This article deals with three historic letters written in Tibetan script preserved in the files of Fyodor Shcherbatskoy (1866–1942) in the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (СПбФ АРАН). Although archivists attribute all three of the letters to Dorzhiev (1854–1938), known as the Dalai Lama’s aide and a mediator between Tibet and the Russian Empire, two of them are from Tshe ring zla ‘od, a Kalmyk noble, to the Thirteenth Dalai Lama (1876–1933) while he was staying in Mongolia and to Nikolai II in 1905. In the former letter, Tshe ring zla ‘od asked the Dalai Lama to urge Nikolai II to confer the title Knyaz’ (Duke) on him and in the latter letter, he claimed his eligibility for the title Knyaz’ to Nikolai II. The third letter was sent from Dorzhiev in St. Petersburg to the “Rugby Four”, Tibetan students studying in England, in 1913, when the Thirteenth Dalai Lama made the declaration of independence. In this letter, Dorzhiev, who was supposed to act as a quasi-ambassador of Tibet for the Tibetan government in this crucial year, expressed the hope to visit them in England.

Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (1867-1951) travelled across Asia from Bukhara to Beijing from 1907 to 1908 to collect military intelligence for Russia. The diary he kept during this journey provides much information about Tibetan Buddhists under the influence of the Qing dynasty, namely Kalmuk, Torgut, Sirayogur, and Tangut, and contains a report of interviews with Torgut Khan's mother and with the exiled thirteenth Dalai Lama at Wu-taishan. Based on this information, this article clarifies that many Russian Tibetan Buddhists freely travelled to Tibet and Amdo and built relationships with Tibetan Buddhists in these regions. It also provides an outline of the photographs taken by Mannerheim during his journey and the antiquities of Tibetan Buddhism currently in the possession of the Finnish National Board of Antiquities.

資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌

記事種別: 翻訳

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資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌

資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌

資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌
記事種別: 書評

By first comparing the Manchu edition of Qin ding ping ding shuo mofang lue 欽定平定朔漠方略 (hereafter Shuo mo) known as the Beye dailame wargi amargi babe nechihiyeme toktobuha bodogon i bithe in Manchu, with the primary Manchu text included in the Gongzhong dang 宮中槽，I learned that the Manchu edition of the Shuo mo quotes passages that match the primary source word for word. Furthermore, comparing the Mongol edition of the Shuo mo with the corresponding passages from the primary source incorporated in the Mengwen laodang 蒙文老檔, it became clear that the passages do not correspond. As there are many points that lead to the conclusion that the Manchu edition of the Shuo mo is a relatively faithful redaction, it can be concluded that the Mongol edition of the Shuo mo is a translation of the Manchu version. Moreover, when the Chinese edition of the Shuo mo is compared with the Manchu edition, it becomes clear that terms of Mongol and Tibetan derivation have not been correctly translated in the Chinese edition. Judging from this and the fact that several different Chinese words are used to translate a single word in various locations in the text, I have indicated that the meaning of concepts of Tibetan and Mongolian origin cannot be correctly understood from the Chinese edition. In other words, we may conclude that from among the Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese versions of the Shuo mo, the Manchu edition is the most faithful to the original sources. In second half of this article, I employ the Manchu text of the Shuo mo to examine the relationships of the Qing, Oyirad (dGa'ldan), Qalq-a, and Tibet in the second half of the 17th century. As a result, it has become clear that the parties involved relied on the conception of Buddhist government, doro shajin in Manchu, entailing a "politics based on the teaching of the Dalai Lama" before acting in various cases, such as when the Kuriyen belciger meeting was held to bring peace to the Qalq-a and Oyirad in 1686, when an incident arose as the Qalq-a high priest rje-btsun dam-pa was attacked by dGa' ldan of the Oyirad there, when there were negotiations between dGa' Idan and emperor Kangxi 康煕 regarding rje-btsun dam-pa's flight to Qing, when the negotiations broke down and Qing and dGa' ldan went to war, and when the two sides made peace. This amounts to further evidence to support this author's previously stated position that the "Tibetans, Mongolians, and Manchus shared a realm that may best be termed the world of Tibetan Buddhism in the 17th century".

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The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pazufloxacin (PZFX) for Streptococcus pneumoniae was determined. The therapeutic efficacy on respiratory and urinary tract infections were also evaluated. The results were as follows:<BR>1. The MIC of PZFX for S. pneumoniae isolated from blood, sputum, pharyngeal secretion and otorrhea was determined by agar plate dilution method and compared with those of other drugs. The MICH and MIC₉₀ of PZFX against both penicillin-sensitive S. pneumoniae (PSSP) and penicillin-insensitive S. pneumoniae (PISP) were 3.13 μg/ml and 6.25 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ of tosufloxacin (TFLX) against PSSP were 0.2 μg/ml and 0.39 μg/ml, respectively, and those against PISP were 0.2 μg/ml and 0.2 μg/ml, respectively. Thus, it was found that the antimicrobial activity of TFLX against both PSSP and PISP was four times stronger than that of PZFX. The MIC of PZFX against strains which were highly resistant to PCG ranged from 3.13 to 6.25 μg/ml. There was no cross resistance between PZFX and PCG in PISP.<BR>2. PZFX was administered to 18 patients with respiratory tract infections and 2 patients with urinary tract infections. The clinical effects could be evaluated in 19 patients except one with pyelonephritis. Excellent or good clinical response was obtained in 2 of 2 patients with pneumonia, 10 of 11 patients with chronic bronchitis, 4 of 4 patients with bronchial asthma with infection, one patient with pulmonary emphysema with infection and one patient with pyelonephritis, with an overall efficacy rate of 94.7%(18/19). Causative bacteria were identified in 3 patients. At the end of the therapy, Erwinia agglomerans persisted in a patient with chronic bronchitis. In another patient with pyelonephritis, all the strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae were eradicated. Bacteriological effect remained unknown in a patient with pseudomonas urinary tract infection who was excluded from clinical evaluation. With regard to side effect, an eruption accompanied with eosinophilia was observed in a patient on the fourth day of the treatment, and the drug was withdrawn.

収集根拠 : NII-ELS
資料形態 : テキストデータ
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > 電子書籍・電子雑誌 > 学術機関 > 学協会

資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌
記事分類: 歴史・地理--アジア・アフリカ史

The fifth Dalai Lama entrusted his own royal authority to the Regent Sangs in 1679. However, since the regent was a layperson and the Dalai Lama a priest, there are many unclear points concerning the nature of royal authority in this period. This paper examines the nature of royal authority in this period through Regent Sangs's conception of it, with special reference to his portraitas Manjusri, to his history of incarnation, and to his claim to be Cakravartin raja. This article concludes that Regent Sangs's theory of incarnation was in nature the same as the Dalai Lama's, that both were understood to be the Buddha in their original nature regardless of the distinction between priest and laity. Lay rulers prior to the emergence of the Dalai Lama regime had presented genealogical records to explain their origins. However, although the Regent Sangs came to power like them from among the laity, he did not take his distinguished genealogy as the basis for his authority, but rather his claim to be a 'Buddha incarnate' instead. Thus it might be said that the nature of royal authority under the Dalai Lama regime was different from that of the pre-Dalai Lama period.

収集根拠 : NII-ELS
資料形態 : テキストデータ
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > 電子書籍・電子雑誌 > 学術機関 > 学協会
著者所属: 中国チベット学センター

記事分類: 歴史・地理--アジア・アフリカ史--中国

収集根拠 : NII-ELS
資料形態 : テキストデータ
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > 電子書籍・電子雑誌 > 学術機関 > 学協会

コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌

収集根拠 : NII-ELS
資料形態 : テキストデータ
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > 電子書籍・電子雑誌 > 学術機関 > 学協会

記事分類: 哲学・心理学・宗教--宗教--仏教

資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌
記事分類: 歴史・地理--アジア・アフリカ史