By now it is common knowledge that the mass media have played a central role in the development, organization, and popularization of modern sports. This is true in Japan as well, where newspaper companies and television stations have owned baseball and soccer teams, started leagues, and also initiated and sponsored some of the nation’s most beloved sporting events, including the national high school baseball championship tournaments in the spring and summer, and the long-distance relay race (ekiden) between Tokyo and Hakone on the 2nd and 3rd of January. Although it may be less intuitive, upon reflection it is perhaps inevitable that seemingly more traditional sports such as sumo have enjoyed the same relationship with the media. In this presentation I would like to briefly outline the role of the media in the development of the modern form of the traditional sport of sumo. First of all, before the modern period, in the 18th and 19th centuries, woodblock prints of wrestlers popularized the image of the sumo wrestler, and also transmit that image across the years to us today. From the latter half of the 19th century the newly-created newspapers began to cover sumo, and as a part of their efforts to increase sales by drumming up interest in the tournaments, newspapers were central in establishing a championship system which rewarded the single wrestler with the best record over he course of a tournament. Sumo was one of the first sports to be broadcast on the radio, beginning in 1928. Initially there was concern that the day’s matches would not end before the end of the scheduled broadcast, so a time limit was set on the match preliminaries (shikiri), which considerably changed the performance and experience of watching sumo. In the television age, paradoxically sumo was perhaps the first sport to allow judges to consult video replay to rule on challenges to the referee’s decision. Television broadcasts of sumo overseas contributed to the influx of overseas talent, and now 1/3 of the wrestlers in the top division are from abroad, including three of the four top-ranked wrestlers (yokozuna). The Japan Sumo Association now maintains an impressive website, where a plethora of information is available. An app is available for watching sumo matches from desktop and portable devices, and for a fee one can view every match, even the ones not broadcast on television. So sumo, which at first glance appears quite traditional, has actually had a very close and profitable relationship with the media.

As Tomlinson (2014) and MacAloon (2008, 2016) have both demonstrated, the use of the term “legacy” in relation to the Olympic Games is a fairly recent development. This paper explores the relatively short history of discourses of Olympic “legacies” in the Japanese press. The word “legacy” has worked itself into the Japanese language as a loanword from English. Data for this research was obtained from a search of the data bases of four Japanese newspapers. The term first appeared in the mid-1990s, but until the mid-2000s references averaged less than one per year. In 2008 the number of references slightly increased, as the term appeared in news articles of Tokyo’s (unsuccessful) bid to host the 2016 Games. These references did not tout anticipated legacies of the 2016 Games, however, but instead looked back to the legacy of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics as an advantage for Tokyo in its bid for the 2016 Games. From 2014, references to “legacy” increased dramatically in press coverage of the eventually successful bid for the 2020 Games, and the discourse has become both more diverse, and more contentious: claims are made for tangible legacies as well as intangible legacies, and the term is used both by proponents of the Games and opponents, who speak of “negative” legacies. This paper analyzes the development of the relatively new and ongoing discourse of Olympic legacy in the Japanese press.

We conducted two questionnaire surveys to participants of the 14th World Congress of Sociology and member of the Japan Sociological Society on internationalization of sociology. These are the first surveys of this kind. We got very important basic data. By analyzing the data, we found the following conclusions.(1) Percentage of cross-border transaction (study in abroad, doing research in abroad, teaching in abroad) is not so different in European sociology and East Asian Sociology.(2) The difference in the forms of cross-border exchange activities between European and East Asian scholars is hop-on-hop-off interaction with foreign countries among Europeans and committed time-consuming self-investment interaction in foreign countries among Asians. (3) Taiwanese and Korean scholars tend to invest more than Chinese and Japanese counterparts in their transnational scholarly transactions

われわれの研究グループの大半はスポーツ社会学と呼ばれる領域を専門とし、「スポーツのグローバル化」にかかわる問題や現象に関心がある。このテーマを取り上げる際には、多国間の研究者が共同で作業し、教育・研究用にリソースを共有・融通することが有効である。
本研究の目的は、学部上級生及び大学院生を対象として「スポーツ社会学」の授業のカリキュラムや教材の開発を、日本のみならず諸外国の研究者と共同で開発し、マルチメディア・データベース化されたリソースをもとに共同で授業の運営を目指すことである。
以下の手順に従って、相互に支援するネットワークの構築を目指すこととした。
a.各自の関心や各国の状況に係わって情報交換を行い、
b.統一的な授業の開設を想定して、カリキュラムの開発を行い、
c.そのカリキュラムに基づき、各自が開発した教材をデータベース化し
d.ひとつの統一された教材として体裁を整える、
e.ひとつのカリキュラムのもとに、院生あるは学部上級生を対象に、共同ゼミを実施し、内容の改善・充実を図る。
本年度は、以下の取り組みを行ってきた。
a.スポーツのCMのイメージに関する多国間比較調査・日・豪・NZでスポーツをテーマとしたテレビCMから氏調査が受けるイメージについて予備的調査を行い、それに基づいてそれぞれの国におけるスポーツと文化の関係を探る調査の可能性について分析・検討した。
b.訪問レクチャーによる課題・問題点の整理・メンバーが相互に訪問し、学部生・大学院生・研究者を対象に講義、ワークショップを行った。講義はデジタル録画・編集し、このような形態での授業の可能性について分析・検討した。
c.情報共有のためのホームペイジの作成と情報の相互利用・メンバーがそれぞれ授業で利用している教材の共有化を図るべく、情報交換・データのアクセス・ベースの場としてホームペイジの作成に取り組んだ。

われわれの研究グループの大半はスポーツ社会学と呼ばれる領域を専門とし、「スポーツのグローバル化」にかかわる問題や現象に関心がある。このテーマを取り上げる際には、多国間の研究者が共同で作業し、教育・研究用にリソースを共有・融通することが有効である。
本研究の目的は、学部上級生及び大学院生を対象として「スポーツ社会学」の授業のカリキュラムや教材の開発を、日本のみならず諸外国の研究者と共同で開発し、マルチメディア・データベース化されたリソースをもとに共同で授業の運営を目指すことである。
以下の手順に従って、相互に支援するネットワークの構築を目指すこととした。
a.各自の関心や各国の状況に係わって情報交換を行い、
b.統一的な授業の開設を想定して、カリキュラムの開発を行い、
c.そのカリキュラムに基づき、各自が開発した教材をデータベース化し
d.ひとつの統一された教材として体裁を整える、
e.ひとつのカリキュラムのもとに、院生あるは学部上級生を対象に、共同ゼミを実施し、内容の改善・充実を図る。
本年度は、以下の取り組みを行ってきた。
a.スポーツのCMのイメージに関する多国間比較調査・日・豪・NZでスポーツをテーマとしたテレビCMから氏調査が受けるイメージについて予備的調査を行い、それに基づいてそれぞれの国におけるスポーツと文化の関係を探る調査の可能性について分析・検討した。
b.訪問レクチャーによる課題・問題点の整理・メンバーが相互に訪問し、学部生・大学院生・研究者を対象に講義、ワークショップを行った。講義はデジタル録画・編集し、このような形態での授業の可能性について分析・検討した。
c.情報共有のためのホームペイジの作成と情報の相互利用・メンバーがそれぞれ授業で利用している教材の共有化を図るべく、情報交換・データのアクセス・ベースの場としてホームペイジの作成に取り組んだ。

In recent years, the number of Europeans in the upper ranks of professional sumo (大相撲) has increased. This is in part due to the efforts of the Japan Sumo Federation (日本相撲連盟), the body administering amateur sumo in Japan, to propagate the sport overseas, with the ultimate aim of establishing sumo as an Olympic sport. The purpose of this research project was to investigate the current status of amateur sumo in Europe. The First Women's Sumo Junior World Championships, the 9th Men's Junior World Sumo Championships, the 7th Women's World Sumo Championships, and the 16th Men's World Sumo Championships were held in Rakvere, Estonia, October 9 - 12, 2008. There were almost 300 participants from 30 countries. I attended the championships, took video and photos of the competition, attended related receptions and meetings, and talked with some of the organizers, participants, and leaders of the national sumo organizations. On the Canary Islands, off the West African coast but administered by Spain, there is an indigenous form of wrestling that is very similar to sumo, called Lucha Canaria, or Canarian wrestling. The Spanish exhibit at the 2005 Aichi Expo in Japan featured Lucha Canaria. It is different from Japanese sumo in that there is no tachiai―the wrestlers start their match in a tied-up stance―and the ring is much larger than the dohyô, and it is rare for competitors to go out of bounds. The sport is even closer to Korean sillum, and amateur Korean sillum wrestlers have visited the Canary Islands for cultural exchanges. In November of 2008 I visited the island of Gran Canaria to observe Lucha Canaria. The sport is highly organized with regular matches year-round. Most municipalities field a team. I attended a match in the municipality of Playa Arinaga, at a modern facility built specifically for the sport, the Terrero Municipal de Lucha Canaria. Playa Arinaga hosted a team from the nearby municipality of Telde. There were two team competitions, one for juniors and one for seniors. I took videos and photos of the competitions, and interviewed the former president of the Playa Arinaga club, as well as some of the athletes and their families. A few days earlier there was also an exhibition of Lucha Canaria in the lounge of one of the tourist hotels, with five junior competitors from the Playa Arinaga team. I took video and photos of this exhibition as well, where the young athletes also interacted with the spectators.