The following are two principal findings. Firstly, while a stone may be raised for a variety of reasons, I could verify that it sometimes necessitates a “communal” awareness. For example, a stone inscribed with matters agreed upon is evidence that its contents are common knowledge and in effect. There was an awareness that required “communality” also in cases where the decisions were made under the leadership of officials, even if only ostensibly so. Secondly, I found that one reason that a stone inscription culture did not take hold in Japan can be traced to the social context of great social fluctuations and fluidity. I perceived that the social context is a more fundamental cause than physical factors such as stone processing technologies and literacy rate

The purpose of this study is intended to make clear concretely the problem that how the recognition toward Korea in the Japanese side formed while connecting to the recognition toward Japan in the Korean side with focusing on the relations between Japan and Korea in the East Asian world. We have conducted this kind of research through not only investigations by researchers who belongs to research institutions in Japan, but also research exchanges (joint research, joint exploration on the historic sites and Japan-Korea historical joint research symposium etc.) with historical researchers in Korea, mainly in Seoul National University

The achievement of the study is that on the basis of the actual materials, it revealed that the development of the writing culture of the ancient Japanese Archipelago was significantly influenced by the writing culture of the Korean Peninsula. In addition, the study involved close collaboration with three institutions in Korea including the National Museum of Korea, the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, and the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage. The study proceeded effectively with their full support. The mutual trust among the researchers of Japan and Korea built through the study should greatly contribute to future studies. Furthermore, the study led to the special exhibition of the National Museum of Japanese History titled “A Connection of Characters: The Japanese Archipelago and the Korean Peninsula in Ancient Times" in which the achievement of the study was presented to the general public in an accessible and comprehensible manner

In this study, we aimed to verify how Buddhist art that propagated to Japan through the Korean Peninsula from China accepted in Japan by focus on the surface-finishing techniques of cultural properties. In particular, first, we elucidated the details of these techniques by identification of main elements of the pigments and names of the pigments that remain on the surface, by means of non-destructive and non-contact analysis approach with X-ray analysis equipment for existing cultural properties of ancient and medieval in East Asia. Furthermore we extract features of the technique of Japan by comparison of the techniques of Japan and China, the Korean Peninsula

In the present study, we presented a new perspective for comparative study of wooden documents which have no common characteristics. This perspective includes, among others, analyzing the documents from the point of views from oral tradition, visual function, literary culture, and recording strictness. By investigating why a given society lacks a certain aspect related to the areas included in this perspective, we can discover other new unnoticed issues, and consequently, the most fundamental characteristics of that society. This is only one step to attract the attention of researcher of Chinese wooden documents to the study of Japanese and Korean wooden documents, and vice versa. Since Japanese and Korean wooden documents have almost no common characteristics, there were almost no comparative studies. However, as shown by the present study, it is possible to overcome the time barrier

第一に、本研究の日常的な基盤となる定例研究集会を７回おこなった。
第二に、特別研究集会を２回開催した。１回目は、古井龍介・馬場紀寿両氏（東京大東文研）を招いて、インドおよび東南アジアの仏教文明に関する最新の研究状況を学び、意見交換をおこなった。仏教文明の本源と東アジア仏教との差異を知ることができた。２回目は、石見清裕氏（早稲田大）を招いて、中国太原地域の地政学的位置を学んだ。これは、前年度における本研究での太原石窟（仏教・道教）調査を補うものである。
第三に、シンポジウムを早稲田大学で２回開催した。１回目は、９月２８日の「対敵と仏法」である。昨年度の課題を継承して、これまで見失われがちであった仏教の実践的側面、つまり造形物にみられる対敵、調伏、防御の役割を追求した。大島幸代（龍谷大）、三上喜孝（山形大）、長坂一郎（東北芸工大）、黒田智（金沢大）、長岡龍作（東北大）各氏の報告を受けて討論がおこなわれた。２回目は、１２月２１日の「言語・文字の転回からみた『仏教』流伝」である。翻訳を含む言語文字表現の変革と仏教の関係を問題視した。朱慶之（香港教育学院）、吉田豊（京都大）、阿部龍一（ハーバード大）、ジョン・ウイットマン（国立国語研究所）、河野貴美子（早稲田大）各氏による報告および問題提起がなされた。
第四に、研究分担者城倉正祥氏を中心にして、２０１４年２月末から３週間以上、千葉県龍角寺跡の調査をおこなった。かつて多くの文字瓦を出土した本寺院跡は、仏教文明の列島移動において注目されるところであるが、本格的な調査は進んでいなかった。このたびは、最新技術のレーダー探査などを駆使し、廻廊を含む伽藍配置の歴史的変遷などを確認した。また、散布する古代瓦を慎重に回収し、次調査に備えた。

本研究課題の最大の眼目は、上記のような古代文字資料についての資料単位の調査実績を踏まえ、東アジア諸国、とくに中国・韓国そして日本における文字資料の比較検討を経て、文字文化の伝播の実態と古代日本における文字文化の全体像を描くことである。
本年度は、３年目の中間報告として、研究者のみならず広く市民を対象とした歴博国際シンポジウム「古代日本と古代朝鮮の文字文化交流」を開催した。歴博での研究会では、シンポジウムで発表される城山山城木簡と高麗沈没船木簡を8月に調査するにあたっての予備調査を行い、メンバーによる意見交換を行った。
シンポジウムでは、韓国国立中央博物館・韓国国立文化財研究所の協力のもと、韓国の考古学・古代史を牽引する研究者からの報告を得た。これらの報告およびシンポジウムでは、韓国における古代木簡の最新成果が公表されたとともに、古代から中世にかけての日韓の文字文化交流の一端を明らかにすることが

１．５つの研究項目班それぞれが、班の計画に応じて史料調査・収集を行った。
２．研究分担者及び研究協力者が集う研究会・会議「日韓相互認識」研究会を２０１３年７月１５日に開催した。報告者とタイトルは次のとおりである。佐藤宏之・小関悠一郎「”大名評判記”にみる近世日本の大名像―「東アジア近世」論をめぐって―」、三ツ井崇「「朝鮮総督府時局対策調査会」（１９３８年）会議にみる「内鮮一体」問題―第一分科会を中心に―」、杉岳志「目録にみる東京高等商業学校の蔵書の特徴」。２０１４年１月１２日にも研究会を開催し、研究打合せを行うとともに、加藤圭木が「清津港の「開発」と朝鮮東北部社会―日露戦争から１９２０年代まで―」と題して報告をした。
３．２０１２年度下半期～２０１３年度上半期の共同研究の総括と、韓国の日本史・朝鮮史研究者（ソウル大学校を中心とする研究者）との研究交流のために、２０１３年８月２０日に韓国江原道春川の翰林大学校にて、第１６回日韓歴史共同研究シンポジウムを開催した。第３回シンポジウム以来、日韓両国における歴史研究の現状と課題に関して相互に認識を深めるため、日本史、朝鮮史、日朝関係史上の重要な論点を逐次取り上げて、率直に議論をおこなっていくことを課題として、シンポジウムを開催している。日本側からは、佐藤宏之、小関悠一郎、三ツ井崇、杉岳志が報告した。韓国側から２本の研究報告があり、あわせて５本の報告について熱心に討論した。８月２１日には、日韓合同で江原道内の史跡の踏査を行った。
４．本プロジェクトの研究成果を公開するため、日韓歴史共同研究プロジェクト第１５回シンポジウム（鹿児島シンポ）と第１６回シンポジウム（韓国春川シンポ）の報告及び討論を収載した報告書を印刷した。

The purpose of this study is intended to make clear concretely the problem that how the recognition toward Korea in the Japanese side formed while connecting to the recognition toward Japan in the Korean side with focusing on the relations between Japan and Korea in the East Asian world. We have conducted this kind of research through not only investigations by researchers who belongs to research institutions in Japan, but also research exchanges (joint research, joint exploration on the historic sites and Japan-Korea historical joint research symposium etc.) with historical researchers in Korea, mainly in Seoul National University

The achievement of the study is that on the basis of the actual materials, it revealed that the development of the writing culture of the ancient Japanese Archipelago was significantly influenced by the writing culture of the Korean Peninsula. In addition, the study involved close collaboration with three institutions in Korea including the National Museum of Korea, the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, and the National Research Institute of Maritime Cultural Heritage. The study proceeded effectively with their full support. The mutual trust among the researchers of Japan and Korea built through the study should greatly contribute to future studies. Furthermore, the study led to the special exhibition of the National Museum of Japanese History titled “A Connection of Characters: The Japanese Archipelago and the Korean Peninsula in Ancient Times" in which the achievement of the study was presented to the general public in an accessible and comprehensible manner

Our project analyzed the Korean studies mainly on humanities from the Meiji era to prewar era of the pre second world war times by Japanese scholars in the academic organs especially the Keijo University in Seoul Korea. We took up representative scholars in the ancient history, the medieval history, the modern history and the anthropology. We analyzed the meanings of their academic achievements with their academic career and so on. We discovered their influences to the academic world of Japan and Korea in the postwar era

Our project analyzed the Korean studies mainly on humanities from the Meiji era to prewar era of the pre second world war times by Japanese scholars in the academic organs especially the Keijo University in Seoul Korea. We took up representative scholars in the ancient history, the medieval history, the modern history and the anthropology. We analyzed the meanings of their academic achievements with their academic career and so on. We discovered their influences to the academic world of Japan and Korea in the postwar era

In this study, we aimed to verify how Buddhist art that propagated to Japan through the Korean Peninsula from China accepted in Japan by focus on the surface-finishing techniques of cultural properties. In particular, first, we elucidated the details of these techniques by identification of main elements of the pigments and names of the pigments that remain on the surface, by means of non-destructive and non-contact analysis approach with X-ray analysis equipment for existing cultural properties of ancient and medieval in East Asia. Furthermore we extract features of the technique of Japan by comparison of the techniques of Japan and China, the Korean Peninsula.

In this study, we aimed to verify how Buddhist art that propagated to Japan through the Korean Peninsula from China accepted in Japan by focus on the surface-finishing techniques of cultural properties. In particular, first, we elucidated the details of these techniques by identification of main elements of the pigments and names of the pigments that remain on the surface, by means of non-destructive and non-contact analysis approach with X-ray analysis equipment for existing cultural properties of ancient and medieval in East Asia. Furthermore we extract features of the technique of Japan by comparison of the techniques of Japan and China, the Korean Peninsula.

In the present study, we presented a new perspective for comparative study of wooden documents which have no common characteristics. This perspective includes, among others, analyzing the documents from the point of views from oral tradition, visual function, literary culture, and recording strictness. By investigating why a given society lacks a certain aspect related to the areas included in this perspective, we can discover other new unnoticed issues, and consequently, the most fundamental characteristics of that society. This is only one step to attract the attention of researcher of Chinese wooden documents to the study of Japanese and Korean wooden documents, and vice versa. Since Japanese and Korean wooden documents have almost no common characteristics, there were almost no comparative studies. However, as shown by the present study, it is possible to overcome the time barrier.

In the present study, we presented a new perspective for comparative study of wooden documents which have no common characteristics. This perspective includes, among others, analyzing the documents from the point of views from oral tradition, visual function, literary culture, and recording strictness. By investigating why a given society lacks a certain aspect related to the areas included in this perspective, we can discover other new unnoticed issues, and consequently, the most fundamental characteristics of that society. This is only one step to attract the attention of researcher of Chinese wooden documents to the study of Japanese and Korean wooden documents, and vice versa. Since Japanese and Korean wooden documents have almost no common characteristics, there were almost no comparative studies. However, as shown by the present study, it is possible to overcome the time barrier.

Our project analyzed the Korean studies mainly on humanities from the Meiji era to prewar era of the pre second world war times by Japanese scholars in the academic organs especially the Keijo University in Seoul Korea. We took up representative scholars in the ancient history, the medieval history, the modern history and the anthropology. We analyzed the meanings of their academic achievements with their academic career and so on. We discovered their influences to the academic world of Japan and Korea in the postwar era.

This research aimed to consider how Buddhist art propagated to Japan from China via Korea by focusing on the circulation of specific timber species. Specifically, by conducting x-ray analysis on camphor timber in Japan, Korea, and China and surveying the amount of principal elements in each, and then studying the circulation route of camphor timber in eastern Asia, the research uncovered how Japanese Buddhist art originated in China's Southern Dynasty, traveled to Baekche 百済 in the Korean peninsula, and then to Japan.

This research aimed to consider how Buddhist art propagated to Japan from China via Korea by focusing on the circulation of specific timber species. Specifically, by conducting x-ray analysis on camphor timber in Japan, Korea, and China and surveying the amount of principal elements in each, and then studying the circulation route of camphor timber in eastern Asia, the research uncovered how Japanese Buddhist art originated in China's Southern Dynasty, traveled to Baekche 百済 in the Korean peninsula, and then to Japan

Our project has contributed to scholarly investigations on East Asian Community in terms of the collection of historical materials on "Asianism" in postwar Japan, the promotion of mutual historical understandings between Japan and Korea, and the development of new methodologies for Asian Studies. The Construction of the database of Japan Socialist Party documents, the publication of three volume bulletins on "Historical Recognition in Japan and Korea," and three volume book series "Ajiagaku no susume (Introduction to Asian Studies)" are the examples of our accomplishments.

This fiscal yiar was the second of our rwo year long general research proglam (A). Each co-researcher finished his articles which were based on the historical sources collected by them arter 1992. All of our members reported the results of their studies at our meetings first in july, 1993 and then ; at teh end of march, 1994. After each meeting, a conference was organized and a discussion was held on the proper theme of our research proglam, i. e. "The International Exchange and Regional Culture in Asia. " Now we introduce the resumes of some reports which will be published in the Bulletin soon.
Kazutoshi Nagasawa re-investigated ten main traffic routes in the Eastern Asian region. Noboru Koga threw new light upon the relations between Japanese and Chinese myths, divinations, and the five natural elements. Shigemasa Fukui studied "Wei-zhi" Wo ren zhuan, consentrating on the life of Chen Shou and his regionalistic characteristics. Minoru Kakehata's research was a comparative study of Yunnan Hani culture and the Japanese ancient culture. Kiyohiro Iwami studied the international relations in Tang period Eastern Asia, especially the regulation to the Emperor from surrender communities. Motoo Kudo studied the Shu bu (Shu cloth) and qiong zhu zhang which Zhang Xian saw in Da-xia. Through the analysis of Geng Yan's biography in "Hou Han Shu", Isamu Okayasu examined how the power of the gentries was formed during the Later Han dynasty.
In the field of Mongolian studies, Akira Yanagisawa studied the actual course of the Solon Eight banner's immigration. Hiroki Oka used archival documents of the Qing dynasty to re-examine the process of the "Erdeni yin Tobci" 's official publication by Qing. Yumiko Ishihama threw new light upon the peculiality of Sino-Tibet diplomacy by investigating the journey of Panchen lama IV to Qing court. Seong-si Li proved that the portrate found on the pedestal of Amida-Nyorai statue in Horyuji temple was an image of a Gao ju li person. Vasaharu Arakawa investigated the cotton production in Turfan and its circulation. Shigezo Kumagai examined the foreign policy of the middle Later Han. As the result of such studies, the International exchange and regional cultures of Asia are getting a clearer picture from many aspects.

From Nov.25 to Dec.11 1994 and from Dec.6 to 18 1995, I made field investigations into remains of the ancient cities in South Korea, and relics related to them. In these investigations, I visited Seoul, Ch'unch'on, Kangnung, Kyungju, Pusan, Ch'ungju, Ham-an, Kwangju, Wando, Mokp'o, and Puyo.I obtained results by these investigations, as follows.1) The remains of the ancient city which can be discerned now, are composed of ruins of a palace, streets, office, quarters, Buddhist temples. I observed the excavation of these remains, and comprehended the structure of the capital and local cities of Silla and Pekche.2) Burial mounds are important remains, which belong with the ancient cities. In this time, I investigated these mounds in each place, and comprehended their structure and the variety of burial accessories, from which I derived suggestion about the complexity of the ancient city culture.3) In ancietn Korea, a city habitually had a citadel on a hill at the back of it. In this time, I investigated both citadels and city walls, and comprehended the correlation of both.4) I made observatin of the monuments and the Mokkans (narrow strips of wood on which an official message is written) discovered recently, and inquired into literal materials.5) In these field trip, I observed not only ancient remains, but also city walls, temples and others which constructed in the Koryo and the Choson era, and comprehended the process of expansion of cities from ancient times to the middle and near modern ages

This research seeks to make available as a common text for the study of ancient East Asian regional history the Samguk sagi and Samgukyusa, texts considered to be fundamental sources for ancient Korean histoty. It seeks to prepare the groundwork for proceeding with the work of inputting the original texts, placing it in database software, and adding a Japanese-language translation, annotations, and interpretations. The progress that has been made over the past two years is noted below.1. Concerning the Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa databaseUsing the 1512 text of the Samguk sagi(published by the Gakushuin daigaku Toyo bunka kenkyujo) and the Chengde text of the Samguk yusa as base texts, while referring to other versions of these sources 1 have and have completed the inputting of the texts (Ver. 1). The document encoding is displayed through Unicode and the foreign language words through BMP.And in order to run the various versions of the texts as well as the original text (JPEG), I have constructed a database (approximately 600 MG) by HTML.I have received permission from the holders of the copyrights to the base texts, and will release this in the form of a CD-ROM.2. Uploading the Samguk sagi and Samguk yusa database onto the Internet and the character index systemBecause at present there is not available a search system that works with unicode, it is necessary to develop a specific system for using PEAL, etc., and this must be left as an issue for the future. Regarding the character index system, I have prepared the following three fonts : SHIFT-JIS text for QGREP, etc. ; unicode text (R-text) ; and unicode text (plus Konjaku moji kagami). Accordingly, this will be released in the form of a floppy disc, and not as a book.3. OthersI have undertaken the following projects. I am trying to write the best text possible. In preparation for producing the annotations, I have collected in Japan and abroad woodblock texts of the Samguk sagi and the Samguk yusa, annotated studies, and books and articles. And, I have searched for related materials, such as rubbings at the Kyujanggak Royal Library at Seoul National University in Seoul, South Korea, and the Zhigong-tu text at the Palace Museum in Taiwan. I also am compiling a bibliography that is not yet finished. Parts of the knowledge and results gained from the process explained above have appeared as Higashi Ajia no oken to koeki (Aoki shoten) and Kodai HigashiAjiano minzoku to kokka (Iwanami shoten), and as articles in scholarly journals

The greatest difficulty in the study of the ancient Korean history is the scarcity of written records.The only fundamental compiled sources are the Samguksaki(『三国史記』) compiled and published in the mid 12th century and the Samgukyusa(『三国遺事』), which is supposed to have been written at the end of the 13th century. These documents are problematic not only because of the late date of their compilation but also because of the scarcity of the primary sources with which they may be compared. Under these circumstances, newly excavated primary written sources, namely inscriptions on stelae, metal objects, wooden tablets, pottery or tiles are of great importance in order to provide a vivid image of ancient Korean history. In this project, we examines the written records excavated in Korea and we aim using as the history material. We investigated by 30 organizations. We investigated the owning material by the method of the observation, taking a stone-print, taking a picture, and the measurement, etc. Part of taking a picture was requested to a professional photographer.We want to digitalize material, to advance the development of the database software, to facilitate making comparative study, and to open it to the public in the futures. In the records, there is a character as the relic, too and it is necessary to temper with the finding by an archaeological technique.Though another purpose of the research is a research that bases the investigation. We published the thesis in 'Cultura Antiqua' vol.56 No.11, the special issue "An Approach to written records excavaded in Korea". The current state to the investigation and the research of the records excavated in Korea was described there. It is thought that value and the meaning as the material such as the inscribed tiles were clarified for each theme through these examples

1.Investigators investigated and collected historical sources at various places in Japan and Korea in order to promote each assigned research during 2002-2005 fiscal years.2.Investigators held joint research meeting 18 times, to report and discuss on Japanese History, Korean History, and the History of Korean-Japanese Relations. Investigators also held meeting 7 times, to talk over performance and review of research.3.For the presentation of investigators' joint research and scholarly interchange with researchers of Japanese History and Korean History in Korea belonging to Seoul National University and so on, we held the 5th-8th Symposium of Korea-Japan Joint Historical Research Project at 23-25 August 2002, 22-24 August 2003, 20-22 August 2004 and 26-28 August 2005 (in 2002 and 2004 at Hitotsubashi University in 2003 and 2005 at Seoul National University). Researchers of Korea and Japan decided to take up important topics in Japanese History, Korean History and the History of Korean-Japanese Relations one after another, and discuss on them frankly in order to understand deeply present situation and problems in the Historical Studies in both countries. Based on this policy, each symposiums prepared and carried out reports and discussions. The total number of reports in symposiums is 20 (Korean-12, Japan-8).4.Through symposiums, researchers of Korean and Japan could confirm the effectiveness of method, that they set up the viewpoint of "East Asia World" and compare the societies of both countries. For further promoting and deepening the comparative research, we planned to prepare the joint research of "Historical Research on mutual perceptions between Korea and Japan."5.Edited by Kasuya Ken-ichi, Reports of the 5th-8th Symposium were published

1.Result of investigation(1)The writing tablet of Silla(新羅) excavated in Songsan-sansong (城山山城)- We investigated with Changwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, and clarified the character of those tablets and an administration system in the rear.(2)The writing tablet of Silla(新羅) excavated in Wolsong-Haeja (月城垓宇) - We investigated with Gyeong-Ju National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. Through them, a concrete state about daily administration was indicated.(3)The writing tablet of Baekche (百済) excavated in Nungsanli (陵山里) - We have investigated with Buyeo National Museum, and clarified the situation that it was used for religious service at the gate of the capital.(4)The writing tablet of Silla(新羅) excavated in Anapji(雁鴨池)- Those were the tablets excavated for the first time in Korea. But because they were not readable well, they were not almost studied. We have investigated with Gyeongju National Museum twice by an infrared camera. As a result, we were able to read the letter, which could not be settled till now. The contents of the tablets are related deeply with excavated things such as earthenware vessels and hardware. If we will examine generally in future, it is expected that the fact of the Imperial Court inside of Silla becomes clear concretely.2.SymposiumThe international symposium "The world of writing tablet excavated in Korea" was held three times. It was discussed that it is important to compare the Korean tablets with the Japanese tablets and the Chinese too. It is necessary to study it on East Asia scale