The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of media information forming to a characteristic of imperative constructs in the health communication for different areas and subgroups. First, the imperative constructs appearing repeatedly in plural theories and models in the health communication were distinguished, working as roles in raising health consciousness and increasing practice frequency of health behavior for people. Then, this effectiveness providing the media information was examined to adapt these imperative constructs to a different area and a subgroup, after having considered the characteristic of community residents. This study suggested that matching these imperative constructs to the characteristic of different community and residents but not the application of the single theory or model was effective to a raise of the making of health consciousness for people

The purpose of this study was to disseminate stress management education and to serve mental health promotion as more proactive approach to prevent mental health problems for children living in the disaster areas. We first recommended teachers and counselors to use our guidebook for stress management education and then served the mental health promotion, Kokoro no ABC activities, as population approach to enhance resilience for children in the area stricken by disaster. Although this campaign is in progress, we are expecting to improve their stress relief through our activities

This paper outlines the development of the falling self-efficacy (FSE) scale for elderly people. From interviews with 24 elderly people who lived in a home for the aged, 27 items were selected as indicators of fall events or fall related situations during daily life activities in Study 1. These items were applied to 151 elderly people who lived in community area and nursing homes to develop the scale in Study 2. Finally, the 15-items FSE scale was developed after checking the distribution for each item. The scale showed high reliability by the internal consistency (α =.96) and the test-retest procedure (γ=.74) in Study 3. In Study 4, the validity was examined by finding the relationships between the FSE score and some movement variables for 10 m walking and stepping-over the 30 cm obstacle. The FSE score was significantly correlated to the stridelength and velocity during walking, as well as the stride distance and velocity in stepping-over. Fallers during last year also had a significantly smaller FSE score compared to non-fallers. In addition, persons who had high fear of falling showed a significantly smaller FSE score. For future research, the scale should be used to screen the elderly persons who have a severe fear of falling and lead to restricting physical activity and to clarify the effects of the fall prevention program. Finally, it was discussed that cognitive-behavioral approach plays an important role for effective fall-prevention programs for elderly people.

Somnographic recordings were obtained from six consecutive nights and spotaneous awakenings were analyzed with the aim of specifying more fully the structure of a human nocturnal sleep. The results were summarized as follows.1) Spontaneous awakenings signalled to the experimenter by the subject's pressing a button(SA) occurred most frequently at sleep stage 2 and REM.2) SAs occurred less frequently in an earlier period of sleep, and the maximum rate of occurrence was found at the third sleep cycle. It was also found that the emergence of SAs was not dependent on the day time.3) Forty-two % of stage REM in which SA was observed tended to move to another stage followed. The latencies of SAs were about 9 to 27 minutes at stage REM and 0 to 18, and 36 to 45 minutes at stage 2.4) The sex difference in the number of SAs was proved,i.e., males had more SAs than females.5) Subjective report made in the morning concerning the number of SAs showed that the subjects overestimated the number of occurrences of SAs. Detailed discussion was made chiefly on individual differences in SAs, and several issues were suggested for a further study

The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of acculturative stress. In 1991, stress sources and responses for Japanese workers under a different culture from their own were examined by some questionnaires and interviews. They had a lot of stress and some types of physical and mental symptoms. Also, some episodes for some workers who had a tendency to be neurotic by the diagnosis were introduced. In 1992, significant effects of daily life stress coping techniques, such as exercise and relaxation, were found in physiological reactivity to psychological stress and mood state. In 1993, the follow-up study was performed to cope with stress using stress management techniques for individuals under some kinds of stress. Although traditional psychological techniques have been applied as stress management, the study indicated that daily life techniques such as exercise and reading also showed the similar effects in mental and physical bases

Stress management (SM) education has been defined as a type of health education that enhances awareness to stressor, increases awareness to stress-related physiological responses, trains individuals to cope with stress on the cognitive level, and teaches individuals relaxation strategies. Special techniques, however, may need to be developed in order to use SM education with children. In this study, an overview of SM education, in general, was given after defining children's stress situations in their lives by the fundamental survey. Then, some kinds of SM education programs were developed and their evaluations were performed by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and children's subjective feelings. Results showed that children's anxiety scores decreased after SM education and that their feelings changed more positively.SM education is also applied to the cases of disasters. The benefits as a psychological intervention strategy for children who had suffered disasters in their communities are explored. A specific intervention performed with elementary school children living in a community that was disrupted by the Hanshin Earthquake in 1995 is discussed and documented. The necessity of a standard manual for SM education and the importance of the introduction of age-appropriate SM education to schools' curricula (particularly among communities who have suffered disasters) are emphasized

The purpose of this research project was to develop a new personal computer (PC) assisted stress management instruction system (SCASMIS-98). Because of the fundamental concepts of this system were low cost, home used, and easy operation, we decided that the target PC was a Windows-95 machine.We have established PCASMIS-98, which has two major components ; a special equipment named 'Remote Multi Amplifier (RMA)'and a basic software which controls RMA.RMA can pick up 9 channels of physiological responses, i.e., ECG,EEG,EMG,EOG,eyeblinking, respiration, skin temperature, and any DC inputs. The data can be transported to PC through RS232C serial interface with a rate of 9600 bps. Amplifying, liktering, and transporting are automatically done by 16-bits MPU with a special program.A basic software run on PC can control any function of RMA.As this program was written in Visual BASIC language, we can easily add a special program for any purpose. In this year, we have already made up additional 4 special programs as follows,1.an assessment program of the acute stress reactions with measuring eyeblinking and heart rate2.an assessment program of subjecte's unpleasant mood with measuring startle eyeblink reflex3.an assessment program of relaxation with measuring EEG, skin temperature, and forehead EMG activity4.an Iearning program of relaxation with deep respiration methodThe next task for us is to establish an interactive additional program for our system like a video game

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular-autonomic function in healthy Type A individuals. Seventy eight participants were first recruited by the local newspaper, and 14 male and 14 female individuals of them were chosen as subjects in this study by the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) questionnaire. Then, the subjects were randomly assigned to the 9-week aerobic exercise training (AE) and the waiting-list control (WC) groups. The cardiovascular-autonomic function was assessed during the mental task by the spectral component analysis of electrocardiographic R-R interval variability for both subject groups prior to and following the training period. In addition, weight and ventilatory threshold (VT) as a physical fitness index were also compared between the pre-and post-training. Results revealed that while the AE group improved their VTs and decreased their weights following the training, the WC group didn't. The AE group showed a significantly greater power of high frequency obtained by the spectral component analysis, which indicates enhanced cardiovascular-parasympathetic (CP) function, for the AE group following compared to that prior to the training period. However, the AE group didn't show the improvement on the subscores of TABP.Some of the measures of perceived change had significantly greater scores for the AE group, relative to the WC group, after the training period. These results suggest that aerobic exercise training contributes to the enhancement of CP function and indirectly to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases for Type A individuals, although it may not influence TABP itself

The purpose of this study was to develop the specific affect scale for exercise and physical activity. Researchers have used the psychological measures such as POMS and STAI to examine psychological changes such as affect or mood during exercise in the area of Exercise Psychology. However, it has been questionable whether the use of such measures is suitable to detect exercise-related psychological changes in exercise or physical activity research. One of the reasons is that such measures identify exercise-related responses as negative affect symptoms. For example, exercise or physical activity is accompanied with high arousal such as increases of blood pressure and heart rate. The measures score such increases as anxiety's items. Therefore, the specific affect scale has been needed to clarify the psychological effects of exercise or physical activity.We developed the Waseda Affect Scale of Exercise and Durable Activity (WASEDA) .The WASEDA consists of 3 subscales : negative affect, enthusiasm, and relaxation. Each subscale has 4 items. It has been demonstrated by some experiments that this scale has high reliability and validity and that it can be used to examine psychological effects of various types of exercise. We would expect to apply it to improve mental health for planning exercise prescription in the future

本研究は,平成15年および16年の2年間をかけ,虚血性疾患患者を対象とした行動変容プログラムの開発を意図した萌芽研究である.研究の目的は,患者(狭心症,心筋梗塞)を対象に,彼らの再発防止を目的として,詩に日常生活における身体活動量を増強させる行動変容プログラムを開発し,このプログラム実施の効果を検証することであった.本研究では,医学的教育プログラムだけでなく,患者の健康行動の維持・継続に焦点を絞り,行動科学の理論・モデルおよび技法を盛り込んだプログラムの開発を目指した.平成15年度では,患者が日常生活の活動量を増加させることを目的に,行動変容の技法を取り入れ,週1回,計3ヵ月間のプログラムを開発し,その効果を検証した.このプログラムでは,医学教育(栄養指導を含む),運動指導,および行動変容の3分野を機能的に組み込み,行動変容としては,セルフモニタリング,目標設定,自己報酬,刺激コントロール,逆戻り予防などの認知行動(セルフ・マネジメント)技法を効果的に取り入れた.その結果,患者の歩数は上昇し,それにつれて各患者のリスク要因全体も減少を見せた.平成16年度では,15年度に実施した行動変容プログラムに加えて,心臓リハビリテーション・スタッフおよび患者の家族によりソーシャル・サポートに注目し,ソーシャル・サポートの程度を独立変数として,従属変数としての日常生活の活動量の増強の程度を見た.その結果,医療スタッフおよび家族とも,患者が彼らから感じるソーシャル・サポート受容が多いほど,身体活動量の増加が見られることがわかった.この結果から,患者に有用なソーシャル・サポートのあり方が議論された.心疾患患者のライフスタイル変容はきわめて困難であり,そのため再発率は高い.本研究で行った行動変容プログラムは,その再発率を減少させる一助となることが期待される

The morbidity of chronic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease is gradually increasing in Japan. Although exercise, physical activity and sport have been strongly recommended to people to prevent from chronic diseases, the number of population who regularly exercise is not increasing. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the innovative program in applying behavior change theories and models and in supplying various types of delivery channel for intervention to enhance physical activity in daily lives. The final object in this study was to establish the community-assisted system with instrument to measure physical activity using health counselling in collaborating with local health agencies. The development of instrument and self-report physical activity measure was achieved during the study period to measure numbers of times and minutes of moderate physical activity per day over the intensity of 4 Met. Also, self-help material, mailed educational booklet and internet program were made as the delivery channels for these interventions. The stage-matched program using Transtheoretical Model with various types of delivery channels showed significant effects on mental health as well as physical activity. These comprehensive intervention system can also refer to worksite situation

This study developed the mailing interventions that aimed to enhance physical activity in variety of community environments and applied the health communication principles to the recruitment strategies and behavior change for program. Results showed that the intervention group increased larger numbers of participants and also more improved the typical outcomes of interventions, compared to the control group

　先進諸国の中には，すでに高齢者，成人，青少年，子どもそれぞれを対象として別々に身体活動ガイドライン・ガイドを作成している国も見られる（堀内・竹中, 2008）．現在のところ，わが国には，子どもに特化して，彼らのライフスタイル，特に身体活動に関わるガイドラインやガイドの類は作成されていない．子どもの生活は，ここ数十年で大きく様変わりし，ますます進む彼らの不活動傾向は座位中心生活の蔓延と相まって様々な問題を生じさせている．現在，子どもに見られる不活動状態の影響は，単に体力測定の結果に見られている体力低下ではなく，むしろ学校内外における集中力の低下，疲れやすさ，不定愁訴の多さなど日常生活において見られている．本研究では，子どもに特化した身体活動ガイドラインを開発し，そのガイドラインで示した行動目標を多くの子どもに達成させることを意図し，また達成することで体力や健康に影響を与える．本研究では，プロトタイプのガイドラインを開発し，行動変容理論を基にした介入を実施することで，これらのガイドラインの達成度を見た．その結果，達成度は特に男子で大きく，今後女子に特化した介入方法が必要であることがわかった．

　子どもを対象として作成される身体活動ガイドラインは，何を目的として作成されるかはガイドラインの内容そのものに影響を与える．スポーツや体育を中心とする現在の施策は，運動やスポーツを積極的に行っている子ども，また好きな子どもにとっては手厚いアプローチとなっているものの，行いたくない子どもに対する対応は十分とはいえない．そのため，身体活動ガイドラインの作成にあたっては，目的について慎重な議論が必要となる．たとえば，体力増強を前面に出されたガイドラインを作成することを目的とすると，強度や量が高すぎるために，運動を十分に行っていない，また行えないでいる子どもは実践をためらうことになる．政策的な配慮を行うとすると，体力よりはむしろ健康度を高め，それを維持するために必要な最小限の身体活動の質および量を示し，さらにいかに普及させるかについても様々な工夫を取りいれた内容が必要となる．本研究は，わが国の子どもに対する身体活動・運動ガイドラインを作成するために，まず諸外国において作成された身体活動ガイドラインのレビューを行った．その文献収集では，1)physical activity，2)guidelineまたはrecommendation，および3)childrenの用語を用い，さらに具体的な国名を追加した4つのキーワードを，検索サイト(yahooおよびgoogle)を用いて検索を行い，先進諸国におけるガイドラインの内容を解説した．米・英国，オーストラリア，ニュージーランドにおいては，1日総計して60分間の活動を推奨し，子どもの発達に適合した活動の奨励や，逆にコンピュータ，ゲームなどの座位中心活動に費やす時間の減少を求めていた．

本研究の目的は，生活習慣病罹患に影響を与える健康行動の中でも，特にわが国の職域において介入が困難とされてきた身体活動（運動・スポーツを含む日常の身体活動全般）について，子どもから成人，高齢者にいたるライフスパンを見越した上で，それぞれの年齢層，また性別に配慮した上で効果的な活動量増強を目指したプログラムを開発し，それらの効果を多様な観点から検証することであった．従来行われてきた各年齢層の健康教育プログラムでは，本研究で強調しているところの「行動」が伴わない「成果」は期待できないにもかかわらず，例えば生化学的な「成果」にのみ注意が払われてきた．本研究では，特に身体活動行動の継続・維持を強調し，行動変容理論・モデルを基にしたプログラム開発を行うとともに，「行動」と「成果」の両面から評価法を開発した．また，これら行動変容理論・モデルを基にしたプログラムの配信にあたっては，子どもの学校プログラム，職場の対面，ニューズレター，電話，郵便，インターネットなど多様な情報伝達チャンネルを使用したプログラム，高齢者施設でのプログラムなど，それぞれの場で効果が最大限期待できるように配慮を行った．さらに，募集に際しては，社会的マーケティングを用い，募集から評価に至る一連の流れの中で，身体活動量増強を目的とした職域行動変容プログラムの開発および評価を行った．

本研究の目的は，兵庫県三田市総合福祉保健センターと連携を保ちながら，子どもから中高年者にいたる対象者のライフスタイル改善を目的とした健康行動カウンセリング・プログラムをソフトおよびハード面から支援できる地域型システムの開発を行うことであった．本研究では，体力増強よりもむしろ健康増進のために，活動的なライフスタイルの採択・維持を目的とし，行動変容を意識した健康行動カウンセリングの新しい方策を検討し，1）簡易型身体活動量測定機器の試作，および2）主観的身体活動量の測定尺度の開発を行った．簡易型身体活動量測定機器の試作としては，中等度の強度（4メッツ以上に相当）の身体活動を行った数とその時間を提示する簡易機器を開発した．米国疾病対策センターと米国スポーツ医学会は，共同で，健康増進のための身体活動として，週のうちほとんどの日で，中等度の強度以上の身体活動を1日に総計して30分以上行うことと推奨しており，本研究で開発した簡易機器は，この中等度以上の強度の活動時間を提示する機器として使用される．また，主観的身体活動量の測定尺度と合わせて，この機器の妥当性および信頼性も検討を行った．

　本研究は、中高年者を対象に健康エクササイズ・プログラムを実施し、プログラム終了時点に得るであろう生理諸機能の改善のみならず、プログラム終了後も続く参加者の日常生活における身体活動量、すなわちライフスタイル活動におけるアドヒアレンスを強化することを目的とした。作成したプログラムは、2週間に1回、計8回のセッションから成り、それぞれのセッションでは種類の異なる運動とその後の健康カウンセリング（個人面接、小講議、グループワーク）を行った。わずか8回しかないセッションは、単なる身体活動実施の場だけでなく、参加者のライフスタイル改善に寄与する教育援助的な役割を担い、具体的には、身体運動やスポーツといった特別な活動ではなく、庭いじりや散歩、さらにエスカレータなどを使用しないで階段を積極的に昇るなど、参加者の日常生活における身体活動量の増強を最終目標としていた。運動は、参加者各自に適合するものを実感してもらうために、種類の異なる運動内容が用意され、健康カウンセリングでは日常生活の見直しと変容のための個人別目標が設定された。これら運動および健康カウンセリングでは、専門の運動指導スタッフ、保健婦、栄養士および行動科学の専門家がそれぞれの役割を担当し、その内容には行動科学モデルの一つであるセルフエフィカシー理論を採用した。すなわち、参加者の行動変容を意図したセルフエフィカシーを高める工夫（遂行行動の達成、代理的体験、言語的説得、および生理的および情動的喚起）や継続性および自己制御が可能なように配慮されたセルフモニタリングの技法が使用された。その結果、参加者の体重、中性脂肪、HDLコレステロール、動脈硬化指数についても時間経過とともに改善を示した。参加者の体重は、プログラム終了時に減少し、フォローアップ時にも維持されたのに対して、中性脂肪では時間の経過と共に、またHDLコレステロールおよび動脈硬化指数では、フォローアップ時になってから変化を見せた。これらの結果は、このプログラムの目的であった日常生活の身体活動量増強が時間とともに効力を発揮した成果と思われる。

　本研究の目的は、心理学的変数の中でもメンタルヘルスやストレス関連の感情に焦点をあて、1）身体運動に伴う感情変数の種類を明確にし（身体運動に伴う感情の概念定義および機能定義）、2）身体運動に伴う感情を高めるための心理的方略を探ることであった。1）の身体運動に伴う感情の概念定義、すなわち身体運動やスポーツ活動に関わって変化する感情とは何かについては、過去の感情研究を概観することによって明確にした。一方、作業定義とは、具体的な状況で、その概念がどのように測定されるかを示しており、概念定義で示した変数をどの尺度によって測定できるのか、すなわち身体運動によって目的とする感情変化が生じたか否かの評価である。本研究では、欧米およびわが国で用いられている身体運動に伴う心理学的尺度7つを挙げ、それぞれについて比較検討を行った。2）については、プラシボ効果、認知的方略、セルフエフィカシーの3点に注目し、1）で整理した尺度を用いて効果の検証を行った。