This paper aims to clarify the association between subjective well-being and quantity of environmental cognition of neighborhood. Online questionnaire for about 2,600 residents in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, and Chiba prefecture has been conducted. The results of the analysis show the following:

1) According to multi regression analysis, quantity of environmental cognition, academic record and household income were independently associated with subjective well-being. People recognizing more places, higher academic record and more household income tend to be better subjective well-being.

2) Psychological distress, loneliness, sense of coherence was also associated with quantity of environmental cognition of neighborhood.

The research aim to discuss about system of co-creation business by the locals and company from outside. First of all, overview co-creation proposal at Setoda Town. Secondly clarify evaluation toward co-creation from opinion of outside company and local residents. From the research, local government and the management company had function of “filter”,” hub”, and “buffer” in co-creation. Local government and a management company need to work parallel each other and communicate densely as coordinators. In future, local government is expected to support by offering the resources for co-creation environment. And also management company and enough time to prepare will be essential.

Green laver cultivation has been continued in Matsukawaura for a century, being a vocation to those involved in it. Looking through the history of their cultivation livelihood, it was found that a unique system for land property existed. Additionally, their livelihood was sustained based on the fishing ground usage mechanism derived from the unique land property system even before the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. This research clarified the reconstruction support projects done to aid the vocation after the earthquake and further focused on the green laver producers. By analyzing series of evaluations done by the green laver producers, it appeared that they were seeking three courses to sustain their vocation. These three courses arose from their intentionality towards modern needs, culture and history. To sustain their vocation after natural disasters, the aforementioned three aspects of their intentionality needs to be carefully considered.

In Japan, during the post-war reconstruction and the period of high economic growth, land use prioritized short-term economy and efficiency. As a result, urban space has been fragmented by the incessant insertion of landscapes devoid of connection with others, greatly undermining the meaning and richness of the spatial experience.

As a new means of landscape formation in such urban spaces, there is a demand for a perspective on the "Lifescape" that is unconsciously generated in our daily lives. In this study, we define "Nameless Landscapes" as unobtrusive and unnamed landscapes that are not eye-catching landscapes such as landmarks and historical monuments, but rather familiar living environments and activities in them, and focus on their value and approach the real picture.

The "Nameless Landscape" , that is unconsciously created in our daily lives and whose value is difficult for the people themselves to recognize and evaluate, is analyzed from the perspective of a "stranger = traveler". This study targets Korean repeat tourists who have stayed in Tokyo under the hypothesis that repeat tourists have an excellent eye for the "Nameless Landscape" through multiple experiences. By analyzing the process of discovering and interpreting "Nameless Landscapes" , including social aspects of life and culture, this study aims to clarify the structure of the semantic interpretation that appears between the landscape and the foreign traveler (hereinafter, this is called "observer") and the nature, the value of the "Nameless landscapes" . The main results obtained are as follows:

 

1) When an observer perceives a landscape, he or she first momentarily draws out prior knowledge related to the object from the knowledge stores within the self in an instant, and then "interprets" the meaning of the object being viewed by combining such knowledge with the visual information of the landscape. Interpretation means capturing the invisible elements of the landscape as information, such as the context and localities that it possesses. Through interpretation, the landscape is contextualized and a 'depth' of meaning is brought to it. The "Nameless Landscape" as interpreted by the observer is stored and accumulated as new knowledge, sometimes accompanied by "knowledge updates" such as reinforcement or overwriting of prior knowledge.

 

2) A "structural model of semantic interpretation" was derived that appears between the "Nameless Landscape" and the observer. This indicates that the landscape as fragmentary information becomes "three-dimensional" as it is given meaning by the observer, and the process of establishing it as a "landscape" is also a process of "knowledge circulation" that involves the knowledge of information.

 

3) It is considered that the "Nameless Landscape" that emerges endogenously from the local environment and requires a conscious interpretation by the observer is particularly strong in the above characteristics, and the experience of the "Nameless Landscape" can be found to be valuable as an opportunity for the observer to "learn" and cultivate his or her observational eyes.

Our target are unemployed living alone seniors in the apartment complexes. We conducted a questionnaire survey and extracted 3 patterns of lifestyles. We analyzed lifestyle characteristics according to the presence or absence of loneliness and subjective health status. We also asked what kind of facilities and events they wanted in their apartment complexes. And we compared the features of them by levels of loneliness, subjective health and lifestyles. Finally, we identified some features in terms of facilities and events which are aligned to certain lifestyle that can contribute low level of loneliness and high subjective health.

<p> Recently, the word "ibasho" has been attracting increasing attention in Japan. The term initially referred to the physical space that a person occupies; however, since about 1980s, it has come to include mental and social aspects related to the increasing attention that social isolation has received. Considering the various explanations that previous research has offered, "ibasho" can be defined as "the place where people find that they can subjectively acquire a sense of self-receptiveness, self-efficiency or opportunity to relate with others, as influenced by physical and social conditions."</p><p> As society becomes interested in ibasho, more people are attempting to make space for the promotion of others' quest to find it. With the goal of widening ibasho-making's currently insufficient economic base, the government has launched new programs to help spread these activities; however, this is occurring amid concerns that such programs can actually be detrimental to the characteristics of making ibasho by, for instance, reducing the flexible management that promote users' ibasho-finding through the imposition of governmental program regulations.</p><p> This paper focuses on community cafes which is representative cases of making of "ibasho", and aims to clarify how governmental programs influence community cafe as well as managers' user-directed methods for mitigating detrimental influences. Interviews with managers and field surveys of 25 advanced cases were conducted. Fifty programs related to community cafe were classified by program content and the typologies of positional relation with community cafes. Program content was classified in the following categories: elder care (severe), elder care (mild), community development, disability welfare, child welfare, the establishment of a community's base, and the use a vacant store. Meanwhile, the typologies of positional relation were classified as follows: separated type, temporary share type, and constant share type.</p><p> The results led to the following findings:</p><p> 1) Influences are recognized more when governmental programs are used for management as opposed to when they are used for opening.</p><p> 2) Influences are different for each typology of positional relation between governmental programs and community cafe. The following are frequently recognized influences across every classification of positional relation: network expansion, user increase and diversification, burden increase, and management restriction. In general, the governmental programs that do not share space constantly tend to be perceived as beneficially influential while those that do share space tend to be associated with detrimental influences.</p><p> 3) Base business governmental programs tend to enjoy recognition as influential factors more than their ancillary business counterparts.</p><p> 4) In order to tackle governmental programs' detrimental influences, managers deal with users in various ways. Positive operations are the main method for reducing the "trouble among users," which is a detrimental influence that emerges from programs that do not constantly share space. Moreover, positive and negative operations as well as the use of negative facility equipment are the main methods for reducing the "problematic user tendencies" and the "misunderstanding by locals," which are detrimental influences that emerge from programs that share space. As such, managers' strategies for reducing detrimental influences also differ for each positional relation typology that is common between governmental programs and community cafes.</p><p> 5) In some cases, governmental programs are not used because mangers find lack of a suited government programs.</p>

<p> Encouraged by the "Work-Life Balance Charter" formulated in 2007, which recommended various ways of working and living, the promotion of side jobs in companies and the activities of people in their hobbies and leisure have become active.</p><p> As the work environment changes, people not only realize hobbies and side jobs, but also create encounters and relationships with others through rental spaces dealt on the website.</p><p> In this way, rental space, which has emerged in large numbers in urban areas and is being used for a variety of purposes, has the potential to become a place for new interaction.</p><p> In this paper, we conducted basic research on 1, 000 rental spaces in the Tokyo area (Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama), and clarified the basic performance and regional characteristics of rental spaces.</p><p> In addition, by conducting interviews with owners of rental spaces where they engage in side-business or hobby activities, we were able to get close to the actual status of rental spaces management and usage, and clarified the social role of them.</p><p> These results are considered to be important and have implications for the utilization of urban building stock for diverse ways of working and self-realization.</p><p> </p><p> 1) Basic performance and regional characteristics of rental spaces</p><p> Existing uses of rental space are classified into four categories: residential, commercial, entertainment and rental only. The recommended uses on the website are classified into four categories: corporate, personal, interactive, and presentation.</p><p> Next, performance of RS as an existing building stock and performance of rental space for each recommended application were clarified. In addition, we were able to obtain 3 types of regional characteristics of rental space from the information of existing uses of them, and found 16 characteristic regions explained by them.</p><p> </p><p> 2) Reason for occurrence of rental spaces and devices for operation</p><p> As a result of interviews with rental space owner, we found that there were four reasons for the occurrence of rental spaces. Also, by starting rental spaces, we learned that these place has become a place to support and contribute, and a place where new encounters and relationships are created. Also, we found out that the owner carries out his own examination when renting a place.</p><p> </p><p> 3) Actual situation of use of rental spaces and values for users</p><p> As a result of analyzing the actual use of rental spaces obtained by interview survey to the owners, it was clarified that the users are seeking five values of place; "Space to be rented that meets the purpose needed in the short term", "Space for showing their hobby", "Space for challenge of new work transformed from their hobbies", "Space for realization of free self world view" and "Space for mental recovery".</p>

In recent years, industrial heritage as a cultural heritage has received a lot of attention. The preservation of Industrial Heritage, a type of modern heritage, has great significance, not only in terms of the inheritance of material values, such as the age and scarcity of objects for preservation, but also in the inheritance of the "Narrative," which conveys the unique culture acquired by the region during its process of modernization.

 Industrial Heritage, which comprises the context of the region, should be preserved not as a single entity, but to support the succession of the "Narrative." To this end, it is necessary to establish a method of preserving the environment in the surrounding area and passing on the “storage of memories” that existed there, while also considering the exchange of human resources, technology, goods, etc. The purpose of this study is to clarify the kind of "Narrative" that is spun by a locally rooted industrial heritage. In addition, this work endeavors to provide a concrete understanding of the inheritance itself and its relationship with the "space" of the region.

 

 This research will focus on three Japanese industrial heritages: Kita-ku, Tokyo, and Suzaka city, Nagano and Kiryu city, Gunma. Collect Narrations from three Industrial Heritage volunteer guides to characterize the "Narrative" from Narrations.

 

 The results of this study are summarized as follows.

 First, it was clarified that the "Episode" forming a "Narrative" can be evaluated from two perspectives, which are the "content of the narration" and the "spatial extent of narrations." The content of the report comprises six parts: Narrations of things, Narrations of science and views, Narrations of military and labor, Narrations of the history of industrial technology, Narrations of human activities and culture, and Narrations of official history. The spatial component of the narrations comprises four categories: “Site-Oriented,” “Semi Site-Oriented,” “Area-Oriented,” and “Not attaced to area.” It was possible to grasp the spatial characteristics of the episode using the above two viewpoints. Therefore, it was found that the spatial characteristics of the episode could be grasped using the following three classifications: "Episodes relating to the particular object", "Episodes relating to the place" and "Episodes without any limitation of an object" by integrating the two viewpoints.

 Second, many of the "Episodes relating to the particular object" included Narrations of things by discussing specific buildings. Many of the "Episodes relating to the place" consisted of Narrations of science and views, Narrations of military and labor, Narrations of history of industrial technology, and Narrations of human activities and culture, for which extensive discussions were conducted on the region. Most of the "Episodes without any limitation of an object" were Narrations of official history. Focusing on the density of the network diagrams in episodes, "Episodes relating to the place" depicted a larger number of dense co-occurrence networks than "Episodes relating to the particular object" and "Episodes without any limitation of an object." Thus, the "Episodes relating to the place" played an important role in forming a detailed "Narrative."

<p>In this paper, we focused on space and management of serviced housing for the elderly with spaces open to the neighboring communities, and showed that it provides the richness of life that the elderly, not necessarily the wealthy, can enjoy. In terms of space, three arrangements have been devised to enable residents and local residents to coexist, and this knowledge can be applied to other cases. On the management side, it was found that the intervention intention of enterprises supporting the active exchange of the resident group was important in encouraging the active action of residents.In addition, two surveys revealed the spatial characteristics of the common spaces, the contrivance of order when many people use them, the development history of housing, and the actual condition of use of open common spaces.</p>

The AA School has maintained its relationship with Koshirakura village for 22 years through the continuation of activities that are not aimed to support the village. The purpose of this study is to clarify transformation of activity and consciousness of the AA School and residents. In Chapter 3, it was found that collaborative activities aimed to utilize the village started as a derivative of the WS. In Chapter 4, it was found that the village’s traditional festival "Momiji-Hiki" changed dramatically through the WS. The purpose changed from the blessing of private affairs of the village to the mutual hospitality of the residents and the external subject. In Chapter 5, it was found that as the activities by the external subject continued, consciousness of both subjects changed in the form that enable both sides to become more cooperative. Various transformations began to be noticeably seen about 10 years after the initiation of the WS. It was evident that the coordination between the subjects improved and developed into a more collaborative relationship.

<p> Owing to the falling birthrate and an aging, declining population, it is considered important to sustain regional images, especially in rural areas to maintain the vitality of the region while incorporating external entities.</p><p> One cultural resource found all over the country are shrines. Many shrines have long contributed to nurturing and maintaining the ties among local residents through rituals. Although the entities that support the shrine and its rituals are mainly "Shinshoku (priest)" and "Ujiko (parishioner), " in areas of ongoing depopulation, it would be desirable to build a relationship with the "Sukeisha (worshipper)" who contribute to protecting and maintaining the shrine although living outside thereby generating vitality in the region.</p><p> This study focuses on Tenkawa Daibenzaiten-sha Shrine in Nara Prefecture, which was revived from devastation and where worshippers not only pray or participate in annual events but have also performed new activities such as "Tenkawa Tatakagurako" (hereinafter referred to as "Kagurako") for 20 years, to understand the reasons behind the shrine's prosperity and the actual condition of Kagurako, which is supposed to a primary reasons for its prosperity. Based on this, we examine the creation of human, physical and social capital through the activities of worshippers. The purpose of this research to examine the development of activities by nonresidents through ko in the area.</p><p> The direct opportunity for establishing Kagurako was a debt-laden shrine report accompanying the reconstruction of the shrine. The earlier efforts of the shrine, increase in worshippers, enhancement of festivals, establishment of the foundation on which the cultural activities of the shrine are based, led to ko and the development of activities as a compounding factor. The above-mentioned efforts include rebuilding and reigniting the tradition of festivals in cooperation with entertainers outside the area, keeping the shrine premises as a sanctuary always clean, and using the treasures and historical resources at appropriate times.</p><p> The Kagurako is not based on the "neighborhood" or the "same belief" traditionally understood as the principle of uniting ko, and is characteristic in offering extraordinary experiences (qigong, yoga, walk, making ceramics and so on) around the shrine in which people can participate casually. The management of ko with these characteristics has led to the increase in activities seen after the Prospering period, and realized in human capital, which supports the festivals, physical capital contributing to regional cultural activities, and social capital bringing external support to the area during a disaster.</p><p> As mentioned, to develop the activities of nonresidents in the area an effective technique is to offer extraordinary experiences in which people can participate casually through "ko" while trying to enhance the religious culture based on the history of the shrine. This can also increase the sustainability of the area where the shrine is located, as can be seen from the fact that several households, attracted by the charm of the shrine, have moved into the village in recent years.</p>

<p> Edward Relph, a Canadian geographer said that there are psychological connections named "sense of place" between people and place, and they are important in terms of making good places. In Japan, It is said that the urban developments without consideration of psychological connections have destroyed places and their social memory. The purpose of this research is to analyze the character and inheritance of "sense of place", by observing habitual use of places inherited in university students in Takadanobaba. There were three investigations and followings were obtained:</p><p> </p><p>1) The whole picture of places where university students usually use</p><p> It became clear that the places where university students usually use can be divided into fifty four groups based on the industry classification. University facilities, Izakaya, Ramen shop etc. were the most popular places. And it became clear that the places where university students usually use can be roughly divided into nine groups through analysis of purpose for using place. There are the places for intellectual activities, cultural activities, sports, shopping, drinking parties, eating, gathering, killing time and rest. Moreover, it became clear that university students were relating nine places with each other to be network.</p><p> </p><p>2) The target youth's formation process of Local-oriented mind</p><p> 162 habitual uses of places are gained through the survey. They can be roughly classified into two actions. One is action done by using necessary items already prepared in the places, and the other is actions done by bringing necessary items from other places by themselves. The latter is done in the outdoor space, and it became clear that it is done outside of university more than inside of university. It is confirmed that most places where habitual use of places are done were located around each campus and Takadanobaba Station. And it became clear that many habitual uses of places are done in three types of places; places for leisure activity, places as node, and places for moving.</p><p> </p><p>3) Actors for inheritance of "sense of place"</p><p> 134 habitual uses of places are inherited beyond school grade. Groups or people keeping on planning events and the groups with multi-generation members are main actors for inheritance of the habitual use of places, thus they are considered to be one of the actors for inheritance of "sense of place". And it became clear that two environments were important for the inheritance of "sense of place"; appropriate urban space for purpose and the experience of seeing behavior of others.</p>

<p> In many developed countries including Japan, it has been pointed out that the conventional intermediate group that stabilized society has been dismantled, and isolated individuals are exposed. On the other hand, in recent years, the group of young people who tend to build a strong human relationship locally and to complete the living area there has been drawing attention as one of the typologies of behavior that characterize the youth near the city center. They have been discussed mainly in the field of marketing in terms of their consumption behavior. Moreover, it has been pointed out that this group of youth tends to participate in regional events actively, such as local festivals and to have an orientation for local settlement. It is thought that their orientation for local settlement is based on local-oriented mind, which is formed with friends of elementary and junior high school days.</p><p> The purpose of this paper is to clarify the process that the group of young people, as an intermediate group based on the experiences of elementary and junior high school days, forming local-oriented mind from group discussion and life story survey. There were three investigations and following was obtained:</p><p> </p><p> 1) The target youth's sense of belonging to local area</p><p> The local memories shared by the group were collected by group discussion under daily circumstances and classified into seven topics. Also, by analyzing the transition of conversation, it became clear that the topic related to the comparison with the city center is the important one linked with many topics. Based on the result, this paper analyzed how the target young people form a sense of belonging to the localities from the viewpoint of the distinction of behaviors in between city center and their local area. As a result, the target young people formed a sense of belonging to the localities by we-feeling; They do not pay attention to interpersonal attitudes, conversation contents, and clothes except for superior people in their local area. They try to be associate with someone carefully in the local are because they think the rumors spread very quickly. And unlike in the city, they can enjoy entertainment activities without considering trends.</p><p> </p><p> 2) The target youth's formation process of Local-oriented mind</p><p> Through interview of life story, it became obvious that the range of activities in junior high school days influences the formation of intermediate group by analyzing the local scope affecting the formation of intermediate group from the psychological local scope and places spoken as activity places by developmental stages of youth. Also, by analyzing the temporal and spatial changes of young activities that form local-oriented and its factors from contents of narratives, it became found that from the late infancy to the late adolescence, while receiving the influence of a friend relationship during junior high school, activities forming local-oriented mind is changing.</p><p> </p><p> 3) Consciousness for the living in the future and its background factors</p><p> From the results of the survey on the consciousness for the living in the future, it became clear that the intermediate group itself is mediating the local-oriented mind and influences the intention of settlement and the positive participation of local events.</p>

This paper aims to clarify the relationship between subjective well-being and environmental cognition. The elementrecall method was used to capture environmental cognition. The results of the analysis show the following:

1) Being able to recall many or relatively diverse elements within the respondent’s neighborhood positively correlates with subjective well-being. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of the recalled elements does not correlate with subjective well-being.

2) Well-being and ill-being have different relationships with environmental cognition. The relationship between ill-being and environmental cognition is affected by sex.

3) Being able to recall elements that are not visited daily positively correlates with subjective well-being.

&nbsp;These days, "a place for community" is attracting more attention. "A place for community" is the place operated flexibly, mainly as a cafe with a various activities such as class of hobby, exhibition or retailing. As the concern about social isolation growing, the place come to be expected to be a solution for the issue. However, with taking consideration of characteristics of group such as "bonding", the relationship made by "a place for community" may be have exclusiveness to outgroups. Especially because a bonding group strengthen common trait of group members in general, risk that individual trait causing isolation might be strengthen after group composed by " a place for community", and the group itself will be estranged from local society as a result.<br>&nbsp;With this respect, this paper aims to clarify the actual condition and background of group isolation of "a place for community". Three following focusing point has set and different survey has conducted ; 1) "Visitor record analysis" to grasp situation that some of users have characteristic as a group and get &ldquo;bonding&rdquo;. 2) Questionnaires and interviews to frequent users of the case facility to grasp situation that the group members have trait harming relationship with local society, in common. 3) Questionnaires to the people familiar with local society and analysis about events held in the case facility to grasp the situation that the group is estranged from local society.<br>&nbsp;As a result, following findings were obtained.<br><br>&nbsp;1) The number of frequent users has a steady state and frequent users tend to be fixed. The existence of steady state reveal the aspect of frequent users as a group, and fixed users means the exclusiveness of the group. These findings suggest that the frequent users of the case is "bonding" as a group.<br>&nbsp;2) Most of the frequent users have negative feelings to communication among neighbors and health problems in common. On the other hand, those frequent users are not necessarily the patient of clinic which operates the case, and their housing situation is almost same as the average in the district where the case locate. This finding suggests that the number of potential users is not so small, and a lot of "place for community" can get into the situation of group isolation.<br>&nbsp;3) Only about half of the target person from local society know the existence of the case facility and less than 30% people has understood what the case is doing. In addition, according to the analysis about events held in the case facility, it clarified that the large number of events held with medical and nursing association, and the number of events held with neighborhood or ordinary association in neighbor (e.g. restaurant, general store and NPO) is small. These findings suggest that the situation of case facility being estranged from local society, and have connection with medical and nursing association in contrast.<br>&nbsp;4) Findings about the common trait of frequent users and social relationship with outgroup of the case facility, correspondence between common trait of users and relationship with outgroup can be seen. This correspondence seem to be caused by the flexibility of &ldquo;a place for community&rdquo;, which is important characteristic of &ldquo;a place for community&rdquo; to make relationships among users and get users &ldquo;bonding&rdquo;. The important point of group isolation is that a factor preventing communication with local society plays a role during this process of &ldquo;bonding&rdquo;.<br>&nbsp;5) As a whole, "a place for community" has a risk that small group get &ldquo;bonding&rdquo; toward refusing communication with local society.

&nbsp;Looking over the updating of urban space such as advanced use of space and function update is highly suggestive in reading social issues of each age and the consciousness of planners. Nowadays, with the relocation of the Olympic games and Tsukiji Market, interest in urban space renewal is increasing. It is not a regional fragmentary discussion, but it is required to summarize the whole picture of space updating and designer's awareness that has gone through in Tokyo and to critically discuss future updating methods.<br>&nbsp;In this paper, taking the 77 districts of urban redevelopment as an example, we examined what kinds of areas have been subject to renewal in Tokyo and how the new city image has been drawn for those areas in a timely manner. Through this investigation, the whole picture of the renewal of urban space that has been done so far was identified based on the statistical analysis.<br><br>&nbsp;1) The typology of existing environment and building change<br>&nbsp;We classified the former land use targeted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government for redevelopment projects and analyzed the renewal of building use and building coverage by development on a timely basis for each type. As a first result, seven types of conventional land use were obtained, and it became clear that they are changing to biased use. Secondly, at the initial stage of redevelopment, the pension rate of business facilities has been on an upward trend, but in recent years a wider open space has been added. On the other hand, it was found that the building peculiarity is planned to increase in the redevelopment of the residential area in recent years.<br><br>&nbsp;2) The transition of aims of district plan by administration<br>&nbsp;We categorized the development goals that Tokyo Metropolitan Government gave to each district plan and analyzed their regional differences and transitions. As a result, four types of aim were obtained. While the "Cutting-edge development driving type" that forms a new city has decreased, it is clarified that "Habitability raising type" that improves the basic performance for living in the area tends to increase mainly in the three central wards of Tokyo.<br><br>&nbsp;3) Planner's discourses about concept of area update and interpretation of existing environments<br>&nbsp;By analyzing the narratives on architectural specialty magazines that argued about the plans in the areas targeted for redevelopment, we revealed the transition of discussions that occurred with redevelopment. In the early stage of redevelopment, despite the immature debate, there was a tendency to tell the consciousness for new age and forming of new urban images. In recent years the discussion has matured, and development has been discussed from various viewpoints. However, the trend of new age consciousness and urban images tends to be decreasing, and it became clear that the explanation of the problems rooted in the community and the necessity of urban renewal are becoming the main story for urban update, instead of creating the new vision of Tokyo.

&nbsp;In Tokyo, the accumulation of various restaurants is realized as resources of food culture. Nowadays, &ldquo;eating experiences&rdquo; in restaurants is getting important. However, the study on the quality of eating experiences and its geographical characters has hardly been conducted. Thus, it is important to reveal the empirical value of eating in the urban area. The purpose of this study is to identify the geographical characteristics of restaurants accumulation and &ldquo;eating experiences&rdquo; within Tokyo wards area. Through this research, the following has been identified:<br><br>&nbsp;1) The distribution characteristics of restaurants accumulation<br>&nbsp;In the 3^rd chapter, the correlations among the geographical distribution trend of 19 types of restaurants were revealed. They were divided into 3 similar groups and 7 independent groups. Then these accumulations were categorized into 3 similar groups. &ldquo;Types with correlation between diner (A. - E.)&rdquo; accumulated along Yamanote line and the linear area spreading from central Tokyo area to Shibuya area. &ldquo;F. Traditional food and Japanese Food&rdquo; accumulated into northern Tokyo wards area. &ldquo;G. Soba and Udon and Chinese Food&rdquo; accumulated into eastern Tokyo wards area.<br>&nbsp;Second, the accumulation characteristic of all restaurants was figured out and it became clear that restaurants accumulated in 5 areas; (a) area with some parallel lines in Tokyo wards area, (b) lines from Shinjuku to eastern wards area, (c) lines from Shibuya to eastern wards area, (d) around Ikebukuro, and (e) some station areas on the suburban railroads. Third, based on these characteristics of restaurants accumulation and the number of passengers, station areas could be divided into 4 similar groups; (a) Multiple types, Few passengers, (b) Multiple types, Many passengers, (c) Single type, Few passengers, and (d) Single type, Many passengers.<br><br>&nbsp;2) The typology of eating experiences and its differences among station areas<br>&nbsp;In the 4^th chapter, station areas with noticeable trend of each groups based on the characteristics of restaurants accumulation and the number of passengers were extracted. These were 9 station areas, which are Keiseiueno, Uenookachimachi, Shinjuku, Shibuya, Higashishinjuku, Daikanyama, Kitasenju, Ohtemachi, and Meguro. Second, regional characteristics based on &ldquo;eating experience&rdquo; were cleared. As a result, 82 types of enjoyable &ldquo;eating experience&rdquo; in Tokyo wards area were extracted. Then, they are divided into &ldquo;contents (32)&rdquo;, &ldquo;spaces (26)&rdquo;, &ldquo;events (15)&rdquo; and &ldquo;surroundings (9)&rdquo;. With respect to &ldquo;contents&rdquo;, Higashishinjuku and Daikanyama shows original trend but others didn't have distinguished trend. With respect to &ldquo;spaces&rdquo;, there were no differences by station areas. With respect to &ldquo;events&rdquo;, there were no differences by station areas without Higashishinjuku and Ohtemachi. With respect to &ldquo;surroundings&rdquo;, it was identified that the &ldquo;surroundings&rdquo; is the most unique &ldquo;earing experiences&rdquo; which differs by station areas. Then, summarizing characteristics of station areas based on these 4 &ldquo;eating experiences&rdquo;, 5 regional characteristics based on specialized cluster within &ldquo;contents&rdquo; and extra specialization in eating experiences were identified; (a) enjoy contents (Uenookachimachi and Higashishinjuku), (b) enjoy alcoholic drink and spaces, (c) enjoy ambience, (d) enjoy events, and (e) enjoy location and night view. These characteristics were different from those we have seen in the analysis of restaurants accumulation and the number of passengers. Therefore these were unique characteristics seen from &ldquo;eating experiences&rdquo;.

&nbsp;As demands of consumers are getting more diverse, downtown and residential areas in Japan have changed to satisfy various image requirements, not just functional differences. It should not be overlooked that the activities of people who make, sell, and interact with their hobbies are growing to a non-negligible economic scale, with invisible change of landscape. In this research, through interview surveys at multiple exhibition spot sale meetings held in the Tokyo metropolitan area, we grasp the actual state of the hand-made craft market and the social background of their formation. We grasped the position of handmade craft market in chapter 2 and clarified the following three points.<br><br>&nbsp;1) The system of the places for activities constituting the hand-made craft market of hobbies<br>&nbsp;The places for procurement of materials diversified in the real space and the Internet space, and they came to satisfy the quality, kindness, reasonable prices, convenience for the producers. Production of handmade crafts are enhanced by outside places and services such as shared workshops and the vendor services. In addition, the places for selling works has also diversified, with exhibitions and craft market services, the producers felt delighted that their work gained empathy with the purchasers and exchanges between artists and fans were born. These facts lead to their motivation for making. Almost all of the producers are using SNS to receive information and stimulated from works of other artists, and they also try to exhibit / advertise their works in SNS. It was found that the development of SNS supported the hand-made craft market, which have physical and non-physical places on the internet, crossing the process of materials procurement, production of handcrafts, and selling of their works.<br><br>&nbsp;2) Types of hobby handmade craft market participants and their characters<br>&nbsp;Participants who started making their works and joined the handmade craft market could be classified into six types, and characters of each types are revealed, based on their motivations, sex, using of interest, working environment, school, occupation and so on. There are diverse participants, one purely enjoys making their works, while another one tries to sell their works, and some have activities for exhibitions and exchanges. It was found that these diverse participants with different purposes were gathered and formed a hand-made craft market.<br><br>&nbsp;3) Space and social function of the places for making handcrafts, case study of shared studios<br>&nbsp;In the chapter 5, we targeted at the &ldquo;share studio&rdquo;, which is a new working model for handmade crafts. The share studio is a space that can be flexibly changed in layout according to the purpose of use, such as the installation of wheeled equipment, and it has the features that they are located in convenient places close to the station. We had investigation at three shared studios in Tokyo. They are not only providing a place for production but also a system of support for manufacturing of both hobbies and main businesses, while they are also providing a place for exchange of artists and information. They also have a role of expanding the base of monozukuri. They are widely used as a place of production for people who are hard to make their works in their own houses. These shared studios are established as a place to support "making things by yourself that is not by mass production".

Recently in Japanmany wooden barrack pub areashave been shrinking due to retirement of owners . However Shinjuku Golden Gai is an exception having seen a surge of bar openings by the younger generation. Given this situation, this research paper aims to clarify the intermixture bar owners of Shinjuku Golden Gai by focusing on inheritance and advice from old owners. The following 3 points will be particularly explored.:1) The Historic characteristics of Shinjuku Golden Gai.2) Mixture of new and old bars and it's succession process.3) The advice from old bar owners during the regeneration process. By considering the above, this paper will aims to encourage the creation of bar owners who actively interact with other bar owners in order to inherit specific advice and sustaining the characteristics of Shinjuku Golden Gai.

In recent years, activities to conserve industrial heritages as cultural heritages have been carried out. However, most of industrial heritages that have contributed to modernization are aging, and there are still many others that have not received proper evaluation. The purpose of this research paper is to clarify the worth and significance of "Non-Authorized Industrial Modernization Element" in case of conservation. The following have been clarified: 1) Many of Daily Life Facilities belong to Non-Authorized Industrial Modernization Element. 2) Industrial Facilities has Historic significance and Environmental study significance. On the other hand, Daily Life Facilities has Folkloric significance and Scene significance. These two facilities have mutual complementary relationship.

&nbsp;Since the Japanese housing system was marketed at the end of the 20th century, a huge amount of private sale housings were built and became a receiver for the people who returned to the metropolitan area. As more than 20 years have passed since the arrival of the era of urban core revival, it is indispensable to analyze &ldquo;lifestyle images&rdquo; seen in the housing market to read changes in the living environment.<br>&nbsp;The purpose of this paper is to clarify how residential housing has changed the living environment by analyzing expressions used in housing advertisement. There were three investigations and following was obtained:<br><br>&nbsp;1) Location and value change of private sale housing under the era of urban core revival<br>&nbsp;It became clear that the private sale housing in the era of urban core revival can be roughly divided into two groups. One is a group of houses (named &ldquo;standard private sale houses&rdquo;) with a price of 30-60 million yen in size of 60-89 square meters and a floor height of 15 floors or less, and the other is a group of houses with various characters (named &ldquo;special private sale houses&rdquo;). The former is distributed throughout the metropolitan area, whereas the latter was found to have a radial distribution structure centered around the Yamanote line. Also, paying attention to the difference in living environment value, the former will only enjoy the basic value, while the latter will enjoy more diverse and image-wise value. As mentioned above, two groups with different properties have been supplied to private sale houses to promote population return to central Tokyo.<br><br>&nbsp;2) Transition of the regional image caused by soaring and falling of residential land prices<br>&nbsp;Based on the value expression of the location area in the housing advertisement, it became clear that the regional images were categorized into six clusters, each having a unique distribution tendency. While three regional images of &ldquo;CL1: low convenience area with lacking of living facilities&rdquo;, &ldquo;CL3: low image area with lacking of natural values&rdquo;, and &ldquo;CL4: high ground permanent-living area&rdquo; tend to be distributed throughout the metropolitan area, &rdquo;CL2 education / security specialized area&rdquo; tend to be distributed around 20km from central Tokyo, and &ldquo;CL5: urban area with entertainment&rdquo; and &ldquo;CL6: advanced image inclusive area&rdquo; are distributed mainly around the peripheral area and some coastal areas. Next, looking at the transition of regional images under the return to the city center, we found that the transition to &ldquo;CL3: low image area with lacking of natural values&rdquo; is mainly progressing in the whole metropolitan area. Areas that achieved transitions of regional images different from these were extracted as "transitions of unique area images" from this analysis.<br><br>&nbsp;3) Actual state of the areas that achieved transitions of unique regional images<br>&nbsp;In the six areas that achieved "transitions of unique area images", small factories, condominiums, detached houses, apartment complexes, corporate houses were found to be subject to renewal. Among them, in the price rising region, there is a diverse characteristic in the change of building uses, and accordingly there was a difference in the transition of the regional images. On the other hand, in the price falling area, construction of condominiums is progressing but there is no clear difference in the change of building use. Instead of it, it was grasped that cognitive changes in location areas such as expansion of the view of the surrounding area, replacement from the natural environment to the child rearing environment, accreditation and boost by the administration are strongly influenced on the transition of regional images in the price falling area.

There is an increasing need for a residential style called "parent-child proximity residence". Also, going-out activity is desirably facilitated in maintaining the physical and mental health. However, the influence of the close-residential relationship gives to going-out activity of the elderly, it does not become fully apparent. Therefore, it is important to clarify the impact of the relationship to going-out activity. Through this research following has been identified: 1) There is a difference in going-out activity depending on distance relationship between parent and child's residence. 2) Among close-residential relationship, depending on the degree of dependence on child households, there is a difference in going-out activity. 3) Anxiety about old age depends on degree of dependence and autonomy to child household.

The research aims to clarify matters to consider when thinking about appropriate regional management and regional autonomy in the future by focusing the transformation of the suburbs of the city with the village unit about the agricultural base and the festival management foundation. In this research, we target villages in Misato City, Saitama Prefecture, located near the city. First, to grasp the target regional change. Then analyze using agriculture and forestry census data, and grasp changes in the agricultural base of the village. Also, from the relationship between village festivals, festival management and local autonomy understand the transformation of the festival management foundation. Based on those, consider the transformation relationship of the agricultural base and festival management foundation. Then, select a village as a case study, clarify the transformation of the festival management system, and discuss transformation relations with local changes.

Public spaces are gradually being perceived crucial for improving urban activity, and for creating partnership opportunities. However, profit-sharing usage of such spaces is limited due to lack of understanding and law restrictions, especially for food truck owners. This research paper aims to clarify the current potentials and challenges of food truck business in public spaces. The followings became apparent: 1) Among the food truck stalls found within the metropolitan area, different space usages were conceived. 2) Two food truck business types were identified, as well as their challenges in public space management. By considering the above, this paper will aim to encourage the usage and management of public space by food truck vendors.

The superannuated New Towns in Japan are becoming a problem, and especially neighborhood centers are losing its original function as a fundamental commercial facility. Hence, it is essential to understand the current status of neighborhood centers, and also to redefine new position within the New Town. The followings have been clarified: 1) By understanding the transition in the location of commercial facilities, the main function of neighborhood centers have been relocated outside of its territory. 2) Overall, retail stores within the neighborhood centers are decreasing, and in contrast, welfare and NPO facilities are increasing; however, there are slight regional differences. 3) Residents choose neighborhood centers and convenience stores by their proximity, and this indicates the importance of these neighboring facilities.

Rapid inflow of new residents has been seen within the Tokyo Metropolis since late 90's, due to construction of high-rise condominiums. The emergence of new communities have caused many problems, including the relationship with existing communities. Thus the importance of neighborhood councils are being recognized once again. Bearing this in mind, this paper will focus on the regional activities of the neighborhood councils and the participation of new residents in high-rise residential areas. In addition, the accomplishments and structure of neighborhood councils in which active interaction has been seen between new and old residents will be explored. From the above, suggestions for future council management will be given.

"Shitamachi" area became famous along with the development of Tokyo-Skytree. On top of that, urban renewal is also occurring in this area, and by these various factors, Shitamachi is gradually changing. Thus, it is important to record the Shitamachi image (personal images of the traditional regions in Japanese cities) shared until these days. The purpose of this study is to identify the changes in the Shitamachi image among different age groups and how these images have been passed down over generations. Through this research, the followings have been identified: 1) Various narrative groups and the differences in narration of regional images. 2) Generation gap of the Shitamachi image seen from the relationship between narration of regional images and narrative group.

Since the 1990s, there have been the various efforts in acceptance and settlement of outside supporters, as well as their improvement as leaders in depopulated mountainous areas. However, the method of cooperation with outside supporters after their term has not been considered thoroughly. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the actual state of the various social relationships they have built within region with adequate human support. This study focuses on the graduates of "Midori no Furusato Kyoryokutai" staff members in Ueno village, Gunma, who have decided to settle in region after their term. The purpose of this study is to clarify the ideal system of accepting outside supporters that lead to mutual support at early stage through the followings: 1) The history in construction of mutual support by staff members. 2) The actual state of acceptance according to accepted members.

The following research evaluates the validity of hunting area system from farmer&#039;s point of view, and clarifies today&#039;s issue of using hunting area system for preservation of regional industry. By comprehending failure of hunting area system and the relation between farmers and hunters, the following conclusions were clarified toward solution of today&#039;s issue. 1) Appropriate setting of hunting area and its system 2) Maintenance of measure against wild animal by farmers

This study aims identify the characteristics of eye fixation of test subjects in order to lay a solid foundation for the urban cityscape analysis from a high elevation. More specifically, from the tendency of eye fixation, the distribution of point of gaze and a target of gaze were analyzed. To achieve this goal, six image samples obtained from Tokyo Sky-tree (Height 350m) and an Eye-Mark Recorder (EMR) were used in order to understand the viewing experience of the urban cityscape from above. The main conclusions of this study are as follows: 1) Subjects tended to view the urban cityscape from a high elevation in a horizontal manner and gaze into the distance rather than nearby. 2) From the aspect of visual focal points, subjects tended to focus on high-rise buildings or a group of high-rise buildings. More specifically the number of focal points increased as the distance of gaze increased and there was also a tendency to focus on symbolic buildings.

In recent years there is a strong interest in identifying and utilizing the local landscape or lifescape elements within planning and design. One method to identify these local characteristics is the Machizukuri Oral History Survey method. This method primarily focuses on gathering the memories of the local residents, living within a particular region and identifies the communal values relating to space, people, things and events. Although this method is effective, there can be a limit in collecting large amount of data due to time and human resource constraints. Thus in order to reduce the burden of the researcher or investigator, many interactive digital archives, allowing the documentation and visualization of local based historical data, utilizing the latest technology have been developed over the years. Currently many of these digital archives mainly utilize point-based geographic data sets, due to its nature in spatial accuracy. But on the other hand, since these systems do not utilize line-based or area-based geographic data sets, it can be argued that there may be a limited capacity in collecting a variety of data and information relating to the spatial widespread or extension of seen in a regional area. The purpose of this research is to identify the informational attributes, which can be obtained though the utilization of diverse geo-tag features (point-based, line-based, area-based) when gathering local historic data.

&nbsp;The purpose of this study is to clarify the constructing of machizukuri system based by residents' activities on hometown tax through a case study on &ldquo;Autonomy Institution of Machizukuri of Ikeda&rdquo; in Ikeda Town, Fukui Prefecture.<br>&nbsp;The results are the following: "The project to realize a small happiness" which is the main project of "Autonomy Institution of Machizukuri of Ikeda", has served by producing 41 machizukuri activities and encouraged the gradual development of machizukuri activities, which lead to educating the residents to become as actors for decision-making. The member of the &ldquo;Autonomy Machizukuri Committee&rdquo;, which is the decision-making organization of &ldquo;Autonomy Institution of Machizukuri of Ikeda&rdquo;, has changed from outside contributors to residents. Along with the change of members of the committee, the initiative of decision-making shifted from outside contributors to organization by residents and and machizukuri system by residents has been constructed.

The purpose of this research is to identify the spatiotemporal characteristics of values of living environment, based on the analysis of housing advertisements within the Tokyo metropolitan area from 1980 to 2010. (1)Firstly the values were sampled as 102 groups based on their meanings, and their tendency of increase and decrease was revealed. (2) Secondly the housings were classified into 7 types and their geographical characteristics were identified. (3)And finally the qualitative changes of the values which reflect the transformation of the center of tokyo metropolitan area were revealed, which were represented as "being high-rised" of housings, "being imageable" of the nature, "being security - biased" of safeties, and "being individual - biased" of families. At the same time in the whole metropolitan area, "being indoor" of the comfortableness and diversification of families were also identified.

The purpose of this study is to identify the spaces used by street dancerswithin Tokyo Metropolitan area and to identify the manners which street dancers take in order to sustain their activity. In this study 100 street dancers who use Sompo Japan building, a major dance site within the metropolitan area, were interviewed. Through this study it has been identified that there are two types of secondary dance sites: "Urban" and "Local". "Urban-secondary sites" were mostly public areas and "Local-secondary sites" were mostly privately owned spaces. It has also been identified that there is a difference in manners of "urban-secondary sites" and "local-secondary sites" mainly relating to usage time and sound.

In this paper, we consider how can start and grow community business in regional society. Through focusing on the role and efficiency of network, this study elucidates following three points: 1) The network functions effectively through the partnership between multi actors, in particular a local business and regional financial institution. 2) The network fosters the sense to local community and forms the basis to facilitate collaboration between community businesses. 3) A virtuous cycle is created that community businesses and the network develop with respect to one another. As a conclusion, the future strategy for nurturing community businesses is recommended.

This study analyzes priorily on western Tokyo, our countries most representitive animation industry cluster area, and by focusing on the digitization of the work process, analyzes the change of the primary preferences for location in animation production industries. Specifically, these two points will be made evident:1)The change in work process following digitization.2)The change in the primary preferences of location before and after digitization. In this way, this study discusses the reason of change in the primary of location for animation industries, based on the change in work process following digitization.

The following research evaluates the validity of hunting area system from farmer&rsquo;s point of view, and clarifies today&rsquo;s issue of using hunting area system for preservation of regional industry. By comprehending failure of hunting area system and the relation between farmers and hunters, the following conclusions were clarified toward solution of today&rsquo;s issue. 1) Appropriate setting of hunting area and its system 2) Maintenance of measure against wild animal by farmers

The purpose of this research is to observe the multi-layered-mixture of commercial accumulation in Akihabara. This paper will focus particularly on mixture of various business types and will create a three dimensional floor map for analysis. The summarised result are as follows: 1) The inter-mixed relationship within each building is composed of not only various business types, but old-new stores inter-mixed within a building. 2) When focusing on the change of Akihabara's commercial structure, the city had become widely diverse where each building is configured of several business types. 3) In order to identify the changes in each business inter-mixture type within Akihabara, a hearing survey was carried out. Through inquiring the local merchant association and traditional shopkeepers, it has been identified that it is difficult for buildings being occupied by one store to continue its business due to the lack of flexibility to meet modern day market needs. On the other hand traditional businesses and modern subculture stores are more sustainable due to its small in scale operation.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the roles of coordinating organization of human support in rural area. Through this research of "Midori no Furusato Supporters", the following 3 points became clear: 1）Actual conditions of the Matching of green earth center, 2）Actual conditions of the Supporting of green earth center, 3）Potential usefulness and problems of green earth center. In conclusion, for the effective inflection of human support, the roles of coordinating organization is: In initial phase, (1) :Supporting the construction of system of use, (2): Supplying of outside supporters based on a certain level In continuation phase, (3): Encouraging area to get outside supporter on their own, (4): Reviewing the system of use to match the existing human support system During all phases, (5): Accumulating human network and information as the hub, (6): Supporting in case of emergency

The utilisation of big data and civic technology has grown tremendously in the public sector since 2010. Within the field of urban planning and design, the usage of data generated by civic technology applications, in order to identify the needs of a particular community or region, is starting to gain attention. However on the other hand additional research and exploration is called for to better understand the issues revolving around the development of useful civic technology tools. The purpose of this research is to identify the following. 1)Identify the general functions of civic apps which have been currently developed, and its rate of utilisation by local government organisations. 2) Identify the current structural data properties of big data being generated by civic apps. 3)Identify the current issues in developing useful (participatory) and flexible (collaborative, transparent) civc technology tools and the phase (from the development of applications to utilisation of data) in which these issues are centered .

This study will show the managment method and sociological role of business venture rental shared house targeting fatherless families by clearlfing these 3 points.1) An advantage which a tenant receives from its appearing factor. 2) Maintenance process of living space and correspondence metod's to problems. 3) The sociological meaning of "parenting home". These observation are mainly based on listening comprehension. To make cities a good place to live for everyone, it is important to understand what is needed and what can help it. In this study, we found that business venture rental shared house has the potencial to provide natural asissting process between each fatherless families. This process is produced by several business venture's survice and the way of living in rental shared house. The problems of socially vulnerable people needs to be solved, and rental shared house has the potencial to do this.

Importance of promotion of the going-out activity in the elderly is increasing to raise quality of life and maintain mental and physical health. The going-out activity is becoming the problem on the city planning in regarding relations with the city space for the elderly. The purpose of this study is to clarify the actual situation of daily going-out activity of the elderly requiring care and the problem about going-out support service provided by the day service center. This is based on the results of questionares given to the elderly requiring care who attends the day service center in Ota Ward (DS). Through this research the following has been identified; 1)The daily going-out activity and the classification of the elderly requiring care. 2)The factors which affect the going-out activity. 3) The possibility and the problem of going-out support service provided by DS.

It is estimated that the population of Japan will decrease in the future. The suburbs that were developed on a large scale have been falling into a decline. The aim of this study is to clarify the reasons why the youth decide to move in and to become permanent residents of the housing complex located in a difficult place to get by public transportation. The research and analysis show two factors. These are the circumstance that their parents live in and the green conservation. On the other hand, the three provisions which lead them to live permanently. These are the transportation supported by both the private corporation and the resident's association, the child-rearing circumstance and the occasion to fit in the resident's association. Therefore authorities, Private Corporation and resident's association must always keep in mind to meet the demands of the young and provide services and circumstances.

Today, the collapse of local communities in the suburbs is a big problem and the maintenance of community activity is required. This study focuses on a community café with special theme (CCST) which people outside the surrounding are attracted, and the purpose of this study is to examine the influence on community activity and the process of it. Through interviews with the café and related groups, following conclusions were obtained: (1) The CCST formed informal relationships with groups in the surrounding through community activity after the transfer. (2) After forming relationships with groups through community activity, many groups attend it positively and actively. (3) The role of the CCST is to provide the base of community activity and to contact with the outside groups and ideas of different values.

The current urban cityscape is overflowing with various types of elements. Recently we find that many building facades and inner spaces are overflowing with digital signage. This study will focus on the Ginza district, an area known for cityscape control, and will identify the following through a complete survey of digital signage within the area. 1) The current installation trends of digital signage 2)The current content and amount of information seen within digital signage. Through gaining a overall perspective of digital signage, the consideration of signage types and basic measures within the cityscape will be discussed.

With recent socio economic transitions toward knowledge society, the importance of educational infrastructures has significantly increased. In this research, learning at "Third Place" was analyzed and the following three points were clarified: 1) There are two kinds of "decision-making processes" when Floating Learners decide to learn at Third Places; "the process that desires to learn presedes place selection" and "the process that place selection presedes desires to learn"2) There are a physical motive and a psychologic motive as the determinants of the study at Third Places.Among these, the psychologic motive has significant influences against desires to learn.3) In the city, Third Place functions as a location that meets the conflicting desires "to put oneself in a certain place where some people are" and "to be alone"

As the population ages and fewer babies are born, people tend to drift away from each other not only in urban area but in traditional villages. We could utilize the existing regional cultural resources like Shinto shrine for cultivation and maintenance of community. By Jinja seiri (shrine consolidation) policy in the past, the number of shrines got significantly smaller in certain areas. However, some of those lost shrines were reestablished later. In this paper we focus on these cases. The results are as follows: 1) Most of the sites of merged shrines are now used as private land. 2) There are two ways of the reestablishment of the merged shrines; co-finding of parishioners and voluntary funding. There are additional activities contributing to the community at some of the voluntary-funded shrines.

The purpose of this study is to describe the features and generating mechanism of the regional scale office relocation flows of knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) within the suburbs of the Tokyo metropolitan area. Through quantitative analysis of the relocation flows using panel survey data of KIBS and the subsequent questionnaire for knowledge companies, following conclusions were obtained: 1) Locations of KIBS establishments had been centralized since 1996 but the location share within central Tokyo turned into decrease at 2006, which means relative suburbanization is in progress. 2) Relocation flow patterns between 2007-2012 show mixtures of centralization and suburbanization. Limited numbers of suburban business districts dominate most of the origins and destinations of those relocation flows, and function as important nodes of business relocations within the metropolitan area. 3) Centralization flows were generated by growing businesses when they "Move up" property ladder for seeking better locational conditions, while suburbanization flows were generated by less growing businesses, which were confronted with need of rationalizing, when they "Move down" property ladder for seeking cheaper offices.

This paper analyses the accumulation process of small sized knowledge intensive business services (KIBS) in the suburbs of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, with a focus on the outer-suburban KIBS accumulation at Kamakura-Zushi(KZ) seaside area. Through interviews with KIBS owners, following conclusions were obtained: (1) Most business owners in KZ area commenced their business career in central Tokyo, and later relocated their office to the current location in their 20's and 30's. (2) Major determinants of small KIBS location in KZ area were: proximity to owner's home town, personal familiarity to the place, better working environment compared to central Tokyo, flexible life style and the creative atmosphere. (3) Many of the business owners highly appreciate the value of the regionality of KZ area mainly for the following reasons: abundant opportunities of regional contribution activities, business opportunities generated from casual conversation with other corporate managers, mental rewards gained from nature and people and inspiration from its history.

The following research focus on Chin community, of Burmese people and the religious institution managed by them. Through this study the role of religious institutions within the supporting network was identified through hearing surveys. In more detail the following was identified;.1)Actual situation and flow of support through the religious institution,2)The position of the religious institutions within the supporting network. 3) There are 6 types of support, such as residence, work , identity, education, welfare, and shelter. As the network grows the church takes the role supporting base to communication hub.

Today, some mothers are isolated in a residential area, and cause social problems, such as a neurosis and a child abuse. It can be said that the creation of environment for constituting a relation between child-rearing mothers and the areas is required. This paper clarified the followings for a child-rearing support organization, which supports communication between child-rearing mothers and the area; 1) mother's participatory process of shopping street event 2) expansion of mother's participation of local events 3) change of the mother's way of interacting with storekeepers by the events 4) factors of success in building the relation between shopping street and the child-rearing support organization

The purpose of this paper is to examine the living environments in proximity to suburban business areas and to compare them to the central district of the Tokyo metropolitan area.Commuting areas that surround 39 suburban business districts have been defined as self-sustaining regions (SSRs). Living environments within these regions and the central Tokyo region have been described and mutually compared on the basis of data from the National Housing and Estate Statistics as well as several other supplementary statistics.Overall, the comparison of living environments reveals that housing affordability and commuting distance were the main problems within central Tokyo, while those two factors did not pose as much of a problem in SSRs. In addition, through cluster analysis using living environmental indicators, we have broken SSRs into three categories and have analyzed their characteristic features. It has been identified that SSRs within each category were closely distributed geographically, forming spatial clusters. From the standpoint of business characteristics, one category had a high ratio of white-collar jobs, which is similar to central Tokyo, while the other two categories had high ratios of blue-collar jobs. Dependency on automobiles for daily transportation was relatively high in all SSR categories when compared to central Tokyo.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the roles of landlords in the ethnic neighborhood. Through this research, the following conclusions has been drawn: the roles of landlords in ethnic neighborhood are1)To educate living rules for foreign residents.2)To maintain a comfortable living environment of apartment and surrounding areas.3)To accumulate the know-how to solve the problems with foreigners.4)To support to solve living problem, provide local information and to communicate with others to foreigners.

The city of Tokyo has entered the urban renewal period, and this increase in population inflow to the city center is causing change within the existing communities. By focusing on the incoming residents of Taito-ku Negishi, this study has clarified the process of incoming residents' adaptation to the Shitamachi environment:1) The incoming community is mainly composed of married couples and families with children 2) Newcomers are at first attracted to the convenience of the neighbourhood but over time, their awareness over the Shitamachi culture and community increases. Young families with children assimilate into the community through their children, and the middle-aged families assimilate through their childhood experience of living in Shitamachi areas.

This study aims to clarify the process of constructing social capital by collaborative interaction between shopping district organizations and local associations through the festival management of Kameido-Suijin-Taisai (Suijinsai). Through this study, the following has been identified (1) The relationship between Sui-jinjya and Hachiman-Shinkokai before the revival of Suijinsai, (2) The historical changes in land use due to urban-renewal within the surrounding regions of Sui-jinjya, (3)The development process of social networks through management of Suijinsai, (4)The changes in social interaction after the revival of Suijinsai.

The past improvements of bicycle roads had put central emphasis on linear components, such as running bicycle lanes parallel to roadways. However, the past research on this topic show the growing needs of further improvement of planar components, including other roads.<br> This study defines&ldquo;detour activities&rdquo;as side-trips that provide wider range of routes within a plane, and by questionnaire targeting bicycle tourists, the followings have been clarified: 1) the actual behavior of bicycle tourism, 2) spatial characteristics that induce detour activities.<br> Given the above, this paper discusses improvements of bicycle roads that will promote&ldquo;detour activities&rdquo;.

Neighboring shopping districts have always been commercial space required by local residents, and at the same time, they have played an important role as a forum in everyday life. However, many exhausted local shopping districts are lately under "residentializing" process.This research investigates the followings in 64 local shopping districts in Edogawa-ku, Tokyo that may "residentialize" :1. The actual conditions of "residentialization" in local shopping district2. The actual conditions of resident's daily life in "residentializing" shopping district.By comparing these shopping districts by their location, it is found that change in space and change in commercial function within local shopping district have influenced its interaction function, and as a result, it is clarified that the lifestyle is changing in local shopping district.

The city of Tokyo has entered the urban renewal period, and this increase in population inflow to the city center is causing change within the existing communities. By focusing on the incoming residents of Taito-ku Negishi, this study has clarified the process of incoming residents' adaptation to the Shitamachi environment:1) The incoming community is mainly composed of married couples and families with children 2) Newcomers are at first attracted to the convenience of the neighbourhood but over time, their awareness over the Shitamachi culture and community increases. Young families with children assimilate into the community through their children, and the middle-aged families assimilate through their childhood experience of living in Shitamachi areas.

This study aims to clarify the process of constructing social capital by collaborative interaction between shopping district organizations and local associations through the festival management of Kameido-Suijin-Taisai (Suijinsai). Through this study, the following has been identified (1) The relationship between Sui-jinjya and Hachiman-Shinkokai before the revival of Suijinsai, (2) The historical changes in land use due to urban-renewal within the surrounding regions of Sui-jinjya, (3)The development process of social networks through management of Suijinsai, (4)The changes in social interaction after the revival of Suijinsai.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the roles of landlords in the ethnic neighborhood. Through this research, the following conclusions has been drawn: the roles of landlords in ethnic neighborhood are1)To educate living rules for foreign residents.2)To maintain a comfortable living environment of apartment and surrounding areas.3)To accumulate the know-how to solve the problems with foreigners.4)To support to solve living problem, provide local information and to communicate with others to foreigners.

Considering serious losses of postwar modernism architecture in Japan, this study aims to clarify a social value fostered by civic action. Noteworthy example were found in Hirosaki City , Aomori Prefecture. 8 buildings planned by well known architect called Kunio Maekawa, which are communal facilities located in middle of the city, were conserved in particular way by citizens.<br>By the research, it revealed that these group of buildings were playing an important role by being a group of life-stages of the citizens. This means that these buildings contains cumulative life-histories of people, which helps people to look back history of themselves and the city. Also by using this networks of accumulative life-histories, the value of these buildings were developing in a sustainable way.

This study clarifies the cause of scenic change along the Metropolitan Expressway and the influences on the visual impressions received from the sequential landscape. In more detail the following has been identified.1) The change in scenery is inconstant but there are sections where significant change can be identified.2) The significant change in scenery is mainly influenced by the curvilinear form and visual structure of the expressway, not by the surrounding urban fabric.3) The impressions received from these sections where siginificant change can be identified tends to be "beautiful", "modern" and "unique".

The following research aims to clarify expanding process of network in local community, and problems during its process in a fishing village. Authors have participated in Machizukuri activities in Kiki, and communicated with the local community. Through this process, network expansion was observed.<br>In order to expand the network of local community, it is important that the local community is managed in three different phases &ldquo;Seminal Phase&rdquo;, &ldquo;Diffusion Phase&rdquo; and &ldquo;Integration Phase&rdquo; through the following two process (1)producing various activities which contribute to community, and (2)orchestration of these activities.<br>In addition, it is important to nurture mutual relationship between various regional organizations for the commitment of residents. The relation that is in need is one like a &ldquo;Big Family&rdquo; that help each other not only for the economic profit, but for the community.

The following paper deals with the method of approach for creating communal spaces in kiki. This is aimed to build common sense of communal spaces and create it voluntary. The overall workflow: 1) Evaluate communal spaces with expanding relations by dialogue and workshop. 2) Make communication tool and constructing common sense with it. 3) Maintain and design communal spaces by themselves.

This paper analyzes the agglomeration of company offices through observing the relationships between office distribution and the dynamism of the spatial structure within the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. The following conclusions were obtained:1) Urbanization is still in progress for the most part within the suburbs of Tokyo and through this process some areas are increasing their independence. This phenomenon enhances the polycentricity of the metropolitan area. 2) Company offices tend to converge in distinct areas which are highly urbanized. Especially in a place where offices are located above a certain accumulation level, more company types are attracted further increasing the economies of agglomeration. This is defined as the "Circulative Accumulation Model" within this paper.

With regard to the fact that abandoning of farmland is inevitable due to diminishing work force in Japan, this paper aims to investigate ways to manage cultural landscape by regional shrinkage of cultivated area. The difficulty of farmland concentration by farmland relocation is clarified through survey questionnaires and interviews. Because the citrus orchard involves long-term management, it is found that its discontinuity is what discourages inheritance of agricultural platform to the next generation. This paper concludes with the potential solution to this problem by introducing an example of mutual complement between incoming and elderly farmers, which is a way to manage cultural landscape by sustainable inheritance of agricultural platform, and discusses the possibility of downscaling-design.

It is necessary for keeping these social memories pf "Usual town" to take sharing process of these social memories by community design for cultural landscape. We authors have been practicing the community design through oral history collecting that we named "Machizukuri Oral History". This paper shows the method of the "Machizukuri Oral History" and some practice cases. The possibility, the challenge and the perspective is discussed by these experiences.

Recently, townscape administration has increased its significance taking establishment of the Town Scape Law as an opportunity. However, only few cities have the nightscape planning or guidelines at this moment.<br>Meanwhile, urban lighting became more important from not only the security reason, but also to earn various values such as comfort and amenity.<br>Purposes of this study are to understand the present condition of nightscape policy in order to clarify the problems of their administration in Japan, and to propose the perspective of forming the future nightscape of the city.

It is required to set up and train an independent civil society organization in order to establish a public and private partnership. For that, it is important to establish a partnership with a public sector after strengthening a relationship among the residents by discussions and supports and sophisticating the demands and activities. The objective of this study is to analyze the mechanism in making a public and private partnership by strengthening the community relationship and sophisticating the demands and activities in a form of liaison association which is an assembly of the intermediary civil society organization by mutual discussions and cooperation. It is analyzed from the points of view of wide exchange of information, accumulation and return of the acknowledges, function as a saucer of the staff.

Urbanization has declined the local community, which has organized mutual relationship in suburban areas. But in those areas, indigenous identity of the local community, such as festival, has incubated the foundation for regional management. Now in Chichibu, Chichibu night festival has a position of regional identity and it seems to have affected regional management. This study aims to clarify the influences of regional identity for local community. And I clarified four influences festival has affected regional management, 1)Participation of outsider 2)Assembling and raising of younger 3)Incubation of relationship in areas festival is managed in 4)Possibility of transfer's participation. These influences have possibility that they would lead area to good circumstance regional management goes on in by mutual relationship. In future, we should remind these influences of festival and carry on regional management with festival.

Recently a resort town keeps declining from the variety and tourist's sense of values. And it increased vacant shops and vacant accommodations. The purpose of this study is to clarify the function and result for Community Spot and effective management technique of Community Spot in a resort town through the experiment of Community Spot management. Firstry, we understood influence that Community Spot exerted from advanced example. Secondly, we managed Community Spot in Yubara hot-spring street and inspected administration method. And finally, we clarified effective management technique of Community Spot in a resort town.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the process how inhabitants lose their independence of will for a district design and how a district design standardizes in a period of high growth of economy, by paying its attention to a contribution forced to inhabitants. The results are the followings : 1) A contribution was forced to deal with a problem of a district. 2) A contribution had a function as a management system of a district design. 3) A contribution disappear by planlessness and outbreak of contradiction. 4) And the district design was standardized.

This study aims to clarify the actual conditions about dwelling unit combined with other use. By forcusing on process and distribution of non-dwelling function in Tama Newtown, we clarified the following things. 1. In Tama Newtown, non-dwelling function has been inserted to dwelling unit (we call 'dwelling unit combined with other use' on this paper) because there is a flexibility in respect of space and management inside of dwelling unit. 2. Generation of non-dwelling function needs the passage of time. 3. Residents who operate non-dwelling function feel the merit and demerit. Some of them want to transfer to the outside because of the need for wider space.

The purpose of this study is to clarify how a person recognizes a night view from skyscrapers as a fundamental study for the making of night-cityscape plan or guide-line. Therefore, firstly we clarify a clue and 'a night view image element (NIE)' for person to grasp a night-cityscape. Secondly we classify a night view from skyscrapers into types with 'a night view image element (NIE)' quantitatively. Thirdly we clarify a relation between 'a night view image element (NIE)' and an impression of a night view from skyscrapers.

The Companies' branch locations are selected by weighting financial merits and the work efficiency merits in Osaka. The office market is competitive and the office centers are changing in Osaka. The relocation objectives showed characteristics of the each office center. The Office centers starategies can be positioned 3 different ways in the matrix of financial merit and work efficiency merit. Such as "New Development","Change of Use", and "Stagnant".

This study shows the life style and the spatial usage in the rural villages at the Angkor area from a field survey. It aims to present the vision for the village's future, by considering the influence that occurs to the villagers from tourism and the labors such as the conservation projects at the Angkor monumental area as a basis. Angkor Krau village, which is nearby the Angkor monuments has been chosen as a case study district. As a result, the following matters were clarified. Firstly, the actual life style and the economic condition. Secondly, the housing styles and its characteristics. Thirdly, the actual usage of the space in and around the housings. From this study, it can be said that, it is important to maintain the traditional usage method of the housings by creating an annex as an example, and the community development should be considered by viewing on the relationship among the Angkor monuments.

This study aims to sort and compute the rates of vacant houses in every 37 villages in Hayakawa Town, and also to clarify 1) the problems of increasing vacant houses, 2) location of each vacant house, 3) current condition of their management such as weeding garden and ventilation inside their houses, and 4) vacant house owners' intention of the treatment of their houses in the future. We made clear that one side in some village there are few vacant houses and have not so many problems, the other side in some village there are so many vacant houses Which village itself will collapse in the near future. We also clarified that many vacant house owners want to reserve their houses but they don't manage them enough to reserve. We have found the demand of new organization in place of owners to manage vacant houses.

This research has clarified the characteristic of the lighting environment that composes the night cityscape which is an another face of the city. The commercial district (Kabukicho in Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo), the typical place that various lightings are consolidated, was selected to analyze the lighting environment as sum of public lightings and shop lightings. Analyze was advanced by using the evaluation axis of the intensity of illumination and the color temperature. As a result, the intensity of illumination fairly filled the standard in a large-scaled, high density commercial district like the Kabukicho, and the need of new evaluation axis like the color temperature were clarified. It also became clear that in the commercial district, the shop lightings do influenced the intensity of illumination of the street, while public lightings effects the color temperature of the street. At the end, it became clear that the light that leaked from the entrance of the building increases both the intensity of illumination and the color temperature of the shop lightings.

Since the second half of the 90s, many local residents have disputed against large retailers that operate late night. To avoid unnecessary conflicts, the consultation between the residents and such retailers is required. This study aims to clarify the view of the residents and the retailers through the consultation processes. It analyses the relationships between attributes of the residents and their consciousness of its opening, utility, and correspondence of the retailer.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the significance of working group in the process of civil groups' independence of government help at community development seen at Odawara city, Kanagawa prefecture. Firstly, we understood the outline of transfer process from Policy Research. Institute of Odawara (PRIO) to citizen's community developing groups. Secondly, we clarified the process and reason the researchers to be independence from PRIO. Thirdly, we clarified the process and reason of other citizens to join the new community development groups. At last we clarified the significance and issues of PRIO from the view of independence.

The purpose of this study is to clear the present condition of the environmental education in an elementary school accepting NPO. Accordingly I clear problems as to a lesson lf the environmental education which NPO participates from the evaluation of teachers, students and their parents. As a result, it is acquired the fundamental knowledge for a lesson that NPO participates in the future.

The purpose of this study is to clear the present condition of the environmental education in an elementary school accepting NPO. Accordingly I clear problems as to a lesson lf the environmental education which NPO participates from the evaluation of teachers, students and their parents. As a result, it is acquired the fundamental knowledge for a lesson that NPO participates in the future.

The purpose of this paper is first to build the effective system of sharing the local community information by making "Machizukuri-Oral-History" to digital-archive. Then to clarify the effectiveness of the system from two viewpoints: 1. Eye-friendly and usability of interface. 2. informative function and information-gathering capability of effect. Two facts listed below has been clarified through at two trial-use by local residents. 1. The system has more eye-friendly and usability than the current website of "Machizukuri-Oral-History". 2. The system has informative function to remind users of old-time lifestyle. It also has information-gathering capability to gather the various local community information by posting message.

Recently, unification of the university campus and urban function claims to be one of the important factors of urban renovation. However, since university campus is packed with university facilities, they are often built in neighborhoods around the university. In these cases, it is meaningful to find the problems of process and contents of the plan of university facilities when they are built in its neighborhoods, and to discover the new relationship between university and its neighborhoods. In this study, it is clarified that they are the distrust of the neighborhoods against the university and the problem of the planning contents. Based on these result, the assignments of the planning of the university town are clarified.

This study aims to clarify the characteristics of pedestrian's eye fixation behaviors at signs by the walking experiment in a shopping street. On this paper, first, we clarified the characteristics of pedestrian's eye fixation behaviors of the whole view. Second, we clarified the characteristics of eye fixation behaviors for each types of the signs. And then we clarified the relationships between the characteristics of the sign formation and the characteristics of the pedestrian's eye fixation behaviors.

The purposes of this study are to analyze streetscape of the commercial area of Kyung-Ju, a Korean provincial city, and to clarify its characteristics. On this paper, analysis of current streetscape and its history of formation was made. We have also clarified existence of sign-architecture, style of building that is the combination of buildings of Colonial age of Japan and signboard of commercialism symbol. Although there were no specific plan of development at the research area, streetscape of human scale was formed.

This study aimes to establish the ways and coordination to proceed "URBAN RENEWAL PROJECTS". The results of the questioners to some key players of private developers, operators and investors showed the unwillingness to join the project. We made analysis from following aspects; Risk and Return, Phase of the project, Use and development style, and the change of private developers. And we found; 1) Private sectors are divided into "Developers", "Operators", and "Investors". 2) Developers have to take development risks and relatively low return. The ways and coordination to proceed are; 1) The risks adjustment of development phase should be taken. Such as, joint developments with the operators and investors and making options with landowners. 2) Multi- tower style and using air lights are effective planning for flexible development. 3)Public subsidiary and Tax Increment Financing are needed to achieve the required rate of return.

This study aims to clariffy current condition of cooperative work of maintenance and manegement in local settlements, and also to investigate factors causing differences in such tasks in each settlements. Earning basical knowledge over them was intenced. Clarified results are as follows. 1)Circumstances of tasks was clarified through continuously comparing each patterned settlements. 2)Geographical features is the base of system of water utilization, influencing the presence of reservoir or water way of common use. Such factor do relates to organization over water utilization and influencing task contents. 3)Small organizations in settlements do influence task contents.

The purpose of this study over labor forces by non-resident members of farmers is first to identify their feature in each life stages of farmers and then to clarify their parts in farming in highland area. The followings became clear. 1)Roles which resident and non-resident members play in agricultural works changes upon their life stages. 2)Non-resident members provides labor force corresponding to their life stages for farminghouse with needs of labor according to their life stage. 3)Such complementary act has a prolonged structure corresponding to life cycle of each family. The family style shown in this paper will be more important in highland area as farming families ages. And the style itself will be diversified as lifestyle of each non-resident individual changes. Necessity of recognizing the viewpoint including not only the farmhouse alone but non-resident family members is suggested to support agriculture in highland area.

The Companies' headquarter locations are selected by weighting financial merits and the work efficiency merits. Financial merits and the work efficiency merits are trade off situation ; thus the companies make their relocation decision based on their strategies. Same strategies can be observed in the 4 Major Office Centers in Tokyo. The relocation objectives showed characteristics of the each office center. The Office centers can be positioned in the matrix of financial merit and work efficiency merit.

Since 1882 foundation, one of the biggest university students street has been formed in the neighborhoods of Nishi-Waseda campus of Waseda university. But the relationship between campus and its neighborhoods has vveakend nowadays. In the meantime, Waseda University Co-op has accomplished the development steadily since 1951 establishment. However, it has been driven into the situation which must consider the way of survival in the future also. Under the situation like this, it is worthwhile to find the methods of the vitalization of the university town from the viewpoint of the university co-op and the university neighborhoods stores. In this study, it is clarified that the critical consciousness of the university neighborhoods storekeepers for the university co-op originates from the recognition unlike present state of the university co-op. And then, the future assignments of the university town are clarified.

The purpose of this study is making clear that the establishment and use about School Bio-top. The establishment is formed of the participating subject, and the place, and the facilities condition. And I grasp the use from a viewpoint of the environmental education, and the regional residents, and the regional ecosystem. The effect on envilonmental education is influenced by the participation of schoolchildren and the type of facilities. The use of regional residents is influenced by the participation of regional residents and position of street and gate. The regional ecosystem is influenced by the adjoining nature and the scale.Finally I propose the guideline about establishment of Dragonfly Pool at school.

This study aims to clarify the influence of the policy of bridge construction on the main industry, and proposes Islands promotions with the mainland - an island bridges as a turning point. So, this study considered KABE island in SAGA prefecture as an instance. First, from building process of YOBUKO Bridge, the policy of bridge construction and subordinate policy were defined. Second, grasping the planted area and the destination of farm products of each household, the change of agriculture, the main industry, was clarified. All household could be classified into six types by features of the change of agriculture. Finally, by means of reasons for the change of agriculture the influence by the policy of bridge construction was clarified.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify how areas of activity and consciousness vary through the river's form. We chose the Kannagawa River as a case, and grasped the river's form, and made a survey about the areas of activity and consciousness of riverside inhabitants. It became clear that the areas of activity and consciousness have different characters between the upper and lower reaches of the river. And the apex of fan is the conversion point, where the river's form changes significantly. On the upper reaches from the apex of fan river doesn't act as a boundary: areas form the unity, which get over the river. On the lower reaches, river acts as a boundary of the areas.

The purposes of this study are to make clear the role of exchanged tourism for preservation of thatched roof houses and the assignment of preservation of thatched roof houses by exchanged tourism. We have made a point of view on residents and come to understand that elderly person was ashamed of thatched roof house in Oginoshima-area. Young person feel hard because the volunteers come outside did not work enough and they prepared for that works so hardly. The economical support to residents for preservation also was not enough. Oginoshima-area had problem of making the consensus between elderly and young. We make a proposal that works by volunteers and economical support improve, the way of making consensus in Oginoshima-area, effect of coming people outside for exchanged tourism use for removing shame of elderly.

This study aims to clarify the characteristics of pedestrian's eye fixation behaviors in a shopping street. On this paper, first, we clarified the relationships between the characteristics of the street formation and the characteristics of pedestrian's eye fixation behaviors. Second, we clarified the relationships between the form & color of the sign and the eye fixation behaviors. And then we verified the relationships between the estimation and the eye fixation behaviors.

The aim of this paper is to clarify how to stalls in Omote-sando, Harajuku have effected for space prosperity and to carry out the meaning and the subject of stalls. We chose the approach from the actual condition of stalls and the consciousness of street vendors, storekeepers and pedestrains. First, we will see how stall management has accomplished. Then, we will study how stalls work for walking of prdestrians. Next, we deal with the consciousness to stalls of storekeepers and pedestrains. From these study, we will come up with a prospect of stalls as an object of planning at last.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the urban forming process in the modern silk raising area from the two aspect. The first is the action of wealthy people and second is the urban space, through the analysis of the modernizing process in Honjo-machi. The results are the followings 1) In Honjo-machi, it mordernized rapidly with the change of silk raising system 2) The action of wealthy people kept pace with flow of modernization, and contributed to form the social system 3) And thier action largely affected to industrialization, Finally, the space structure was affected by the silk mill.

On account of the increase of students and the deterioration of facilities etc., the number of the universities that established new campus in the suburbs or moved to there increased. What is worse, in the case of the universities located in the city, the relationship between campus and its neighborhoods has weakened. Under the situation like this, university and its neighborhoods must search the way of coexistence in the city. In this study, the degeneration phenomena of the university neighborhoods are grasped. And then the community planning activities for the regeneration of university neighborhoods are investigated. Finally, the future assignments of the community planning activities are clarified.

This study aims to clarify the eye fixation characters of sequence from car window. On this paper, first, we recorded the motion of the subject right eyes using eye-mark recorder, and described the difference of the eye fixation characters between speed condition of car window; normal and double speed. The eye fixation characters in this case signify the range of the eye mark, the object of the view, the distance between the subject's eye and the objects of view. Secondly, we clarified relationships the eye fixation character and the sequential landscape from car window. In conclusion, the speed variety of sequential landscape has influence on eye fixation characters. Finally, we varified the eye fixation characters by using quantitative description method.

The design guideline which decoded the historical context of the campus is necessary for its individuality and succession of traditional and historical space. In 1997, a design guideline of Waseda University was made and the comprehensive campus plannings was begun. On this paper which is a case study in Waseda university Nishiwaseda campus, we clarified the importance of the space composition principle in making design guideline based on the historical context which is useful for medium and long term campus plannings.

There are many organizations of companies from same hometowns at Naha-city, Okinawa prefecture. But these days, their action has been declined because of the reason of being aged and decrease of immigrants. Firstly, I researched the role and the specialty of the company. From the result of this research, I proved the declination of the company's action is not the same as declination of the company itself, and the importance of school-mate-connections. Secondary, I understood the specialties of the company and picked up some characteristic lifestyles, and clarified that their thinking tendency depends on the term from their leaving to today.

This study aims to develop a communication tool which is more simple than townscape models and to reveal that the tool is useful in consensus building on townscape images. On this paper,first,we developed "Machinami-okoshiezu" which got an idea from Okoshiezu that was handed down since Edo period. Secondly, we clarified the characteristics of evaluation for townscape simulation by using a miniature CCD camera and Machinami-okoshiezu. Thirdly, we practiced a simulation workshop that took notice of the characteristics and we made clear of that utility. Finally, we got a conclusion that Machinami-okoshiezu was useful in consensus building on townscape images. And furthermore, we got a problem that must be solved to establish a method of consensus building on townscape images.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the forming process of landscape in Waseda University, Nishiwaseda Campus through the analysis of "City beauty" by Prof. Koichi Satow and the history of the building and repairing organization. Prof. Koichi Satow and the city beauty of that he had a concept had affected the design of Nishiwaseda Campus. We interpret the concept of the city beauty as a modern adjustment using the beauty factors of "Change" and of "Unity". Which was, inherited through : 1) the deep relation between the building and repairs organization and the architecture laboratories before the Second World War, 2) The leading engineer Sugiura, who followed the steps of campus designing after the Second World War.

The purpose of this study is to propose the basic factors of available information from "intermediate and mountainous areas", where local governments have broadcasted programs. The factors consist of four pieces of information ; community, environmental, industrial and governmental information. With the factors, which are blended correctly they can propagandize to "city areas". The principal contents to be made obvious are as follows. 1. The tendencies of communication with other areas using "CATV" and "CS" as infrastructures are increasing nationally. But the way of broadcasting and receiving the TV programs are so different. 2. The differences of the information from outside, the community relations in intermediate and mountainous areas and the investor relations to city areas are great ; especially environmental information, governmental information and industrial information as "basic factors of information".

One of the main problems that Japan's public lavatories own is the maintenance which requires a certain amount of municipal budget. For a small community in a local town, we designed a public lavatory where occupants are required to take off their shoes, expecting local community to participate in daily maintenance work. Observation records which a group of volunteers has noted during the first two months after the completion of the construction work, disclosed that the above-mentioned lavatory is being kept almost clean and in order.

As Basins are geographically closed, they have often been treated as planning sphere. This study aims to qantify the degree of the dependency of basins uslng "Gaibuizondo", which is defined by population, commuting population, size of basin, and the amount of habitants' income, and to apply "Gaibuizondo" to the method of setting planning spheres. The study revealed that the degree of "Gaibuizondo" are fixed and peculiar to each basin, appling "Gaibuizondo" to the method of setting planning spheres was validated.

In this study, assessment of historical architecture scenery by evaluating historical architecture as cluster units with the adjoining buildings is presented as a new key to restoration method. Actual application of this technique is illustrated through the research work of Yamachou-suji street, Takaoka city, Toyama prefecture. By assessing the Dozouzukuri houses with its absolute and relative values, a preservation method for the historical street is proposed on its basis.

This study belongs to a basic study with a view to applying townscape simulation to community designing based on citizen participation. On this study, first, we made clear of the characteristics of valuation for townscape simulation by using a miniature CCD Camera and townscape Models. Secondly, we developed a simulation workshop that took notice of the characteristic of valuation and then practiced the workshop. Thirdly, we made clear of the effects of the workshop that by using a miniature CCD Camera and townscape Models and we verified the validity for consensus of the townscape images.

This study aims to seek for some measures to improve the living environment of island's habitants and to find out solutions to keep their communities active, after understanding each habitant's life in the island. First, we studied and classified the ways they obtain their ordinary foodstuff necessary for everday life as well as the ways they dispose their waste, and areas of personal activities. Second, we studied and classified how they evaluate their own living environment, and systematized the reasons why they evaluate so by using a method commonly known in Japan as "KJ Method". Finally, correlation among such classifications was systematized and some remaining problems were identified.

This paper aims to discuss the administrative problem of reducing the billboards in "the sequence seen from Shinkansen window" for the maintenance of a beautiful spectacle. The conclusions in this paper are as follows; 1) A large number of billboards set up along the Shinkansen, and the billboard is the harmful element in "the sequence seen from Shinkansen window". 2) The distribution of billboards varies in different locates. Western Japan has more billboards than Eastern, and they are set up by Western companies in many case. 3) The local governments have to manage the billboards as the administrative problem for scenic beauty.

This paper alms to clear the present situation and problem of the signboards set up along Tokaido-Shinkansen between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka. The conclusions in this paper are as follows ; 1) A large number of signboards set up along the Shinkansen on the outskirts of the big city. And they are not in good condition on the landscape. 2) The social consensus has to be against setting up them. 3) The local governments have to pull down illegal signboards positively. 4) The sponsors have to take moral principles responsibility for their own signboards. 5) The advertising agency union has to keep under selfcontrol of setting up them.