actual international economic disputes involving the export of infrastructure. In response to the growing demand for infrastructure around the world, businesses from developed countries, including Japan, has been actively involved in the export of infrastructure to other countries, particularly emerging economies. In parallel, the number of international economic disputes involving the export of infrastructure is growing. This research analyzed how these international economic disputes are reviewed by international judicial bodies, specifically, world trade organization (WTO) dispute settlement system and investment arbitration, and pointed out problems with the existing international economic agreements as well as international economic dispute settlement. At the same time, it made a theoretical analysis of the impact of the international economic dispute settlement on the autonomy of domestic law and policy

  • Research on Regulatory Cooperation and Rule Making

    JETRO 

    Project Year :

    2017.02
    -
    2017.03
     

  • Studies on the Transparency in International Trade and International Investment Dispute Settlement

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2008
    -
    2010
     

    NAKAGAWA Junji, FUKUNAGA Yuka, ORTINO Federico, LENG Lim Chin, LALLAS Peter, FELICIANO Florentino, MAGRAW Daniel, PLAGAKIS Sofia

    　View Summary

    This research project aimed at elucidating the possibility of enhancing transparency in international trade and investment dispute settlement through an international joint research of scholars of international economic law and NGO leaders by (i) analyzing the theoretical issues surrounding transparency in these dispute settlement procedures, and (ii) examining various policy proposals for enhancing transparency in these disputes. In 2008 and 2009, the research team held two panels in academic gatherings (Inaugural Conference of the Society of International Economic Law (July 2008, Geneva University) and the Asian Society of International Law 2nd Conference (August 2009, University of Tokyo)), and each member of the team made presentations on his/her research topic.In 2010, each member engaged him-/herself in writing final paper on his/her research topic, after discussing each other's presentations. At the time of this report, all members except Justice Feliciano have submitted his/her papers. Upon receiving Justice Feliciano's paper, the project leader will co-author an introduction with Mr.Daniel Magraw, and will compile all the papers in an edited book titled Transparency in International Trade and Investment Dispute Settlement, to be published from Cambridge University Press (CUP). The project leader has already contacted with the CUP, and has received a positive response toward publication from the latter.The details of the research result will be contained in the above book. Following are the outline of the research result :(1) Transparency in WTO dispute settlement and investment arbitration may be evaluated in light of (i) whether the dispute procedure is open to the public, and (ii) whether and to what extent the relevant documents (disputing parties' submissions and final decisions of the adjudicating bodies (reports of the Panel and the Appellate Body and arbitral awards) are publicly available.(2) These dispute procedures are less transparent than domestic court procedures and international adjudication (e.g., International Court of Justice) bur are more transparent than international commercial arbitration. This may be explained by (i) the character of the disputing parties (WTO member governments and host states and foreign investors), (ii) the characteristics of the subject matter of the disputes (both deal with the legality of domestic regulation but they indirectly touch on the interests of private firms), and (iii) both allows for the possibility of negotiating deals between the parties outside of the procedure.(3) On the other hand, in both procedures, the legality of domestic public policy are frequently at issue, which raises the concern of general public of the disputing states and thus an increasing demand for more transparency.(4) It is, therefore, necessary to strike a delicate balance between the specific characteristics of these dispute settlement process (see (2) above) and the justifiable demand for more transparency by the general public (see (3) above), and we hereby suggest that each dispute settlement process enhance transparency, taking into consideration (i) the characteristics of the issues and (ii) the characteristics of the disputing parties, and (iii) the need to protect business confidentiality of the private parties involved in the dispute. One member, however, asserts that there is no need to enhance more transparency in WTO dispute settlement process, because some dispute cases might be better solved through domestic court procedure of importing countries, where more transparency is secured

  • Securing Compliance with the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2007
    -
    2009
     

    FUKUNAGA Yuka

    　View Summary

    The research focused on factors and systems that induce compliance with the WTO Agreement. In particular, it revealed that the WTO Dispute Settlement System has made a substantial contribution in securing compliance with the WTO Agreement. In addition, it highlighted the role of domestic legal process in achieving the compliance by analyzing the domestic implementation of DSB (Dispute Settlement Body) recommendations as well as the application of the WTO Agreement

  • Comparative study of anti-dumping laws and their implementation by WTO Members

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2003
    -
    2005
     

    NAKAGAWA Junji, TAIRA Satoru, MAMIYA Isamu, FUKUNAGA Yuka, ITO Kazuyori

    　View Summary

    Based on the on-site survey trips and documentary analyses conducted during the previous two years (Aprl.2003 through Mar.2005), we conducted a series of in-depth comparative studies of anti-dumping laws, anti-dumping investigating authorities (both dumping investigating authorities and injury investigating authorities), anti-dumping investigation procedure (from initiation of investigation through imposition of anti-dumping duties) and sunset review procedure, conditions (both procedural and substantive) for applying anti-dumping duties, anti-dumping practices for the first decade of the WTO (1995 to 2004), and their compatibility with the rules of the WTO Anti-dumping Agreement, of the following target countries/territories ; China, Korea, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, India, South Africa, Mexico, Argentina and Brazil. Part of our research results were published in a series of articles in Trade and Tariffs (Boeki to Kanzei), monthly journal of international trade law. In 2005, articles on anti-dumping laws and practices of Mexico, Argentina and Brazil were published, following those of Thailand, China and South Africa in 2004., to be followed by those of Korea, Chinese Taipei and India in 2006. In addition, starting late 2005, we have been preparing for a book project, titled "Anti-Dumping of the New Users," to be published from Cameron May (London) in 2007. So far, chapters on China, Korea, Thailand, South Africa, Mexico and Brazil were written, proofread and style-checked., to be followed by the remaining three country chapters and introduction

  • 米国アンチダンピング法の運用の研究

    　View Summary

    1.EUにおけるアンチダンピング調査の研究米国のアンチダンピング法運用の比較対象として、EUのアンチダンピング法運用についての調査を行った。とくに、ゼロイングと呼ばれるダンピング・マージンの計算方法について、米国におけるゼロイングとの異同を調査・研究した。また、ブリュッセルにてEUのアンチダンピング調査担当者やアンチダンピング調査実務に携わる弁護士に対する聞き取り調査を行う機会を得、その結果をアンチダンピング研究会にて報告した。2.アンチダンピング紛争の研究本年度は、WTOにおけるアンチダンピング紛争にも注目した。WTO紛争処理制度は、米国をはじめとする各国のアンチダンピング法運用のWTO協定整合性を確保する制度として高く評価されている。とくに、パネルや上級委員会によってアンチダンピング法あるいは措置のWTO協定違反が認定された場合、各国が違反措置を是正するためどのような措置を採る義務を負うかという問題に着目して研究を行った。この研究成果の一部は判例評釈の形で公表した。3.義務的レッサー・デューティー・ルールアンチダンピング法の濫用を規制するルールの中に、義務的レッサー・デューティー・ルール(ダンピング輸入によって生じた損害の救済に必要な限度でのみアンチダンピング税を賦課するよう義務付けるルール)というものがある。平成14年度において執筆を開始していた英字論文を、雑誌レビューアーのコメントを踏まえた修正作業を行い完成させた。近々公表される予定である。4.海外における研究活動ニューヨーク大学ロースクールで、2週間あまりの調査を行った。レッサー・デューティー・ルールについての研究のほか、米国アンチダンピング法に関する資料を収集した

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Syllabus

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Overseas Activities

  • 国際経済紛争処理手続

    2011.02
    -
    2013.02

    スイス   国際開発高等研究所

    オランダ   常設仲裁裁判所

Sub-affiliation

  • Faculty of Social Sciences   Graduate School of Social Sciences

Internal Special Research Projects

  • 国際裁判手続における国内法の位置づけ

    2014  

    　View Summary

    本課題においては、国際裁判手続の中でも国際経済紛争処理制度（世界貿易機関（ＷＴＯ）紛争処理制度及び投資仲裁制度）に焦点を絞り、国際経済紛争処理制度において、国内法の国際経済協定適合性がどのように審査される（べき）かについて研究を行った。本研究は、国際経済協定の遵守確保の要請と国家の規制権限尊重の要請とがいかにバランスされる（べき）かを論じるとともに、この問題が国際法と国内法の関係（特に国際法秩序における国内法の位置づけ）についての示唆を孕んでいることを指摘した。

  • 国際投資仲裁における最恵国待遇条項

    2013  

    　View Summary

    　二国間投資協定（ＢＩＴ）の最恵国待遇条項は、ＢＩＴ（基本条約）の一方の締約国が、他方の締約国の投資家や投資財産に対し、第三国とのＢＩＴ（第三国条約）に基づき第三国の投資家や投資財産に与える待遇よりも不利でない待遇を与えることを求める。換言すれば、基本条約の他方の締約国の投資家は、基本条約の最恵国待遇条項を介し、第三国条約によって与えられている第三国の投資家や投資財産に対する有利な待遇を、自らやその投資財産に適用するよう求めることができる。　近年、基本条約の最恵国待遇条項が第三国条約を根拠として基本条約上の保護を拡大し得る範囲について投資仲裁の中で相矛盾する決定が多数発出され、注目を集めている。すなわち、最恵国待遇条項を広く解し、第三国条約の実体上及び手続上の保護を基本条約の他方の締約国の投資家や投資財産にも与えるべきと結論する仲裁決定がある一方で、最恵国待遇条項を狭く解し、特に第三国条約の手続上の保護を基本条約の他方の締約国の投資家や投資財産に与える範囲を限定しようとする仲裁決定もある。最恵国待遇条項の解釈をめぐる尖鋭な対立は、投資仲裁の正統性を危うくすると危惧されることもある。　本研究は、物品貿易、サービス貿易、知的財産権、政府調達について、ＢＩＴ以外の経済協定、とりわけ世界貿易機関（ＷＴＯ）協定や地域貿易協定（ＲＴＡ）に定められる最恵国待遇条項を分析し、それとの比較でＢＩＴの最恵国待遇条項の特異性を明らかにした。　すなわち第一に、物品貿易や知的財産権に関する最恵国待遇条項が、多角的貿易体制を安定させる無差別待遇義務として機能している一方で、ＢＩＴの最恵国待遇条項は、その保護の内実が第三国条約との関係で決定されるという意味で、むしろ経済関係を不安定にしている。第二に、物品貿易やサービス貿易については、最恵国待遇条項によって生じ得る不均衡を矯正するための例外や免除が認められているが、ＢＩＴについてはそのような最恵国待遇条項の例外や免除が定められていない場合も少なくない。第三に、サービス貿易や政府調達に関する最恵国待遇条項は、第三国条約上のより有利な待遇が基本条約の締約国にも適用されるよう交渉を行うことを求めるにとどまるが、ＢＩＴの最恵国待遇条項は、ＢＩＴの一方の締約国の投資家が、仲裁において最恵国待遇条項に基づく利益を自らの法的権利として主張することを可能にしている。　本論文は、こうしたＢＩＴの最恵国待遇条項の特異性が、ＢＩＴの最恵国待遇条項をどのように解釈すべきかについての議論を必然的に惹起し、ＢＩＴの最恵国待遇条項の解釈の対立を生んでいると指摘した。　本研究の成果の一部は、２月及び３月（２回）に行われた会議において、発表した。　また、本研究の成果は、３月に脱稿した論文（２０１４年刊行予定の書籍に収録）においてまとめた。

  • ＷＴＯ（世界貿易機関）紛争解決機関（ＤＳＢ）勧告の履行確保

    2005  

    　View Summary

    　ＷＴＯ紛争処理制度は、ＷＴＯ加盟国間の貿易紛争を解決し、ＷＴＯ協定の履行確保を図るための制度である。この制度の下、他の加盟国（被申立国）の措置がＷＴＯ協定に違反しているとの申立を加盟国（申立国）が提起すると、パネルや上級委員会と呼ばれる準司法機関はＷＴＯ法に基づき申立の対象となった措置の違法性を審査する。さらに、措置の違法性を認定した場合には、被申立国に対して措置を修正あるいは撤廃してＷＴＯ協定に適合させるよう勧告する（ＤＳＢ勧告と呼ばれる）。近年、被申立国たる加盟国がこのＤＳＢ勧告を実施しない事例が散見される。本研究は、ＤＳＢ勧告の履行を確保するためにＷＴＯ紛争処理制度をどのように改善すべきかを明らかにすることを目的とした。　本研究の成果の一つは、ＤＳＢ勧告の履行確保に関する綿密な実証分析を行い、それを踏まえて制度改善の提案を行なった点である。ＷＴＯには、ＤＳＢ勧告の履行確保を図る手段として、①パネルや上級委員会によるＤＳＢ勧告実施方法の提案、②ＤＳＢ勧告実施期間に関する仲裁手続、③ＤＳＢによるＤＳＢ勧告実施状況の監視、④ＤＳＢ勧告実施措置の合法性についてのパネル及び上級委員会審査、⑤ＤＳＢ勧告不実施の場合の代償・対抗措置といったものが準備されている。これまでこうした手段を包括的に扱った研究はなかったが、本研究はこれら各手段の相互関係にも注意を払いながら包括的な実証分析を行い、かつ改善のための提言を行なった。　本研究のもう一つの成果は、単にＷＴＯの実証研究を行うのみならず、国際法学における履行確保に関する過去の研究との関係で、ＷＴＯにおける履行確保問題についての理論的検討を行った点にある。特に、環境や人権などの分野において導入されている新たな履行確保の方法と対比させながら、ＷＴＯ紛争処理制度を通じた履行確保のあり方とその意義について検討した。