The purpose of this research was to develop a swimmer-specific mental toughness inventory. In the pilot survey, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 7 Japanese individual sports Olympic medalists (4 males, 3 females) in order to identify the characteristics of elite swimmers’ mental toughness using a qualitative analysis method, the KJ method, considering higher- and lower-order structures. In the main research, a questionnaire regarding mental toughness was conducted on 254 swimmers (151 males, 103 females) who met the finishing time set by the Japan Swimming Federation with the purpose of enhancing swimmers’ competitiveness (assumed as elite swimmers in this study). The development of a swimmer-specific mental toughness inventory was attempted using a questionnaire developed by extracting swimmers’ mental toughness characteristics revealed in the pilot survey. After excluding defective answers, 194 (117 males, 77 females) samples were included in analysis. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the inventory consisted of five factors and three items. After scrutiny of what constituted the extracted five factors, they were named the following: “Fortitude,” “Commitment to the Sport,” “Psychological Conditioning,” “Self-control,” and “Resilience.” Exploratory factor analysis was once again conducted through the maximum-likelihood method and Promax rotation and it confirmed internal validity. Conversion validity and divergent validity were examined, both of which adequately fulfilled the Goodness of Fit Index and standard path coefficient. Finally, adequate criterion-related validity was verified using correlation analysis with DIPCA.3. The factors of mental toughness in elite swimmers were similar to those in other sports. Japanese elite swimmers’ mental toughness characteristics were identified and a swimmer-specific mental toughness inventory was developed. This scale will be useful for helping coaches to understand Japanese elite swimmers’ mental toughness.

    Over the last decade, there has been an intensification of initiatives, and an increase in the number of organizations that focus on international development through sport. Also In Japan, Japanese government promote the international development initiatives through sports by starting Sports for Tomorrow. However, no systematic effort has been made to understand how these initiatives are implemented. The purpose of this paper is to explore the international development initiatives through sports carried out by all organizations based in Japan. We collected text data reporting on the international development through sports from website of each member of the Sport for Tomorrow consortium and analysed it through a content analysis. The authors find 16 forms of activities, these forms are classified based on the type of offerings made by these activities. Five forms are categorized as economic cooperation, five forms are categorized as material cooperration, and six forms are categorized as personnel cooperation. The results suggest that many organizations other than public institutions have implemented the international development through sports initiatives in accordance with their features or resources.

The aim of this study was to develop a teacher's stressor scale for junior high school-based extracurricular sports activities and to compare cognition of stressors among attributes. The participants of this investigation were 1042 teachers who coach extracurricular sports activities; randomly selected by stratified sampling. Respondents were 373 teachers (males : 293, females : 80). Exploratory factor analysis revealed 7 factors (e.g. time burden of extracurricular sports activities and difficulty of communication with students) that were composed of 24 items. In addition, construct validity and reliability of the scale were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha. The result of t test and one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between attributes. In this study the validity and reliability of the teacher's stressor scale for junior high school-based extracurricular sports activities were confirmed. The results of comparisons among attributes suggested that different teachers' attributes were also different from the cognition of stressors.

Research question: Considering the current upward trend of public investment in elite sport, the importance of the public's acceptance cannot be ignored; however, little has been reported on the public's attitude towards elite sport policy. The present study seeks to answer the following research question: What are the significant socio-psychological determinants that influence public acceptance of the promotion of Japan's elite sport policy?Research methods: Data were collected from 921 Japanese respondents by means of a Internet-based survey. Five socio-psychological constructs were analysed in order to identify their impact on public acceptance of elite sport policy: personal benefit, social benefit, risk, trust, and athletes as role models. Structural equation modelling was used to test the causal model consisting of 10 hypotheses.Results and findings: Public acceptance is positively determined by their perception of personal/social benefits and negatively by perceived risks. These constructs are further determined by the public's trust in elite sport policy actors and athlete role model perception.Implications: The present study deepens the discussion on, How a nation can increase the public acceptance of elite sport policy?' and found theoretical and methodological approaches to fill the research gap. To enhance public acceptance of elite sport policy, policy-makers should focus on the social benefits and values that stem from promoting the policy and variable measures. The development of athletes who act as role models is a crucial requirement of the current Japanese elite sport system, as this construct has the strongest total effect on public acceptance.

We present the results of an application of the contingent valuation method to an elite sport policy. Specifically, we aimed to address the literature gap by introducing risk perception as one of the socio-psychological factors explaining the willingness to pay (WTP) for the elite sport policy which is based on an attitudinal framework. The respondents were asked about their WTP for the Japanese elite sport policy. The annual median and truncated mean WTP were estimated at 513 and 1802 JPY (€4.15 and €14.59), respectively, through a log logit model. The statistical analysis of WTP determinants indicated that the value of an elite sport policy is based not only on the perceived positive aspects of the outcome of the policy (benefit perception), but also on the negative aspects associated with elite sport development (risk perception). Moreover, viewing athletes as role models was found to be a value driver.

目的:本研究の目的は休み時間に用具を提供することによる小学校児童の身体活動への効果を検討することである.方法:介入校(n=39)及び統制校(n=59)の各1校の小学校に在籍する5年生合計98名(男子63名)を対象とし介入研究を行った.介入校にはバレーボールや楕円球などのボールを用具として提供した.身体活動の測定には加速度計を用い,用具提供前とその3ヵ月後に測定を行った.業間休み,昼休み,平日1日の座位行動,低強度身体活動,中等度身体活動,高強度身体活動を評価した.介入校と統制校における用具提供3ヵ月後の身体活動の差を検討するため,性,BMI,用具提供前の身体活動を共変量とした共分散分析を行った.結果:分析対象者は,介入群では業間休みが23名(男子13名),昼休みが25名(15名),1日全体では18名(男子10名),統制群は業間休みが41名(男子28名),昼休みが42名(29名),1日全体では37名(男子26名)であった.業間の休み時間において,介入群は統制群と比較し,有意に座位行動[F(1,62)=7.70;p=0.01]及び高強度身体活動の割合[F(1,62)=6.31;p=0.02]が低く,低強度身体活動の割合[F(1,62)=28.73;p<0.01]が高かった.昼休みでは,介入群は座位行動の割合[F(1,65)=18.36;p<0.01]が低く低強度身体活動の割合[F(1,65)=17.11;p<0.01]が有意に高かった.また,1日全体では介入群の方が統制群よりも有意に中等度身体活動の実施割合[F(1,53)=5.06;p=0.03]が高かった.結論:休み時間に使用できる用具を提供することは,身体活動レベルの高さに影響を与えていた.本研究より,用具の提供は休み時間及び1日の身体活動促進に貢献することが示された.(著者抄録)

The purposes of this study were to categorize sport activities and to evaluate the possible association between those types and adults′ socio-economic characteristics. In order to describe them, the authors utilized the binary logistic regression model to analyze a "Questionnaire regarding S-city Residents′ Sport Participation and Environment." <BR>    The findings in this study can be summarized as follows: <BR>1) Sport activities investigated in this survey were classified into 10 types: Pool Exercise (PE) ; Indoor Exercise (IE) ; Road Exercise (RE) ; Space Free Exercise (SFE) ; Indoor Sport (IS) ; Field Sport (FS) ; Summer Leisure (SL) ; Winter Leisure (WL) ; Golf (G) ; and Park-golf (PG) , depending mainly on factors of facility and human resource requirements. <BR>    As a result of statistical analysis, 2) it was clarified that people do RE and SFE at least once per year, independently of their socio-economic characteristics (RE:χ²=25.682, Nglk. R²=0.072; SFE:χ ²=34.999, Nglk.R²=0.109) . On the contrary, 3) as for IS, FS, WL, and G, several independent valuables have definite interpretability (IS:χ ²=41.761, Nglk.R²=0.191; FS:χ ²=63.077, Nglk.R²=0.267; WL:χ ²=76.953, Nglk.R²=0.276; G:χ ²=90.428, Nglk.R²=0.278) . Participations in those types were mainly influenced by annual-income (Standard: less than 3 million yen. IS 3-5.9 million yen: OR=2.510, 95%CI=1.060-5.944; FS 3-5.9 million yen: OR=2.701, 95%CI=1.121-6.508; WL 3-5.9 million yen: OR=4.115, 95%CI=1.862-9.091; WL over 6 million yen: OR=4.098, 95%CI=1.440-11.663; G over 6 million yen: OR=3.373, 95%CI=1.368-8.320) ; and sport experience throughout the person′s high school and college days (Standard: no experience. IS: OR=2.762, 95%CI=1.035-7.372; FS: OR=3.904, 95%CI=1.516-10.054; G: OR=3.292, 95%CI=1.395-7.767) . The above results can be understood from the perspective of the sport resource′s accessibility. <BR>    However, 4) whereas authors have successfully described the relations between residents′ socio-characteristics and participation in IE, PE, PG, and SL, those results could not be construed appropriately from the viewpoint of sport resource theory, which shows the limitation of this study′s design.

This article reports an application of the contingent valuation method for estimating the monetary value of elite sport policy in Japan. In particular, we tested the temporal reliability issue, which is one of the main limitations reported in the literature, by using a longitudinal survey design. A series of longitudinal questionnaires were administered via an internet-based survey to a sex- and age-stratified random sample of 850 adult Japanese respondents. Baseline assessment took place immediately before the 2012 Summer Olympics (T1: July 2012), with post-assessment (T2: August 2012) and a follow-up 6 months later (T3: February 2013). In each survey, the respondents were asked to state their willingness to pay (WTP) for elite sport policy, which aims to achieve the official target of 'The Sports Basic Plan' (i.e. ranking in the top five for the total number of gold medals won in the Summer Olympics and the top ten in the Winter Olympics) in a hypothesised scenario. WTP was elicited using a double-bounded dichotomous-choice approach. Statistical analysis of 613 respondents who completed the entire survey revealed that there were no significant changes in the WTP between the time points. Consequently, the total WTP was reliably estimated to be within the region of \50.9-59.3 billion, which was two and half times higher than public elite sport expenditure (around \22.7 billion).

Triggered by the establishment of the J-league in 1993, the football club activities in Japan have been shifted from corporate clubs and school clubs to community clubs. While this phenomenon has been studied from the point of view of sports business, including the aspects of vision, marketing, human resources development and the like, to the best knowledge of the authors, there exists no research in the literature focusing on the evolutionary process of football clubs from their infancy to the establishment of professional clubs. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by proposing a conceptual management model to guide such evolutionary paths, with focus on how to develop cooperative relationships with local governments through different stages. The conceptual management model is created by the Modified Grounded Theory approach. Two clubs that exist in the special city and were promoted to the J-League from amateur clubs in the region are surveyed as a case study.

Elite sports investment is usually justified on the basis that elite sports success has a wide range of social-psychological benefits among the general population. However, insufficient evidence about these positive effects has made it difficult to show the validity to 'alternative voices' opposed to the elite sports funding. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the monetary value of elite sports success in Japan by using the contingent valuation method (CVM) addressing the problems in sports management literatures. Data was collected from n=850 stratified randomly selected Japanese by means of an Internet survey. Respondents were asked to state their willingness-to-pay for elite sports policy, which aims Japan being ranked in the top-five in total number of gold medals in the summer Olympics and the top-ten in winter, which is the official target of 'The Sports Basic Plan' , using a double-bounded dichotomous choice. The results revealed that median WTP was 405 JPY with a certain amount of validity, which was calculated from the whole population as 42.2 billion JPY. Our results suggest that Japanese believed that social-psychological benefits generated by the elite sports policy exceeded the government elite sports budget (about 16 billion) .

The purpose of this study was to investigate why coaches obtain qualifications, and to clarify the effect of coaches' attributes on their doing so.<BR>    In this study, we used 455 samples from the data of JASA' s research, which was conducted by random sampling in 2008.<BR>    Logistic regression was used in this study, and sex, age, and place of activity were adopted for explanatory variables. We found that these variables had significant effect on reasons for obtaining qualifications in 5 of 11 items (ex. "to get social trust" , "advantageous in getting job" .) The main results were following;<BR>1) Coaches' main reason for obtaining qualification was improving their qualities.<BR>2) Gender did not have significant effects on any of the 11 items.<BR>3) School coach and 40s age group had significant effect on "qualification is necessary for getting along in the game."

Most researches on sports spectators have concentrated on how to increase spectating frequencies and they have conducted surveys only on sports spectators. The potential spectator market was reported to be 39.3%, which is equivalent to the actual Japan' s spectators' market. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on potential spectators. In the Behavioral Science domain one of the most effective models is the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change (TTM) , which can be applied to various behaviors. The present study examined the application of the TTM to sports spectating behavior, especially in the case of several ball games held in a top sports league. In particular, questionnaires were administered to adults aged 20-69 to assess the reliability and validity of the stages of change for the sports spectating behavior scale. In study I, (reliability test) , data collected from 166 adults through the internet showed a good reliability among the 2-week test-retest [Kappa Index (κ) =.67] . Then, in study II, (validity test) , the relationship between the stages of behavioral changes of sports spectating and the degree of self-reported sports spectating behavior (the annual length of spectating time, intention of spectating) was investigated among adults in A city. The results revealed that sports spectating behavior significantly differentiated among the stages of change. Specifically, participants in the post-adoption stages (preparation, action, and maintenance) reported a significantly greater amount of annual sports spectating time compared to those in pre-adoption stages (pre-contemplation and contemplation) . Moreover, participants in pre-contemplation stages reported a significantly lower score in intention of spectating compared to those in other stages. The TTM, originally developed for various behaviors such as healthy and unhealthy ones, can be generalized for use in evaluating sports spectating behavior.

BACKGROUND : Since the decline of children′s muscle strength has become a problem, resistance training (RT) is effective for improving muscle strength even of children. Introducing the circuit training (CT) program into community-based sports clubs (SC) would be a one of the effective strategies to promote RT for children. In order to disseminate this, CT prediction of the market scale is necessary.<BR>PURPOSE : The purposes of this study were 1) to examine whether there is a feasibility of introducing CT programs in urban areas SC from the viewpoint of willingness to pay of potential customers, and 2) to identify the price that will generate the largest market scale.<BR>STUDY I : In the WTP survey, the participants were 694 parents of children attending public elementary school in Tokyo. A questionnaire survey was conducted. The answers of 403 participants were valid. The prevalence of potential customers who were willing to pay was 74.94 ± 4.23% for over 3,000 yen, and was 48.14 ± 4.88% for over 5,000 yen. The percentage of them decreased to 17.62±3.7% in for 6,000 yen.<BR>STUDY II : The market scale was investigated by the offer price based on the results of study I. The price was estimated in the case of introduction to one city in the Edogawa Ward, Tokyo. The largest market scale found in a month was 2.35-2.88 million yen in the case provided by 5,000 yen, 2.01-2.43 million yen in case provided by 4,000 yen and 2.30-2.58 million yen in the case provided by 3,000 yen.<BR>DISCUSSION : These results suggest that introduction of CT programs would be feasible to establish SC in urban areas, and that the price of 5,000 yen a month would be appropriate for creating the largest market size considering operational efficiency.

The present research aimed to clarify the changes in financial expenditures and the number of users of public sport centers before and after the introduction of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) in one city in Japan as a case study, and to compare performance data before and after the introduction of CCT. The "before CCT" data were collected in 2003, 2004 and 2005, and the "post-CCT" data were collected in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. The mean number of users of public sport centers after CCT was significantly higher than that before CCT. Mean financial expenditures after CCT were significantly lower than those before CCT.

Objective:The present study examined physical activity(PA)levels and differences in PA by gender and grades during school recess periods. Method:PA levels of two hundred and thirty children(55% boys, 42%younger)from two elementary schools in Japan were measured with accelerometry for seven consecutive days. Time spent in sedentary, light PA, moderate PA, vigorous PA during break(25 minutes)and lunch recess(15 minutes), and total recess(40 minutes)was determined. Two-way analysis of variance was used to examine differences in PA variables by gender and grades. Results:Data of one hundred and eighty four children(52% boys, 56% younger)was available. Time spent in sedentary, light PA, moderate PA, and vigorous PA was 8.5±4.9, 12.9±3.8, 1.6±1.2, and 2.9±2.8 minutes during break, and 3.5±2.5, 9.5±2.2, 1.4±0.9, and 1.6±1.4 minutes during lunch recess, respectively. There were no significant interactions between gender and grades. Significant main effects of PA variables were found for gender and grades. Boys had fewer sedentary time(p=0.017)and higher vigorous PA time(p<0.001)than girls during total recess. Younger engaged in more sedentary(p=0.045)and less light(p=0.023)and moderate PA(p=0.006)than older at break. On the other hand, at lunch recess, younger had significantly longer light(p=0.015)and vigorous PA(p<0.001)and shorter sedentary time(p<0.001)than older. Conclusion:Overall, boys were less sedentary and engaged in PA at higher intensity levels than girls during school recess. Different pattern in PA was shown between break and lunch recess by grades.

It is important to clarify the impact of competition among J-League clubs on the distance decay parameters of season ticket purchase rate for J-clubs marketing.<BR>    The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the distance decay parameters of J-league season ticket purchase rate and the other competing clubs when two clubs are located close together, using the distance decay model.<BR>    All of the respondents were J-League season ticket holders of four clubs: theYokohama F·Marinos, Shonan Bellmare, Gamba Osaka and Cerezo Osaka. Postal code were collected in 2008 January. Season ticket purchase rate and the distance between each stadium and center of cities were calculated using geographic information system. Through the distance decay model, we estimated the distance decay parameters.<BR>    The results of the present study suggested that the season ticket purchase rates of the higher performance clubs are widely distributed (distance decay slope is gentle) , while the season ticket purchase rates of the lower performance clubs are precipitously distributed (distance decay slope is steep) . In conclusion, it is possible that the distance decay parameters of J-League season ticket purchase rates are affected by the existence of other competing when two clubs are located close together.

The purpose of this study was to develop a Social Support Scale for Sports and to clarify the differences in evaluations of social support according to differences in the frequency of participation in sports.<BR>    The survey was carried out by a questionnaire mailed to 5,000 people aged 18 and over, randomly selected from the Basic Resident Register in "city A" .<BR>    Using factor analysis, 2 factors were extracted : "instrumental support" and "emotional support." The results showed that both factors' social support scores showed higher values as the participation in sports became more frequent. <BR>    The results suggest that the Social Support Scale for Sports has validity for sports.

It has been said that Team Identification has consistency. However, there has been no study that proves the consistency of Team Identification. The purpose of this study was to measure the Team Identification of fans at all home games (17 games) in 2009 of Club A, which belonged to the Japan Football League, and test for consistency. As a result of measuring Team Identification of 40 members of Club A′s Fan Club during the 17 games, and comparing it, there were no statistical significances between each of the matches. In addition, as a result of measuring the Team Identification of spectators at the first match and the final match of Club A′s home games (first match : N=101, final match : N=113) , and comparing these results, there were no statistical significances between the matches. In this study, we measured Team Identification of a professional soccer club' s fans and found that there were no statistical significances between the matches.

The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of introduction of Compulsory Competitive tendering (CCT) on "existing" and "new" customers' satisfaction in a public sports center. A questionnaire (consisting of 19 items) and interview was conducted in "A" sports center, which introduced CCT in April 2006. The survey before CCT was conducted in February 2006 and after CCT in every February of 2007, 2008, and 2009. In total, 1,941 respondents answered the questionnaire. The interviews were conducted by facility managers in June 2007 and May 2008. <BR>Results of ANOVA and two-way ANOVA were following ; <BR>—  For "existing" customers, the mean scores of 9 items were significantly higher after CCT than before, but "Number of people in the pool" , "Number of people in the activity spaces" , and "Overall satisfaction" showed opposite results. <BR>—  For "new" customers, there were significant differences in 3 items. For example, the mean scores of items about staff in 2007 and 2008 were lower than in 2006. <BR>—  From two-way ANOVA, there ware interaction between <existing/new> and <year> in four items. This suggests that the effect of the CCT on customers' satisfaction of "existing" customers and "new" customers was not the same.

The purpose of this study was 1) to examine whether parents have the intention to recommend resistance training (RT) as the circuit training (CT) program for their children, and 2) to identify the perception of resistance training associated with the intention. <BR>    The participants were 694 parents of children attending public elementary school in Tokyo. Questionnaire survey was conducted. Research items were 1) perception of Children′s RT, 2) perception of Children′s training (9 items) , 3) intention to recommend Children′s CT program. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify the perceptions related to intention to recommend. <BR>    As results, the answers of 403 participants were valid. Regarding the perception of Children′s RT, 45.1% of participants' answers were negative, and 9.7% were positive. In contrast, regarding the intention to recommend Children′s CT program, 9.6% were negative, and 43.2% were positive. Among the perceptions, enjoyment of RT (OR=4.32 ; %CI=2.38-7.85) , RT for busy children (OR=3.16 ; %CI=1.79-5.59) , RT for health promotion (OR=3.02; %CI=1.02-8.94) , RT of continuance to adult (OR=2.07 ; %CI=1.13-3.79) , and RT for prevention of injury and disability (OR=2.02 ; %CI=1.02-4.03) were significantly associated with the intention. No significant associations were observed with perception of Children′s RT (OR=2.73 ; %CI=0.95-7.85) and safety of RT (OR=1.52 ; %CI=0.73-3.19) . <BR>    These results indicate that there would be a possibility to provide the RT through the CT program even if the perception of parents toward child RT is negative, that enjoyment of RT might be more important than safety of RT for promoting the direct intention.

The aim of this research was to clarify the change in service quality of a stadium before and after the introduction of CCT using one facility in Japan as a case study, and to compare some performance data before and after the introduction of CCT. The data before CCT were collected in May 2006 and the post- CCT data were collected in November 2008. Random sampling of respondents was used in those years. In total, 758 respondents in 2006 and 292 respondents in 2008 were asked to complete the questionnaire after the football game. Some of the mean scores of "Cleanliness and comfort" , "Food and drink" , "Litter box" , "Toilet" and "Staff" were significantly higher than those of before CCT. However, the service quality of "Easy to watch" did not change between those years significantly.

The purpose of the present study was to clarify the influence of service quality on booster club members' continuance intentions in the bj-league.<BR>    Data was obtained according to replies from 99 out of 1207 members during the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 seasons of the three teams who belonged to the bj-league.<BR>    The service quality item was examined by referring to the previous work and preparatory investigations, and three factors and 19 items were extracted. When influence on continuance intention was seen, admission satisfaction and staff of service quality factor intention were influenced. Staff factor and admission satisfaction showed a significant difference when comparing the continuance intentions separately between a high continuance intention group and a low continuance intention group. In addition, when admission satisfaction was assumed to be an induced variable, the high continuance intention group influenced watching satisfaction and sense of belonging, and, on the other hand, the low continuance intention group influenced watching satisfaction.

The Local Authority Act of Japan was revised in September 2003 in order to reduce the costs and improve the quality of public services. As a result of the Act, all local authorities had to introduce CCT for public sports facilities by September 2006. The aim of this research was to clarify the change in the number of full-time employees in public sports facilities before and after the introduction of CCT. The pre-CCT data were collected in March 2005 and the post-CCT data were collected in September 2007. In total, 333 respondents in both 2005 and 2007 were asked to complete the questionnaire. The mean number of full-time employees was significantly higher after the introduction of CCT than before it.

There have been some quantitative studies about the economic impact of professional sports teams on local regions, but there hasn' t been any study in Japan that quantified the value, including the intangible or public goods value of a professional sports team, for a city. The objective of this paper was to estimate the money value, including intangible value, of a professional sports team for a city by using CVM (Contingent Valuation Method) and to find if the evaluation of the public goods aspect of a professional sport team by local residents has a positive effect on WTP (willingness to pay) . We selected the Japanese professional baseball team "A" and conducted CVM surveys in "B" city in which "A" team locates its home stadium. We estimated that the value of "A" team for "B" city is 141~341 million yen minimum, and 488~1,175 million yen maximum for a year and the present value as 2.4~5.9 billion yen minimum and 8.4~20.3 billion yen maximum. And we found that the evaluation of the public goods aspect of a professional sports team by local residents has a positive effect on WTP.

The Local Authority Act of Japan, revised in September 2003, aimed to reduce costs for public services and to enrich public service quality. As a result of the Act, all local authorities had to introduce CCT for public sports facilities by September 2006. The aim of this research was to clarify the change in customer satisfaction of a sports facility before and after the introduction of CCT using one facility in Japan as a case study, and to compare some performance data before and after the introduction of CCT. The data before CCT were collected in February 2006 and the post-CCT data were collected in February 2007 and 2008. Random sampling of respondents was used in those years. In total, 377 respondents in 2006, 587 respondents in 2007 and 457 respondents in 2008 were asked to complete the questionnaire after their activity. Some of the mean scores of users′ satisfaction were significantly higher than those recorded before CCT. However, the satisfaction of "Number of people in the pool" , and "Number of people in the activity spaces" in 2007 was significantly lower than satisfaction in two categories in 2006. The mean scores of "Overall satisfaction" of users in 2007 were significantly lower than those in 2006, but after that they recovered in 2008.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the distance decay parameters of J-League season ticket purchase rate, and to clarify the relationship between the distance decay parameters and population densities/competition of catchment areas. The total number of the sample was 53,727 which came from the season ticket holders of 20 J-League clubs in 2007. The distance and the population were calculated by using Geographic Information System. The findings of the analyses are summarized as follows;<BR>    A gradually weakening relationship between J-League season ticket purchase rate and distance from stadium was observed. Also it was shown that the distance factor has an effect on the J-League season ticket purchase rate. The distance decay rate of densely populated area is low (distance decay slope is gentle) , while the distance decay rate of thinly populated area is high (distance decay slope is steep) . The catchment areas of J-league season ticket compete with other clubs′ catchment areas in the densely populated regions. That is to say the spatial demand, which is the distance decay rate of J-League season tickets, is affected by the difference of city size and the existence of other competing clubs.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the geographic distribution of public sports center users with regard to the distance decay model, and to verify the difference of the parameters of the use frequency level. The findings of the analyses are summarized as follows ; <BR>    A logarithmic relationship was observed between the distance from sports center and number of users (R²=.572) . This suggests that the distribution of public sports center users is affected by the distance.<BR>    And the distance decay parameter of low frequency users is much smaller than that of high and middle frequency users. This suggests that there is a possibility that users who live a short distance from the sports center would be higher frequency users than those who live a long distance from the sports center.