Updated on 2024/03/29

写真a

 
WATANABE, Takanobu
 
Affiliation
Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Fundamental Science and Engineering
Job title
Professor
Degree
Doctor of Engineering ( Waseda University )

Research Experience

  • 2012.04
    -
    Now

    Waseda University   Faculty of Science and Engineering   Professor

  • 2007.04
    -
    2012.03

    Waseda University   Faculty of Science and Engineering   Associate Professor

  • 2005.04
    -
    2007.03

    Waseda University   Faculty of Science and Engineering   Associate Professor

  • 2003.10
    -
    2007.03

    Japan Science and Technology Agency   PRESTO Researcher

  • 2003.04
    -
    2005.02

    Waseda University   Graduate School of Science and Engineering   Lecturer

  • 2000.04
    -
    2003.03

    Japan Society for The Promotion of Science   Research Fellow (PD)

  • 1999.04
    -
    2000.03

    Japan Society for The Promotion of Science   Research Fellow (PD)

  • 1997.04
    -
    1999.03

    Japan Society for The Promotion of Science   Research Fellow (DC1)

▼display all

Education Background

  • 1997.04
    -
    1999.03

    Waseda University   Graduate School of Science and Engineering  

  • 1995.04
    -
    1997.03

    Waseda University   Graduate School, Division of Engineering  

  • 1991.04
    -
    1995.03

    Waseda University   School of Science and Engieering  

Professional Memberships

  •  
     
     

    The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

  •  
     
     

    日本物理学会

  •  
     
     

    日本表面科学会

  •  
     
     

    応用物理学会

Research Areas

  • Nanometer-scale chemistry / Mathematical physics and fundamental theory of condensed matter physics / Electric and electronic materials

Research Interests

  • Electronic materials, Computational Physics, Nanotechnology

Awards

  • Research Award (High-Impact Publication)

    2018.02   Waseda University  

    Winner: WATANABE, Takanobu

  • Teaching Award

    2016.02   Waseda University  

    Winner: WATANABE, Takanobu

  • JSAP Young Scientist Presentation Award

    2000.11   The Japan Society of Applied Physics  

    Winner: WATANABE, Takanobu

  • Inoue Research Award

    1999.02   Inoue Foundation for Science  

    Winner: WATANABE, Takanobu

 

Papers

  • Operating Temperature Dependency of Power Generation Capacity in Silicon Planar-Integrated Microthermoelectric Generators

    Takumi Hoshina, Motohiro Tomita, Takeo Matsuki, Takanobu Watanabe

    IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices     1 - 7  2024

    DOI

  • Experimental demonstration of spreading resistance effect in a miniaturized bileg thermoelectric generator

    Motohiro Tomita, Tsubasa Kashizaki, Takumi Hoshina, Ayami Kurosaki, Shuhei Arai, Takeo Matsuki, Takanobu Watanabe

    Japanese Journal of Applied Physics   62 ( SC ) SC1066 - SC1066  2023.02

     View Summary

    Abstract

    The effect of the spreading resistance on the bileg thermoelectric generator (TEG) performance was experimentally evaluated. In planar bileg-TEGs, the width ratio of the p- and n-type legs should be carefully selected to compensate for the impedance mismatch between them and to maximize thermoelectric power generated from a unit area. In the bileg-TEG at the μm-scale, the electrical resistance becomes larger than a simple estimate using lumped parameter circuit model, which is caused by the spreading resistance; when a current flows from a narrower leg to a wider leg. A distance of greater than about 10 μm is required to distribute the electric current over the entire region of the wider leg. At shorter leg lengths, it is better to align the widths of p- and n-legs to maximize the areal power density of TEG. Decreasing the electrical resistance of the wiring between the p- and n-legs is also effective in enhancing the performance of the miniaturized TEG. The width of the p- and n-type legs in the bileg-TEG at the μm-scale should be carefully selected.

    DOI

    Scopus

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  • Superior power generation capacity of GeSn over Si demonstrated in cavity-free thermoelectric device architecture

    Md Mehdee Hasan Mahfuz, Kazuaki Katayama, Yoshitsune Ito, Kazuaki Fujimoto, Motohiro Tomita, Masashi Kurosawa, Takeo Matsuki, Takanobu Watanabe

    Japanese Journal of Applied Physics   62 ( SC ) SC1058 - SC1058  2023.02

     View Summary

    Abstract

    The performance of a thermoelectric (TE) generator consisting of GeSn wire is experimentally found to be higher than that of a TE generator fabricated by Si wire. The TE generators are developed in a cavity-free architecture, where the wires are directly placed on the substrate without forming a cavity space underneath. In the cavity-free structure, the heat current flows perpendicularly to the substrate and the TE generator is driven by a steep temperature gradient established around the heater inlet. With an identical patterning design, the TE performance of both generators is characterized by varying lengths. The maximum Seebeck coefficient of the generator consisting of GeSn is −277 μV K−1 and that for the Si is −97 μV K−1. The GeSn-TE generator achieves a higher power factor of 31 μW· K−2· cm−1 than that of the Si-TE generator of 12 μW· K−2· cm−1. The maximum areal power density of the GeSn-TE generator is intrinsically higher than that of the Si-TE generator by approximately 2.5 to 6 times considering the wire thickness difference. The obtained results support the superiority of the GeSn-TE generator over the Si-TE generator.

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  • Study on phonon lifetime in bulk silicon–germanium through observation of acoustic phonon spectra broadening by inelastic x-ray scattering

    Ryo Yokogawa, Yasutomo Arai, Ichiro Yonenaga, Motohiro Tomita, Sylvia Yuk Yee Chung, Hiroshi Uchiyama, Takanobu Watanabe, Atsushi Ogura

    Applied Physics Letters   121 ( 8 ) 082105 - 082105  2022.08

     View Summary

    We report on the behavior of an acoustic phonon spectral linewidth of bulk single-crystalline Si1− xGe x alloy with the x of 0.16, 0.32, and 0.45 in the phonon dispersion relation along the Γ–X ([00 q]) direction. Broadening of both transverse acoustic (TA) and longitudinal acoustic (LA) modes of the bulk Si1− xGe x alloy was directly observed using inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) with increasing momentum (from Γ to X points in the Brillouin zone), which cannot be observed in pure Si or pure Ge. The IXS spectral linewidth of the TA mode indicated Ge dependence, which suggests the overlapping of a low-energy local vibration mode (LVM) caused by Ge clusters surrounded by Si atoms around the X point. Although the behavior of the IXS spectral linewidth of the LA mode showed almost no dependence on Ge fraction, the IXS spectra of the LA mode indicated broadening after crossing with a low-energy LVM with increasing momentum. The results obtained by molecular dynamics showed almost the same behavior of the acoustic phonon spectral linewidth. These results suggest that a change in the acoustic phonon spectral linewidth between the Γ and X points indicates a reduction in the acoustic phonon lifetime caused by the appearance of a localized mode originated from a random atom position in the alloy structure, leading to suppression of the thermal transport in the SiGe alloy.

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  • Sn-incorporation effect on thermoelectric properties of Sb-doped Ge-rich Ge1−x−y Si x Sn y epitaxial layers grown on GaAs(001)

    Masashi Kurosawa, Masaya Nakata, Tianzhuo Zhan, Motohiro Tomita, Takanobu Watanabe, Osamu Nakatsuka

    Japanese Journal of Applied Physics   61 ( 8 ) 085502 - 085502  2022.08

     View Summary

    Abstract

    We investigate Sn incorporation effects on the thermoelectrical characteristics of n-type Ge-rich Ge1−x−ySixSny layers (x ≈ 0.05−0.1, y ≈ 0.03) pseudomorphically grown on semi-insulating GaAs(001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Despite the low Sn content of 3%, the Sn atoms play a role in suppressing the thermal conductivity from 13.5 to 9.0 Wm−1 K−1 without degradation of the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient. Furthermore, a relatively high power factor (maximum: 14 μW cm−1 K−2 at room temperature) was also achieved for the Ge1−x−ySixSny layers, almost the same as the Si1−xGex ones (maximum: 12 μW cm−1 K−2 at room temperature) grown with the same conditions. This result opens up the possibility of developing Sn-incorporated group-IV thermoelectric devices.

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  • Modification and Characterization of Interfacial Bonding for Thermal Management of Ruthenium Interconnects in Next-Generation Very-Large-Scale Integration Circuits

    Tianzhuo Zhan, Keita Sahara, Haruki Takeuchi, Ryo Yokogawa, Kaito Oda, Zhicheng Jin, Shikang Deng, Motohiro Tomita, Yen Ju Wu, Yibin Xu, Takeo Matsuki, Haidong Wang, Mengjie Song, Sujun Guan, Atsushi Ogura, Takanobu Watanabe

    ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces   14 ( 5 ) 7392 - 7404  2022.02

     View Summary

    Ruthenium may replace copper interconnects in next-generation very-large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits. However, interfacial bonding between Ru interconnect wires and surrounding dielectrics must be optimized to reduce thermal boundary resistance (TBR) for thermal management. In this study, various adhesion layers are employed to modify bonding at the Ru/SiO2 interface. The TBRs of film stacks are measured using the frequency-domain thermoreflectance technique. TiN and TaN with high nitrogen contents significantly reduce the TBR of the Ru/SiO2 interface compared to common Ti and Ta adhesion layers. The adhesion layer thickness, on the other hand, has only minor effect on TBR when the thickness is within 2-10 nm. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of deeply buried layers and interfaces quantitatively reveals that the decrease in TBR is attributed to the enhanced bonding of interfaces adjacent to the TaN adhesion layer, probably due to the electron transfer between the atoms at two sides of the interface. Simulations by a three-dimensional electrothermal finite element method demonstrate that decreasing the TBR leads to a significantly smaller temperature increase in the Ru interconnects. Our findings highlight the importance of TBR in the thermal management of VLSI circuits and pave the way for Ru interconnects to replace the current Cu-based ones.

    DOI PubMed

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  • Effect of metal heat guide structure on the performance of planar Si thermoelectric generator embedded in SiO2 inter-layer dielectric

    Tsubasa Kashizaki, Motohiro Tomita, Kazuaki Katayama, Takumi Hoshina, Takeo Matsuki, Sylvia Chung, Takanobu Watanabe

    Japanese Journal of Applied Physics   61   SC1017-1 - SC1017-6  2022.02  [Refereed]

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  • Performance demonstration of cavity-free planar multi-stage bileg and unileg silicon-nanowire thermoelectric generators

    Md Mehdee Hasan Mahfuz, Motohiro Tomita, Kazuaki Katayama, Tsubasa Kashizaki, Katsuk Abe, Takumi Hoshina, Takeo Matsuki, Takanobu Watanabe

    Japanese Journal of Applied Physics   61   SC1062-1 - SC1062-6  2022.02  [Refereed]

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  • Atomic mass dependency of a localized phonon mode in SiGe alloys

    Sylvia Yuk Yee Chung, Motohiro Tomita, Ryo Yokogawa, Atsushi Ogura, Takanobu Watanabe

    AIP Advances   11 ( 11 ) 115225 - 115225  2021.11

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  • Substrate Bias Effect on SOI-based Thermoelectric Power Generator

    Hiroshi Inokawa, Yuto Goi, Yoshiaki Yorigami, Kyohei Shirotori, Hiroaki Satoh, Motohiro Tomita, Takeo Matsuki, Hiroya Ikeda, Takanobu Watanabe

    International Conference on QiR (Quality in Research)    2021.10

    DOI

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  • Dependency of a localized phonon mode intensity on compositional cluster size in SiGe alloys

    Sylvia Yuk Yee Chung, Motohiro Tomita, Junya Takizawa, Ryo Yokogawa, Atsushi Ogura, Haidong Wang, Takanobu Watanabe

    AIP Advances   11 ( 7 ) 075017 - 075017  2021.07  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Last author

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  • Designing a bileg silicon-nanowire thermoelectric generator with cavity-free structure

    Md Mehdee Hasan Mahfuz, Motohiro Tomita, Shuhei Hirao, Kazuaki Katayama, Kaito Oda, Takashi Matsukawa, Takeo Matsuki, Takanobu Watanabe

    Japanese Journal of Applied Physics   60 ( SB ) SBBF07 - SBBF07  2021.05  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Last author

    DOI

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  • Thermal deposition method for p–n patterning of carbon nanotube sheets for planar-type thermoelectric generator

    Ryohei Yamaguchi, Taiki Ishii, Masamichi Matsumoto, Angana Borah, Naoki Tanaka, Kaito Oda, Motohiro Tomita, Takanobu Watanabe, Tsuyohiko Fujigaya

    Journal of Materials Chemistry A   9 ( 20 ) 12188 - 12195  2021  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    <p>Thermal deposition of n-dopant onto SWCNT sheet (p-type) using patterned mask can fabricate p–n patterns with high special resolution. Thermoelectric generator using patterned SWCNT sheets exhibited power density of 60 nW cm−2 at Δ<italic>T</italic> = 25 °C.</p>

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  • Control of anisotropic conduction of carbon nanotube sheets and their use as planar-type thermoelectric conversion materials

    Masamichi Matsumoto, Ryohei Yamaguchi, Keisuke Shima, Masakazu Mukaida, Motohiro Tomita, Takanobu Watanabe, Takao Ishida, Tsuyohiko Fujigaya

    Science and Technology of Advanced Materials   22 ( 1 ) 272 - 279  2021  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The large anisotropic thermal conduction of a carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet that originates from the in-plane orientation of one-dimensional CNTs is disadvantageous for thermoelectric conversion using the Seebeck effect since the temperature gradient is difficult to maintain in the current flow direction. To control the orientation of the CNTs, polymer particles are introduced as orientation aligners upon sheet formation by vacuum filtration. The thermal conductivities in the in-plane direction decrease as the number of polymer particles in the sheet increases, while that in the through-plane direction increases. Consequently, a greater temperature gradient is observed for the anisotropy-controlled CNT sheet as compared to that detected for the CNT sheet without anisotropy control when a part of the sheet is heated, which results in a higher power density for the planar-type thermoelectric device. These findings are quite useful for the development of flexible and wearable thermoelectric batteries using CNT sheets.

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  • Fabrication of high-quality GaAs/diamond heterointerface for thermal management applications

    Jianbo Liang, Yuji Nakamura, Tianzhuo Zhan, Yutaka Ohno, Yasuo Shimizu, Kazu Katayama, Takanobu Watanabe, Hideto Yoshida, Yasuyoshi Nagai, Hongxing Wang, Makoto Kasu, Naoteru Shigekawa

    Diamond and Related Materials   111   108207 - 108207  2021.01  [Refereed]

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  • Direct Bonding of GaAs and Diamond for High Power Device Applications

    Jianbo Liang, Yuji Nakamura, Yutaka Ohno, Yasuo Shimizu, Tianzhuo Zhan, Takanobu Watanabe, Naoto Kamiuchi, Yasuyoshi Nagai, Naoteru Shigekawa

    ECS Meeting Abstracts   MA2020-02 ( 22 ) 1634 - 1634  2020.11  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Direct bonding of GaAs and diamond was successfully achieved by surface activated bonding (SAB) method at room temperature. The structures of GaAs/diamond interface before and after annealing at 400 ℃ were investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM). A 3-nm-thick crystal defect layer was formed at the bonding interface, the change in the crystal defect layer thickness was not observed after annealing. There were no nanovoids and micro-cracks observed at the interface with annealing at temperature 400 ℃. These results indicated that the GaAs/diamond interface has high thermal stability and can withstand the temperature rise of power devices during operating.

    GaAs-based power devices have excellent electron transport properties and make it suitable for high frequency operation at high frequency. The output power and the lifetime of GaAs devices are largely degraded by the temperature rise of the active region during operating. The thermal conductivity of GaAs is very small, so that the generated heat by self-heating cannot be sufficiently dissipated through the substrate. Diamond has the highest thermal conductivity among materials and is an ideal material to suppress the temperature rise of the devices. The integration of the GaAs-based devices and diamond will be a more promising approach for improving the heat dissipation ability of the devices. However, since there is a large mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients and lattice constants of GaAs and diamond, the direct growth of GaAs on diamond is quite difficult and vice versa. We have achieved the direct bonding of diamond and Si at room temperature using surface activated bonding (SAB) method and obtained the excellent thermal stability bonding interface.1-3 In this study, we examine the structures of the diamond/GaAs bonding interface and effects of thermal annealing on the interfacial structure of the interface by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

    GaAs epitaxial layer grown on GaAs substrate was bonded to diamond by SAB method at room temperature. GaAs epitaxial substrate was composed of a 200 nm thick GaAs and a 100 nm thick InGaP layers grown on GaAs. After bonding, the GaAs substrate and InGaP layer were removed by mechanical polishing and selective wet etching to obtain 200 nm thick GaAs layer bonded to diamond substrates. The structures of the GaAs/diamond bonding interface were investigated by TEM observation. The TEM samples were fabricated by using a focused ion beam (FIB) technique.

    The cross-sectional TEM images of the GaAs/diamond bonding interface without and with annealing at 400°C for 5 min are shown in Fig 1(a) and 1(b), respectively. A crystal defect layer with a thickness of about 3 nm was observed in the as-bonded interface. The thickness of the crystal defect layer did not change, but no voids or cracks were observed at the bonding interface after annealing. These results indicate that the bonding interface of diamond and GaAs has an excellent thermal stability, which is extremely qualified for the heat dissipation of the devices.

    Acknowledgements This work was partly supported by Hirose International Scholarship Foundation. The fabrication of the TEM samples and part of the TEM observations were respectively performed at The Oarai Center and at the Laboratory of Alpha-Ray Emitters in IMR under the Inter-University Cooperative Research in IMR of Tohoku University (NO. 18M0045 and 19M0037).

    References Liang, S. Masuya, M. Kasu, N. Shigekawa, Appl. Phys. Lett.2017, 110, No.111603.

    Liang, S. Masuya, S. Kim, T. Oishi, M. Kasu, N. Shigekawa, Appl. Phys. Express2019, 12, No. 016501.

    Liang, Y. Zhou, S. Masuya, F. Gucmann, M. Singh, J. Pomeroy, S. Kim, M. Kuball, M. Kasu, N. Shigekawa, Diam. Relat. Mater.2019, 93, 187 – 192.



    Figure 1

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    DOI

  • 4-4 Effect of Unit-cell Arrangement on Performance of Multi-stage-planar Cavity-free Unileg Thermoelectric Generator Using Silicon Nanowires

    Katsuki Abe, Kaito Oda, Motohiro Tomita, Takeo Matsuki, Takashi Matsukawa, Takanobu Watanabe

    2020 International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices (SISPAD)    2020.09

    DOI

  • Observation of an Unidentified Phonon Peak in SiGe Alloys and Superlattices Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

    Sylvia Yuk Yee Chung, Motohiro Tomita, Ryo Yokogawa, Atsushi Ogura, Takanobu Watanabe

    ECS Transactions   98 ( 5 ) 533 - 546  2020.09  [Refereed]

    DOI

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  • Effect of the Thermal Boundary Resistance in Metal/Dielectric Thermally Conductive Layers on Power Generation of Silicon Nanowire Micro Thermoelectric Generators

    Tianzhuo Zhan, Shuaizhe Ma, Zhicheng Jin, Hiroki Takezawa, Kohei Mesaki, Motohiro Tomita, Yen-Ju Wu, Yibin Xu, Takashi Matsukawa, Takeo Matsuki, Takanobu Watanabe

    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces   12 ( 30 ) 34441 - 34450  2020.07  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. In microthermoelectric generators (μTEGs), parasitic thermal resistance must be suppressed to increase the temperature difference across thermocouples for optimum power generation. A thermally conductive (TC) layer is typically used in μTEGs to guide the heat flow from the heat source to the hot junction of each thermocouple. In this study, we investigate the effect of the thermal boundary resistance (TBR) in metal/dielectric TC layers on the power generation of silicon nanowire (SiNW) μTEGs. We prepared various metal/adhesion/dielectric TC layers using different metal, adhesion, and dielectric layers and measured the thermal resistance using the frequency-domain thermoreflectance method. We found that the thermal resistance was significantly different, mainly due to the TBR of the metal/dielectric interfaces. Interface characterization highlights the significant role of the interfacial bonding strength and interdiffusion in TBR. We fabricated a prototype SiNW-μTEG with different TC layers for testing, finding that the power generation increased significantly when the thermal resistance of the TC layer was lowered. This study helps to understand the underlying physics of thermal transport at interfaces and provides a guideline for the design and fabrication of μTEGs to enhance power generation for effective energy harvesting.

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  • Effect of phonon-boundary scattering on phonon-drag factor in Seebeck coefficient of Si wire

    Khotimatul Fauziah, Yuhei Suzuki, Takuto Nogita, Yoshinari Kamakura, Takanobu Watanabe, Faiz Salleh, Hiroya Ikeda

    AIP Advances   10 ( 7 ) 075015 - 075015  2020.07  [Refereed]

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  • Anomalous low energy phonon dispersion in bulk silicon-germanium observed by inelastic x-ray scattering

    R. Yokogawa, H. Takeuchi, Y. Arai, I. Yonenaga, M. Tomita, H. Uchiyama, T. Watanabe, A. Ogura

    Applied Physics Letters   116 ( 24 ) 242104 - 242104  2020.06  [Refereed]

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  • Effect of Thermal Boundary Resistance between the Interconnect Metal and Dielectric Interface on Temperature Increase of Interconnects in Deeply Scaled VLSI

    Tianzhuo Zhan, Kaito Oda, Shuaizhe Ma, Motohiro Tomita, Zhicheng Jin, Hiroki Takezawa, Kohei Mesaki, Yen Ju Wu, Yibin Xu, Takashi Matsukawa, Takeo Matsuki, Takanobu Watanabe

    ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces   12 ( 19 ) 22347 - 22356  2020.05  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Last author, Corresponding author

     View Summary

    Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society. Temperature increase in the continuously narrowing interconnects accelerates the performance and reliability degradation of very large scale integration (VLSI). Thermal boundary resistance (TBR) between an interconnect metal and dielectric interlayer has been neglected or treated approximately in conventional thermal analyses, resulting in significant uncertainties in performance and reliability. In this study, we investigated the effects of TBR between an interconnect metal and dielectric interlayer on temperature increase of Cu, Co, and Ru interconnects in deeply scaled VLSI. Results indicate that the measured TBR is significantly higher than the values predicted by the diffuse mismatch model and varies widely from 1 × 10-8 to 1 × 10-7 m2 K W-1 depending on the liner/barrier layer used. Finite element method simulations show that such a high TBR can cause a temperature increase of hundreds of degrees in the future VLSI interconnect. Characterization of interface properties shows the significant importance of interdiffusion and adhesion in TBR. For future advanced interconnects, Ru is better than Co for heat dissipation in terms of TBR. This study provides a guideline for the thermal management in deeply scaled VLSI.

    DOI PubMed

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  • Direct Observation of Dielectric Breakdown Path at Silica/Epoxy Interface with a Micro-gap Electrode Device

    Rina Sankawa, Takuya Onishi, Kohei Takahashi, Motohiro Tomita, Kotaro Mura, Takahiro Nakamura, Tetsuo Yoshimitsu, Takahiro Imai, Takanobu Watanabe

    IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials   140 ( 2 ) 64 - 69  2020.02  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Corresponding author

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  • Evaluation of temperature and germanium concentration dependence of EXAFS oscillations in Si-rich silicon germanium thin films

    K. Yoshioka, R. Yokogawa, M. Koharada, H. Takeuchi, G. Ogasawara, I. Hirosawa, T. Watanabe, A. Ogura

    ECS Transactions   98 ( 5 ) 473 - 479  2020  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We measured the influence of the germanium (Ge) nearest neighbor atom on the lattice vibration of silicon germanium (SiGe) thin films on silicon substrate, which is expected as a material for next-generation electronic and thermoelectric devices, by x-ray absorption fine structure measurement. The amount of changes in the Debye-Waller factor (Δσ2) of each sample were estimated from the obtained extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectra, and it was experimentally clarified that the lattice vibration of the SiGe films were different from that of Ge. On the other hand, it is considered that the lattice vibration of the SiGe films were suppressed by the compressive strain, since Δσ2 have hardly changed with the Ge concentration. The Einstein temperature estimated from Δσ2 decreased with increasing Ge concentration, suggesting that the thermal conductivity of SiGe film can be controlled by Ge concentration.

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  • Evaluation of thermal conductivity characteristics in Si nanowire covered with oxide by UV Raman spectroscopy

    Ryo Yokogawa, Motohiro Tomita, Takanobu Watanabe, Atsushi Ogura

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   58   SDDF04  2019.06  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Thermal conductivity characteristics of Si nanowires (SiNWs) treated with thermal oxidation before and after a subsequent Ar+ ion irradiation process were evaluated by UV Raman spectroscopy, in order to investigate the impact of interfacial oxide-induced lattice disorder. Laser-powerd-ependent Raman spectroscopy showed that the rise in temperature caused by laser heating of SiNWs is suppressed by the Ar+ ion irradiation process. It is considered that this suppression of an increase in temperature is caused by the Ar+ ion irradiation breaking bonds at the SiO2/SiNW interface. These results indicate that not only roughness and defects but also bonding characteristics at SiO2/SiNW interfaces should be carefully considered to achieve a low value of thermal conductivity for next-generation SiNW thermoelectric devices. To realize phonon scattering in SiNWs efficiently, optimization of thermal oxidation is necessary. (c) 2019 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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  • ノンドープ組成傾斜SiGeワイヤの微小ゼーベック係数測定

    熊田剛大, 中村俊貴, 富田基裕, 中田壮哉, 高橋恒太, 黒澤昌志, 渡邉孝信

    電子デバイス界面テクノロジー研究会(第24回)     pp. 197-200  2019.01

  • Cavity-free micro thermoelectric energy harvester with Si nanowires

    T. Watanabe, M. Tomita, T. Zhan, K. Shima, Y. Himeda, R. Yamato, T. Matsukawa, T. Matsuki

    ECS Transactions   89 ( 3 ) 95 - 110  2019  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    © 2019 Electrochemical Society Inc.. All rights reserved. We present a new design of silicon-based micro-thermoelectric generator, which utilizes silicon nanowires as the thermoelectric leg. It is driven by a steep temperature gradient exuding around a heat flow perpendicular to the substrate, and the silicon nanowires are not suspended on a cavity etched on the substrate. The power density is scalable by shortening the silicon nanowire to sub-μm length, which was experimentally demonstrated and tens of µW/cm2-class power generation was achieved at an externally applied temperature difference of only 5 K. A numerical discussion shows that the thermoelectric power can be drastically enhanced by suppressing the thermal resistance at the entire substrate. Thus, there is a plenty of room at the micro- or submicrometric scales for realizing thermal energy harvesting devices with high power densities.

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  • Effect of Phonon-Drag Contributed Seebeck Coefficient on Si-Wire Thermopile Voltage Output

    Khotimatul Fauziah, Yuhei Suzuki, Yuki Narita, Yoshinari Kamakura, Takanobu Watanabe, Faiz Salleh, Hiroya Ikeda

    IEICE Transactions on Electronics   E102–C ( 6 ) 475 - 478  2019  [Refereed]

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  • Modeling, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of a 10-μ W/cm2 class si-nanowire thermoelectric generator for IoT applications

    Motohiro Tomita, Shunsuke Oba, Yuya Himeda, Ryo Yamato, Keisuke Shima, Takehiro Kumada, Mao Xu, Hiroki Takezawa, Kohhei Mesaki, Kazuaki Tsuda, Shuichiro Hashimoto, Tianzhuo Zhan, Hui Zhang, Yoshinari Kamakura, Yuhhei Suzuki, Hiroshi Inokawa, Hiroya Ikeda, Takashi Matsukawa, Takeo Matsuki, Takanobu Watanabe

    IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices   65 ( 11 ) 5180 - 5188  2018.11  [Refereed]

    Authorship:Last author, Corresponding author

     View Summary

    © 2018 IEEE. We propose a planar device architecture compatible with the CMOS process technology as the optimal current benchmark of a Si-nanowire (NW) thermoelectric (TE) power generator. The proposed device is driven by a temperature gradient that is formed in the proximity of a perpendicular heat flow to the substrate. Therefore, unlike the conventional TE generators, the planar short Si-NWs need not be suspended on a cavity structure. Under an externally applied temperature difference of 5 K, the recorded TE power density is observed to be 12 μW/cm2 by shortening the Si-NWs length and suppressing the parasitic thermal resistance of the Si substrate. The demonstration paves a pathway to develop cost-effective autonomous internet-of-things applications that utilize the environmental and body heats.

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  • 10μW/cm2-class high power density planar Si-nanowire thermoelectric energy harvester compatible with CMOS-VLSI technology

    M. Tomita, S. Oba, Y. Himeda, R. Yamato, K. Shima, T. Kumada, M. Xu, H. Takezawa, K. Mesaki, K. Tsuda, S. Hashimoto, T. Zhan, H. Zhang, Y. Kamakura, Y. Suzuki, H. Inokawa, H. Ikeda, T. Matsukawa, T. Matsuki, T. Watanabe

    Digest of Technical Papers - Symposium on VLSI Technology   2018-June   93 - 94  2018.10  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    © 2018 IEEE. A best benchmark of Si-nanowire (NW) thermoelectric (TE) power generator has been achieved by our proposed planar device architecture compatible with CMOS process technology. The TE power density corresponds to 12 μW/cm2, which is recorded at an externally applied temperature difference of only 5 K. The demonstration opens up a pathway to cost effective autonomous internet of things (IoT) application utilizing environmental and body heats.

    DOI

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    10
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  • Enhancement of thermoelectric power of a Si nanowire micro thermoelectric generator by improving the thermal conductivity of AlN thermally conductive film

    T. Zhan, R. Yamato, S. Hashimoto, S. Oba, Y. Himeda, Y. Xu, T. Matsukawa, T. Watanabe

    Journal of Physics: Conference Series   1052 ( 1 )  2018.07  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. We report the enhancement of thermoelectric power of Si nanowire micro thermoelectric generator (SiNW-μTEG) by improving the thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride (AlN) thermally conductive film. This work builds on the previous results that have been reported at SSDM 2017. [1] This work shows the measured thermal conductivities of the two different AlN films to understand the underlying mechanisms of the enhancement of the thermoelectric power.

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  • The possibility of mW/cm2-class on-chip power generation using ultrasmall si nanowire-based thermoelectric generators

    Hui Zhang, Taiyu Xu, Shuichiro Hashimoto, Takanobu Watanabe

    IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices   65 ( 5 ) 2016 - 2023  2018.05  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A simple structure of planar silicon nanowire (SiNW)-based thermoelectric (TE) generators (TEGs) is presented in this paper, which has the ability to sustain temperature difference along SiNW under ultrashort channel length for achieving mW/cm2-class power output from environmental heat energy. The TE performance of the proposed SiNW-based TEGs was evaluated by finite-element simulation and analytic modeling. The channel length, pad length, and the thickness of the SiO2 layer were varied in the model while keeping a series of constant proportions toward finding the optimal SiNW-based TEG structure for high power generation. Based on the analysis, we demonstrated that decreasing the dimension of SiNW-based TEG is beneficial to improving the total TE power density. A very high power density of 4.2 mW/cm2 is possible to be achieved at SiNW length of μm and pad length of μm under a temperature difference of 5 K across the hot and cold regions. The miniaturized SiNW-based TEG has a great potential to obtain the output power density which is 100-1000 times higher than conventional planar TEGs with air cavity but has a simple structure and can easily be fabricated.

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  • Miniaturized planar Si-nanowire micro-thermoelectric generator using exuded thermal field for power generation

    Tianzhuo Zhan, Ryo Yamato, Shuichiro Hashimoto, Motohiro Tomita, Shunsuke Oba, Yuya Himeda, Kohei Mesaki, Hiroki Takezawa, Ryo Yokogawa, Yibin Xu, Takashi Matsukawa, Atsushi Ogura, Yoshinari Kamakura, Takanobu Watanabe

    SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS   19 ( 1 ) 443 - 453  2018.05  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    For harvesting energy from waste heat, the power generation densities and fabrication costs of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are considered more important than their conversion efficiency because waste heat energy is essentially obtained free of charge. In this study, we propose a miniaturized planar Si-nanowire micro-thermoelectric generator (SiNW-TEG) architecture, which could be simply fabricated using the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible process. Compared with the conventional nanowire TEGs, this SiNW-TEG features the use of an exuded thermal field for power generation. Thus, there is no need to etch away the substrate to form suspended SiNWs, which leads to a low fabrication cost and well-protected SiNWs. We experimentally demonstrate that the power generation density of the SiNW-TEGs was enhanced by four orders of magnitude when the SiNWs were shortened from 280 to 8m. Furthermore, we reduced the parasitic thermal resistance, which becomes significant in the shortened SiNW-TEGs, by optimizing the fabrication process of AlN films as a thermally conductive layer. As a result, the power generation density of the SiNW-TEGs was enhanced by an order of magnitude for reactive sputtering as compared to non-reactive sputtering process. A power density of 27.9 nW/cm(2) has been achieved. By measuring the thermal conductivities of the two AlN films, we found that the reduction in the parasitic thermal resistance was caused by an increase in the thermal conductivity of the AlN film and a decrease in the thermal boundary resistance.

    DOI PubMed

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  • Development of interatomic potential of Ge(1-x-y)SixSny ternary alloy semiconductors for classical lattice dynamics simulation

    Motohiro Tomita, Masataka Ogasawara, Takuya Terada, Takanobu Watanabe

    Japanese Journal of Applied Physics   57 ( 4 )  2018.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We provide the parameters of Stillinger-Weber potentials for GeSiSn ternary mixed systems. These parameters can be used in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to reproduce phonon properties and thermal conductivities. The phonon dispersion relation is derived from the dynamical structure factor, which is calculated by the space-time Fourier transform of atomic trajectories in an MD simulation. The phonon properties and thermal conductivities of GeSiSn ternary crystals calculated using these parameters mostly reproduced both the findings of previous experiments and earlier calculations made using MD simulations. The atomic composition dependence of these properties in GeSiSn ternary crystals obtained by previous studies (both experimental and theoretical) and the calculated data were almost exactly reproduced by our proposed parameters. Moreover, the results of the MD simulation agree with the previous calculations made using a time-independent phonon Boltzmann transport equation with complicated scattering mechanisms. These scattering mechanisms are very important in complicated nanostructures, as they allow the heat-transfer properties to be more accurately calculated by MD simulations. This work enables us to predict the phonon- and heat-related properties of bulk group IV alloys, especially ternary alloys.

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  • Thermoelectric Characteristics of Rapid-Melting-Grown SiGe Wires Measured by Peltier Cooling Experiment

    Shuichiro Hashimoto, Kouta Takahashi, Shunsuke Oba, Takuya Terada, Masataka Ogasawara, Motohiro Tomita, Masashi Kurosawa, Takanobu Watanabe

    2018 IEEE 2nd Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference (EDTM)    2018.03

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  • Evaluation of Laterally Graded Silicon Germanium Wires for Thermoelectric Devices Fabricated by Rapid Melting Growth

    Ryo Yokogawa, Shuichiro Hashimoto, Kouta Takahashi, Shunsuke Oba, Motohiro Tomita, Masashi Kurosawa, Takanobu Watanabe, Atsushi Ogura

    ECS Transactions   86 ( 7 ) 87 - 93  2018  [Refereed]

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  • Evaluating the Relationship between Phonon and Thermal Properties of Group IV Alloys Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation

    Motohiro Tomita, Masataka Ogasawara, Takuya Terada, Takanobu Watanabe

    ECS Transactions   86 ( 7 ) 337 - 345  2018  [Refereed]

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  • Enhanced nickelidation rate in silicon nanowires with interfacial lattice disorder

    Shuichiro Hashimoto, Ryo Yokogawa, Shunsuke Oba, Shuhei Asada, Taiyu Xu, Motohiro Tomita, Atsushi Ogura, Takashi Matsukawa, Meishoku Masahara, Takanobu Watanabe

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   122 ( 14 )  2017.10  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We demonstrate that the nickelidation (nickel silicidation) reaction rate of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) surrounded by a thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO2) film is enhanced by post-oxidation annealing (POA). The SiNWs are fabricated by electron beam lithography, and some of the SiNWs are subjected to the POA process. The nickelidation reaction rate of the SiNWs is enhanced in the samples subjected to the POA treatment. Ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy measurements reveal that POA enhances compressive strain and lattice disorder in the SiNWs. By considering these experimental results in conjunction with our molecular dynamics simulation analysis, we conclude that the oxide-induced lattice disorder is the dominant origin of the increase in the nickelidation rate in smaller width SiNWs. This study sheds light on the pivotal role of lattice disorders in controlling metallic contact formation in SiNW devices. Published by AIP Publishing.

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  • Anomalous Seebeck coefficient observed in silicon nanowire micro thermoelectric generator

    S. Hashimoto, S. Asada, T. Xu, S. Oba, Y. Himeda, R. Yamato, T. Matsukawa, T. Matsuki, T. Watanabe

    APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS   111 ( 2 )  2017.07

     View Summary

    We have found experimentally an anomalous thermoelectric characteristic of an n-type Si nanowire micro thermoelectric generator (mu TEG). The mu TEG is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator wafer by electron beam lithography and dry etching, and its surface is covered with a thermally grown silicon dioxide film. The observed thermoelectric current is opposite to what is expected from the Seebeck coefficient of n-type Si. The result is understandable by considering a potential barrier in the nanowire. Upon the application of the temperature gradient across the nanowire, the potential barrier impedes the diffusion of thermally activated majority carriers into the nanowire, and it rather stimulates the injection of thermally generated minority carriers. The most plausible origin of the potential barrier is negative charges trapped at the interface between the Si nanowire and the oxide film. We practically confirmed that the normal Seebeck coefficient of the n-type Si nanowire is recovered after the hydrogen forming gas annealing. This implies that the interface traps are diminished by the hydrogen termination of bonding defects. The present results show the importance of the surface inactivation treatment of mu TEGs to suppress the potential barrier and unfavorable contribution of minority carriers. Published by AIP Publishing.

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  • Evaluation of controlled strain in silicon nanowire by UV Raman spectroscopy

    Ryo Yokogawa, Shuichiro Hashimoto, Shuhei Asada, Motohiro Tomita, Takanobu Watanabe, Atsushi Ogura

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   56 ( 6 )  2017.06  [Refereed]

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    The evaluation of strain states in silicon nanowires (Si NWs) is important not only for the surrounding gate field-effect transistors but also for the thermoelectric Si NW devices to optimize their electric and thermoelectric performance characteristics. The strain states in Si NWs formed by different oxidation processes were evaluated by UV Raman spectroscopy. We confirmed that a higher tensile strain was induced by the partial presence of a tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) SiO2 layer prior to the thermal oxidation. Furthermore, in order to measure biaxial stress states in Si NWs accurately, we performed water-immersion Raman spectroscopy. It was confirmed that the anisotropic biaxial stresses in the Si NWs along the length and width directions were compressive and tensile states, respectively. The Si NW with a TEOS SiO2 layer on top had a larger strain than the Si NW surrounded only by thermal SiO2. (C) 2017 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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  • Anomalous flatband voltage shift of AlFxOy/Al2O3 MOS capacitors: A consideration on dipole layer formation at dielectric interfaces with different anions

    Jiayang Fei, Ryota Kunugi, Takanobu Watanabe, Koji Kita

    APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS   110 ( 16 )  2017.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We experimentally investigated the dipole layer formation at Al2O3/AlFxOy (x:y = 1:1 and 1:2.5) interfaces, which would be explicable by considering the anion density difference as the key parameter to determine the dipole direction at the dielectric interface with different anions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of Al2O3/AlF3 demonstrates a preferential migration of O from Al2O3 to AlF3 compared with F to the opposite direction which suggests that anion migration due to the density difference could determine the direction of the dipole layer formed at this interface. In addition, charge separation due to the difference in the anion valences could have certain effect simultaneously. Published by AIP Publishing.

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  • Driving force of oxygen-ion migration across high-k/SiO2 interface

    Ryota Kunugi, Nobuhiro Nakagawa, Takanobu Watanabe

    APPLIED PHYSICS EXPRESS   10 ( 3 )  2017.03  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We clarified the mechanism of oxygen (O-)-ion migration at a high-k/SiO2 interface, which is a possible origin of the flat-band voltage shift in metal/high-k gate stacks. The oxygen density difference accommodation model was reproduced by a molecular dynamics simulation of an Al2O3/SiO2 structure, in which O- ions migrate from the higher oxygen density side to the lower one. We determined that the driving force of the O--ion migration is the short-range repulsion between ionic cores. The repulsive force is greater in materials with a higher oxygen density, pushing O- ions to the lower oxygen density side. (C) 2017 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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  • 分子動力学法を用いた2元系IV-IV族混晶半導体のフォノン物性の再現と予測

    富田基裕, 小椋厚志, 渡邉孝信

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   116 ( 472 ) 61 - 66  2017.02

  • Fundamental study on application of the nanocomposite to an electrical rotating machine

    Kotaro Mura, Toshihiro Tsuda, Tetsuo Yoshimitsu, Takuya Onishi, Shuichiro Hashimoto, Takanobu Watanabe

    IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials   137 ( 11 ) 645 - 651  2017  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Nano composite (NC) materials have a great potential to improve characteristics of electrical rotating machinery insulation systems. In order to understand the contribution of the NC materials on the insulation characteristics, a fundamental study which used semi-conductor field technologies is shown in this paper. The thin NC film is formed on a silicon substrate by a spin coating method. The silica particle dispersion in epoxy is analyzed by SEM. Furthermore, the insulation breakdown is measured and the nanoscale breakdown spots are investigated by STM. The results show that a NC which has a potential of actual application is developed and that the nanoscale method seems to be effective for evaluating NC materials.

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  • A Scalable Si-based Micro Thermoelectric Generator

    Takanobu Watanabe, Shuhei Asada, Taiyu Xu, Shuichiro Hashimoto, Shunsuke Ohba, Yuya Himeda, Ryo Yamato, Hui Zhang, Motohiro Tomita, Takashi Matsukawa, Yoshinari Kamakura, Hiroya Ikeda

    2017 IEEE ELECTRON DEVICES TECHNOLOGY AND MANUFACTURING CONFERENCE (EDTM)     86 - 87  2017  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A new device architecture of micro thermoelectric generator (mu-TEG) is proposed. The mu-TEG utilizes silicon nanowires as the thermoelectric (TE) material, and it can be fabricated by the CMOS-compatible process. It is driven by an "evanescent thermal field" exuding around a heat flow perpendicular to the substrate. We demonstrate experimentally that the TE power increases in the shorter TE leg lengths. The results show that the TE power density is scalable by miniaturizing and integrating the proposed structure.

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  • Nano-scale Evaluation of Electrical Tree Initiation in Silica/Epoxy Nano-composite Thin Film

    2017 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS (ISEIM), VOLS 1 & 2     359 - 362  2017  [Refereed]

  • Molecular Dynamics of Dipole Layer Formation at High-k/SiO2 Interface

    Watanabe Takanobu

    SEMICONDUCTORS, DIELECTRICS, AND METALS FOR NANOELECTRONICS 15: IN MEMORY OF SAMARES KAR   80 ( 1 ) 313 - 325  2017  [Refereed]

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  • Positive and negative dipole layer formation at high-k/SiO2 interfaces simulated by classical molecular dynamics

    Kosuke Shimura, Ryota Kunugi, Atsushi Ogura, Shinichi Satoh, Jiayang Fei, Koji Kita, Takanobu Watanabe

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   55 ( 4 )  2016.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We show the electric dipole layer formed at a high-k/SiO2 interface can be explained by the imbalance between the migration of oxygen ions and metal cations across the high-k/SiO2 interface. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed for Al2O3/SiO2, MgO/SiO2, and SrO/SiO2 interfaces. The simulations qualitatively reproduce the experimentally observed flatband voltage (V-FB) shifts of these systems. In the case of the Al2O3/SiO2 interface, a dipole layer is formed by the migration of oxygen ions from the Al2O3 side to the SiO2 side. By way of contrast, opposite dipole moments appear at the MgO/SiO2 and SrO/SiO2 interfaces, because of a preferential migration of metal cations from the high-k oxide toward the SiO2 layer in the course of the formation of a stable silicate phase. These results indicate that the migrations of both oxygen ions and metal cations are responsible for the formation of the dipole layer in high-k/SiO2 interfaces. (C) 2016 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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  • ON current enhancement of nanowire Schottky barrier tunnel field effect transistors

    Kohei Takei, Shuichiro Hashimoto, Jing Sun, Xu Zhang, Shuhei Asada, Taiyu Xu, Takashi Matsukawa, Meishoku Masahara, Takanobu Watanabe

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   55 ( 4 )  2016.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Silicon nanowire Schottky barrier tunnel field effect transistors (NW-SBTFETs) are promising structures for high performance devices. In this study, we fabricated NW-SBTFETs to investigate the effect of nanowire structure on the device characteristics. The NW-SBTFETs were operated with a backgate bias, and the experimental results demonstrate that the ON current density is enhanced by narrowing the width of the nanowire. We confirmed using the Fowler-Nordheim plot that the drain current in the ON state mainly comprises the quantum tunneling component through the Schottky barrier. Comparison with a technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation revealed that the enhancement is attributed to the electric field concentration at the corners of cross-section of the NW. The study findings suggest an effective approach to securing the ON current by Schottky barrier width modulation. (C) 2016 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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  • Development of interatomic potential of group IV alloy semiconductors for lattice dynamics simulation

    M. Tomita, A. Ogura, T. Watanabe

    ECS Transactions   75 ( 8 ) 785 - 794  2016

     View Summary

    We have newly developed the interatomic potential of Si, Ge or Ge, Sn mixed systems to reproduce the lattice constant, phonon frequency, and phonon dispersion relations in the bulk pure group IV crystal and group IV alloys by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The phonon dispersion relation is derived from the dynamical structure factor which is calculated by the space-time Fourier transform of atomic trajectories in MD simulation. The newly designed potential parameter set reproduces the experimental data of lattice constant and phonon frequency in Si, Ge, Sn, and SiGe. Furthermore, the Sn concentration dependence of the phonon frequency, which are not yet clarified, is calculated with three type assumptions of lattice constant in GeSn alloy. This work enables us to predict the elastic and phonon related properties of bulk group IV alloys.

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  • Effect of a SiO2 layer on the thermal transport properties of &lt; 100 &gt; Si nanowires: A molecular dynamics study

    Tomofumi Zushi, Kenji Ohmori, Keisaku Yamada, Takanobu Watanabe

    PHYSICAL REVIEW B   91 ( 11 ) 115308  2015.03  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The presence of a SiO2 layer on Si nanowires (SiNWs) has been found through molecular dynamics simulation to reduce their thermal conductivity (kappa), with kappa approaching the amorphous limit of Si as the oxide layer thickness is increased. Through analysis of the phonon energy dispersion and vibrational density of states (VDOS) spectrum, this decrease in kappa was attributed to dispersionless vibrational states that appear in the low energy range below 4 THz as a result of the lattice vibration of Si atoms near the SiO2/Si interface. The SiO2 layer also induced a low-frequency tail in the VDOS spectrum, the length of which was more closely correlated to the reduction in kappa than the frequency-integrated value of the VDOS spectrum. These findings provide a more refined explanation for the decrease in kappa than has been previously observed, and contribute to providing a greater understanding of the anomalistic vibration near the interface that is critical to determining the heat conductivity in nanoscale materials.

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  • Particle-based Semiconductor Device Simulation Accelerated by GPU computing

    Akito Suzuki, Takefumi Kamioka, Yoshinari Kamakura, Takanobu Watanabe

    Japan Society for Simulation Technology   2 ( 1 ) 211 - 224  2015  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We demonstrate that the parallel computing with graphic processing unit (GPU) effectively accelerates a particle-based carrier transport simulation called EMC/MD method. The simulation speed is increased by parallelizing the point-to-point Coulomb's force calculation, which is sufficient to accomplish a device characteristic simulation of nanostructured metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) including source and drain diffusion regions. The EMC/MD simulation powered by GPU computing is a useful tool to investigate the statistical variability analysis of nano-scale transistors.

    DOI CiNii

  • Molecular dynamics study on the formation of dipole layer at high-k/SiO2 interfaces

    Ryo Kuriyama, Masahiro Hashiguchi, Ryusuke Takahashi, Kosuke Shimura, Atsushi Ogura, Shinichi Satoh, Takanobu Watanabe

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   53 ( 8 ) 24 - 27  2014.08  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We show that electric dipole layer at Al2O3/SiO2 interface is reproduced by classical molecular dynamics simulation with a simple two-body rigid ion model. The dipole layer was spontaneously formed by the migration of oxygen ions from Al2O3 side to SiO2 side. Built-in potential at the Al2O3/SiO2 is estimated to about 0.35 V, which roughly compares with the experimental value of the flat band voltage shift. Contrary, no significant dipole layer appeared at Y2O3/SiO2 interface. The simulation results are explained in terms of the difference in the magnitude of multipole moments around cations of these oxides. (C) 2014 the Japan Society of Applied Physics

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  • Impact of thermal history of Si nanowire fabrication process on Ni silicidation rate

    Hiroki Yamashita, Hiroki Kosugiyama, Yasuhiro Shikahama, Shuichiro Hashimoto, Kohei Takei, Jing Sun, Takashi Matsukawa, Meishoku Masahara, Takanobu Watanabe

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   53 ( 8 ) 085201  2014.08  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We have found that the thermal history of the fabrication process of Si nanowires (NWs) has a strong impact on the Ni silicidation rate. We compared the Ni silicidatioh rates in Si NWs fabricated by two different types of processes: the "Doping First" process, in which dopant activation annealing is completed before the lithography of NW structures, and the "Patterning First" process, in which NWs are firstly fabricated and then subjected to heat treatment entailing thermal oxidation and dopant activation. The Ni silicidation rate was appreciably higher in the Doping First process than in the Patterning First process. The difference is attributed to the residual stress rather than to the dopant concentration in Si-NWs. To control the silicidation rate in NWs, particular attention to the thermal history is necessary. (C) 2014 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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  • A novel hetero-junction Tunnel-FET using Semiconducting silicide-Silicon contact and its scalability

    Yan Wu, Hiroyuki Hasegawa, Kuniyuki Kakushima, Kenji Ohmori, Takanobu Watanabe, Akira Nishiyama, Nobuyuki Sugii, Hitoshi Wakabayashi, Kazuo Tsutsui, Yoshinori Kataoka, Kenji Natori, Keisaku Yamada, Hiroshi Iwai

    MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY   54 ( 5 ) 899 - 904  2014.05  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A new type of silicon-based Tunneling FET (TFET) using semiconducting silicide Mg2Si/Si hetero-junction as source-channel structure is proposed and the device simulation has been presented. With narrow bandgap of suicide and the conduction and valence band discontinuous at the hetero-junction, larger drain current and smaller subthreshold swing than those of Si homo-junction TFET can be obtained. Structural optimization study reveals that low Si channel impurity concentration and the alignment of the gate electrode edge to the hetero-junction lead to better performance of the TFET. Scaling of the gate length increases the off-state leakage current, however, the drain voltage (V-d) reduction in accordance with the gate scaling suppresses the phenomenon, keeping its high drivability. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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  • Phonon Dispersion in &lt; 100 &gt; Si Nanowire Covered with SiO2 Film Calculated by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

    Tomofumi Zushi, Kosuke Shimura, Masanori Tomita, Kenji Ohmori, Keisaku Yamada, Takanobu Watanabe

    ECS JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   3 ( 5 ) P149 - P154  2014  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The phonon dispersion relation in (100) Si nanowire ( SiNW) is calculated by employing a realistic atomistic model surrounded by thin SiO2 layer. We performed molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the dynamical structure factor by the space-time Fourier transform of atomic trajectories, and extracted the phonon dispersion relations. In the SiNWs, low energy phonon branches spread into broad spectra due to the presence of the SiO2 film, which is considered as the origin of the thermal conductivity degradation. A softening of the transverse optical mode also appears due to the lattice strain induced by the outer oxide film. This work suggests that the presence of amorphous oxide layer is crucial factor to characterize phonon vibration properties in practical SiNWs. (C) 2014 The Electrochemical Society.

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  • Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Dipole Layer Formation at High-k/SiO2 Interfaces

    T. Watanabe, R. Kuriyama, M. Hashiguchi, R. Takahashi, K. Shimura, A. Ogura, S. Satoh

    SEMICONDUCTORS, DIELECTRICS, AND METALS FOR NANOELECTRONICS 12   64 ( 8 ) 3 - 15  2014  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Electric dipole layer formation at high-k/SiO2 interface is reproduced by classical molecular dynamics simulation based on a simple two-body rigid ion model (1). The dipole layer was spontaneously formed by the migration of oxygen ions across the high-k/SiO2 interface. In the case of Al2O3/SiO2, a part of oxygen ions of Al2O3 penetrated into the SiO2 side, resulting in the formation of a built-in potential of about 0.5 V. The opposite migration of oxygen ions, from SiO2 side to high-k oxide side, is also reproduced by using different potential parameters of ionic radius and effective charge. The simulation result suggests that the dipole is not merely formed by the oxygen density difference. Rather, oxygen ions are driven by some interatomic forces at the interface. We discuss the origin of the driving force of the oxygen migration in terms of the multipole moments around cations in the oxides.

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    5
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  • Full-scale Whole Device EMC/MD Simulation of Si Nanowire Transistor Including Source and Drain Regions by Utilizing Graphic Processing Units

    Akito Suzuki, Takanobu Watanabe, Takefumi Kamioka, Yoshinari Kamakura

    2014 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SIMULATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSES AND DEVICES (SISPAD)     357 - 360  2014  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We have realized the full-scale whole device EMC/MD simulation including source and drain regions by utilizing graphic processing unit. The transfer characteristic of a gate-all-around nanowire Si MOSFET is simulated by reproducing the field effect of the surrounding gate electrode with spreading charged particles on the gate insulator layer. We have found an appreciable impact of the random dopant distribution (RDF) in source and drain regions on the drain current variability. Furthermore, the dynamic fluctuation of the drain current is found to be increase as the channel length decreases. The EMC/MD simulation powered by GPU is a useful method to investigate the dynamic fluctuation as well as the statistical device-to-device variability of nano-scale FETs.

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  • Impact of Image Force Effect on Gate-All-Around Schottky Barrier Tunnel FET

    Shuichiro Hashimoto, Hiroki Kosugiyama, Kohei Takei, Jing Sun, Yuji Kawamura, Yasuhiro Shikahama, Kenji Ohmori, Takanobu Watanabe

    2014 IEEE INTERNATIONAL NANOELECTRONICS CONFERENCE (INEC)    2014  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We demonstrate that the image force effects in low-dimensional Si are highly controllable to achieve the best possible performance of the gate-all-around (GAA) Schottky barrier tunneling FET (SB-TFET). Our finite element electrostatic calculation shows that the image potential lowers near the metal source/drain, whereas it rises in the proximity of the gate insulator. Moreover, the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of GAA-SB-TFET is suppressed by the image forces in a thin Si nanowire of about 4.0nm diameter.

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  • Source-induced RDF Overwhelms RTN in Nanowire Transistor: Statistical Analysis with Full Device EMC/MD Simulation Accelerated by GPU Computing

    Akito Suzuki, Takefumi Kamioka, Yoshinari Kamakura, Kenji Ohmori, Keisaku Yamada, Takanobu Watanabe

    2014 IEEE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRON DEVICES MEETING (IEDM)     713 - 716  2014  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We numerically demonstrate that a random dopant fluctuation (RDF) in a source region causes a noticeable variability in the on-current of Si nanowire (NW) transistors, and its effect is much larger than that of a random telegraph noise (RTN). This work assesses the static and dynamic variability of NW device characteristics using the ensemble Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics (EMC/MD) simulation, which employs parallel computing technique using a graphic processing unit (GPU). The current flow in a one-dimensional NW device is determined by the number of dopants at the source edge, indicating the importance of forming an abrupt source-channel boundary to suppress the variability.

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  • Impact of Image Force Effect on Gate-All-Around Schottky Barrier Tunnel FET

    Shuichiro Hashimoto, Hiroki Kosugiyama, Kohei Takei, Jing Sun, Yuji Kawamura, Yasuhiro Shikahama, Kenji Ohmori, Takanobu Watanabe

    2014 IEEE INTERNATIONAL NANOELECTRONICS CONFERENCE (INEC)    2014

     View Summary

    We demonstrate that the image force effects in low-dimensional Si are highly controllable to achieve the best possible performance of the gate-all-around (GAA) Schottky barrier tunneling FET (SB-TFET). Our finite element electrostatic calculation shows that the image potential lowers near the metal source/drain, whereas it rises in the proximity of the gate insulator. Moreover, the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of GAA-SB-TFET is suppressed by the image forces in a thin Si nanowire of about 4.0nm diameter.

    DOI

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  • Influence of Structural Parameters on Electrical Characteristics of Schottky Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor and Its Scalability

    Yan Wu, Chunmeng Dou, Feng Wei, Kuniyuki Kakushima, Kenji Ohmori, Parhat Ahmet, Takanobu Watanabe, Kazuo Tsutsui, Akira Nishiyama, Nobuyuki Sugii, Kenji Natori, Keisaku Yamada, Yoshinori Kataoka, Takeo Hattori, Hiroshi Iwai

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   52 ( 4 )  2013.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The influence of structural parameters, including the Schottky barrier height for electron (phi(Bn)) and channel doping (N-a), on the electrical characteristics of a scaled Schottky barrier tunneling FET (SBTFET) have been clarified by numerical device simulation. The thermionic emission current (I-TH) as well as the tunneling current (I-TN) have been considered as the main electron injections at the source edge. Simulation results have revealed that the main conduction is I-TN in the region near and above the threshold voltage (V-th). As tunneling probability is determined by phi(Bn) and the width of the triangular potential barrier at the source edge, a lower phi(Bn) with higher N-a results in a better subthreshold swing (SS) with high on-state drive current (I-ON) at a gate length (L-g) of 50 nm. With L-g scaling down to 10 nm, however, a lower phi(Bn) has shown an increased off-state leakage current (I-OFF) due to the short-channel effect (SCE), while a larger phi(Bn) can suppress the I-OFF at the cost of I-ON. Therefore, considering SS with I-ON and I-OFF ratio, it can be concluded that an optimum phi(Bn) exists for short-channel devices. The SBTFET showed good subthreshold performance and higher I-ON/I-OFF than the conventional silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET in 10 nm region with the Schottky barrier height optimization. (C) 2013 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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    6
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  • Disorder-Induced Enhancement of Avalanche Multiplication in a Silicon Nanodot Array

    Nobuya Mori, Masanori Tomita, Hideki Minari, Takanobu Watanabe, Nobuyoshi Koshida

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   52 ( 4 ) 04CJ04  2013.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Impacts of atomic disorder on avalanche multiplication in a one-dimensional silicon nanodot (SiND) array have been theoretically studied. The disorder lifts the degeneracy of the energy levels and reduces the impact-ionization threshold. This leads to a larger carrier multiplication factor in the disordered SiND array compared to an ideal SiND array without disorder or strain. (C) 2013 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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    4
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  • Effects of atomic disorder on impact ionization rate in silicon nanodots

    N. Mori, M. Tomita, H. Minari, T. Watanabe, N. Koshida

    AIP Conference Proceedings   1566   381 - 382  2013  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We theoretically investigate effects of atomic disorder existing near the Si/SiO2 interfaces on the impact ionization rate of a Si nanodot (SiND). We find that the impact ionization rate of a disordered SiND becomes higher near the threshold energy and approaches that of an ideal SiND for higher energy region. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

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  • Nano-device Simulation from an Atomistic View

    N. Mori, G. Mil'nikov, H. Minari, Y. Kamakura, T. Zushi, T. Watanabe, M. Uematsu, K. M. Itoh, S. Uno, H. Tsuchiya

    2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRON DEVICES MEETING (IEDM)    2013  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Fluctuations of device characteristics due to random discrete dopant (RDD) distribution are numerically investigated in ultra-small Si nanowire transistors. Kinetic Monte Carlo process simulation is performed to obtain realistic RDD distributions, whose effects on the transport characteristics are then analyzed by using a non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method. Fluctuations due to atomic disorder near the Si/SiO2 interface are also investigated by performing molecular dynamics oxidation simulation for realistic atomic structure models and NEGF device simulation for transport characteristics.

  • Phonon Dispersion in &lt; 100 &gt; Si Nanowire Covered with SiO2 Film Calculated by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

    T. Watanabe, T. Zushi, M. Tomita, R. Kuriyama, N. Aoki, T. Kamioka

    SIGE, GE, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 5: MATERIALS, PROCESSING, AND DEVICES   50 ( 9 ) 673 - 680  2012  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The phonon dispersion relation in &lt; 100 &gt; Si nanowire (SiNW) is calculated by employing a realistic atomistic model surrounded by thin SiO2 layers. We performed molecular dynamics simulation to calculate the dynamical structure factor by the space-time Fourier transform of atomic trajectories, and extracted the phonon dispersion relations. Although the bulk dispersion relations are maintained in the SiNWs on the whole, acoustic phonon branches are diffused beyond recognition, which is considered as the origin of the thermal conductivity degradation in SiNWs. A red shift of the transverse optical mode also appears probably due to the lattice strain induced by the outer oxide film. These results provide a foothold to estimate the electron-phonon scattering rates and the heat transport processes in realistic SiNWs.

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    4
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  • Impact of single trapped charge in gate-all-around nanowire channels studied by ensemble Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics simulation

    Takefumi Kamioka, Hiroya Imai, Yoshinari Kamakura, Kenji Ohmori, Kenji Shiraishi, Masanori Niwa, Keisaku Yamada, Takanobu Watanabe

    2012 International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices (SISPAD 2012) Proceedings     11 - 14  2012  [Refereed]

  • Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Heat Transport in Silicon Fin Structures

    Tomofumi Zushi, Takanobu Watanabe, Kenji Ohmori, Keisaku Yamada

    2012 International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices (SISPAD 2012) Proceedings     59 - 62  2012  [Refereed]

    CiNii

  • Challenge for STM observation of dopant activation process on Si(001): in-situ ion irradiation and hydrogenation

    Takefumi Kamioka, Fumiya Isono, Takahiro Yoshida, Iwao Ohdomari, Takanobu Watanabe

    PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI C: CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, VOL 9, NO 6   9 ( 6 ) 1418 - 1422  2012  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We propose a new strategy for in-situ observation of dopant activation process using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) technology. Two factor techniques are established within our original STM system combined with liquid-metal-ion-source ion-gun (LMIS-IG/STM): (1) in-situ real-time observation of Si(001)-2x1 surface modified with dopant ions, and (2) in-situ hydrogen passivation of Si(001)-2x1 surface. Sequential STM images of the surface morphological changes are successfully obtained with keeping the original observation area. The hydrogenated Si(001)-2x1 surface is stable enough even under the degraded vacuum conditions which are unavoidable in ion irradiation processes.

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  • Real-Time Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Au Ion Irradiation Effects on Si(111) Surface

    Takefumi Kamioka, Fumiya Isono, Takanobu Watanabe, Iwao Ohdomari

    表面科学   33 ( 3 ) 153 - 158  2012

     View Summary

    This article reports the results of real-time scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observation of Au+ ion irradiation effects on high-temperature Si surface, which was achieved by our original ion gun and STM combined system. Sequential STM images of a Si(111)-7×7 surface kept at 500oC were obtained before, during, and after Au+ ion irradiation with 3 keV. Vacancy islands, which are two-dimensional clusters of surface vacancies, and 5×2-Au structures were formed on the surface and their size were changed during the subsequent thermal treatment. This method enables us to count exact numbers of vacancies and Au atoms on the surface by measuring the sizes of vacancy islands and 5×2-Au reconstructions. The timescale of the growth of the 5×2-Au domain suggests that the implanted Au atoms diffuse to the surface almost without interacting with point defects induced by the ion irradiation.

    DOI CiNii

  • Current Fluctuation in Sub-Nano Second Regime in Gate-All-Around Nanowire Channels Studied with Ensemble Monte Carlo/Molecular Dynamics Simulation

    T. Kamioka, H. Imai, Y. Kamakura, K. Ohmori, K. Shiraishi, M. Niwa, K. Yamada, T. Watanabe

    2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRON DEVICES MEETING (IEDM)     399 - 402  2012

     View Summary

    The impact of current fluctuation due to discreteness in carrier numbers on high-frequency noise amplitudes is numerically investigated, focusing on the comparison to the impact of a single trapped charge in the oxide layer for gate-all-around nanowire structures. The variation in the amount of the charge transporting through the channel within a single clock cycle is estimated. The transported charge variation due to the current fluctuation clearly shows the universality with respect to the total amount of the transported charge. It concludes that the current fluctuation becomes a dominant noise source over 100 GHz range.

    DOI

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    1
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  • Impact of oxidation induced atomic disorder in narrow Si nanowires on transistor performance

    H. Minari, T. Zushi, T. Watanabe, Y. Kamakura, S. Uno, N. Mori

    2011 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers    2011.06  [Refereed]

  • Dynamic bond-order force field

    Takanobu Watanabe

    JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL ELECTRONICS   10 ( 1-2 ) 2 - 10  2011.06  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A framework of a new reactive molecular force field is proposed. It is designed within the framework of an extended classical mechanical system that describes not only the motion of atomic nuclei but also the motion of additional degrees of freedom, which determine bond orders among atoms. The bond order determination is clearly distinguished in the potential energy formulation, and the parametrization in the new force field can be performed in the same way as that in non-reactive force fields. The new reactive force field is highly transferable to various multicomponent materials. In this article, two specific applications are described: (1) modeling a SiO2/Si interface and (2) the molecular dynamics simulation of the proton transfer reaction in water.

    DOI

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    7
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  • Effects of atomic disorder on carrier transport in Si nanowire transistors

    Hideki Minari, Tomofumi Zushi, Takanobu Watanabe, Yoshinari Kamakura, Nobuya Mori

    International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices, SISPAD     27 - 30  2011  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Effects of oxidation-process-induced atomic disorder on extended electronic states in the channel region of narrow Si nanowire (NW) field-effect- transistors (FETs) are theoretically investigated by using the molecular dynamics, empirical tight-binding, and non-equilibrium Green's function methods. Simulation results show that the injection velocity in n-type Si NW FETs is less affected by the disorder compared to p-type devices, which can be attributed to differences in the in-plane carrier profile. © 2011 IEEE.

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  • Impact of channel shape on carrier transport investigated by ensemble monte carlo/molecular dynamics simulation

    T. Kamioka, H. Imai, T. Watanabe, K. Ohmori, K. Shiraishi, Y. Kamakura

    International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices, SISPAD     83 - 86  2011  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Effect of the channel shape on the nano-scale carrier transport is studied by using the ensemble Monte-Carlo - molecular dynamics method (EMC/MD). Carrier transport in hone-shaped asymmetric channels which widen from source to drain sides is simulated by comparing that in the conventional straight channels. The obtained conductance of the horn-shaped channels is larger than that of the straight channel, as a result of the enhancement of the carrier mobility in the hone-shaped channel. This can be attributed to two reasons: the collimation effect of the asymmetric channel peculiar in the quasi-ballistic carrier transport regime, and the suppression of carrier-carrier interaction due to widening of the channel. © 2011 IEEE.

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  • Impact of Self-Heating Effect on the Electrical Characteristics of Nanoscale Devices

    Yoshinari Kamakura, Tomofumi Zushi, Takanobu Watanabe, Nobuya Mori, Kenji Taniguchi

    TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION FOR SILICON NANO-ELECTRONICS   470   14 - +  2011  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Hot phonon generation and its impact on the current conduction in a nanoscale Si-device are investigated using a Monte Carlo simulation technique. In the quasi-ballistic transport regime, electrons injected from the source lose their energies mainly by emitting optical phonons in the drain. Due to the slow group velocity of the optical phonons, the efficiency of the heat dissipation is so poor that a region with a nonequilibrium phonon distribution, i.e., a hot spot, is created. In this study, we have implemented the hot phonon effect in an ensemble Monte Carlo simulator for the electron transport, and carried out the steady state simulations. Although it is confirmed that the optical phonon temperature in the hot spot is larger than that of acoustic phonons by &gt; 100 K, the electron current density is not significantly affected. The local heating would degrade the hot electron cooling efficiency and the parasitic resistance in the drain, but they have a minor impact on the quasi-ballistic electron transport from the source to the drain.

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  • Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Longitudinal Optical Phonon Mode Decay and Heat Transport in a Silicon Nano-Structure Covered with Oxide Films

    Tomofumi Zushi, Yoshinari Kamakura, Kenji Taniguchi, Iwao Ohdomari, Takanobu Watanabe

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   50 ( 1 ) 010102  2011.01  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been conducted to investigate the heat transport in terms of the phonon dynamics in nanoscale silicon (Si). This work is motivated by a concern over the stagnation of heat at the drain region of nanoscopic transistors, owing to this, a large amount of optical phonons with a low group velocity are emitted from hot electrons, which are ballistically transferred through channel region. The point of this work is the explicit inclusion of the SiO2 film in the MD simulation of the Si lattice. The calculation results show that longitudinal optical (LO) phonons decay faster as Si lattice thickness decreases and turn into acoustic phonons. In contrast, thermal diffusion rate decreases with Si lattice thickness. Both the decay rate of LO phonons and thermal diffusion rate are not governed by oxide thickness. These results imply that the phonon scattering at the SiO2/Si interface is enhanced by thinning the Si layer. In nanoscopic devices, a thin Si layer is effective in diminishing the optical phonons with a low group velocity, but it hinders the subsequent heat transport. (c) 2011 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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    8
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  • Adsorption Mechanism of Ribosomal Protein L2 onto a Silica Surface: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

    Ryo Tosaka, Hideaki Yamamoto, Iwao Ohdomari, Takanobu Watanabe

    LANGMUIR   26 ( 12 ) 9950 - 9955  2010.06  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A large-scale molecular dynamics simulation was carried out in order to investigate the adsorption mechanism of ribosomal protein L2 (RPL2) onto a silica surface at various pH values, RPL2 is a constituent protein of the 50S large ribosomal subunit, and a recent experimental report showed that it adsorbs strongly to silica surfaces and that it can be used to immobilize proteins on silica surfaces. The simulation results show that RPL2, especially domains I (residues 1-60) and 3 (residues 203-273), adsorbed more tightly to the silica surface above 7. We found that a major driving force for the adsorption of RPL2 onto the silica surface is the electrostatic interaction and that the structural flexibility of domains 1 and 3 may further contribute to the high affinity.

    DOI PubMed

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    37
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  • Numerical simulation of transient heat conduction in nanoscale Si devices

    Yoshinari Kamakura, Tomofumi Zushi, Takanobu Watanabe, Nobuya Mori, Kenji Taniguchi

    ICSICT-2010 - 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology, Proceedings     1745 - 1748  2010  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Two numerical simulation techniques are presented to investigate the heating issues in nanoscale Si devices. The first one is the Monte Carlo simulation for both electron and phonon transport, and the transient electrothermal analysis is carrier out in n+-n-n+ device with the n-layer length of 10 nm. The second is the molecular dynamics approach for simulating the atomic thermal vibration in the nanoscale Si/SiO2 systems. It is shown that the lattice temperature at the drain edge is raised by the hot electron injection from the source after turning on the device, and the impact of this phenomenon becomes more significant in the smaller devices due to the worse heat conductivity. ©2010 IEEE.

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  • Molecular Dynamics Simulation on LO Phonon Mode Decay in Si Nano-structure Covered with Oxide Films

    T. Zushi, I. Ohdomari, T. Watanabe, Y. Kamakura, K. Taniguchi

    SISPAD 2010 - 15TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SIMULATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSES AND DEVICES     73 - 76  2010  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is conducted to investigate the dynamics of longitudinal optical (LO) phonon in Si nano-structure confined with oxide films. This work is motivated by heat issues in nanoscopic devices; it is considered that the LO phonons with low group velocity are accumulated in the nanoscopic device and the electric property deteriorates. We estimate the relaxation time of the LO phonon and investigate its dependency on the oxide thickness. The calculation results show that the LO phonon decays faster as the oxide thickness increases and turns into acoustic phonon. The result indicates that the presence of SiO2 films promotes the scattering of the phonon and this is effective to diminish the optical phonon.

  • Misfit Stress Relaxation Mechanism in GeO2/Ge Systems: A Classical Molecular Simulation Study

    T. Watanabe, T. Onda, I. Ohdomari

    SIGE, GE, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 4: MATERIALS, PROCESSING, AND DEVICES   33 ( 6 ) 901 - 912  2010  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The stress relaxation mechanism at the GeO2/Ge interface is studied by means of classical molecular simulation employing empirical force-fields. In general, the chemistry in GeO2 is characterized by weaker bonds and softer bond angles than that in SiO2, which has been considered to lead to the relaxation of the GeO2 film on Ge substrate. However, Ge-O-Ge angle is stiffer than Si-O-Si angle, and has a narrower equilibrium angle of 133 degrees than that of Si-O-Si of 144 degrees. The present simulation results show that the narrow Ge-O-Ge bond contribute the reduction of the compressive stress in the GeO2 films. If the Ge-O-Ge bond angle had the same equilibrium angle with Si-O-Si angle, a higher residual stress would remain in the GeO2 films.

    DOI

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    8
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  • Coupled Monte Carlo Simulation of Transient Electron-Phonon Transport in Nanoscale Devices

    Yoshinari Kamakura, Nubuya Mori, Kenji Taniguchi, Tomofumi Zushi, Takanobu Watanabe

    SISPAD 2010 - 15TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SIMULATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSES AND DEVICES     89 - 92  2010  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Using a coupled Monte Carlo method for solving both electron and phonon Boltzmann transport equations, the transient electrothermal behaviors of nanoscale Si n-i-n device are simulated. The nonequilibrium optical phonon distribution is characterized by a temperature different from that of the acoustic phonons, and these two temperatures show different characteristics not only in the steady state, but also in transient conditions. It has been also suggested that the simulated transient response of the phonon temperatures can be practically described by the equivalent thermal circuit model, which is useful for, e. g., projecting the NBTI lifetime during the realistic circuit operations.

    DOI

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    6
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  • Real-Time Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Observation of Si(111) Surface Modified by Au+ Ion Irradiation

    Takefumi Kamioka, Kou Sato, Yutaka Kazama, Iwao Ohdomari, Takanobu Watanabe

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   49 ( 1 ) 015702  2010  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The real-time scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observation of Au+ ion irradiation effects on a high-temperature Si surface has been performed using our original ion gun and STM combined system. Sequential STM images of a Si(111)-7 x 7 surface kept at 500 degrees C have been obtained before, during, and after Au+ ion irradiation with 3 keV. Vacancy islands, which are two-dimensional clusters of surface vacancies, and 5 x 2-Au structures were formed on the sample surface, and their size were changed during the heat treatment after the ion irradiation. This method enables us to count exact numbers of vacancies and Au atoms on the surface by measuring the sizes of vacancy islands and 5 x 2-Au reconstructions. The timescale of the growth of the 5 x 2-Au domain suggests that the implanted Au atoms diffuse to the surface almost without interacting with point defects induced by the ion irradiation. (C) 2010 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

    DOI

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    1
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  • Simulation of Heat Transport in Silicon Nano-structures Covered with Oxide Films

    Tomofumi Zushi, Yoshinari Kamakura, Kenji Taniguchi, Iwao Ohdomari, Takanobu Watanabe

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS   49 ( 4 ) 04DN08  2010  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We perform a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the heat transport in Si nano-structures, while explicitly including oxide cover layers in the simulation system for the first time. The dependences of thermal diffusion velocity on the thicknesses of the SiO2 film and Si lattice are investigated. The results show that thermal diffusion velocity decreases with Si lattice thickness and does not depend on SiO2 film thickness. (C) 2010 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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    9
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  • Demonstration of Transconductance Enhancement on (110) and (001) Strained-Nanowire FETs

    A. Seike, H. Takai, I. Tsuchida, J. Masuda, D. Kosemura, A. Ogura, T. Watanabe, I. Ohdomari

    PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF HIGH-K GATE DIELECTRICS 7   25 ( 6 ) 427 - 430  2009  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Enhancement of transconductance for strained nanowire transistors (s-nwFETs) on (001) and (110) planes are demonstrated by evaluating I-ds-V-bg curves of the devices. Normalized transconductance, g(m)*, for &lt; 100 &gt; direction s-nwFETs is enhanced by a factor of 2.16 for n-type on (001) plane and 1.83 for p-type on (110) plane. This is due to the lighter effective mass of electrons/holes along the selected channel direction.

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  • Electron-Phonon Scattering Effect on Strained Si Nanowire FETs at Low Temperature

    I. Tsuchida, A. Seike, H. Takai, J. Masuda, D. Kosemura, A. Ogura, T. Watanabe, I. Ohdomari

    PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF HIGH-K GATE DIELECTRICS 7   25 ( 6 ) 439 - 443  2009  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Strained Si nanowire FETs of nanowire width (W) of W=155nm and W=5000nm, are evaluated by I-d-V-bg characteristics at various temperatures. Transconductance (g(m)) and subthreshold slope are obtained from the I-d-V-bg characteristics. The normalized g(m) (g(m)*) increases by a factor of 1.38 for W=155nm and 3.13 for W=5000nm. Subthreshold slope decreases 22% for W=5000nm and 42% for W=155nm. This improvement is due to suppression of electron-phonon scattering at low temperature. This also indicates that the influence of electron-phonon interaction on g(m) enhancement is different compared to that in bulk Si.

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  • Potential energy landscape of an interstitial O2 molecule in a SiO2 film near the SiO2/Si(001) interface

    Hiromichi Ohta, Takanobu Watanabe, Iwao Ohdomari

    Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics   78 ( 15 )  2008.10  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Potential energy distribution of interstitial O2 molecule in the vicinity of SiO2/Si(001) interface is investigated by means of classical molecular simulation. A 4-nm-thick SiO2 film model is built by oxidizing a Si(001) substrate, and the potential energy of an O2 molecule is calculated at Cartesian grid points with an interval of 0.05 nm in the SiO2 film region. The result shows that the potential energy of the interstitial site gradually rises with approaching the interface. The potential gradient is localized in the region within about 1 nm from the interface, which coincides with the experimental thickness of the interfacial strained layer. The potential energy is increased by about 0.62 eV at the SiO2/Si interface. The result agrees with a recently proposed kinetic model for dry oxidation of silicon [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 196102 (2006)], which argues that the oxidation rate is fully limited by the oxidant diffusion. © 2008 The American Physical Society.

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  • In-plane X-ray Diffraction Profiles from Organosilane Monolayer/SiO2 Models

    Hideaki Yamamoto, Takanobu Watanabe, Iwao Ohdomari

    APPLIED PHYSICS EXPRESS   1 ( 10 ) 105002  2008.10  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The effect of siloxane bonding topology on in-plane X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles of octadecylsilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on SiO2 was investigated by large-scale atomistic simulation. Equilibrium structures of the octadecylsilane SAM/SiO2 systems were obtained by Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations, sampling SAM/SiO2 structures with different interfacial bonding topologies. Lateral ordering of the octadecylsilane molecules was evaluated by calculating in-plane XRD profiles from the structural models. Analyses of the diffraction profiles revealed that molecules retain a hexagonal order at thermal equilibrium and that the structural order decreases as the number of siloxane bonds increases at the SAM/SiO2 interface. (c) 2008 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

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  • Potential energy landscape of an interstitial O-2 molecule in a SiO2 film near the SiO2/Si(001) interface

    Hiromichi Ohta, Takanobu Watanabe, Iwao Ohdomari

    PHYSICAL REVIEW B   78 ( 15 ) 155326  2008.10  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Potential energy distribution of interstitial O-2 molecule in the vicinity of SiO2/Si(001) interface is investigated by means of classical molecular simulation. A 4-nm-thick SiO2 film model is built by oxidizing a Si(001) substrate, and the potential energy of an O-2 molecule is calculated at Cartesian grid points with an interval of 0.05 nm in the SiO2 film region. The result shows that the potential energy of the interstitial site gradually rises with approaching the interface. The potential gradient is localized in the region within about 1 nm from the interface, which coincides with the experimental thickness of the interfacial strained layer. The potential energy is increased by about 0.62 eV at the SiO2/Si interface. The result agrees with a recently proposed kinetic model for dry oxidation of silicon [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 196102 (2006)], which argues that the oxidation rate is fully limited by the oxidant diffusion.

    DOI

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    16
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  • Development of an ion beam alignment system for real-time scanning tunneling microscope observation of dopant-ion irradiation

    Takefumi Kamioka, Kou Sato, Yutaka Kazama, Takanobu Watanabe, Iwao Ohdomari

    REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS   79 ( 7 ) 073707  2008.07  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    An ion beam alignment system has been developed in order to realize real-time scanning tunneling microscope (STM) observation of "dopant-ion" irradiation that has been difficult due to the low emission intensity of the liquid-metal-ion-source (LMIS) containing dopant atoms. The alignment system is installed in our original ion gun and STM combined system (IG/STM) which is used for in situ STM observation during ion irradiation. By using an absorbed electron image unit and a dummy sample, ion beam alignment operation is drastically simplified and accurized. We demonstrate that sequential STM images during phosphorus-ion irradiation are successfully obtained for sample surfaces of Si(111)-7 x 7 at room temperature and a high temperature of 500 degrees C. The LMIS-IG/STM equipped with the developed ion beam alignment system would be a powerful tool for microscopic investigation of the dynamic processes of ion irradiation. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

    DOI PubMed

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  • A molecular simulation study of an organosilane self-assembled monolayer/SiO(2) substrate interface

    Hideaki Yamamoto, Takanobu Watanabe, Iwao Ohdomari

    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS   128 ( 16 ) 164710  2008.04  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The bonding network of an alkylsilane self-assembled monolayer (SAM)/SiO(2) substrate interface is investigated by means of canonical Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. SAM/SiO(2) systems with different interfacial bonding topologies are sampled by the Metropolis MC method, and the AMBER potential with a newly developed organosilicon parameters are used to obtain an optimized structure with a given bonding topology. The underlying substrates are modeled as hydroxy-terminated (100) or (111) cristobalites. The SAM/SiO(2) interface is characterized by a polysiloxane bonding network which comprises anchoring bonds and cross-linking bonds, namely, molecule-substrate and molecule-molecule Si-O-Si bonds, respectively. We show that at thermal equilibrium, the ratio of the number of anchoring bonds to cross-linking bonds decreases as a total Si-O-Si bond density increases, and that nevertheless, number of anchoring bonds always dominate over that of cross-linking bonds. Moreover we show that the total Si-O-Si bond density strongly affects the lateral ordering of the alkylsilane molecules, and that increase in the Si-O-Si bond density disorders the molecular packing. Our results imply that a lab-to-lab variation in the experimentally prepared SAMs can be attributed to different Si-O-Si bond densities at the SAM/SiO(2) interface. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.

    DOI PubMed

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    16
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  • The main factor of the decrease in activity of luciferase on the Si surface

    Katsuhiko Nishiyama, Takanobu Watanabe, Tadatsugu Hoshino, Iwao Ohdomari

    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS   453 ( 4-6 ) 279 - 282  2008.03  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The interactions between the luciferase surface area around the active site and the Si surface were estimated by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the luciferase surface area around the active site is more unstable than the luciferase surface area with relatively high hydrophobicity when luciferase adsorbs on the Si surface. The main factor of the decrease in activity of luciferase on the Si surface would be adsorption-induced structural changes in active site. Si surface should be designed focusing on structural changes in active site. (c) 2008 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
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  • Trans conductance enhancement of Si nanowire transistors by oxide-induced strain

    A. Seike, T. Tange, I. Sano, Y. Sugiura, I. Tsuchida, H. Ohta, T. Watanabe, D. Kosemura, A. Ogura, I. Ohdomari

    2008 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY, PROCEEDINGS     207 - +  2008  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    Transconductance (g(m)) enhancement in n-type and p-type nanowire field-effect-transistors (nwFETs) is demonstrated by introducing controlled tensile strain into channel regions by pattern dependant oxidation (PADOX). Values of g(m) are enhanced relative to control devices by a factor of 1.5 in p-nwFETs and 3.0 in n-nwFETs. Strain distributions calculated by a three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulation reveal predominantly horizontal tensile stress in the nwFET channels. The Raman spectra features in the strain controlled devices display an increase in the full width half maximum, and a shift to lower wavenumber confirming that g. enhancement is due to tensile stress introduced by the PADOX approach.

  • Transconductance enhancement by utilizing pattern dependent oxidation in silicon nanowire field-effect transistors

    A. Seike, T. Tange, I. Sano, Y. Sugiura, I. Tsuchida, H. Ohta, T. Watanabe, D. Kosemura, A. Ogura, I. Ohdomari

    ECS Transactions   13 ( 1 ) 351 - 358  2008

     View Summary

    Transconductance (gm) enhancement in n-type and p-type nanowire field-effect-transistors (nwFETs) is demonstrated by introducing controlled tensile strain into channel regions by pattern dependant oxidation (PADOX). Values of gm are enhanced relative to control devices by a factor of 1.5 in p-nwFETs and 3.0 in n-nwFETs. Strain distributions calculated by a three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulation reveal predominantly horizontal tensile stress in the nwFET channels. The Raman lines in the strain controlled devices display an increase in the full width half maximum, and a shift to lower wavenumber confirming that gm enhancement is due to tensile stress introduced by the PADOX approach © The Electrochemical Society.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
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  • Ensemble Monte Carlo/Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Electron Mobility in Silicon with Ordered Dopant Arrays

    T. Terunuma, T. Watanabe, T. Shinada, I. Ohdomari, Y. Kamakura, K. Taniguchi

    SISPAD: 2008 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SIMULATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESSES AND DEVICES     29 - +  2008

     View Summary

    Electron transport in bulk silicon with ordered dopant arrays is studied using an ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) technique coupled with molecular dynamics (MD) method. This work is motivated by a recently developed single-ion implantation (SII) technique, which enables us to fabricate a semiconductor device with an ordered dopant array. We numerically estimate the carrier mobility in silicon with such an ordered dopant array comparing to that with conventional random dopant distribution. The calculation results show that electron mobility can be enhanced in the ordered dopant array if the fluctuation of dopant position is less than 5 nm.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Strain-induced transconductance enhancement by pattern dependent oxidation in silicon nanowire field-effect transistors

    A. Seike, T. Tange, Y. Sugiura, I. Tsuchida, H. Ohta, T. Watanabe, D. Kosemura, A. Ogura

    APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS   91 ( 20 ) 202117  2007.11

     View Summary

    Transconductance (g(m)) enhancement in n-type and p-type nanowire field-effect-transistors (nwFETs) is demonstrated by introducing controlled tensile strain into channel regions by pattern dependent oxidation (PADOX). Values of g(m) are enhanced relative to control devices by a factor of 1.5 in p-nwFETs and 3.0 in n-nwFETs. Strain distributions calculated by a three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulation reveal predominantly horizontal tensile stress in the nwFET channels. The Raman lines in the strain controlled devices display an increase in the full width at half maximum and a shift to lower wavenumber, confirming that g(m) enhancement is due to tensile stress introduced by the PADOX approach. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

    DOI

    Scopus

    33
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  • Strain distribution around SiO2/Si interface in Si nanowires: A molecular dynamics study

    Hiromichi Ohta, Takanobu Watanabe, Iwao Ohdomari

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS   46 ( 5B ) 3277 - 3282  2007.05  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We have performed three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations to investigate strain and stress distributions in silicon nanostructures covered with thermal oxide films, by using our original molecular force field for Si, O mixed systems. We have modeled a wire-shaped nanostructure by carving a Si(001) substrate, and then an oxide film with a uniform thickness was formed by inserting oxygen atom into Si-Si bonds from the surface. The simulation results show that a compressive stress is concentrated on the oxide region in the vicinity of the side SiO2/Si interface of the nanowire. At the top interface, there is also a compressive stress in the [110] direction, whereas the [001] component of the normal stress tensor is almost relaxed. These results suggest that the oxidation is strongly suppressed at the side faces of the silicon nanowire.

    DOI

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    50
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  • Analysis of binding energies between luciferin and luciferase adsorbed on Si surface by docking simulations

    Katsuhiko Nishiyama, Takanobu Watanabe, Tadatsugu Hoshino, Iwao Ohdomari

    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS   439 ( 1-3 ) 148 - 150  2007.05  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    The binding energies between luciferin and luciferase adsorbed on a Si surface were estimated by docking simulations. These binding energies were more stable on a hydrophilic Si surface than on a hydrophobic Si surface, but their difference was small. Luciferase adsorbed more strongly on the hydrophobic Si surface than on the hydrophilic Si surface. The luciferase active site was not covered by the Si surface in this adsorption state. The hydrophobic surface would be suitable for the immobilization of luciferase both from the viewpoints of the binding of luciferin to luciferase and the adsorption of luciferase to the Si surface. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

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  • A new kinetic equation for thermal oxidation of silicon replacing the deal-grove equation

    Takanobu Watanabe, Iwao Ohdomari

    ECS Transactions   6 ( 3 ) 465 - 481  2007  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A newly formulated kinetic theory for thermal oxidation of silicon is reviewed. The new theory does not involve the rate-limiting step of the interfacial oxidation reaction, instead it is supposed that the diffusivity is suppressed in a strained oxide region near the SiO2/Si interface. The expression of the parabolic constant is the same as that of the Deal-Grove model, while the linear constant makes a clear distinction with the model. The estimated thickness using the new expression is close to 1 nm, which compares well with the thickness of the structural transition layer. The origin of the deviation from the linear-parabolic relationship observed at initial oxidation stages can be explained by the enhanced diffusion hypothesis, which is opposite conclusion to the Deal-Grove theory. © The Electrochemical Society.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
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  • A kinetic equation for thermal oxidation of silicon replacing the deal-grove equation

    Takanobu Watanabe, Iwao Ohdomari

    JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY   154 ( 12 ) G270 - G276  2007  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    A formulated kinetic theory for thermal oxidation of silicon is presented in detail. The theory does not involve the rate-limiting step of the interfacial oxidation reaction, instead it is supposed that the diffusivity is suppressed in a strained oxide region near the SiO2/Si interface. The expression of the parabolic constant is the same as that of the Deal - Grove model, while the linear constant makes a clear distinction with the model. The estimated thickness using the expression is close to 1 nm, which compares well with the thickness of the structural transition layer. The origin of the deviation from the linear-parabolic relationship observed at initial oxidation stages can be explained by the enhanced diffusion hypothesis, which is the opposite conclusion to the Deal - Grove theory. (c) 2007 The Electrochemical Society.

    DOI

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    12
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  • New linear-parabolic rate equation for thermal oxidation of silicon

    Takanobu Watanabe, Kosuke Tatsumura, Iwao Ohdomari

    PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS   96 ( 19 ) 196102  2006.05  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We propose a new oxidation rate equation for silicon supposing only a diffusion of oxidizing species but not including any rate-limiting step by interfacial reaction. It is supposed that diffusivity is suppressed in a strained oxide region near the SiO2/Si interface. The expression of a parabolic constant in the new equation is the same as that of the Deal-Grove model, while a linear constant makes a clear distinction with that of the model. The estimated thickness using the new expression is close to 1 nm, which compares well with the thickness of the structural transition layers.

    DOI

    Scopus

    71
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  • Structural investigation of organosilane self-assembled monolayers by atomic scale simulation

    H Yamamoto, T Watanabe, K Nishiyama, K Tatsumura, Ohdomari, I

    JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV   132   189 - 193  2006.03

     View Summary

    Molecular mechanics (MM) and molecular dynamics (MID) simulations have been performed to investigate the two-dimensional structure of organosilane self-assembled monolavers (SAMs). Unlike alkanethiol SAMs, the arrangement of molecules in organosilane SAMs is not crystalline, and their molecular structure yet remains undetermined. AMBER 8 is employed with our newly developed Si parameters for the MM/MD simulations. Simulations performed for structures with different bonding networks in the polysiloxane layer shows that the ratio of hydrogen bonds has a profound effect on conformations and strain energies of optimized structures. Our results suggest that alkylsilane SAMs formed on substrates are not perfectly uniform but may have some defects.

    DOI

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    4
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  • Analysis of interactions between luciferase and Si substrates using molecular dynamics simulations

    K Nishiyama, T Watanabe, T Hoshino, Ohdomari, I

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS   45 ( 2A ) 1021 - 1025  2006.02

     View Summary

    A series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to investigate the interactions between luciferase and Si substrates. The results show that luciferase adsorbs directly on the hydrophobic Si substrate, and via water molecules on the hydrophilic one. The adsorption-induced changes in conformation of luciferase are smaller on the hydrophilic Si substrate than oil the hydrophobic one. The dynamic atom motions in luciferase are larger on the hydrophilic Si substrate than on the hydrophobic one. Inside the active site, the adsorption-induced changes in distances between the atoms forming hydrogen bonds to substrate luciferin are smaller on the hydrophilic Si Substrate than the hydrophobic one. In order to prevent the denaturation of luciferase caused by immobilization, the solid surface should be hydrophilic. For higher thermostability, after immobilization, however, a hydrophobic surface is preferable since the dynamic atom motions in luciferase are smaller on a hydrophobic surface. The solid surface should be prepared delicately both from the viewpoint of preventing the denaturation caused by immobilization and improving the thermostability.

    DOI

  • International technology roadmap for semiconductors 2005 edition

    Takanobu Watanabe, Kosuke Tatsumura, Iwao Ohdomari

    Physical Review Letters   96 ( 19 )  2006  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We propose a new oxidation rate equation for silicon supposing only a diffusion of oxidizing species but not including any rate-limiting step by interfacial reaction. It is supposed that diffusivity is suppressed in a strained oxide region near the SiO2 Si interface. The expression of a parabolic constant in the new equation is the same as that of the Deal-Grove model, while a linear constant makes a clear distinction with that of the model. The estimated thickness using the new expression is close to 1 nm, which compares well with the thickness of the structural transition layers. © 2006 The American Physical Society.

    DOI

    Scopus

    71
    Citation
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  • Analysis of interactions between green fluorescent protein and silicon substrates using molecular dynamics simulations

    K Nishiyama, T Watanabe, T Hoshino, Ohdomari, I

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS   44 ( 11 ) 8210 - 8215  2005.11

     View Summary

    We have performed a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on interactions between green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Si substrates. The results show that GFP adsorbs directly on the hydrophobic substrate, and via water molecules on the hydrophilic substrate. The adsorption-induced changes in the conformation of GFP are smaller on the hydrophilic substrate than on the hydrophobic substrate. On the other hand, the dynamic atom motions in GFP are larger on the hydrophobic substrate than on the hydrophilic substrate. In order to prevent the denaturation of proteins caused by immobilization on a substrate, the Si surface should be prepared from the viewpoints of both conformation and dynamic atom motions.

    DOI

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    14
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  • Reactions and diffusion of atomic and molecular oxygen in the SiO2 network

    K Tatsumura, T Shimura, E Mishima, K Kawamura, D Yamasaki, H Yamamoto, T Watanabe, M Umeno, Ohdomari, I

    PHYSICAL REVIEW B   72 ( 4 ) 045205  2005.07

     View Summary

    To address the reactions and diffusion of atomic and molecular oxygen in SiO2, the modification of the SiO2 network on exposure to an atomic or molecular oxygen atmosphere is investigated by measuring the x-ray-diffraction profile of the residual order peak emanating from the oxide. Analyses of the peak intensity and its fringe pattern provide experimental evidence for the recent theoretical predictions, indicating that atomic oxygen is incorporated into the SiO2 network near the surface and diffuses toward the interface along with modifying it even at a low temperature of 400 degrees C, whereas molecular oxygen diffuses without reacting with the bulk SiO2 even at a temperature of 850 degrees C that is sufficiently high for oxidation reaction at the interface.

    DOI

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    32
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  • ダイナミックボンド型分子動力学法の開発

    渡邉孝信

    化学工業   56   65 - 71  2005

  • Si island formation on domain boundaries induced by Ar ion irradiation on high-temperature Si(111)-7x7 dimer-adatom-stacking fault surfaces

    M Uchigasaki, K Tomiki, T Kamioka, E Nakayama, T Watanabe, Ohdomari, I

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 2-LETTERS & EXPRESS LETTERS   44 ( 8-11 ) L313 - L314  2005

     View Summary

    Using a low-energy ion gun/high-temperature scanning tunneling microscope combined system (lG/STM), we observed the atomic scale behavior of a Si surface kept at 500 degrees C before, during and after Ar ion irradiation. We found that Si islands grew up within ion irradiation selectively along the boundaries of domains of 7 x 7 dimer-adatom-stacking (DAS) faults. The Si islands were 1 double atomic layer high and had the 7 x 7 DAS reconstruction. The area of the islands increased linearly with ion doses up to 2.5 x 10(14) cm(-2).

    DOI

  • SiO(2)/Si interface structure and its formation studied by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation

    T Watanabe, K Tatsumura, Ohdomari, I

    APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE   237 ( 1-4 ) 125 - 133  2004.10

     View Summary

    We investigated the atomic structure of the SiO(2)/Si interface and the initial oxidation process of Si surfaces using our developed large-scale atomistic simulation technique for Si, O mixed systems. We constructed large-scale SiO(2)/Si(0 0 1) interface models (now up to 12,536 atoms in size) by inserting O atoms into Si-Si bonds in crystalline Si substrates from the surface of the models. The resulting SiO(2)/Si Models exhibited a compressively strained oxide region near the interface, and reproduced X-ray diffraction peaks compatible with experimental results. Using the large-scale modeling technique, we simulated an atomistic oxidation process where the O atoms were introduced into the Si substrate in one by one so as to minimize the strain energy caused by the insertion of the O atoms. A mostly abrupt change in the composition at the SiO(2)/Si interface was reproduced in this energetic scheme, though the oxidation did not proceed layer by layer as previously reported by many other reports. We found out that the layer-by-layer oxidation phenomenon can be explained by the kinetics of oxidants arriving at the interface through the oxide film. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • Improved interatomic potential for stressed Si, O mixed systems

    T Watanabe, D Yamasaki, K Tatsumura, Ohdomari, I

    APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE   234 ( 1-4 ) 207 - 213  2004.07

     View Summary

    We propose an improved formula of a previous interatomic potential for Si, O mixed systems. The new potential is designed so as to more accurately reproduce the structural property of compressively strained SiO2 structures, by reducing unnatural steric hindrance caused by a long-range part of a three-body term. As the results of the improvement, (1) compressive stress in SiO2 film, which was highly overestimated to be 13 GPa by the earlier potential, is reduced to 2.7 GPa, and (2) a spurious peak in Si-O pair correlation function of SiO2 film disappeared. A limitation of the conventional interatomic potentials and its solution are also discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

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    57
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  • Large-scale atomistic modeling of thermally grown SiO(2) on Si(111) substrate

    K Tatsumura, T Watanabe, D Yamasaki, T Shimura, M Umeno, Ohdomari, I

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS   43 ( 2 ) 492 - 497  2004.02

     View Summary

    Large-scale SiO(2)/Si(111) models were constructed by introducing oxygen atoms in c-Si models in an atom-by-atom manner. Molecular dynamics calculation at a constant temperature was repeatedly carried out for the growing oxide model. By comparing the oxidation simulation of Si(111) substrate with that of Si(001) substrate performed previously, the influence of substrate orientation on the oxide structure was discussed. Owing to the significant feature of bonding arrangement within a Si bilayer in the Si(111) substrate, the inherent stress induced at the SiO(2)/Si interface by oxygen insertions is originally higher for the Si(111) oxidation than for the Si(001) oxidation, resulting in frequent changes in the bonding network. The resulting structure of bulk SiO(2) on Si(111) has less strain and a lower density than that on Si(001), but involves a larger number of dangling bonds. The X-ray diffraction pattern calculated for the SiO(2)/Si(111) model exhibits a diffraction peak with a Laue-function-like profile on each of the crystal-truncation-rods from the 111 and 11 (1) over bar points, agreeing well with experimental results. These diffraction peaks indicate that the thermally grown SiO(2) retains the residual order emanating from the {111} atomic planes in the original c-Si. Because of differences in the angles between the surface and the {111} atomic planes, the residual order within the SiO(2) differs depending on the substrate orientation.

    DOI

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    18
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  • Residual order within thermally grown amorphous SiO2 on crystalline silicon

    K Tatsumura, T Watanabe, D Yamasaki, T Shimura, M Umeno, Ohdomari, I

    PHYSICAL REVIEW B   69 ( 8 ) 085212  2004.02

     View Summary

    The origin of x-ray diffraction peaks observed on the crystal truncation rods (CTR's) in reciprocal space for thermally grown SiO2 films has been investigated by large-scale atomistic simulation of silicon oxidation. Three models of SiO2 on Si(001), Si(111), and Si(113) were formed by introducing oxygen atoms in crystalline Si from the surfaces in an atom-by-atom manner. The SiO2 structures are classified as being amorphous in conventional characterizations, but retain the residual order originating from the {111} atomic planes in their parent crystals. The calculated diffraction patterns exhibit intensity peaks with Laue-function-like fringe profiles along the CTR's, at positions depending on the substrate orientations, agreeing quite well with experimental results.

    DOI

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    45
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  • Molecular dynamics simulation on interactions between biomolecules and semiconductor substrates

    Nishiyama K., Watanabe T., Hoshino T., Ohdomari I.

    The proceedings of the JSME annual meeting   2004   53 - 54  2004

     View Summary

    By investigating the interactions between Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Si substrates using molecular dynamics simulation, we got the following results. GFP adsorbs on the hydrophobic substrate directly, and on the hydrophilic substrate via water molecules. GFP-hydrophobic substrate attractions are stronger than GFP-hydrophilic substrate attractions. Flexibility of GFP is reduced when GFP adsorbs on the Si substrate.

    DOI CiNii

  • Effects of thermal history on residual order of thermally grown silicon dioxide

    K Tatsumura, T Watanabe, D Yamasaki, T Shimura, M Umeno, Ohdomari, I

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS   42 ( 12 ) 7250 - 7255  2003.12

     View Summary

    By simulation of silicon oxidation and measurement of X-ray crystal-truncation-rod (CTR) scattering, the structures of silicon dioxide films grown at different temperatures and the structural changes due to thermal annealing have been investigated. Large-scale SiO2/Si(001) models were formed by introducing oxygen atoms, atom-by-atom, in crystalline Si from the surfaces. Molecular dynamics (MD) calculation at a constant temperature was repeatedly carried out for the growing oxide model. The intensity and position of the extra diffraction peak observed for the oxide, correlating with the residual order emanating from the parent Si crystal, depend on the growth temperature and change after thermal annealing. The peak intensity becomes smaller with increasing growth temperature. Thermal annealing monotonically decreases the peak intensity and shifts the position along the CTR,. toward the lower angle side. There is a good agreement between the results of simulation and experiment. It is shown that (1) the oxide grown At a higher temperature has a lower degree of residual order, (2) thermal annealing decreases the residual order, ultimately leads to complete amorphization and never restores the ordering, and (3) the peak shift along the CTR corresponds to the volumetric expansion of the SiO2 in the surface-normal direction.

    DOI

  • Probability of atomic or molecular oxygen species in silicon and silicon dioxide

    T Hoshino, M Hata, S Neya, Y Nishioka, T Watanabe, K Tatsumura, Ohdomari, I

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS   42 ( 10 ) 6535 - 6542  2003.10

     View Summary

    Quantum chemical calculations were performed to investigate the probabilities of the existence of molecular and atomic oxygen inside Si and SiO2. Optimized configurations were obtained for both Si and SiO2 clusters including an O-2 molecule or an O atom in the spin singlet or triplet state. The spin triplet O-2 molecule is the most favorable in SiO2, while the spin singlet 0 atom is dominant in Si. The diffusion of an O-2 molecule from the outside to the inside Of SiO2 Was computed with its potential energy change. The dissociation reaction of an O-2 molecule at the SiO2/Si interface and the transfer reaction of an O atom across the SiO2/Si interface were also examined by estimating for their energy barriers.

    DOI

  • Diffusion of molecular and atomic oxygen in silicon oxide

    T Hoshino, M Hata, S Neya, Y Nishioka, T Watanabe, K Tatsumura, L Ohdomari

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS   42 ( 6A ) 3560 - 3565  2003.06

     View Summary

    Density functional calculations using model clusters were performed to clarify the atomic-scale diffusion mechanism of an O-2 molecule or an O atom in SiO2. The activation energy required for the atomic O diffusion was estimated to be 1.3 eV, whereas that for the molecular O-2 diffusion was revealed to be fairly low, 0.3 eV. This strongly suggests that the diffusing oxygen in SiO2 is primarily in a molecular form. The computational results were confirmed to be consistent between two SiO2 configurations of the cristobalite and quartz structures. Diffusion pathways and the related activation energies are shown to be well compatible with many recent works. [DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.42.3560].

    DOI

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    34
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  • An estimate of the Hausdorff dimension of a weak self-similar set

    A Kitada, T Konishi, T Watanabe

    CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS   13 ( 2 ) 363 - 366  2002.02

     View Summary

    We propose an estimate to quantitatively evaluate the Hausdorff dimension of a self-similar set based on a system of weak contractions each of whose contraction coefficient is not a constant but a function of a parameter. Using the estimate, we investigate the topological structures specific to this weak self-similar set. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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    4
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  • 分子動力学法によるシリコン酸化膜の大規模モデリング

    渡邉孝信, 辰村光介, 大泊 巌

    表面科学/日本表面科学会   23 ( 2 ) 74 - 80  2002

     View Summary

    Large-scale modeling of ultra-thin SiO2 films on Si(001) surfaces has been performed by means of molecular dynamics utilizing our original inter-atomic potential energy function for Si, O mixed systems. The SiO2 film is formed by layer-by-layer insertion of O atoms into Si-Si bonds in a Si wafer from the surface. The obtained models reproduce quantitatively the structural transition layers near the interface. Through a modeling of vicinal SiO2/Si(001) model including atomic steps, it has been found that oxide film near the step-edge is preferentially amorphized. For a more advanced modeling method, we propose a new simulation procedure where O atoms are introduced into the substrate in one-by-one manner. In the calculation, the oxidation is started from the surface and abrupt change in composition at the SiO2/Si interface is reproduced. Thus, the classical molecular dynamics is a powerful method together with a simplified inter-atomic potential function applicable to mixed systems.

    DOI CiNii

  • Nucleation site of Cu on the H-terminated Si(111) surface

    K Tatsumura, T Watanabe, K Hara, T Hoshino, Ohdomari, I

    PHYSICAL REVIEW B   64 ( 11 )  2001.09

     View Summary

    First-principles quantum chemical calculations have been performed to clarify the nucleation site of Cu on the H-terminated Si(111) surface. The adhesion energies of a Cu atom on various sites have been obtained accurately. We have examined the following surface species as candidates for the Cu nucleation site: Si dihydride and monohydride species, fluoride, chloride, and hydroxide species, and locally oxidized sites. The basis set for Cu, which is one of the transition metals, has been chosen suitably. Results of our calculation indicate that (1) a Cu atom migrates freely on the H-terminated Si(111) surface, (2) it adheres selectively on the OH-terminated site, which is considered to exist mainly at a kink site and at the intersection of step edges, and (3) the Cu atom adhering on the OH-terminated site easily grows to a cluster.

  • Initial Oxidation Process of Si(001) Simulated by Using a Parallel PC System

    T. Watanabe, K. Tatsumura, A. Kajimoto, K. Ogura, Y. Inaba, I. Ohdomari

    Semiconductor Technology/The Electrochemical Society   1   242 - 246  2001

  • Modeling of a SiO2/Si(001) structure including step and terrace configurations

    T Watanabe, Ohdomari, I

    APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE   162   116 - 121  2000.08

     View Summary

    Large-scale modeling of a SiO2/Si(001) structure including a couple of monoatomic steps has been performed by using a novel inter-atomic potential energy function for Si, O mixed systems. The SiO2 film was formed by layer-by-layer insertion of O atoms into Si-Si bonds of Si(001) 2 x 1 reconstructed surface misoriented from surface normal by 3.2 degrees. Just after the backbond oxidation of the dimer structures, a clear difference in the structural order of oxide films appeared between two types of terraces on which the dimer rows run perpendicular and parallel to the step lines. The difference is explained by the difference in stretching directions of Si-Si intervals into which O atoms are inserted. It was also found that the oxide structure near the step preferentially became amorphous after further oxidation. These results suggest a possibility that the structure of thin oxide film can be controlled by the initial Si surface preparation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    15
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Kinetics of dimer-adatom-stacking-fault reconstruction on laser-quenched Si(111) surfaces

    K Shimada, T Ishimaru, T Watanabe, T Yamawaki, M Osuka, T Hoshino, Ohdomari, I

    PHYSICAL REVIEW B   62 ( 4 ) 2546 - 2551  2000.07

     View Summary

    Nucleation and growth kinetics of dimer-adatom-stacking-fault (DAS) structures on laser-quenched Si(1 1 1) surfaces have been investigated by measuring the time evolution of DAS domain size distribution at 320-440 degrees C with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). The time evolution of the distribution suggests two different kinetics of DAS reconstruction At a very early stage (immediately after laser irradiation), the surface contains many voids and formation of DAS structures is quite rapid. In the next stage (after the disappearance of the voids), the DAS domains develop at constant nucleation and growth rates in a measurable time scale. The temperature dependence of nucleation and growth rates is discussed based on a typical theory of the two-dimensional structural phase transition.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Impact of structural strained layer near SiO2/Si interface on activation energy of time-dependent dielectric breakdown

    Y Harada, K Eriguchi, M Niwa, T Watanabe, Ohdomari, I

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS & REVIEW PAPERS   39 ( 7B ) 4687 - 4691  2000.07

     View Summary

    A structural transition region near the SiO2/Si interface has been considered to play an important rule with respect to gale oxide reliability. We clarify the effects of the structural transition region on the time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) characteristics, particularly the activation energy of the oxide breakdown for ultrathin gate oxides formed by different oxidation processes, i.e., pyrogenic oxidation, rapid thermal O-2 oxidation and N2O oxynitridation. Furthermore, we investigate the properties of the structural transition region, such as the density of SiO2 as measured by the grazing incidence X-ray-scattering reflectivity (GIXR) method, the Si-O-Si bond angle by Fourier-transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), the etching rate by chemical etching and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Through these investigations, it is clarified that the oxide breakdown tends to occur at the Si-O-Si network with a lower bond angle (&lt;115 degrees) and that the strain in the structural transition region reduces the barrier to the oxide breakdown. A 1-nm-thick strained layer is round to have a strong effect on the oxide reliability and to limit oxide scaling in future ultra-large-scale integrated circuits (ULSIs).

    DOI

  • Impact of Structural Strained Layer near SiO2/Si Interface on Activation Energy of Time-Dependent Dielectric Breakdown

    Y. Harada, K. Eriguchi, M. Niwa, T. Watanabe, I. Ohdomari

    VLSI symposium Tech. Digest/Japan Society of Applied Physics     216 - 219  2000

  • Novel interatomic potential energy function for Si, O mixed systems

    T Watanabe, H Fujiwara, H Noguchi, T Hoshino, Ohdomari, I

    JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 2-LETTERS   38 ( 4A ) L366 - L369  1999.04

     View Summary

    A novel interatomic potential energy function is proposed for condensed systems composed of silicon and oxygen atoms, from SiO2 to Si crystal. The potential function is an extension of the Stillinger-Weber potential, which was originally designed for pure Si systems. All parameters in the potential function were determined based on ab initio molecular orbital calculations of small clusters. Without any adjustment to empirical data, the order of stability of five silica polymorphs is correctly reproduced. This potential realizes a large-scale modeling of SiO2/Si interface structures on average workstation computers.

    DOI

  • Modeling of SiO2/Si(100) interface structure by using extended -Stillinger-Weber potential

    T Watanabe, Ohdomari, I

    THIN SOLID FILMS   343   370 - 373  1999.04

     View Summary

    Large scale modeling of ultrathin SiO2 films on Si(100) surfaces has been performed using our original potential, which was developed to simulate both Si and SiO2 crystal systems. A SiO2 film was formed by layer-by-layer insertion of oxygen atoms into Si-Si bonds in a Si wafer from one of the surfaces. The thickness of the obtained SiO2 layer was about 17.2 Angstrom, and it showed the presence of the structural transition layer; the average Si-O-Si bond angle becomes smaller in the region closer to the SiO2/Si interface. The peak of Si-O-Si bond angle distribution is shifted toward a narrower angle from the equilibrium angle of 144 degrees, in agreement with experimental results reported so far. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    39
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Influence of oxygen on the formation of Si(111)-7x7 domains studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

    T Ishimaru, T Hoshino, H Kawada, K Shimada, T Watanabe, Ohdomari, I

    PHYSICAL REVIEW B   58 ( 15 ) 9863 - 9866  1998.10

     View Summary

    Coverage of the 7 x 7-reconstructed region on quenched Si(111) surfaces has been compared for two types of Si wafers with different oxygen concentration, Czochralski and modified float zone (m-FZ) wafers. The m-FZ wafer clearly showed the lower coverage, which suggested that oxygen had some influence on the formation of a 7 x 7 structure. The activation energy of formation of the 7 x 7 structure has been estimated to be 2.4 eV. [S0163-1829(98)01939-0].

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Effect of fixed particles on periodic adatom arrangements on Si(111) unreconstructed surfaces

    T Watanabe, T Handa, T Hoshino, Ohdomari, I

    APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE   130   6 - 12  1998.06

     View Summary

    Time-independent and -dependent Monte Carlo simulations of a two-dimensional lattice gas were performed to investigate the effect of fixed particles on periodic adatom arrangements on Si(111) 1 X 1 surfaces. In both the simulations introducing fixed particles, domains of the periodic structures were divided into small fragments around them. This can be explained by the fixed particles reducing the degree of freedom of the adatom configurations so the number of ways of reaching the uniform configuration is highly restricted. Based on the simulations, we predict that a large 1 X 1 region without any obstacle impurities is desirable to obtain a large periodic structure of Si adatoms. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Theoretical investigation on the formation process of the stacking-fault triangle in the Si(111)-7x7 structure

    T Hoshino, N Kamijou, H Fujiwara, T Watanabe, Ohdomari, I

    SURFACE SCIENCE   394 ( 1-3 ) 119 - 128  1997.12

     View Summary

    The formation process of stacking-fault (SF) triangles during the Si(111) 1 x 1--&gt;7 x 7 reconstruction has been studied using the quantum chemical theoretical calculations. On the basis of the propagation and subsequent merging mechanism of the SF areas proposed by one of authors (I.O.), several reaction paths to complete a single SF triangle have been examined. The most probable formation process of SF triangles has been determined from the their lowest energy reaction path. A comparison of total energy changes along the SF triangle formation both with and without oxygen atoms indicated a preference of oxygen incorporation in the formation of 7 x 7 dimer-stacking-fault (DS) structure, which was compatible with the recent experimental results suggesting the important role of oxygen in the 7 x 7 reconstruction. The effect of the step edge has also been discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Monte Carlo study on formation of periodic structures on Si(111) surfaces

    T Watanabe, T Hoshino, Ohdomari, I

    SURFACE SCIENCE   389 ( 1-3 ) 375 - 381  1997.11

     View Summary

    Monte Carlo simulations of a two-dimensional lattice gas in the grand canonical ensemble are performed to analyze the behavior of Si adatoms on Si(111)-1 x 1 surfaces. 2 x 2, c2 x 8 and c2 x 4 structures appear at 300 K under the condition that only Coulomb repulsion is introduced as a pair interaction between adatoms. The adatom density increases with the temperature, and root 3 x root 3 structures appear at 550 degrees C. These results agree with our recent STM observations. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Mechanism of H-2 desorption from H-terminated Si(001) surfaces

    T Watanabe, T Hoshino, Ohdomari, I

    APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE   117   67 - 71  1997.06

     View Summary

    Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations were performed to investigate the mechanism of H-2 desorption from dihydride species on Si(001) surfaces. The lowest energy pathways were calculated with respect to three different mechanisms which have been proposed previously. We performed additional calculations under the different H coverage conditions to examine the dependence of activation energy on the varieties of surrounding hydride species. The new transition state structure was obtained by the calculation of the recombinative desorption of two H atoms from adjacent Si dihydrides. We have found that the activation barrier of the recombinative desorption mechanism was the lowest of all and it was hardly influenced no matter what the surrounding hydride species is.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    Citation
    (Scopus)
  • Consideration of atom movement during Si surface reconstruction

    Ohdomari, I, T Watanabe, K Kumamoto, T Hoshino

    PHASE TRANSITIONS   62 ( 4 ) 245 - 258  1997

     View Summary

    Si(111) surface reconstructions are classified into two families, the 2 x 2 family (2 x 2, c2 x 4, c2 x 8 and root 3 x root 3) and n x n DAS family. By in-situ atomic scale observation of Si(111) surface reconstruction and by a statistical argument on the nucleation of a daughter phase in Si(lll) matrix, we have found that the 2 x 2 family is a result of random motion of adatoms on a Si(lll)-1 x 1 substrate, while the n x n DAS family can never be formed only by the movement of adatoms but some cooperative movement of substrate Si atoms is necessary.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    Citation
    (Scopus)

▼display all

Presentations

  • Micro Thermoelectric Device Fabricatable with Silicon Integrated Circuit Process

    Takanobu Watanabe  [Invited]

    Presentation date: 2023.03

  • Development of Silicon-related Micro Thermoelectric Generator Devices

    Takanobu Watanabe  [Invited]

    Presentation date: 2022.09

  • Micro Thermoelectric Generator on Silicon: Design and Fabrication

    Takanobu Watanabe  [Invited]

    13th International Symposium on Advanced Plasma Science and its Applications for Nitrides and Nanomaterials / 14th International Conference on Plasma-Nano Technology & Science (ISPlasma 2021/ICPLANTS 2021) 

    Presentation date: 2021.03

  • Dipoles in High-k Gate Stacks Reproduced by Classical Molecular Dynamics

    Takanobu Watanabe  [Invited]

    Presentation date: 2020.11

  • Dipole-induced Flat Band Voltage Shift in High-k Gate Stacks Simulated by Classical Molecular Dynamics

    Takanobu Watanabe  [Invited]

    SISPAD2020 Workshop 2 Multiscale Approach from Atoms to Device: Toward Predictive Simulation, Virtual Conference 

    Event date:
    2020.09
    -
    2020.10
  • Scalable CMOS Thermoelectric Energy Harvester Using Si Nanowires

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    The 13th PACRIM conference 

    Presentation date: 2019.10

  • Cavity-Free Micro Thermoelectric Energy Harvester with Si Nanowires

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    235th ECS Meeting, G01: Silicon Compatible Emerging Materials 

    Presentation date: 2019.05

  • MOSプレーナプロセスで製造可能な微小熱電発電デバイス

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    化学工学会 反応工学部会 CVD反応分科会第30回シンポジウム 

    Presentation date: 2019.03

  • シリコン製マイクロ熱電発電デバイスの開発

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    ENEX2019 エネルギーハーベスティングセミナー 

    Presentation date: 2019.02

  • CMOS Friendly Silicon-based Micro Thermoelectric Generator

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    5th International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICONN2019) 

    Presentation date: 2019.01

  • マイクロ熱電発電デバイスのスケーリング戦略

    渡邉 孝信

    JST-CREST「微小エネルギーを利用した革新的な環境発電技術の創出」領域公開シンポジウム 

    Presentation date: 2018.11

  • Si-CMOS高出力熱電発電デバイスの開発

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    電気学会 電子・情報・システム部門大会 

    Presentation date: 2018.09

  • Deal-Groveモデル再考

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    応用物理学会シリコンテクノロジー分科会第207回研究集会「シリコン表面および酸化膜界面特性の新世代への探求」 

    Presentation date: 2018.05

  • CMOSコンパチブルSiマイクロ熱電発電デバイス

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    学際・国際的高度人材育成ライフイノベーションマテリアル創製共同研究プロジェクト(6大学連携プロジェクト)第2回公開討論会 

    Presentation date: 2018.03

  • IV族混晶のマイクロ熱電発電デバイス応⽤

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    第65回応用物理学会春季学術講演会 

    Presentation date: 2018.03

  • オン・シリコン熱電発電デバイスの開発

    渡邉 孝信

    早稲田大学ナノテクノロジーフォーラム第4回分科会ワークショップ(グリーンエレクトロニクス分野)「革新的エナジー・ハーベスティングに向けた材料・デバイス技術」 

    Presentation date: 2018.03

  • Molecular Dynamics of Dipole Layer Formation at High-k/SiO2 Interface

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    232nd ECS MEETING 

    Presentation date: 2017.10

  • Formation Mechanisms of Gate Oxide Films

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    2017 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM 2017) 

    Presentation date: 2017.09

  • 熱電発電デバイスの微細化戦略

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    フォノンエンジニアリング研究グループ・JST「微小エネ」領域合同研究会 

    Presentation date: 2017.07

  • Silicon-based Micro Thermoelectric Generator Fabricated by CMOS Compatible Process

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    The 2017 International Meeting for Future of Electron Devices, Kansai (IMFEDK2017) 

    Presentation date: 2017.06

  • A Scalable Si-based Micro Thermoelectric Generator,

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference (EDTM2017) 

    Presentation date: 2017.03

  • オン・シリコン熱電発電デバイスの開発

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    電気学会ナノエレクトロニクス新機能創出・集積化技術専門員会「フォノンエンジニアリング」 

    Presentation date: 2016.11

  • Atomistic Origin of Dipole Layer at High-k/SiO2 Interface

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    13th International Conference on Atomically Controlled Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanostructures (ACSIN-13) 

    Presentation date: 2016.10

  • Molecular Dynamics Simulations on the Formation of Dielectric Thin Films and Interface Properties

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    2016 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM 2016) 

    Presentation date: 2016.09

  • Statistical Simulation of Noise and Fluctuations in Nano-scale Silicon Transistors

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    BIT’s 5th Annual World Congress of Advanced Materials-2016 (WCAM-2016) 

    Presentation date: 2016.06

  • 粒子ベースキャリア輸送シミュレーションによるナノデバイス特性揺らぎの統計的解析

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    電子デバイス界面テクノロジー研究会, 東レ研修センター 

    Presentation date: 2016.01

  • Impacts of RDF, RTN, and Shot Noise on Nanowire Transistor Performance Studied by Ensemble Monte Carlo / Molecular Dynamics Simulation

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    2015 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM 2015) 

    Presentation date: 2015.09

  • EMC/MDシミュレーションによるナノワイヤトランジスタ特性の揺らぎ解析

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    電気学会 電子・情報・システム部門大会 

    Presentation date: 2015.08

  • Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Dipole Layer Formation at High-k/SiO2 Interface

    WATANABE, Takanobu

    226th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society 

    Presentation date: 2014.10

  • Molecular dynamics simulation of gate dielectric thin films

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    The 5th NIMS/MANA-Waseda University International Symposium 

    Presentation date: 2014.03

  • 分子動力学法による酸化膜被覆型Siナノワイヤのフォノン解析

    Presentation date: 2014.03

  • MD法で探る半導体と絶縁膜の界面構造

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    富士通計算化学ユーザーフォーラム2013 

    Presentation date: 2013.11

  • Al2O3/SiO2界面の分子動力学シミュレーション

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    CVD反応分科会 第21回シンポジウム 

    Presentation date: 2013.11

  • Recent Progress in Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Semiconductor Interfaces

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    2013 NIMS CONFERENCE 

    Presentation date: 2013.07

  • Phonon Dispersion in <100> Si Nanowire Covered with SiO2 Film Calculated by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

    WATANABE, Takanobu

    PRiME 2012, ECS 222nd Meeting, SiGe, Ge, and Related Compounds: Materials, Processing, and Devices 5 

    Presentation date: 2012.10

  • ナノプロセス研究のための分子動力学計算技術

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    第8 回プラズマエレクトロニクス分科会新領域研究会 

    Presentation date: 2011.10

  • Force Field Approaches for Modeling Oxide-Semiconductor Interfaces

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    3rd Asian Consortium on Computational Material Science (ACCMS) Working Group Meeting 

    Presentation date: 2011.04

  • Si 系トンネルFET のシミュレーション

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    電気学会シリコンナノデバイス集積化技術調査専門委員会「急峻サブスレショルドデバイスの現状と将来展望」 

    Presentation date: 2010.11

  • Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Thermal Properties of Nano-scale Silicon Structures Covered with Oxide Film

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    The 3rd Advanced Materials Development and Integration of Novel Structured Metallic and Inorganic Materials (AMDI-3) 

    Presentation date: 2010.11

  • Misfit Stress Relaxation Mechanism in GeO2/Ge Systems: A Classical Molecular Simulation Study

    WATANABE, Takanobu

    ECS 218th meeting 

    Presentation date: 2010.10

  • Deal-Groveモデルに代わるシリコン熱酸化速度理論,” 第29回表面科学学術講演会, タワーホール船堀, 東京, 2009年10月28日. 恩

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    第29回表面科学学術講演会 

    Presentation date: 2009.10

  • 分子動力学法によるGeO2/Ge界面のモデリング -SiO2/Siとの違い-

    渡邉 孝信  [Invited]

    Presentation date: 2009.06

  • Atomistic Picture of Silicon Oxidation Process; Beyond the Deal-Grove Model

    WATANABE, Takanobu  [Invited]

    International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences (ICCES’09) 

    Presentation date: 2009.04

▼display all

Research Projects

  • ナノスケール異種材料界面制御による熱マネジメント基盤の構築

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業

    Project Year :

    2022.04
    -
    2025.03
     

    渡邉 孝信

  • 垂直離着陸型羽ばたき飛翔ロボットの自律飛行制御

    総務省  戦略的情報通信研究開発推進事業(SCOPE)平成30年度 独創的な人向け特別枠「異能vation」プログラム「破壊的な挑戦部門」

    Project Year :

    2018.10
    -
    2019.09
     

    渡邉 孝信

  • Development of Silicon-Based Thermoelectric Device Utilizing Computational Phononics

    Japan Science and Technology Agency  Strategic Basic Research Programs, CREST

    Project Year :

    2015.12
    -
    2019.03
     

    WATANABE, Takanobu

  • 異種酸化物界面の分極を予測するマテリアル・インフォマティクスの開拓

    科学研究費助成事業(早稲田大学)  科学研究費助成事業(基盤研究(B))

    Project Year :

    2015.04
    -
    2018.03
     

    渡邉 孝信

  • 二眼カメラを搭載したロボットに関し、ステレオ画像からの周辺情報取得技術の研究

    Project Year :

    2015.04
    -
    2017.03
     

    渡邉 孝信

  • 計算科学を駆使したNiシリサイドナノワイヤ形成プロセスの完全制御

    科学研究費助成事業(早稲田大学)  科学研究費助成事業(挑戦的萌芽研究)

    Project Year :

    2014.04
    -
    2017.03
     

    渡邉 孝信

  • 電子機器ナノテクイノベーションに関する共同研究

    Project Year :

    2015.04
    -
     
     

    渡邉 孝信

  • Development of Simulator for Transient Electrothermal Properties of Nanoscale Devices

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2010
    -
    2012
     

    KAMAKURA, Yoshinari

     View Summary

    Using a coupled Monte Carlo technique for solving both electron and phonon Boltzmann transport equations, the transient electrothermal simulator for nanoscale Si devices was developed. To this end, novel algorithms for simulating phonon transport and Seebeck effects were proposed. It has been also suggested that the simulated observations on the hot spot generation and dissipation can be practically described by the equivalent thermal circuit model.

  • Development and application of new kinetic theory for thermal oxidation of silicon replacing the Deal-Grove model

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2007.04
    -
    2011.03
     

    WATANABE, Takanobu

     View Summary

    A new general rate equation for thermal oxidation of silicon was formulated. The rate equation is applicable to oxidation processes in dry and wet oxygen ambient, and explains a long-pending problem of a nonlinear oxygen pressure dependency observed in the dry oxidation. Atomistic structures of silicon oxide and germanium oxide films were modeled by means of molecular dynamics, through which the structural relaxation mechanism, diffusion behavior of oxidant molecules, stress distribution, heat transport and phonon mode decay processes are investigated.

  • Real-Time Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Nano-Scale Surface Modification by Dopant Ion Irradiation

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2008
    -
    2010
     

    OHDOMARI, Iwao

     View Summary

    A scanning tunneling microscope system has been developed to observe in real-time the surface modification induced by ion irradiation for the purpose of understanding atomistic behaviors of implanted dopant atoms in nano-scale semiconductor devices. We have succeeded in imaging the formation and annihilation processes of ion-induced structures on thermally treated and passivated silicon surfaces. Basic studies have also been performed experimentally and by using computer simulations on electronic conduction mechanisms in future nano-scale three-dimensional devices.

  • Control of Silicon Nanostructure Oxidation by Nitrogen Doping

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research

    Project Year :

    2006
    -
    2008
     

    UEMATSU Masashi, KAGESHIMA Hiroyuki, WATANABE Takanobu, SHIRAISHI Kenji, ITO Kohei, AKIYAMA Toru

  • ダイナミックボンド型大規模分子動力学法の開発

    科学技術振興機構  戦略的創造研究推進事業 さきがけ

    Project Year :

    2003.10
    -
    2007.03
     

    渡邉 孝信

  • 大規模分子動力学計算によるシリコン熱酸化過程の研究

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業

    Project Year :

    2000
    -
    2002
     

    渡邉 孝信

     View Summary

    本年度は、これまで開発した手法を総動員し、Si結晶表面の酸化が1原子層毎に進行する現象、および酸化膜に残る周期構造の実体を解明した。また、本研究で最大の目標であった、O_2分子を扱える新Si, O系用ポテンシャル(ダイナミックボンドポテンシャル)も完成させた。Si酸化膜に関する2つの大きな謎の解明、全く新しい分子動力学手法の発案など、計画当初の目標を大きく上回る成果を挙げることができた。以下、主要な実績について概要を述べる。
    (1)1原子層毎酸化の機構解明
    当初遠距離クーロン相互作用に注目し、Particle Mesh Ewald法をプログラムに実装して計算したが、1原子層毎酸化は再現できなかった。歪エネルギー、中間酸化状態のSi原子の化学ポテンシャルでも説明できないことがわかり、研究は一時暗礁に乗り上げた。そこで、SiO_2/Si界面で2次元の島状酸化領域が出現するという従来の定説を今一度見直したところ、酸化種がランダムに拡散して界面のSiを酸化する、という描像で1原子層毎酸化が再現できることを発見した。
    (2)熱酸化膜からのX線回折パターンの再現
    酸化膜厚10nmという巨大酸化膜模型を作成し、熱酸化膜のX線回折パターンの再現に世界で初めて成功した。酸化膜は単なるアモルファスではなく、元のSi結晶に由来する秩序を残していることが本研究で明らかとなった。
    (3)ダイナミックボンドポテンシャルの完成
    結合相手を決定する要素自体の運動を記述する全く新しいラグランジュ関数を考案し、O_2分子の取り扱いを可能にした。極座標系とデカルト座標系が混在する複雑な式となったが、指導教授である北田教授から学んだ数学を活かして、運動方程式・内部ストレステンソルを正確に求め、この系の分子動力学計算を実現した。温度制御、圧力制御法を併用した場合でもハミルトニアンが保存することを確認した。

  • 極微細トランジスタ中における準弾道電子+準弾道フォノン系の統合シミュレーション

    科学研究費助成事業(大阪大学)  科学研究費助成事業(特定領域研究)

    鎌倉 良成

  • 立体構造半導体/酸化膜界面のハイスループットモデリング技術の開発

    科学研究費助成事業(早稲田大学)  科学研究費助成事業(基盤研究(B))

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Misc

  • Silicon-based micro thermoelectric generator fabricated by CMOS compatible process

    Takanobu Watanabe

    IMFEDK 2017 - 2017 International Meeting for Future of Electron Devices, Kansai     22 - 23  2017.07

     View Summary

    Energy harvester is a key device for realizing trillion sensors network society. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is regarded as the ultimate energy harvester to provide semipermanent power from heat energies via Seebeck effect. The recent discovery of the superior thermoelectric (TE) property of silicon nanowires (Si-NWs) opens the way for Si-based TEGs. In this paper, a very simple device architecture of Si-based micro TEG is proposed. It can be fabricated by the CMOS-compatible process, and the TE power density is found to be scalable by miniaturizing and integrating the structure.

    DOI

  • 分子動力学法を用いた2元系Ⅳ-Ⅳ族混晶半導体のフォノン物性の再現と予測 (シリコン材料・デバイス)

    富田 基裕, 小椋 厚志, 渡邉 孝信

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報   116 ( 472 ) 61 - 66  2017.02

    CiNii

  • Mg2Si‐Siヘテロ接合トンネルFET特性の構造依存性

    WU Yan, 長谷川明紀, 角嶋邦之, 渡辺孝信, 片岡好則, 西山彰, 杉井信之, 若林整, 筒井一生, 名取研二, 岩井洋

    応用物理学会春季学術講演会講演予稿集(CD-ROM)   61st   ROMBUNNO.20A-D9-2  2014.03

    J-GLOBAL

  • Enhancement of Current Density in Asymmetric Horn-Shaped Channel : Ensemble Monte-Carlo/Molecular Dynamics Simulation

    KAMIOKA Takefumi, IMAI Hiroya, OHMORI Kenji, SHIRAISHI Kenji, KAMAKURA Yoshinari, WATANABE Takanobu

    Technical report of IEICE. SDM   111 ( 281 ) 45 - 50  2011.11

     View Summary

    Effect of channel shape on nano-scale carrier transport is studied by using the ensemble Monte-Carlo/molecular dynamics method (EMC/MD). Carrier transport in horn-shaped asymmetric channel which widen from source to drain sides is simulated by comparing that in the conventional straight channels. The obtained conductance of the horn-shaped channels is larger than that of the straight channel, as a result of the enhancement of the carrier velocity. This can be attributed to the collimation effect of the asymmetric channel peculiar in the quasi-ballistic carrier transport regime.

    CiNii

  • Atomistic Modeling of GeO_2/Ge Interface Structure by Molecular Dynamics : Comparison with SiO_2/Si Interface

    WATANABE Takanobu, ONDA Tomoya, TOSAKA Ryo, YAMAMOTO Hideaki

    IEICE technical report   109 ( 87 ) 3 - 8  2009.06

     View Summary

    We have performed atomistic modeling of GeO_2/Ge interface structure by using newly developed interatomic force-field for Ge, O mixed systems. The force-field for Ge, O systems is designed by modifying an existing potential function for Si, O systems which is developed in our previous work. The binding energies and distortion energies of bond angles in the Ge, O system is smaller than corresponding bonds and angles in the Si, O system as a whole, but only a Ge-O-Ge bridging oxygen angle is found to be harder than a Si-O-Si angle. Using these force-fields, we have modeled GeO_2/Ge and SiO_2/Si interface structures to investigate stress distribution, bond angle distribution, and defect density within the two oxide films. The present results show that the oxidation-induced strain is weaker in the GeO_2 film than in the SiO_2 film, and the defect density at the GO_2/Ge interface is lower than that at the SiO_2/Si interface.

    CiNii

  • Transconductance enhancement of strained-Si nanowire FETs

    SEIKE Aya, TANGE Tomoyuki, SANO Itsutaku, SUGIURA Yuuki, TSUCHIDA Ikushin, OHTA Hiromichi, WATANABE Takanobu, KOSEMURA Daisuke, OGURA Atsushi, OHDOMARI Iwao

      108 ( 80 ) 35 - 39  2008.06

    CiNii

  • Simulation on the electric conduction of semiconductor with arrayed dopant

    TERUNUMA Tomohide, WATANABE Takanobu, SHINADDA Takahiro, KAMAKURA Yoshinari, TANIGUCHI Kenji, OHDOMARI Iwao

    IEICE technical report   107 ( 295 ) 1 - 4  2007.10

     View Summary

    We have performed a series of Ensemble Monte Carlo / Molecular Dynamics (EMC/MD) simulations to estimate how the electron mobility in silicon depends on the arrangement of dopant ions. The simulation is motivated by the invention of the single ion implantation technique, which can control the number and position of dopant ions in semiconductors. The simulations have revealed that the electron mobility can be improved by arranging dopant ions in a cubic array with reducing the fluctuation of position to 5nm or fewer.

    CiNii

  • 2908 Molecular dynamics simulation on interactions between luciferase and Si substrates

    Nisiyama K., Watanabe T., Hoshino T., Ohdomari I.

    The Computational Mechanics Conference   2005 ( 18 ) 451 - 452  2005.11

     View Summary

    By investigating the interactions between luciferase and Si substrates using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we got the following results. Luciferase adsorbs directly on the hydrophobic Si substrate, and via water molecules on the hydrophilic one. Luciferase adsorbs more strongly on the hydrophobic Si substrate than on the hydrophilic one. Flexibility of luciferase is reduced when luciferase adsorbs on the Si substrate.

    CiNii

  • Impacts of strained SiO2 on TDDB lifetime projection

    Y Harada, K Eriguchi, M Niwa, T Watanabe, Ohdomari, I

    2000 SYMPOSIUM ON VLSI TECHNOLOGY, DIGEST OF TECHNICAL PAPERS     216 - 217  2000  [Refereed]

     View Summary

    We clarify the effects of the strained-SiO2 on the time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) characteristics, the activation energy of the oxide breakdown and Weibull slope (beta) for the ultra-thin gate oxide. Considerations based on the extended-Stillinger-Weber potential model show that the built-in compressive strain in SiO2 changes the statistical distribution of the Si-O-Si angle, leading to a decrease of T-bd and a spread of the distribution. The oxide breakdown tends to occur at the Si-O-Si network with a lower bond angle (similar to 115 degrees) for the 2nm-thick SiO2/Si system.

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Industrial Property Rights

  • 羽ばたきロボット

    特許5857658

    渡邉 孝信, 澤根 慧, 富永 峻平, 金川 清, 山本

    Patent

 

Syllabus

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Teaching Experience

  • 電子回路

    早稲田大学  

  • 制御工学

    早稲田大学  

  • 計算科学

    早稲田大学  

  • 電子デバイス

    早稲田大学  

 

Sub-affiliation

  • Faculty of Science and Engineering   Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering

  • Faculty of Science and Engineering   Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering

Research Institute

  • 2022
    -
    2024

    Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering   Concurrent Researcher

  • 2022
    -
    2024

    Waseda Center for a Carbon Neutral Society   Concurrent Researcher

Internal Special Research Projects

  • シリコン微小熱電発電デバイスの社会実装形態の検討

    2023  

     View Summary

    研究代表者らが発明したキャビティ・フリー熱電発電デバイスの大規模集積化モジュールを、先端半導体製造プロセスを用いて試作し、性能を評価した。70668 段の集積デバイスで、単位熱流・単位面積あたりに出力される開放電圧が最大で465mVに達し、熱流束センサとして世界最高記録を達成した。また、熱電変換部の下にキャビティを空けて漏洩熱流を遮断するプロセスを確立し、1平方センチメートル・1ケルビン温度差あたり5µWを超える高い熱電発電性能を達成した。また、熱電デバイスの具体的な社会実装形態を検討するため、熱流束センサを備えた小型の無線センサ端末を開発し、研究室内の熱流束センサの長期モニタリングに取り組んだ。

  • シリコン微小熱電発電デバイスの集積化と社会実装形態の検討

    2022   富田基裕

     View Summary

    研究代表者らが発明したキャビティ・フリー熱電発電デバイスの大規模集積化モジュールを、先端半導体製造プロセスを用いて試作した。n型半導体のみで構成されるユニレグ型デバイスと、p型とn型から構成されるバイレグ型デバイスの大規模集積モジュールの性能を比較したところ、後者の方が優れた発電性能を示すことが判明した。また、熱電デバイスの具体的な社会実装形態の検討を進め、身近な環境の様々な場面で生じる熱流束を測定した。三井不動産株式会社、株式会社関電工と共同で、配線用遮断器の端子ねじ緩みによる異常加熱を模擬した実験を行い、端子部から数百~1000W/m2の大きな熱流が生じることを見出した。

  • 異種材料界面の遷移領域に注目した界面熱抵抗発現機構の解明

    2021   富田基裕, CHUNG, Sylvia Yuk Yee, Mahfuz Hasan, 片山 和明, 柏崎 翼, 黒崎 天彩美, 滝澤 諄弥, 保科 拓海, 山中 湧司, 詹 天卓

     View Summary

    半導体集積回路における熱マネジメント、マイクロサイズの微小熱電発電デバイス技術の基礎として、異種材料界面の遷移領域の熱抵抗を決定する要因を、ナノスケール構造分析手法と大規模分子動力学シミュレーションを用いて調査した。次世代配線材料として期待されているRuと層間絶縁膜の界面の熱抵抗が、窒素濃度の高いTiN膜やTaN膜を挿入することで顕著に低下することを明らかにした。また、SiGe混晶の分子動力学シミュレーションで、熱伝導に影響を与えると考えられている低エネルギー局在振動モードの起源を明らかにした。

  • ナノスケール異種材料界面制御による熱マネジメント基盤の構築

    2020  

     View Summary

    半導体集積回路における熱マネジメント、マイクロサイズの微小熱電発電デバイス技術の基礎として、薄膜積層材料の接合部の熱抵抗を、ナノスケール構造分析手法と大規模分子動力学シミュレーションを用いて調査した。微細デバイス内の熱制御では、材料そのものの熱抵抗と同等かそれ以上に、異種材料の界面熱抵抗が素子性能に大きなインパクトを与えることが明らかとなった。また、Si結晶表面の酸化膜の界面に沿った熱抵抗を分子動力学法で計算したところ、酸化膜の存在によって熱抵抗が著しく減少すること、その減少幅がSi基板の結晶面方位に依存することが明らかとなった。

  • ダイヤモンド基板を用いた急峻温度勾配マイクロ熱電変換工学の開拓

    2019   富田 基裕, 詹 天卓

     View Summary

    単結晶ダイヤモンドなど高熱伝導度材料を基板に用いた、高出力微小熱電変換素子の創出に向けて予備的な検討を行った。基板の熱抵抗を含む熱電変換素子の解析的モデルを考案し、出力密度と熱電変換効率を定式化した。基板全体の熱抵抗を抑制することの有効性、表面の熱電変換素子と基板材料の間に低熱伝導率層を挟む必要性がより明確となった。昨年度に引き続き様々な異種材料界面の熱抵抗の評価実験に取り組み、界面熱抵抗がマイクロデバイスの排熱効率を左右する重要なファクターとなることを明らかにした。

  • ダイヤモンド基板上の非線形温度場による高出力熱電変換技術の創出

    2018   富田 基裕, 詹 天卓

     View Summary

    単結晶ダイヤモンドなど高熱伝導度材料を基板に用いた、新方式の高出力微小熱電変換素子の創出に向け、予備的な検討を行った。基板の熱抵抗が熱電変換素子の出力に与える影響を有限要素法シミュレーションで詳しく解析し、基板全体の熱抵抗を抑制することが非常に有効であること、ただし基板表面に配置した熱電変換素子と基板材料の間には適度な厚さの低熱伝導率層が必要であることを明らかにした。また、単結晶ダイヤモンド基板の面内熱伝導率評価、および様々な異種材料界面の熱抵抗の評価実験に取り組み、現実的なデバイス動作解析に必要なパラメータを決定した。

  • 高熱伝導性基板上の非線形温度場による高出力熱電変換技術の創出

    2018   富田 基裕, 詹 天卓

     View Summary

    高い熱伝導性を有する基板上に、空洞を開けずに作製できる新方式の微小熱電発電素子の開発を進めた。基板上に局所的に熱を注入した際に、注入口近傍の約数百ナノメートルの範囲に生じる非線形の急峻温度場を用いる本熱電素子では、熱電変換材料であるシリコンの長さを短くするほど熱起電圧が高くなる現象が観測されている。本研究では、このメカニズムを明らかにするため、非線形な温度分布下で発現するとされるベネディクス効果の可能性、ならびにフォノン・ドラッグ熱起電力の可能性を検討した。また、同熱電素子のコンパクトな等価回路モデルを考案し、微細化による発電パワー密度の向上の限界を調査した。

  • ナノワイヤ型シリコン熱電発電デバイスの開発

    2016  

     View Summary

    本研究では、Siナノワイヤを用いた熱電発電デバイスの開発に取り組み、以下の成果を得た。1)スケーラブルなプレーナ型熱電発電デバイス構造の発明微細化、高集積化により単位面積当たりの発電パワーが向上する平面型熱電発電デバイス構造を考案し、特許出願した。従来提案されていた平面型熱電発電デバイス構造と異なり、基板内部の熱流を遮断するための中空構造を設ける必要がない。2)Siナノワイヤ熱発電デバイスの試作Siナノワイヤを用いた熱電発電デバイスを試作し、ナノワイヤ長を短くすることで発電パワーが向上することを実証した。3)Siナノワイヤの異常熱電発電効果の観測と発現メカニズムの解明n型半導体は負のゼーベック係数を示すが、本研究で作製したn型Siナノワイヤ熱電発電素子で正のゼーベック係数を観測した。この異常現象は、Siナノワイヤの表面準位に捕獲されたキャリアによるポテンシャル変調で説明できることが判明した。

  • ナノスケール立体形状半導体への不純物導入プロセスのリアルタイムSTM観察

    2013  

     View Summary

    立体型Siデバイスへの高精度な不純物導入のための基礎研究として、3次元加工したSi基板表面へのイオン導入プロセスを、原子スケールかつリアルタイムで観察するための準備を進めた。2011年の震災以降、走査型トンネル顕微鏡・イオン銃複合装置(STM/IG)の性能が劣化していたため、除振台、コンプレッサー、リークバルブ、探針粗動機構のモータ部、トンネル電流検出回路の修理・交換を行った。さらに、二次電子検出によるイオンビーム照準機構を立ち上げ、装置性能を向上させた。 このSTM/IG装置を用いて実施したNiイオン照射実験の解析を進め、その成果を国際学会(ACSIN-12)で口頭発表した。イオン照射により生じた欠陥周縁部から優先的にNi原子が析出することを明らかにし、欠陥周縁部の格子空孔とNi原子が強く作用することを確認した。STM/IG装置の実験と並行して、トップダウンプロセスでSOI基板上に形成したSiナノワイヤ(SiNW)のNiシリサイド化実験にも取り組んだ。Niの侵入速度がSiNW形成条件にのどのように依存するかを明らかにするため、不純物濃度依存性と熱履歴依存性を調査した。その結果、Niの侵入速度は不純物濃度にはほとんどせず、熱履歴の異なるプロセスで顕著な差が見られた。イオン注入および活性化アニールをSiNW形成前に行った試料の方が、Niの侵入速度が明らかに大きく、SiNW中に生じた酸化誘起歪みの強度が熱履歴の違いが原因と考察した。この実験から、SiNWのNiシリサイド形成を精密に制御するためには、SiNWの残留歪の制御が重要であることが判明した。 上記の実験を踏まえ、Niシリサイド化反応のSi格子歪依存性を再現する分子動力学シミュレーションの準備にも着手した。酸化膜誘起歪を帯びたSiNWのモデリングを実施し、界面付近の歪がフォノン分散関係に及ぼす影響を分子動力学シミュレーションで調査し、その結果をECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology誌で発表した。 本特定課題で取り組んだ研究は、2014年度文部科学省科学研究費補助金「挑戦的萌芽研究」に採択された課題の中で、発展的に継続していく予定である。

  • 低次元半導体結晶における歪場の形成機構とフォノンダイナミクスの解明

    2011  

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    酸化絶縁膜に覆われ歪を帯びた低次元半導体結晶の格子ダイナミクスを、理論計算と実験の両面から明らかにすることを最終目標に掲げている。本特定課題研究では、研究代表者が開発した分子動力学計算技術を用いて、ナノサイズの曲率半径を有する酸化膜-半導体界面モデルを作成し、歪および応力の分布、フォノン分散関係の計算、ならびにシリコンナノワイヤデバイスの製作、低温電気特性評価に取り組み、主に以下の成果を得た。・ナノスケール半導体中のフォノン分散関係の計算分子動力学シミュレーションで得られる原子座標の時系列データを時空間フーリエ変換する方法でSiナノワイヤ構造のフォノン分散関係を計算した。独自に開発したSi,O混在系用原子間相互作用モデルを用いて酸化被膜を形成したところ、バルクSi結晶の分散関係の概形を維持しつつ、音響フォノン分枝の低エネルギー側に新たな状態が発生する傾向が見られた。低エネルギー領域におけるこの状態の出現が、熱伝導係数の低下と関係していると考えられる。・ナノワイヤ型ショットキーダイオードの製作と電気特性評価デバイス間の特性ゆらぎを回避できる新原理トランジスタの候補として、当研究グループではショットキーバリア型トンネルFET(Schottky Barrier Tunnnel FET; SBTFET)に注目している。デバイスシミュレーションによる検討の結果、SBTFETを極細のNW型にした場合、従来型OSFETを凌ぐ電流駆動能力が得られる可能性があることが判明した。この予測を実験的に検証するため、ナノワイヤ型のSBTFETの製造プロセスの立ち上げに取り組んだ。本年度はシリサイド化プロセスによりナノサイズのショットキー接合を形成し、ショットキーダイオード特性の線幅依存性を評価した。・走査型トンネル顕微鏡による立体半導体表面の観察ナノワイヤデバイス中の組成変化や不純物イオン分布をSTMで直接観察する実験に取り組み、高さ50nm、幅1 umの細線構造のSTM像取得に成功した。表面準位を除去しSi中のポテンシャル分布を見やすくするため、STMチェンバー内で水素終端する技術も確立した。

  • Ⅳ族系半導体と酸化膜の界面特性に関する原子論的考察

    2010  

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    Ⅳ族系半導体をベースとした省電力LSI、パワーデバイス、太陽電池技術の更なる発展のため、これら半導体と酸化絶縁膜の界面構造、その形成メカニズム、電気的・熱的特性との関連を、理論計算と実験の両面から、原子レベルで明らかにすることを最終目標に掲げている。本特定課題研究では、これまでのSiO2/Si界面の研究で培った大規模分子シミュレーション技術を多元素系へ拡張する研究を進めるとともに、酸化被膜で覆われたナノワイヤトランジスタの電気特性評価に取り組み、主に以下の成果を得た。・ナノスケール半導体中のフォノン挙動SiO2膜で挟まれたシート状Si結晶層中における各種フォノンモードの分布の時間発展を分子動力学シミュレーションで調査した。特に、群速度が小さく熱滞留の要因と考えられる縦波光学(LO)フォノンの緩和時間に注目し、SiO2膜厚依存性、Si結晶層厚依存性を調べた。その結果、Si結晶層が薄くなるほどLOフォノンの緩和時間が短くなり、酸化膜厚には依存しないことが明らかとなった。この事は、Si結晶とSiO2膜の界面においてLOフォノンの緩和が促進していることを示唆している。Si結晶のナノサイズ化は熱伝導率が低下することが知られているが、LOフォノンの緩和し熱滞留を抑制するにはむしろ好都合であることが明らかとなった。・ナノワイヤトランジスタの電気特性評価ナノワイヤ型のチャネルを有する新原理トランジスタの性能を、シミュレーションと実験の両面から調査した。本年度は、省電力デバイスの候補として注目されている各種トンネルトランジスタのシミュレーションを実施し、比較検討を行った。実験では、Siのナノワイヤトランジスタを製作し、ナノワイヤを覆う酸化膜厚を薄くするほどトランジスタの電流駆動能力が低下することを確認した。この結果は、酸化膜によって印加されるSi結晶内の歪が電流駆動能力の向上に重要な役割を果たしていることを示している。・多元素混在系用の新型原子間ポテンシャルの開発SiO2/Si系以外の様々な系の大規模分子動力学シミュレーションを実現するため、原子間の結合次数を決定する要素の運動も記述する新しい汎用分子動力学法を考案した。本方法であれば、多元素が混在する複雑な系のポテンシャルも設計でき、なおかつ共有結合の組み換えを伴う化学反応を再現できる。本手法をDynamic Bond-Order Force Fieldと名付け、2011年1月にJournal of Computational Electronics誌で発表した。

  • Ⅳ族系半導体の酸化膜形成機構に関する計算科学的研究

    2009  

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    研究代表者が発見したSi熱酸化理論を発展させ、Ge、SiGe、SiCなど、工学上特に重要なIV族半導体の酸化膜界面の統一的理解を最終目標に掲げている。本特定課題研究ではGeO2/Ge界面の大規模モデリングを実施するとともに、ナノスケール半導体の酸化膜が半導体中の電子やフォノンの伝導機構に与える影響を調査した。・GeO2/Ge界面の大規模モデリング前年度に開発したGe,O混在系用原子間相互作用モデルを用いて、代表的な3種類の結晶面のGe基板、すなわち、Ge(100)、Ge(110)、Ge(111)上の酸化膜構造のシミュレーションを実施した。その結果、酸化膜部のストレスならびに界面欠陥密度の基板面方位依存性がSi系と定性的に同様であること、ただしそれらの値は全体的にSi系よりも小さいことが判明した。詳しい解析の結果、Ge系の方がGeO4正四面体構造の結合角歪が小さい事、Ge-O-Ge架橋酸素構造の平衡角が小さい事が、良好な界面を形成できる原因と判明した。・ナノスケール半導体の電子伝導機構酸化誘起歪を印加したナノワイヤトランジスタを独自に作製し、電流駆動能力の結晶方位依存性を調査した結果、p型では(110)面上で、n型では(100)面上で電流駆動能力が向上することがわかった。さらに、ナノワイヤ幅依存性についても調査したところ、バルクSi中のフォノンの平均自由行程(300nm)を下回ると、フォノン散乱が抑制されることが実証された。・ナノスケール半導体中のフォノン伝導機構SiO2膜で挟まれたシート状Si結晶層中の熱伝導シミュレーションを実施した。その結果、Si層が薄くなるほど熱拡散速度が低下すること、SiO2層の厚さは熱拡散速度にほとんど影響しないこと、が判明した。このサイズ依存性の原因として、界面におけるフォノン散乱の影響と、酸化誘起歪によるフォノン分散関係の変調の2つが考えられる。原因を詳しく明らかにするため、フォノンモード解析プログラムを開発した。次年度より、このプログラムを用いて、ナノ構造体中で発生したフォノンの動的挙動を明らかにしていく。

  • Ⅳ族半導体/酸化膜界面形成メカニズムの統一的解明

    2008  

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    本研究では、従来のシリコン熱酸化機構に関する理解を深めるとともに、シリコン以外のⅣ族系半導体材料の熱酸化機構の統一的解明を目的とする展開を図った。その結果、以下の成果を得た。・熱酸化速度の圧力依存性の新理論を提唱40年来信じられてきたシリコン熱酸化機構の標準モデル”Deal-Groveモデル”では、乾燥酸素雰囲気中での初期の熱酸化速度のみが非線形な酸素分圧依存性を有する事実についれ明確な説明ができなかったが、研究代表者が提案した新理論の枠組みで酸素分圧依存性を定式化することに成功し、酸化膜とシリコン基板の界面付近の歪みを帯びた層内で、酸素分子の拡散係数が酸素分子濃度依存性を有することでこの現象を説明できることが判明した。・界面遷移領域の分子動力学シミュレーション研究代表者が提唱したシリコン熱酸化の新しい物理モデルの妥当性を検証するため、SiO2/Si界面の大規模モデリングを実施し、格子間O2分子のポテンシャルエネルギーマップを作成した。その結果、新モデルで仮定されていた構造遷移領域内でのポテンシャルの上昇が確認され、新モデルの妥当性が定量的に示された。・GeO2/Ge系のシミュレーションを初めて実現Si以外のⅣ族系半導体への展開の第1歩として、Geの熱酸化膜のモデリングに挑戦した。Ge,O混在系用原子間相互作用モデルを開発し、GeO2/Ge界面の大規模モデルを世界に先駆けて実現した。GeO2/Ge界面の歪みはSiO2/Si系に比べて小さいことが判明し、Geの方が本質的には良好な界面を形成しうることが示唆された。このことは、他機関による最新の実験データとも一致しており、Siに代わる高性能のトランジスタ材料の有力候補としてGeへの関心が一層高まると予想される。

  • 大規模分子動力学法によるナノスケールシリコン構造体中の不純物分布解析

    2006  

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     本研究では、独自の大規模分子動力学シミュレーション技術により、酸化膜で覆われたナノスケールシリコン構造体を計算機上で再現し、SiO2膜の歪み分布を調査した。Si(001)基板モデルを加工して矩形断面をもつシリコン細線構造を作製し、表面から一様に酸化膜部を形成したところ、細線上面よりも側面にストレスが集中すること、残されたSi細線は側面から圧縮ストレスを受け、格子間隔が基板法線方向に伸びていることが明らかとなった。 続いて、この酸化膜モデルの中を拡散するO2分子の界面への到達確率が、界面付近の歪分布に応じてどのように変化するかを予測するプログラムの開発に取り組んだ。界面へのO2分子の到達確率を見積もることで、単位時間あたりの酸化膜の成長膜厚を予測でき、ひいては、シリコンナノ構造体の複雑な酸化膜成長を予測することができる。O2分子は、酸化膜中の格子間サイトに存在し、熱的な励起により隣接するサイト間をジャンプして移動する。そこで、ある格子間サイトを起点とする拡散経路の候補を計算機シミュレーションで探索したところ、酸化膜部の歪に応じて、拡散経路上のエネルギー障壁が大きく変化することを確認した。 また、昨年度に発見した、シリコンの熱酸化を支配する新しいメカニズムについても更に研究を進めた。Siの熱酸化速度理論は、1965年に発表されたDeal-Grove理論がこれまで正当とされてきたが、最近の研究により、初期酸化を界面反応律速過程とみなすDeal-Grove理論を見直す必要が生じてきた。そこで昨年度、拡散律速過程のみで構成される新しい速度方程式を定式化したが、これは乾燥酸素雰囲気中での酸化現象には当てはまるが、水蒸気雰囲気での酸化では、Deal-Grove理論が依然として成立している可能性があることが新たにわかった。そこで、両方程式を統一する拡張版の速度方程式を定式化した。この式の1つの極限が従来のDeal-Grove理論と一致し、もう1つの極限が、昨年我々が定式化した式に一致する。これにより、従来理論と新理論の関係が明らかとなり、適用する系に応じてどのように両理論を使い分けるべきかを明確に示すことができた。

  • 分子動力学法によるナノスケールシリコン熱酸化プロセスシミュレータの開発

    2005  

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     ナノスケールSi構造体の熱酸化プロセスを分子動力学計算手法で再現するシミュレーション技術の開発に向けて、SiO2膜の歪分布が酸化種の拡散挙動に与える影響を明らかにするため、ナノスケールSi構造体を覆う酸化被膜構造の大規模モデリングを実施した。Si(001)基板モデルを加工して矩形断面をもつシリコン細線構造を作製し、表面から一層ずつ酸化を繰り返して酸化膜部分を形成したところ、細線上面よりも側面にストレスが集中すること、残されたSi細線は側面から圧縮ストレスを受け、格子間隔が基板法線方向に伸びていることが明らかとなった。側壁のストレスが強いことは、Si細線の酸化で残される細線幅が一定となる実験事実を良く説明できる。 また、本研究では、熱酸化を支配する新しいメカニズムも発見した。Siの熱酸化速度理論は、1965年に発表されたDeal-Grove理論がこれまで正当とされてきた。しかし我々の研究で、酸化種が界面に到達後直ちに酸化反応が起こるとするモデルでlayer-by-layer酸化現象が再現されることを突き止めたことから、初期酸化を界面反応律速過程とみなす従来理論を見直す必要が生じてきた。そこで、界面近傍に存在する構造遷移領域で酸化種拡散の活性化障壁が上昇して拡散が抑制され、運よく構造遷移領域を通過し界面に到達できた酸化種は直ちにSi基板を酸化する、とする拡散モデルを仮定した場合の酸化測度方程式を調べたところ、Deal-Groveと同様の線形-放物線形の酸化速度方程式になることがわかった。定数の一部の表式が異なっており、それは構造遷移領域の厚さをパラメータとして含む。この定数が実験値と一致するような構造遷移領域の厚さを求めたところ、約1nmと見積もられた。これはよく知られている構造遷移領域の厚さと一致しており、新モデルの妥当性を裏付けている。

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