We explored various problems relating to the relations between religion and
violence in the Medieval and Early Modern Christian World.

This study compares the concept of 'correctness' in the middle and early modern period with that in northwestern Eurasia and Christian regions. As the result, following points were clarified. (1) Interpretation of the spirit, violence and majority rule is the key point, (2) the background of differences in "correct recognition" among countries is differences in acceptance of the Bible and humanities knowledge, (3) critical reexamination of the theory of "de-magicization" is necessary, and (4) when "correctness" is used to justify a modern state and becomes a resiliency, one closes oneself and stops being "correct recognition," but when "correctness" = orthodoxy, which requires a theological existence, it is always overwritten by the relationship with others and develops into an abstract "correct recognition."

This research project was intended to make clear the medieval European world through the viewpoints of analyzing the political ideology(royal power, papal authority) and social system (kingdom, empire, cities, etc.). Thirteen researchers analyzed each area (kingdam and cities), and showed the differecne and uniquness of each area through the comparative hisotrical approach. As a result we could show some specific character of each kingdam(empire) and cities by the ideological and institutional analysis. This result will surely contribute to understand the reality of the medieval European World

As admitted “additionally” in the autumn of 2013, we lost half an year time to spend for this project. However, we could have 13 meetings with reports made by scholars in and out of this project, respectively: ① 5 meetings for review reports of the recent studies of Japanese scholars; ② 4 meetings for reports of recent tendencies of historical studies in the West; ③ 4 meetings for principal points of studies of the individual members of this project, especial- ly in the context of recent Western tendencies. We also could have 2 more open lectures by excellent academics from without, with fruitful results through very active discussions. Thus, we believe that we made sure progress in many points for the theme, and achieve mutual understandings of individual studies of members. These should work as the basement for our new book expected to be published in 2017

2013年度はメンバーを報告者とする研究会を4回開催したのに加え、11月30日にはイタリアのブルーノ・ケスラー財団イタリア・ドイツ歴史研究所に所属するフェルナンダ・アルフィエーリ氏を基調報告者として招聘し国際シンポジウムを開催した。シンポジウムの統一テーマは「トレント公会議と近世キリスト教世界」であり、同公会議前後において、教会が良心や罪、さらにはそれに関係する諸問題をどのような形で再定義し、必要に応じて統制を進めていったのかについてアルフィエーリ氏の専門とするイタリアとヨーロッパ諸地域の状況を比較し、さらにグローバルな世界史の次元における同議論の応用可能性について検討した。同シンポジウムでは科研の研究分担者2名が報告者として壇に立ったほか、4名が報告後にコメントを行い、さらにはシンポジウムの結果を研究会での個別報告という形にフィードバックしている。
シンポジウム、および諸研究会における議論を通じて2013年度について浮かび上がってきた問題点は、国内におけるヨーロッパ近世宗教史の従来の研究動向が、「宗派化」論に代表されるドイツ史、ドイツ国内における動向の影響下に枠組みを規定されており、グローバル的な視野はもとより、ヨーロッパ国内における比較可能性についても十分な注意がはらわれてこなかったという事実である。アルフィエーリ氏が専門とするイタリアは、カトリックに属しているのに加え、検閲や異端審問に代表される世俗権力と教会上の権威との関係も他地域とは異なっていた。これを受け、本国と植民地で両者の関係が異なるスペイン、ポルトガルなどを事例に、植民地における「ポスト・トレント」の宗教社会状況を、植民地個々の特殊性と同時に、世界各地に展開するイエズス会やフランシスコ会の審問制度をはじめとする上からのネットワークとの相互作用のせめぎあいの中で新たにとらえなおす必要性が示唆された。

2013年度はメンバーを報告者とする研究会を4回開催したのに加え、11月30日にはイタリアのブルーノ・ケスラー財団イタリア・ドイツ歴史研究所に所属するフェルナンダ・アルフィエーリ氏を基調報告者として招聘し国際シンポジウムを開催した。シンポジウムの統一テーマは「トレント公会議と近世キリスト教世界」であり、同公会議前後において、教会が良心や罪、さらにはそれに関係する諸問題をどのような形で再定義し、必要に応じて統制を進めていったのかについてアルフィエーリ氏の専門とするイタリアとヨーロッパ諸地域の状況を比較し、さらにグローバルな世界史の次元における同議論の応用可能性について検討した。同シンポジウムでは科研の研究分担者2名が報告者として壇に立ったほか、4名が報告後にコメントを行い、さらにはシンポジウムの結果を研究会での個別報告という形にフィードバックしている。
シンポジウム、および諸研究会における議論を通じて2013年度について浮かび上がってきた問題点は、国内におけるヨーロッパ近世宗教史の従来の研究動向が、「宗派化」論に代表されるドイツ史、ドイツ国内における動向の影響下に枠組みを規定されており、グローバル的な視野はもとより、ヨーロッパ国内における比較可能性についても十分な注意がはらわれてこなかったという事実である。アルフィエーリ氏が専門とするイタリアは、カトリックに属しているのに加え、検閲や異端審問に代表される世俗権力と教会上の権威との関係も他地域とは異なっていた。これを受け、本国と植民地で両者の関係が異なるスペイン、ポルトガルなどを事例に、植民地における「ポスト・トレント」の宗教社会状況を、植民地個々の特殊性と同時に、世界各地に展開するイエズス会やフランシスコ会の審問制度をはじめとする上からのネットワークとの相互作用のせめぎあいの中で新たにとらえなおす必要性が示唆された。

This project analysed the development od the structures of political power in the medieval and early modern times of Europe in relation to the plurality and process of confessional divisions of Christian sects(Catholic, Greek orthodox, Protestants).In the world of medieval and early modern Europe,Christian churches formed own religious organization plurally and at the same time churches and political powers were gradually conbined.Christian sects formed own blocks.We analysed the reality of each area, the forms of conflicts between sects,the systems of arbitrations, the formation of idea of tolerance.

We could make clear the regional differences and the common character of Europeanmedieval society in the aspect of the possession of public powers by the noble classes. The results of our mutual studies were made public in the wider aspects, in the two symposiaentitled(1)"Local government and national ideologyin premodern Europe",(2)"Consensus building for shaping policy in medieval and early modern Occident". And they were published in our book "Integration and Adjustment in Medieval European Society", divided in the three parts : Jurisdiction and the system of dispute resolution ; Agreement and legislation in Diets ; Regnal systems for local government and integration of society

In this year, we have investigated the relation between church and lay power with the aid of the result which we have done last year. As a result of our investigation we have made clear the various aspects of the church and medieval society. For example, the great influence of church on lay powers such as kingship or towns is understood between the members. Anyway, we could make progress about the reseach in the history of the relation between church and political society in European middle ages

The purpose of our studies was to investigate how societies developed their own distinctive features through various ways of communications available to them in the European history.The present world has reached a new stage of inter-state and inter-cultural relations due to the development and rapid spread of inter-net communications or computer-based telecommunications on the global basis. On this stage it is impossible that the shape of human relations stays unchanged. From this stand-point each participant started this comparative study, pursuing each one's subject in his/her field, hoping to offer some effective suggestions for a new image of the future society.The following are the subjects of the participants.Mariko Sakurai The public sphere and communications in ancient Greece.Katsumi Fukasawa The transferring movement of men and development of trade in early modern Mediterranean world.Hiroshi Takayama The interchanges of people in Medieval Kingdom of Sicily.Takashi Jinno Means and ways for communication in Medieval Europe.Hirotoshi Hiwaki Social associations in Ancient Rome.Hideki Yasunari Sociabilite in the Absolute Monarchy of France.As a result of the three years' studies we could elucidate the close relationship between various ways of communication and formation of societies in Europe

At first we picked up some kind of terms of commercial trade from our sources in various areas and periods. Then we put them in the computer. For that work we made reference to a lot of lexicons, concordances, and indexes and we collected "trade", "merchant", "stranger", and so on with a great number of cases.Secondly we picked up many cases that suggest the appearance of transformation in manners and customs caused by teh coming and going of merchants and goods. Above all, we gave our focus on the information that, brought with merchants and goods, might have influence on chage of traditional life style or old manners and customs.After these individual basic works, we had finally the work to make comparative studies on each area and period. We understood that we need consider trade activities into some kinds of categories in accordance with patterns of cases and survival conditions of sources in each area and period. For example, we had to make sure that various kinds of merchants were closely connected with those who produced goods in Ancient Mediterranean World, and that the act of merchants were bound up with that of pirats in Medieval Society of Japan. Further taking notice of the consciousness and thought of people, we could have new perspective to understand actual condition of folk belief and discrimination in each are

While the Renaissance is the age of intricate harmony and 19th century is the age of infinite growth, the 17th and 18th centuries are the age of static systems spread out in open space. Through the investigations of 18th century Europeans' conception of space in various aspects ( natural, social and symbolic ), this interdisciplinary research project has brought into relief the episteme of that age.1-(1) In the 17th century, space is conceived as unitary and homogeneous, but in the 18th century, it becomes manifold and heterogeneous. The former is represented by Newton's space, the latter by Dideot's. (2) In the 17th century, system is conceived as a rigid structure which externally combines its elements, but in the 18th century, it is replaced by a network of internal relations found between various elements. The former if represented by Descartes' system, the latter by Montesquieu's. (3) Those transformations are decisive for the formation of the modern world view, because for the first time they make it possible to take into account the concrete variety of the world. We can no longer regard the 17th century as the decisive moment for the modernization and the 18th century only as its idle follower.2-(1) The space in the 18th century, however, is in a highly unstable equilibrium. Since the end of the century, it is involved into the spiral movement along time. (2) At that turning point, we find the "explosion of space" exemplified by Napoleon's empire or by the megalomaniac architecture of the "visionaries". It is after the extreme expansion that the space goes into the temporal movement

Recent trends towards further integration of the European Community drives us forcefully to remould our frame of reference based on the idea of a Europe as a system of nation states. Europe as such a system is being recast into one of an ever extending regionalism. How are we going to grapple with this new situation in the field of historical studies? We must first of all shed the old-fashioned framework of national history and ask questions not about nation states but about individuals and families on the one hand and about regions on the other. The present research project in particular attempts to re-examine history of Europe as a cluster of regions. The contrast between the North and the South was chosen as the symbolic common term of approach. Sample results of research by members of this project may be picked up. Kido described the contrast and regional difference in social terms between the South and the North in Great Britain and in England. Kawahara compared various methods of poor relief in urban districts of Italy on the one hand and the Low Countries on the other. Yasumura pointed out the intellectual influence of Erasmus of Rotterdam to sixteenth-century Spain and the watershed of the 1530s when the northern influence was brushed aside and the intellectual world of modern Spain came to be delimited by the conservative orthodoxy of the Catholic Church

This project : Christianity and popular religion in medieval and early modern Europe has its 0riginality in comparing various areas and periods. We studied not only medieval period but also early modern period ,and not only west Europe but also east Europe, Russia, Byzanz, other areas where Christianity reached(for example,Central and South America, Japan). By this, our project could investigate the problem of popular religion as a common problem in the areas where Christianity influence