The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of recalled parental childrearing behaviors on self-esteem in Japanese and South Korean undergraduate students from the viewpoints of behavior analysis. The participants were 201 Japanese students and 206 Korean students. The results showed that the more they recalled that their parents spoke positively about their relatives to others and the more they recalled that they were praised by their parents when they spoke positively about their relatives to others of childhood, the more they were likely in both countries to speak positively about their relatives to others. Furthermore, they were more likely to have high self-esteem. The results also showed that the larger the difference between present self-evaluation and self-evaluation spoken to others, the lower the self-esteem in Japan. On the other hand, the more they had experience of being praised and the more they recalled that they were praised by their parents when they spoke positively about their relatives to others of childhood, the higher the self-esteem in Korea.

:Hypothetical stories designed to arouse feelings of happiness, sadness, or anger were presented to Japanese (n = 310) and Koreans (n = 286) university students. They were asked to rate the intensity of the emotion experienced, and to select the corresponding facial expression to display in an individual situation and in a social situation. Analyses of covariance were conducted on the rating scores of facial expression using the intensities of emotion as the covariance, except for happiness where the within-class regression coefficients were not homogeneous. The results showed that Japanese and Koreans shared the emotional display rules about the expressions of emotions in individual situations more than in social situations. Japanese thought that they should suppress emotions more than Koreans did. Moreover, the differences in facial expressions between Japanese and Koreans were greater in the individual situations than in the social situations.

Hypothetical stories designed to arouse feelings of happiness, sadness, or anger were presented to Japanese (n = 310) and Koreans (n = 286) university students. They were asked to rate the intensity of the emotion experienced, and to select the corresponding facial expression to display in an individual situation and in a social situation. Analyses of covariance were conducted on the rating scores of facial expression using the intensities of emotion as the covariance, except for happiness where the within-class regression coefficients were not homogeneous. The results showed that Japanese and Koreans shared the emotional display rules about the expressions of emotions in individual situations more than in social situations. Japanese thought that they should suppress emotions more than Koreans did. Moreover, the differences in facial expressions between Japanese and Koreans were greater in the individual situations than in the social situations.

This study examined the moderating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between public self-consciousness and social anxiety, and on the relationship between public self-consciousness and exhibitionism in Japan and South Korea. The participants were 213 university students in Japan and 234 university students in Korea. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that self-esteem was a moderator of the relationship between public self-consciousness and social anxiety and of the relationship between public self-consciousness and exhibitionism in Korea, but not in Japan. In Korea, public self-consciousness was related to social anxiety for people with low self-esteem, while for people with high self-esteem, public self-consciousness was related to exhibitionism.

This study investigated responses elicited by computerized voice guides on users. Because computerized voice guides operate autonomously, they can lower the users' sense of control over tasks, and hence, they might be cause for reactance. Users may likely devaluate the voice guide, and attribute failure to external causes, i.e. to the computer, such as to retain their sense of control. This supposition was tested in an experiment. Participants, 66 college female and male students, were presented problems formulated as questions, and provided with either positive or negative feedback regardless of their answers. In the text condition, written texts were presented on a computer monitor, and participants followed the directions. In the voice guide condition, the text was also displayed, but the it was read aloud in a synthesized voice. As predicted, in the voice guide condition, participants devaluated the computer. When given feedback of failure, they were confident that they would succeed in future attempts in the text condition, but not for voice guide. It was discussed that these results reflect the lack of sense of control imposed upon computerized voice guides on their users.<br>

Using 454 college students, experiment I examined the effects of issue-prominence on the bargaining choices in agreement games. The results indicated that in prominence games prominent alternatives coordinated expectations, but that in noprominence games distinctive expectations did not emerge. In experiment II, which uses 60 college students, the subjects engaged in 2-person agreement games. One of the subjects could make a commitment by choosing first and informing the other of his choices before the other's choice. Bargaining efficiency, ie. the number of agreements, did not differ among the conditions. But the contents of agreements differed clearly. In the congruent condition, where the subject who made a commitment could also take advantage of prominence, the agreements were clearly on his side. In the no-prominence condition, the agreements favored the subject who chose first. In the non-congruent condition, the agreement were favorable to the subjects who took advantage of prominence but did not make a commitment. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of role expectation upon bargaining.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the tacit coordination in interdependent relationships between two persons. Subjects, 320 college students, were asked to complete the questionnaire in supposed interaction situations. It was shown that in the correspondentsimilar condition, in which each person knew that another person was doing the same, they could concert their expectations with each other without aids of communication or prior arrangement. The degree of coordination depended on the clue that the situation offered. In the control condition, a similar type of coincidence sometimes appeared in individual choices. In correspondent-complementary and noncorrespondent conditions, in which either one or both person tried to act differently from the other, they made their choices more diverge than in the correspondent-similar condition, but in some cases similar coincidence of choices occurred. It was concluded that the situational clues led to high degree of expectatory coordination with others, and also brought about a bias in choices.