This research conducted a profile investigation of the members who belong to the Waseda University Rugby Football Club, for the purpose of clarifying the tendencies of rookie players recruited into university rugby clubs. There were 7 high schools from which over 10 players were recruited in 10 seasons by the club. Among the more than 10 players in 10 seasons there were 5 high schools from which the players became prime members of the club. Furthermore, it turned out that students of the attached high school of Waseda University and its strong team of high school rugby football were highly recruited by the club. However, the rate of the prime members from Higashi Fukuoka high school and Keiko Gakuen high school were high. It is assumed that these high schools are good partners of the Waseda University Rugby Football club. On the other hand, although there were many players from attached high schools, there were few prime players. Therefore, research into training and strengthening of these high schools is required for future study.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss, in regard to Asian football teams, the question of whether improvement of club top team performance is a useful way to influence that of the senior national team' s performance, by analyzing the linkage between the performance of the national team and that of club teams.<BR>    This paper examines the linkage between team performances for the 32 member associations of the AFC, which participated in the AFC Champions League, AFC Cup, and the AFC President' s Cup between 2010 and 2013, by using correlation analysis and single regression analysis.<BR>     Results show that a correlation between performance of the national team and that of club teams is proved among the member associations participating in the AFC Cup and the AFC President' s Cup, while it is not proved among the member associations participating the AFC Champions League. It indicates that strengthening club football is a useful way to strengthen the national team; specifically among the member associations participating in the AFC Cup and AFC President' s Cup.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the primary factor of growth in the clubs of English Premier League is in the advertising rates.<BR>    The analysis in this study was based on the data from the 1996/1997 season to 2012/2013 season. The subject of investigation was the clubs which belong to the Premier League in the aforementioned years, and we did research on the categories of business of the sponsors and the location of its head office.<BR>    As a result, the number of main sponsors whose head office is located in Asia, especially ones from ASEAN counties, is increasing recently. Also, the number of sponsors whose business is gambling has been increasing, especially in lower ranked clubs in the league.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the linkage between performance of the national team and that of the national youth team on football in Asia and make suggestions which should be useful from the operational viewpoint of the member associations of the Asian football confederation (AFC) .<BR>    This paper examines the linkage between them for the 39 member associations of the AFC which participated the AFC under 19 championships between 1994 and 2008. Statistical analysis was made by means of correlation analysis and single regression analysis. <BR>    With regard to correlation analysis, Spearman' s rank correlation coefficient was found to be 0.763 and Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient was found to be 0.559. Both results show that there is correlation. <BR>    With regard to single regression analysis, R-square was found to be 0.58. This shows that the performance of the national youth team was linked with the performance of the national team with regard to football in Asia to some extent. <BR>    In the meantime, member associations of AFC were divided into four groups, based on performance of the national youth team and performance of the national team, and regression formula and practical suggestions were made for each group.

The purpose of this research was to find out the performance of the players from youth teams in Japanese Professional Football League (J-League) clubs. Firstly, to measure the performance of the players from youth teams, we researched the J-League' s official website referring to the players' participation records. Secondly, we used the Youth Development Index (YDI) and classified the players from youth teams into three groups (starters, substitutes, others) . In this research, we used YDI as the number of the players from youth teams who are starters or substitutes in each club. As a result, it was found that YDI of the entire J-League clubs rose between the 2002 season and the 2010 season. The average YDI of J-League clubs increased from 1.22 (2002 season) to 2.52 (2010 season) . It can be said that youth development achievement has gone up in the entire J-League. On the other hand, it was found that "the others" (the players who were not in YDI) who scarcely participate in the games in top teams increased more than YDI. It was shown that the number of "the others" increased from 1.33 (2002 season) to 4.11 (2010 season) . Thus it can be said that this is a problem to be solved in the entire J-League.

This study aimed at clarifying the differences between the biggest and smallest attendances in the J. League, as influenced by away club. The background is that case management using the popularity of the away club was reported, and precedence research was done to analyze the attendance according to away club.<BR>    We analyzed the J. League from 1993 to 2010 to clarify the influence of the away teams on away game match attendance. We searched for the differences between match attendance in away games and the season average match attendance of home clubs over 18 seasons.<BR>    The following results were obtained. In 18 seasons, 4 clubs had maximum differences and 8 clubs had minimum differences. The difference between maximum and minimum attendances was 10,000 to 15,000. Regarding the trend since 2001, we found that the differences tended to be larger.<BR>    From the obtained results, it was considered that club management in the J. League should consider the influence of the popularity of away clubs on attendance.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the education received by young top athletes in their youth, by holding interviews with the parents who brought them up.<BR>    The semi-structured interviews had thirteen points in common, for example; the aim of special sports was a pleasure in a happy home and parents were absorbed in supporting their children. These results suggested it is important for the parents to give their children environments to form abilities of communication and idea circulation through sports.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the features of domestic marathons, and to present the problems and remedial measures of each feature. 51 domestic marathons were classified into four groups, based on the time limit, the hosting institution, the size of the turnout, and the rate of female participants. The features from the results were considered, and the rallies that made the best use of the characteristics of the game and of the region were presented.

The aim of this study was to trace the historical evolution and trends of the research areas of sports. Recently not only has the sports industry been growing, but also many universities have started to engage in research and education on sports. However, it is very difficult to comprehend all the perspectives of the research areas of sports which include such a wide variation. <BR>    We analyzed the citation networks of the research areas of sports and sports management, which has been growing rapidly, in 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008.<BR>    As the outcome of this study, we realized that the numbers of papers has been increasing in both the areas of sports and sports management. In particular, study of sports ethology, including "motivation management" or "participation motivation in sports" has been studied continually. In the 2000s, in addition to the rapid growth of studies of sports business such as those regarding management of professional sport teams or economic impact of sports, studies of sports sponsorship and brand equity have also greatly developed. Also, the study of sports medicine has been segmented according to affected areas and the evolution of sports. Moreover, study of people' s health and the rehabilitation has increased from the late 1990s. However, it can be considered that the study of social sciences, including women' s participation in sports, or drug-use, has diminished.<BR>    This study' s results will help identify the research trends and historical evolution of sports. We hope that analyzing the front-line of the research areas of sports periodically using our method will contribute to the development of the study of sports in Japan.

The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in the Japanese sports industry by using the sports quotient, in the context of economic conditions after 1993.<BR>    The sport quotient decreased with the sluggishness in the Japanese economy, and has shown a tendency to recover in recent years. The center of sports consumption replaced "Goods" with "Service" . The older and higher-income people also spent money for sports.<BR>    The factor of the recovery of the sport quotient is that professional sports teams in the region increased and that the health trend of older and higher-income people rose.<BR>    The agenda of the Japanese sports industry reveals that the sports consumption of younger and lower-income people has decreased. The necessity of suggesting measures and policies that can increase the sports participation of younger people was suggested so that the sports industry of Japan of the future might develop.

The purpose of this study was to identify the sport events-for example games, representative trials, and official events for recording official times-that were discontinued and postponed due to Great East Japan earthquake. To achieve this purpose, we gathered information from articles and homepages of sports associations regarding damaged stadiums and training grounds. As a result, we found that there were big influences on women′s professional golf, soccer, baseball, figure skating, volleyball, marathon, basketball, horse racing, cycle races, and motorboat races. These results suggested that there were a lot of negative influences on sports promotions caused by cancellation of TV broadcasts, and on fund raising caused by decrease of income from sponsors, ticket sales, and broadcasting rights.<BR>    We hope that this study' s results will help in the recovery from the large-scale earthquake disaster.

The purpose of this study was to reveal how professional baseball players were trained while they were amateur baseball players, and to examine ways to improve the problems faced by amateur baseball players. A survey of 300 professional baseball players was conducted.<BR>    There were a lot of problems revealed in amateur baseball: "overwork and injury because of irrational, inefficient, and too long training" , "manner of the instructors" , "balance among baseball, studying, and playing" , and "violence to the players" . These results suggested that most professional baseball players wanted it to be done in a different way from their own experience, and that they had a strong awareness of the problems of traditional training.

In this research, we focused on the competitive balance in the open league. We aimed to find out the effect of the league system' s change, with or without new entries, and find out the relationship between wages and competitive balance. This research analyzed the J. League (Japan Professional Football League) , which changed from a closed league to an open league, and the English Premier League, which changed the revenue structure and increased its turnover in recent years. To measure competitive balance, we used the Herfindahl Index of Competitive Balance (HICB) , the Five Club Concentration Index of Competitive Balance (C5 index) . As a result, it was found that in the Premier League, competitive balance has declined in recent years. But in the J. League, on the other hand, after 1999, the year that the Second tier (J2) was made and the League adopted the promotion and relegation system, competitive balance slowly increased. Imbalance of Wages in the Premier League was substantially larger than in the J. League. From these results, we made a suggestion that adoption of a promotion and relegation system is one of the factors which improve competitive balance.

This paper examines the impact of the 2002 World Cup held in Japan and Korea on the domestic soccer league of Japan, the J. League. We first consider the impact of World Cups on league attendance in some European countries and then compare this with the Japanese case. We find that demand increased substantially in the years just before and after the World Cup. These effects seem to be associated with new stadiums built for the event.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the needs of those want to learn gymnastics and/or sports, and to clarify the transition of those who provide them with opportunities to do so. Thus, I studied the transition of faculties, departments, and courses of Japanese universities whose titles include either "gymnastics, " "martial arts, " or "sports". Then I analyzed the numbers of such faculties, departments, and courses of Japanese universities, and also investigated the limited enrollments and applicants of such departments and courses. The number of such departments, the number of limited enrollments, and the number of applicants for these departments have reached 2.75 times, 1.99 times, and 1.72 times those of 1987, respectively, in 20 years. This data indicates increase both the needs of people who want to learn gymnastics and!or sports and the opportunities for them to do so. Furthermore, it became clear that the main reason for such an increase was the increase of sports-related departments. It also became clear that, in the five years from 2003 until 2007, although the number of applicants for "gymnastics-related departments, " "martial arts-related departments "fractionally decreased, and that of applicants for "sports-related departments"was unchanged, that of "sports management-related departments" increased steadily. The increase in the number of "sports business management-related departments" was also evident. The increase in such faculties, departments, and courses proves that groups of people who learn sports-related studies at universities have appeared and that their number has increased. This study has also helped clarified part of the history of the cultivation of human resources and its connection to physical and sports education as well as the sports industries in Japan.

The Urawa Red Diamonds is a representative "big club" in J1-league. It not only won the championship of the J-league 2006 season for the first time in the club's history, but also had an average of 45, 573 attendance per game in that year, which was the league record in the J-league history. Its annual income was 5.8 billion yen. But it was not an easy task for the club to realize this position. The management of the club had been strongly affected by the parent company. Because of the failure of the parent company, the team was demoted to the J2-league in the year 2000 season. The team's success came after the club gained autonomy in management and implemented active reforms. This paper reports on how the Urawa Red Diamonds increased the team performance, the attendance, and the revenue, leading to success.

In this paper, we discuss the relationship between players'wages and club performance in Japanese professional sports clubs. In foreign countries, as one of the important themes of sports industrial study, many researchers have examined the relationship between players' wages and club performance. Nevertheless, in Japan the study of players'wages and club performance has not been done. This paper examines by single regression analysis the relationship between wages and performance in the J.LEAGUE club, making use of the data from 1997 to 2006. As a result, R-square was found to be 0.558 in the long term. It became clear that player wages were the primary factor to explain club performance in the J.LEAGUE. In addition, even in the short term, R-square was 0.304. It became clear that player wages explained 30% of club performance. Clarifying whether player wages are related to record should be of significance to the success of professional sports business in Japan.

Looking into present studies analyzing the sports industry, most of them have had the tendency to treat it only from the side of supply, not from that of demand. The purpose of this study is, however, to define and suggest the use of the Sport Quotient, which means the proportion of sport expenditure to household expenditure, to see sports through a new viewpoint; through the eyes of personal demand. In this paper, we checked by levels of income of household heads to analyze the Sport Quotient in chronological order of Olympic years, 1968, 72, 76, 80, 84, 88 and 92, and it showed the increasing importance of the sports industry. Engel's Quotient is rather out of date because today it is almost meaningless to say that one family is under the ordinary living standard because their Engel's Quotient is much higher. The Sport Quotient proves there is no cause and effect relation between the sports industry and level of income, and that the Sport Quotient will offer a more proper element for analyzing people's living standard.

The purpose of this study was to examine the historical change of japanese sports market from 1975 to 1989. The interest in sports activities at which the public spends its leisure time is increasing. This increase is reflected by the change in the public's attitude toward relaxation and enrichment of one's personal life. And in consequence of this trend, the size of the sports industry is growing especially in sports service area over the pace of GNP.