In this research, we examine the socioeconomic impact of carbon pricing (CP) mechanism-related energy policies under the technical constraints of Japan. For this, we have created the Inter-Regional Input–Output Table for a Next Generation Energy System (IONGES) in 2030, considering these technical constraints. Namely, we created three Inter-Regional IONGESs with different assumptions for the wide-area operation of the power grid. The results show that the technical constraints of the power grid influence the interregional distribution of renewable energy. Top ten regional renewable energy sectors (TOP10), which has a large production scale, account for approximately 54% of renewable energy generation, which was found to be biased. From the viewpoint of consumers in each region, we analyzed the share of the electricity cost required to support their consumption. If the CP mechanism is implemented under the technical constraints of the current power grid, consumers in each region will be impacted unequally. However, it was found that such inequality will be solved under the wide-area operation of the power grid.

To analyze the ripple effects of CO2 emissions from the introduction of renewable energy power plants, this study developed input–output tables for analysis of next-generation energy systems (IONGES). The results revealed that the environmental benefits obtained from investing in power plants of the same capacity vary significantly depending on the type of renewable energy. Using the IONGES, under assumptions of three carbon taxation methods (upstream, midstream, and downstream), we calculated the taxable CO2 emissions induced when producing each good or service and estimated the carbon tax burden associated with the final demand. We found that, in the upstream method, the taxation effects of one unit of carbon tax is concentrated in energy goods such as coal products and petroleum basic, while the effects are relatively dispersed in the downstream taxation method. If renewable energy is added to the government target level in 2030, taxable CO2 emissions will decrease by 12–13.3%. Compared with the upstream taxation method, in the midstream and downstream methods, the CO2 emissions induced by each final demand are distributed more evenly across various goods and services. Compared to the downstream taxation method, upstream taxation leads to higher CO2 emissions from exports, but lower CO2 emissions from household consumption. This is because energy-intensive industries such as machinery have high export ratios. We analyzed which expenditure categories contribute to the carbon tax burden associated with household consumption. In the case of upstream taxation, households mainly focus on reducing electricity consumption
in the case of downstream taxation, households reduce consumption of various energy-intensive goods and services.

An input-output table for the analysis of a next-generation energy system (IONGES) was created. This IONGES effort incorporates renewable-energy sectors into the 2011 input-output table published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan. The sectors incorporated in the IONGES data cover power generation facility construction sectors and power generation sectors for 15 types of renewable energy. The IONGES data consist of the following two types of table: a table incorporating renewable-energy sectors as they existed in 2011 (2011 IONGES) and a table incorporating renewable-energy sectors up to the composition ratio assumed in 2030 (2030 IONGES). The assumption of the power supply composition ratio for 2030 IONGES was based on the long-term energy supply-demand outlook prepared by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan. For the IONGES effort, special attention was paid to the following points. First, we created equipment sectors for solar and wind power generation. Second, we divided the biomass power sectors in detail (eight divisions) according to their roles and described the relationship between the biomass power generation sectors and sectors supplying fuel to them. IONGES was used to compare the input structure of each renewable-energy sector and each supply chain brought about by it. The ripple effect of the supply chain on entire economy was also visualized as a "unit structure." IONGES can make it possible to verify new input-output structures by using renewable energy.

Inter-regional and inter-sectoral considerations are important for more effective use of renewable energies. We have developed an input-output table for a next generation energy system (IONGES) that includes new sectors related to renewable energies. In this study, we expand the national IONGES to include the inter-regional table. The inter-regional IONGES has two sets of extended tables: extended renewable energy sectors for 2005 (Ex2005, actual data of 2005) and extended renewable energy sectors for 2030 (Ex2030, hypothetical data for 2030). More than half of renewable energy potential is located in eastern Japan. The potential of residential solar power is large in regions that have metropolitan areas. Some renewable energies induce more output and create more jobs than conventional electricity, but at the same time such renewable energies are more expensive than conventional electricity. When we evaluate the effects of introducing renewable energies in each region, we must consider both types of effects. We calculated the induced production in every sector of every region based on one million JPY of consumption in each region. Comparing the induced electricity (which is interpreted as the electricity fee embodied in consumption) of Ex2030 and that of Ex2005, the inducements are largely decreased in those regions where the composition ratio of wind power is high. We calculated the supposed CO2 reductions attributed to a decline in conventional electricity induced by consumption. It seems that the effective use of residential solar power in metropolitan areas and the effective use of locality-specific renewable energies in rural areas are important for CO2 reductions. We calculated cost-push effects following the abolition of FIT. There are significant effects on regions where the composition ratio of solar power is high. Analyses using inter-regional input-output tables will be a useful analytical tool for effective use of renewable energy facilities that have already been installed, as well as for future designs of smart energy systems.

Inter-regional and inter-sectoral considerations are important for more effective use of renewable energies. We have developed an input-output table for a next generation energy system (IONGES) that includes new sectors related to renewable energies. In this study, we expand the national IONGES to include the inter-regional table. The inter-regional IONGES has two sets of extended tables: extended renewable energy sectors for 2005 (Ex2005, actual data of 2005) and extended renewable energy sectors for 2030 (Ex2030, hypothetical data for 2030). More than half of renewable energy potential is located in eastern Japan. The potential of residential solar power is large in regions that have metropolitan areas. Some renewable energies induce more output and create more jobs than conventional electricity, but at the same time such renewable energies are more expensive than conventional electricity. When we evaluate the effects of introducing renewable energies in each region, we must consider both types of effects. We calculated the induced production in every sector of every region based on one million JPY of consumption in each region. Comparing the induced electricity (which is interpreted as the electricity fee embodied in consumption) of Ex2030 and that of Ex2005, the inducements are largely decreased in those regions where the composition ratio of wind power is high. We calculated the supposed CO2 reductions attributed to a decline in conventional electricity induced by consumption. It seems that the effective use of residential solar power in metropolitan areas and the effective use of locality-specific renewable energies in rural areas are important for CO2 reductions. We calculated cost-push effects following the abolition of FIT. There are significant effects on regions where the composition ratio of solar power is high. Analyses using inter-regional input-output tables will be a useful analytical tool for effective use of renewable energy facilities that have already been installed, as well as for future designs of smart energy systems.

We construct an input–output table to analyze a next-generation energy system. Based on this table, we estimate the effect of using renewable energy on Japan’s economic structure as well as the feed-in tariff’s contribution to the cost structure. The results clearly show that, induced by demand, existing power generation options and the production of existing passenger vehicles would be reduced and replaced by electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHVs), and the renewable energy sector. Furthermore, the demand for production in the supply chain of these sectors would change. While the feed-in tariff seems to benefit the overall Japanese economy, the benefits are not divided equally among the sectors because the positive effect of the feed-in tariff system is greater than the negative effect in energy and energy-intensive industries, while the negative effect is greater in the service sectors, on which the cost of the feed-in tariff system is levied. However, renewable-energy-induced service activities, such as research and business services, are becoming more pervasive. Therefore, this inequality may be resolved in the long term and could be assisted by policies that accelerate this change.

© 2016, The Author(s). We construct an input–output table to analyze a next-generation energy system. Based on this table, we estimate the effect of using renewable energy on Japan’s economic structure as well as the feed-in tariff’s contribution to the cost structure. The results clearly show that, induced by demand, existing power generation options and the production of existing passenger vehicles would be reduced and replaced by electric vehicles (EVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHVs), and the renewable energy sector. Furthermore, the demand for production in the supply chain of these sectors would change. While the feed-in tariff seems to benefit the overall Japanese economy, the benefits are not divided equally among the sectors because the positive effect of the feed-in tariff system is greater than the negative effect in energy and energy-intensive industries, while the negative effect is greater in the service sectors, on which the cost of the feed-in tariff system is levied. However, renewable-energy-induced service activities, such as research and business services, are becoming more pervasive. Therefore, this inequality may be resolved in the long term and could be assisted by policies that accelerate this change.

The Home Appliance Eco-Point System refers to the project executed by the Japanese government from May 2009 to March 2011. The system, while showing signs of slowing down in the latter half of the implementation period, has, to a certain extent, facilitated a demand-promoting effect. Those effects are relatively large, particularly in regions outside the greater national capital district and in households with senior citizens. It can be attributed to the Eco-Point system that “electrical appliances became widespread in those households that had rarely made an effort to save on energy consumption”. Moreover, it can be inferred that the Eco-Point system enhanced the relative utility levels for refrigerators in households in major cities, and for air conditioners and televisions in households with elderly members in small cities. Thus, when implementing environmental policy, we believe that the policy effects can be made more impactful by reasonably determining the household types to target for each good, by setting the subsidy rates according to the differences in the targeted households, and by considering the desirable method of the information provision policy.

<p>The objective of this study is to analyze, from a comprehensive perspective, the economic and environmental effects induced by constructing and operating hydrogen utilization systems presented by METI's roadmap. We focused on a marine transport system for hydrogen produced offshore, hydrogen gas turbine power generation, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and hydrogen stations, as well as residential fuel cell systems (RFCs). In this study, using an Input-Output Table for Next Generation Energy Systems (IONGES) with newly established renewable energies and hydrogen-related sectors, we evaluated the induced output, labor and CO₂ from construction and operation of these hydrogen technologies using a uniform approach. Initial investments in facilities based in foreign countries that produce hydrogen, transport it through organic hydride, and supply it to a power station of 1 GW capacity yield an induced production of 2.7 times. This investment can exploit a new opportunity for the utilization of unused renewable energy sources that are abundantly available in foreign countries and reduce significant CO₂ emissions. Additional investments in domestic hydrogen supply systems, FCVs, and RFCs yield an induced production of 2.6 times each. From a comprehensive point of view, the construction of a hydrogen utilization system may result in cost and CO₂ reductions.</p>

The objective of this study is to analyze a government proposal, from a panoramic perspective, concerning the economic and environmental effects associated with the construction and operation of hydrogen utilization systems by the year 2030. We focused on a marine transport system for hydrogen produced offshore, hydrogen gas turbine power generation, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and hydrogen stations, as well as residential fuel cell systems (RFCs). In this study, using an Input-Output Table for Next Generation Energy Systems (IONGES), we evaluated the induced output, labor and CO2 emissions from the construction and operation of these hydrogen technologies using a uniform approach. This may be helpful when considering future designs for the Japanese energy system. In terms of per 1 t-H-2 of hydrogen use, CO2 reductions from the use of FCVs are considerably higher than the additional CO2 emissions from foreign production and transportation of hydrogen. Because new construction of a hydrogen pipeline network is not considered to be realistic, RFCs is assumed to consume hydrogen generated by refining town gas. In this case, the CO2 reductions from using RFCs will decline under the electricity composition estimated for 2030, on the condition of a substantial expansion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources. However, under the present composition of electricity production, we can expect a certain amount of CO2 reductions from using RFCs. If hydrogen is directly supplied to RFCs, CO2 reductions increase substantially. Thus, we can reduce a significant amount of CO2 emissions if various unused energy sources dispersed around local areas or unharnessed renewable energies, such as solar and wind power, can be converted into hydrogen to be supplied to FCVs and RFCs. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

本研究の目的は，産業連関分析を用いて，微細藻類バイオマス燃料油生産システムの建設時と運転時における経済および環境面への波及効果を計算することである。われわれは2 種類の生産システムを比較した。一つは国内の休耕田を活用した簡易フォトバイオリアクター（PBR）による小規模施設であり，もう一つは比較的日照時間の長い海外で広い開放池を用いる大規模施設である。小規模施設建設時の経済的誘発の大部分は，PBR に必要なプラスティック原材料の生産から誘発されている。海外の大規模施設を建設するときには，土木工事と水にかかる費用が極めて高い。施設運転時の誘発効果の大部分は電力コストによる。微細藻類の成長率や脂質含有率の違いに対するプラントの採算性について，感度分析を行った。採算性の改善には，微細藻類の脂質生産性の改善と残渣の肥料や飼料への高付加価値化が必要である。しかし残渣の高付加価値化は，残渣を付加価値の低い固形燃料として利用する場合に比べて，CO₂誘発が大きいという結果になる。

The objective of this paper is to show the economic and environmental effects induced by construction and operation of a system that produces fuel from green microalgae using input-output analysis. We compared two systems. The first is a simplified photobioreactor (PBR) that utilizes fallow and domestic farmland. The second system is comprised of large and open ponds in overseas with relatively long hours of sunlight. A large part of the induced economic effect in constructing a small system comes from the cost of plastic materials needed to build the PBR. When constructing a large system overseas, civil engineering and water costs are quite high. Electricity costs make up a large part of the induced economic effect from operations. We also analyzed the sensitivity of plant profitability to change in growth and oil content rates of microalgae, and to how residue remaining after oil extraction is used. It is important to improve oil productivity of microalgae and to make high quality products from residue such as fertilizer or feedstuff, in order to improve profitability. However, production of high-quality products from residue emitted more CO2 than production of low-quality products such as solid fuels.

再生可能エネルギー電源の導入とその効率的利用を可能にするための工夫が，以前に増して必要とされるようになってきている。電力は絶えず消費との同時同量性が保たれるように生産が制御されなければならない。しかし，9つに細分化された日本の電力系統は，変動したり，小規模分散的であったりする再生可能エネルギー電源が大量導入された場合には，そうした制御に対応しきれないことが以前から予測されていた。その問題を解決するために，スマートグリッドを利用した新たな電力システムを構築することが電気工学分野の大きな研究課題となっている。本研究では，再生可能エネルギーの大量導入に伴う電力マネジメントシステムの改変に関する2つの先行文献に基づいて，各選択肢がシステムの構築時および運転時にそれぞれどのような生産誘発，雇用誘発，エネルギー誘発，及びCO₂誘発効果をもたらすのかを，拡張された産業連関分析の手法を用いて定量的に試算した。一つ目の資源エネルギー庁報告書（2010）は，太陽光発電の大量導入に対して，蓄電池の大量導入で対応するか，出力抑制で対応するかを検討していた。また二つ目の山本・坂東・杉山による電力中央研究所報告書（2013）は，太陽光の他に風力発電も大量導入することに対して，火力発電の非効率運転と出力抑制で対応することを考察していた。産業連関分析に基づく考察結果によれば，再生可能エネルギーのバラエティを増やすと同時に，同時同量性の制約に対して蓄電池という単一の方法で対応するよりもシステム全体で対応するという後者の考え方に，優位性があると判断された。またどちらの文献に基づく試算においても，電力システムの同時同量性の制約を緩和するようにスマートグリッドを構築することの有用性が確認された。

We calculate the amount of output, employment, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions induced by constructing and operating a power plant fueled by unused woody biomass. To do this, we use an input-output table developed to analyze the effects of introducing renewable energy sources. The results show that the power plant can increase the output of and employment in the forestry industry and can reduce economy-wide CO2emissions. Because the income of the forestry industry would increase, operating such a power plant may result in preservation of nearby forests. We also estimate the amount of public benefit obtained from preserving that area.

Objective. The purpose of this research is to compute the CO2 emissions during the sales process of foods, and to offer information convenient for consumers. Using operating data offered by 8 stores, we calculated the CO2 emissions for each food and store from electricity and gas use, waste disposal, plastic tray production, resource waste material recycling, customer automobile use, and the amount of recyclable waste collected from customers.<BR>Results and Discussion. The main CO2 emission factors during the sales process of goods are supermarket electricity and gas use and customer automobile use. The amounts depend on the characteristics of the store in which the foods are sold, for example, the area of the store, the sales numbers per unit area, the distance from the store to the closest station, the percentage of customers from surrounding neighborhoods, average customer spend, age-group of main customers. At present the CO2 reduction effect by recycling of resource waste material is relatively small. According to our simulation analysis, electricity and gas-saving measures through energy management contributes greatly to the reduction of CO2 emitted during the sales process of goods.<BR>Conclusions. To reduce CO2 emission during sales process, it is important for the store to take measures to reduce consumption of both electricity and gas, and to control the extent of customer automobile usage. If consumers know CO2 emission factors as well as stores' managers, they can understand what they must do. It's desirable to make the information of CO2 emissions during the sales process as best we are able. This paper shows an example of such information. This research clearly shows that the operating data companies collect daily can be very useful in calculating CO2 emitted during the sales process of goods.

Objective. The recent Carbon Footprint of Products (CFP) program puts an emphasis on communicating with consumers and can be used to indicate Life Cycle CO2 emissions (LC-CO2) of products. Under the program, suppliers offer LC-CO2 information for their own products, and then consumers can act in an environmentally conscious way based on that information. We calculated LC-CO2 emissions for three representative restaurant menus (serving Japanese, American, and Chinese-style dishes), based on cost accounting data provided by Skylark Co., Ltd., information from the CFP database, and 3EID. Our objective is to show that Skylark's cost accounting data has the potential to calculate LC-CO2 indicators, which can be helpful for environmentally conscious consumers.<BR>Results and Discussion. Per-serving LC-CO2 indicators of representative restaurants' menu were 2,637g-CO2 for Japanese-style dishes, 4,080g-CO2 for American-style dishes, and 1,742g-CO2 for Chinese-style dishes. Comparing CO2 emissions per serving between restaurant dishes and homemade dishes shows that there is a difference in emission structures. By clarifying those structures, consumers become better able to understand the route of CO2 emissions and to control them. We evaluated the CO2 emissions of restaurant customers through the use of a questionnaire which asked respondents which style of dishes they tended to choose, and which method of transportation they used when visiting restaurants. The results showed that consumers who prefer Japanese-style dishes generated low CO2 emissions per serving. When a consumer used a personal vehicle to get to the restaurant, it generated about the same CO2 emission as the dish which the consumer ordered. The specific CO2 emissions per serving can be lowered either by reducing energy input and waste discharge in restaurant operations or by reducing the use of vehicles.<BR>Conclusions. Our research shows that we can estimate useful indicators of LC-CO2 emissions from restaurant dishes by using corporate accounting data. This data must be complemented with information from secondary databases, but we can derive a lot of useful information for both consumers and important policies. As this type of accounting data is regularly tallied and collected as part of daily company operations, using such data for LC-CO2 indicators per serving could potentially contribute to the construction and diffusion of CFP program without adding any additional costs.

わが国の森林面積の40％は人工林であり，それら林地の樹木は伐採時期を迎えている。しかし林業の低迷から，国産木材は十分に利用されていない。同じ樹木でも40年生程度のものが成長によるCO2吸収が活発と言われることから，国産材を有効利用し林地の高齢化を防ぐことは地球温暖化問題にも貢献する。本研究では住宅用建材の国産化と輸入代替によって，海外の森林保全と国内森林の若返りにもたらされる効果の大きさとその環境保全効果を試算する。

2009年5月から2011年3月にかけて実施された「エコポイントの活用によるグリーン家電普及促進事業」は，エコラベルによる商品選択に金銭的な価値評価を与えたという意味で極めて興味深い政策である。この制度によって，グリーンな消費に対する経済的インセンティブが与えられた結果，エコラベルもより広く認知されるようになった。本研究では，どのような消費者がどのようにどのくらいエコポイント制度に対して反応したかをきめ細かく分析することにより，今後のエコラベル制度の在り方とその活用法について考察を行う。

同じ商品でも販売方法は多様である。プラスチックトレーや冷蔵・冷凍陳列ケースの利用方法，消費者の小売店への来店方法などは，販売段階の環境負荷を大きく左右する。本研究では，首都圏に拠点を持つスーパーマーケットの協力を得て，同じ商品の販売方法が店舗条件（立地条件，商圏の年齢層，店舗規模等）の違いに応じてどのように異なるか，その環境影響はどの程度かを分析した。また，販売段階のCO2見える化により，グリーンコンシューマーが啓発された場合の効果を考察する。

Objective. Some social changes, such as increment of occupied female population or aged population, effect on households' dietary habit. In general, menus with small number of dishes or using more home-meal replacement become to be more popular than before. The environmental impacts of such changes, however, has not been clear in previous studies. In this paper we inquired about actual condition of households' dietary habit and estimated environmental impacts of 12 "representative menus" which reflect usual consumers' everyday eating habit. The final goal of our research is to evaluate LCA effects of households' dietary habit caused by social reasons as mentioned above.<BR>Results and Discussion. The data were assembled by questionnaires from randomly-selected 194 households in Kanto Area of Japan (Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama and Chiba) about menu and food ingredients used for each menu on everyday meals (3 meals [breakfast, lunch, dinner] for 365 days). Based on analyses of the households data, we found that the availability of home-meal replacement and the choice of menu type (Japanese, Western, Chinese cuisines) have affected by several factors such as available spare time for cooking, rate of family involvement to a meal, and wife's age. Based on the data we set 12 "representative menus", and estimated the LCA impacts from each of them. As a result, the LCA impact of Japanese style menu has relatively small although it has relatively many dishes. On the other hand, the LCA impact of Western style menu has relatively large although it has relatively small dishes.<BR>Conclusions. Using the results of LCA impacts from the representative menus, we estimated the change of CO2 emission induced by dietary habit which occurs when occupied female population or aged population will grow. To avoid increasing emission of CO2 induced by dietary habit, it will be effective to use home meal replacement or restaurant service appropriately as well as to reduce cooking energy.

地域レベルの環境政策にたいする消費者の反応およびその環境影響を評価するために，横浜市経済観光局の協力を得て，全国消費実態調査の平成11年および16年調査の横浜市分について指定統計調査票目的外使用申請を行い，その個票ベースのデータを用いて需要関数を計測した。本研究では，同結果に基づき，近年の市民のライフスタイルの傾向，およびその変更を誘導するような環境政策が実施された場合に，どのような反応が予想され，その環境影響がどの程度であるかを考察する。

食生活によるCO2誘発排出が無視し得ない中で，食事メニューの環境負荷定量化の研究が進展している。しかし，環境負荷を単純に下げることが食生活の「改善」とはいえない。本研究では，代表的メニューについて定量化されたCO2排出量を用いて，環境面，安全面，栄養面のほか，社会条件（女性の就業率上昇や人口高齢化など）に伴う食生活へのニーズの変化も踏まえつつ，今後の「持続可能な食生活」のあり方について考察する。

消費者の低炭素行動を促すことを目的として，カーボンフットプリント算定・表示試行事業が実施されている。本制度への参加は現在のところ，製品が中心であるが，今後は消費者向けサービスの拡大参加も期待される。そこで本研究では，外食サービスのCFP算定の初歩的な試みとして，代表的な外食メニューのLC-CO2を試算した。その際，有機農法の活用によって土壌の炭素貯留効果が高められた場合のCO2削減効果の試算も行った。さらに，年齢や家族構成の異なる消費者の外食メニュー選択に関するアンケート調査結果に基づき，今後予想される高齢化等に応じた，外食利用に伴うCO2排出量の変化の方向性を考察する。

Objective. In this paper, we focus on the environmental administration of local government and the environmental activities of consumers. First, using the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure for the City of Yokohama, we analyze the existing consumption activities of citizens and the associated CO2 emissions. Next, we calculated CO2 emissions by utilizing the CO2 emission factor which is equivalent to the carbon-footprint for each expense item. Finally, we estimate price elasticities for each item and simulate the effect of environmental policies, such as the promotion of organic farming, the eco-point system, and price changes for electricity and fuels.<BR>Results and Discussion. We found that different consumers react differently to such environmental policies depending on their expenditure patterns. If the information concerning carbon-footprints for various goods and items is readily available in the future, policy assessments and simulation analysis will become increasingly accurate.<BR>Conclusions. Our paper shows that the role of local government is essential in carrying out environmental policies. This especially holds true for policies affecting consumers. Local governments can ascertain the current status of individual households much better than the national government can, so they will have a more important role in creating a sustainable consumption society.

有機農法による食品のCO2誘発排出量と削減効果を評価するため，基礎資料となる炭素貯留効果分析用産業連関表（炭素貯留IO表，2005年）を整備する。これを用いて，（1）食生活に起因して直接・間接に排出されるCO2排出量（内包型CO2排出量），（2）耕種農業部門で化学肥料の使用を減らすことによるCO2の削減量，（3）耕種農業で家畜きゅう肥の使用を増やすことによる土壌への炭素貯留量（内包型CO2炭素貯留量），を評価する。さらに，有機農法によるCO2排出量の削減分を排出権市場で売却した場合の食料生産費への影響について，シミュレーションを行う。

In this study, we undertake some hypothetical experiments and predict the environmental effects of some changes in consumer behavior, using the Japanese Input-Output Table and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey for 2000. We estimate the demand function in a linear expenditure system (LES) and attempt to determine how changes in consumer behavior affect the environmental load induced by household consumption, using the 'willingness to pay' concept. Furthermore, we define an index to show the eco-efficiency of consumer behavior. Through such a study, we can determine what action is appropriate for a 'sustainable consumption' society. If some change of consumer behavior greatly improved utility while increasing the environmental load, then technological progress to reduce the environmental load must be stimulated. However, if other changes in consumer behavior increase the environmental load while not improving utility very much, then such changes should be strongly discouraged.

論文

The extension of the waste input-output (WIO) model to analyze households' sustainable consumption patterns is presented in this article. We estimate direct and indirect emission loads induced by household consumption by the WIO model. The WIO model is much more suitable for the analysis of sustainable consumption than the conventional input-output model because it can deal with the disposal stage of consumed goods as well as the purchase and use stages. A simple method for evaluating income rebound effects is also introduced. As indicators of environmental loads, we estimate carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and landfill consumption induced by house-hold consumption. The model is applied to some typical sustainable consumption scenarios: shifting transportation modes from a private car to public transportation, the longer use of household electric appliances, and eating at restaurants instead of cooking at home. We found that the income rebound effects should be considered to evaluate environmental loads induced by different consumption patterns. © 2005 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Yale University.

近年，UNEP（国連環境計画）は，持続可能な発展は持続可能な生産と同時に持続可能な消費によって可能となるとして，消費の見直しを呼びかけている．また，エネルギー経済学者達の間でリバウンド効果（エネルギー効率改善目的の技術進歩がかえってエネルギー消費を増加させてしまうという効果）の議論も盛んになっているが，こうした流れの中で，われわれがかねて取り組んできた産業連関的環境家計簿分析は，新たな分析目的を持つようになった．本論では1985-90-95接続環境分析用産業連関用を用いてこの新たな分析課題に取り組むため，家計消費が引き起こす環境負荷の変化を３つの効果－消費構成比変化の効果，所得増加の効果，技術変化の効果－に分解し，持続可能な消費の問題にアプローチした．

Recently UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) has advocated an action plan focused on new systems of production and consumption as a final step towards sustainable society, after its decades of work on cleaner production. To achieve the goal, however, so-called "rebound effects" require serious attention, for such effects might offset the environmental benefits of eco-efficient products. In this study, we try to quantitatively clarify the effect based on the method we have developed, i.e. environmental household accounts using input-output table. We first extend the analysis using 1985-90-95 input output table in "linked" form, and then decompose the change in the induced CO2 emission in the decade into three parts; the effect of the change in consumption structure, the effect of the income increase, and the effect of the technological change. Through the analysis, we identify the changes that are attributable to the rebound effect, and their causes are clarified. The present method, together with the results, provides a base for the design plan for the construction of sustainable consumption society.

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持続可能な社会を構築するためには，CO₂排出を削減することも重要であるが，国土の狭い日本においては，最終処分場需要を減らすことも同様に考慮されなければならない．この観点から，産業連関表・モデルを廃棄物の排出・再資源化・処理過程に関して拡張した廃棄物産業連関表・モデルを用い，家計によって消費される財が直接・間接に必要とする埋立容積を計算し，廃棄物環境家計簿として整理する．廃棄物環境家計簿は，ある財の生産に必要な原料採掘（ゆりかご）から生産・消費を通して廃棄（墓場）までの全ての段階で必要とされる埋立容積を計上する．このため，本研究は家計消費のライフサイクルアセスメントとも位置づけられる．

本研究はこれまで日本に関して行ってきた環境家計簿の研究範囲を，東アジア9ヶ国に広げようとする試みである．東アジアの国々にはいろいろな意味で多様性のあることが特徴だが，その多様性は家計の消費構造によく反映されるという．本研究はアジア諸国の多様性を環境面から評価したものといえる．また，環境家計簿研究の大きな特徴は，家計消費が直接的にだけでなく間接的に引き起こす環境負荷を評価しようとする点にある．そのような包括的視点から各国の家計消費構造に関する環境評価をCO₂とSO₂の側面から行い，経済発展と環境調和型のライフスタイルとの両立に関する考察の第1歩としたい．なお，本研究はEDEN推計・分析研究プロジェクトの一環である．

Convenient life in general is achieved at the cost Of ecological side effects. One of the current issues, in particular in European societies, is to re-consider consumers' behavior from the view of sustainable consumption. However, methodology for rational decision-making is still lacking. The methodology must be presented to people in an intuitive manner, so that it can be put into everyday practice. In this study, we extend the concept of Waste Input-Output Table (WIO), and propose the use of landfill volume as the index of waste discharge, to incorporate not only direct and indirect discharges, but also recycled matters as negative discharges. The result obtained is shown as the "Waste Household Accounts", an intuitive and easy-to-use form to assist consumer's decision towards sustainable society.

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慶應義塾大学産業研究所を中心とする未来開拓プロジエクトにおいて，このほど1990年のアジア諸国の環境・エネルギー問題分析用産業連関表(EDEN1990)の推計か完成した。これは，アジア9カ国を対象に各国の産業連関表を共通分類によって再集計し，そして付帯表として各部門のエネルギー投入量，エネルギー消費量，C02発生量，SO2発生量を統一的な基準の下でまとめたデータベースである。これまで経済発展と環境保全との関係を実証分析しようとすると，利用可能なデータの少ないことが大きな制約になっていたが，EDENはそのような制約を緩和するのに役立つデータベースである。本稿はEDEN1990を用い，アジア諸国間の産業構造の違いがもたらす環境影響について実証分析を行った。ここから得られた結果は近い将来に国際的なCO2削減対策の具体化のために利用できると考えられる。

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The household consumption is the activity which has the largest induced CO2emission in Japan. The household directly emitts only 9% of the total CO2 emissionfrom consuming energy in activities such as cooking, heating and driving a car.Therefore people

This paper introduces the input-outp ut approach to environmental analysis carriedout by the Yoshioka team of the Keio University. The paper focused on thecement industry, and the use of blast furnace slag is recommended to reduce CO2emission in the ce

環境問題はこれまでの１国限りの問題から地球大のグローバルな問題へと拡大し，いよいよわが国も本格的な取組みが必要となってきた。I-O分析はマクロの経済成長や公害税の問題とミクロの技術レベルの防除対策とを架橋する最適の分析用具としてレオンチェフ以来多くの試みがなされてきた。生産技術と資源配分の改善のみで経済成長を抑制せずに環境問題を克服できるのか，それとも大幅な成長の減速は不可避になるのか，これは現代に課せられた最も重要な課題である。環境I-O表による分析とは何か。以下その構造と問題点について具体的な説明を試みよう。

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