The study shows that, before the beginning of the 20th century, verious ethnic groups' movement including the Chinese to Mongolia, the Mongols between Inner and Outer Mongolia and the Kazakhs into Mongolia were observed and that the Qing's policy was not directed to blocking them completely, but to control and adjust their movements practically. Another aspect of this study about the era after the end of 20th century showed the Russia's response to Chinese labor emigrants and the reality and rationality of the demographical situation of its Siberian and Far eastern frontiers. In both of two eras studied in this project the asymmetric structure between China as push factor and Russia and Mongolia as pull factor was observed

ボヤンバートル（宝音巴特爾）は、外国人特別研究員としての任期中、研究代表者である柳澤明と定期的に意見交換をしながら、早稲田大学図書館、東洋文庫等に所蔵される、19世紀後半から近年にいたるまでの日本における遊牧研究の成果を渉猟し、それらを次のように総括した。①19世紀末の日本人による中央アジア探検記録は、探検の多くが政治的・軍事的背景のもとに行われたものであることから、遊牧に関する研究史の中ではあまり注目されてこなかったが、実は当時の遊牧社会に関する貴重な情報を含んでおり、正当に評価すべきである。②20世紀前半～中葉、すなわち戦前期から戦後初期の日本人による研究に関しては、梅棹忠夫を中心とする京都大学関係の研究者の業績が出色である。それらは、動物学・植物学等の該博な知識と民族学（人類学）の方法論を駆使したもので、今日重要な課題となっている遊牧と環境の関係についても先見的な指摘を行っているが、モンゴルの遊牧に関しては、遊牧の地域差の原因に対する考察が不十分である等の限界も認められる。③20世紀後半以降においては、梅棹らを継承する一連の研究成果があるが、それとは別に、モンゴルの遊牧に関する吉田順一の業績が特筆に値する。それは、広範な実地調査を基礎として、遊牧社会における農耕の位置づけ、近代以降の遊牧社会の変容過程などを視野に入れたもので、遊牧の将来を考える上で多くの示唆に富む知見を含んでいる。日本の遊牧研究をこのような視点から俯瞰的に総括した研究は、日本においてもほとんど類例がなく、関連分野の研究者にとって高い参照価値をもつと思われる。なお、上記①の部分はすでに論文として発表済である。②・③についても論文原稿はほぼ完成しており、近い将来に発表予定である。③の吉田の業績については、それらを集成してモンゴル語に翻訳した単行本の出版を計画中であり、吉田氏本人の許諾も得ている。26年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない。26年度が最終年度であるため、記入しない

In this study, we performed the field work of the following routes ； trade road between China and Mongolia，trade road from Amur to Sakhalin，trade road between northern Manchurian and Inner Mongolia，trade road in Sichuan and Uygur . As a result, we got the following knowledge; (1)The trade of each route was greatly prescribed in an aborigine and natural environments.(2) The local social structure that assumed a trade system the core was succeeded to until the first half of the year in the 20th century

This research dealing with tribute and trade in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia from 14th century to early 20th century aims to give clear understandings of tribute and trade system, and discusses the process of its transformation. We pointed out that the logical view advocated by Fairbank and Mancall assuming Canton trade as a part of the tribute system of Chinese Empire was inadequate and maintained that the formation of trade institutions with isolation and regulation in East Asia from 17th century should be regarded as important

This project traces changes in Imperial Russian foreign policy toward East Asia and Qing China, Japan and Korean responses to Russia from the mid 19^<th> century to 1917. Itinvestigated when and how the regional concept of "Northeast Asia" appeared on the world map. The project was implemented through field work at historical sites in the Qing-Russian border area and also by archival research in Russia, China, Korea, and European countries. Several international workshops discussing "Imperial Russia and Northeast Asia" were organized in Australia and Japan

How did "the border" that was a political product force cultural and social transformation on the people who had the same origin lived in north and northeastern Asia? For example, we studied how was "the border" recognized among the Mongolians who strongly maintained identity. Besides, we studied how did the Mongolian transform in these areas sectioned by "the border"

Made clear points were as follows (1) Structure of the antagonistic relationship Chinese who moved to North-east China and Mongolian who were exposed to danger of the loss of their vested rights by moved Chinese. (2) Japan advocated preserving Mongolian's vested rights for competed with Chinese. (3) Feature of Anti-Japanese movements in North-east China had two faces which were not only using nationalism to compete with Japan but also cooperating for development of North-east China

We have studied for the purpose of clarify the actual situation of the trade ceramics with the area in Central Asia and in the former Southern Song dynasty. We set the investigation ground the Kharkhorum site which was a capital of Mongolia, and we reexamined ceramics which Russia Science Academy team excavated once and took pictures and the making of the drawings of the fragments, and published the two reports which attached English summary. Furthermore, we investigated Yuan blue and white porcelains discovered in Southeast Asia

This research is aiming to analyze complex and various cultures of North/Central Eurasia through transcending the boundaries in research such as ages, areas, study fields, methodologies by combining organically the methods of history, linguistics, literature, anthropology etc. Setting the process of cultural contacts and acculturation to the main view point, using documents and folklore as principal materials, we paid our academic attentions to the existence of conventional and foreign elements; the processes of the spread of foreign elements, the transition or transformation of conventional elements by foreign elements and their fixing, the transformation of foreign elements by influence of conventional elements and their fixing, and the middle vehicles between conventional and foreign elements. The achievements are as follows. (1) Problems of the using the Pentaglot Thesaurus of Qing Dinasty as a research material; (2) Exchange-marriage of Mongol administration in Iran, (3) The social and cultural transition of Baryu people moved from Hulunbuir region to Liaoning province, (4) The state of transition of Turkic languages in Siberia through the pre- and post-Soviet times, (5) The Reification of nature and generation of Ethno-Cultural Capital in Post-Socialist Tuva, (6) The variety of leading characters' consciousnesses of the oral epics of Turkic peoples in Central Eurasia, (7) The real features of the domination of the Yuan Empire over the Goryeo Dynasty, (8) Ancient Bon religion and its transformation in ancient Tibet, (9) The relation between the expression of age in mongolian heroic epos and Qichong 七冲 concept in the art of divination (易学), (10) To modelize the process of harmonizing mongolian traditional and Buddhistic values as seen in the ancestral worship from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. (11) The catalog of a Mongolian and Turkic languages materials kept in the Hattori Collections of The University of Shimane was completed

Heilongjiang (黒龍江) area (including present Kulun Buyir area of Inner-Mongolia) experienced a great change of distribution and composition of its population from the latter half of 17th to the first half of 18th century. The main cause of such a change is the incorporation of various ethnic groups into the Eight-Banner system. The Qing (清)government often shifted the location of Eight-Banner troops for political or military purposes, which caused population transfer on a large scale. Besides, basic units (niru) of the Eight Banners were usually organized according to supposed ethnicities, and given ethnic names. In other words, incorporation into the Eight-Banner system meant the official classification of people into ethnic groups.The ethnic framework set up by Qing is supposed to have a great influence upon the classification and the distribution of present nationalities. To make sure of it, we, on the one hand, cast a new light on the detailed process of incorporation of various groups into the Eight Banners through analysis of Qing archival materials. On the other hand, we held interviews with people of several nationalities in Kulun Buyir in 2004 and about the Nen (嫩) valley in 2005, to follow up the transformation process of ethnic conditions in recent years. As a result, it is proved that the ethnic definition given by the Qing government, together with the position under the Eight-Banner system, forms the basis of present group identity of each nationality. We also came to know that another element which had a great influence upon the distribution, social and cultural conditions of the native groups was, the open-land policy followed by the torrent of immigration of Han-Chinese from the last years of Qing dynasty

<China and Taiwan>1.We conducted the following archival research at the First Historical Archive of China :(1)Investigations of duplicate copies of memorials of the Council of State (Junjichu) concerning problems in Chinese Turkestan (Xinqiang) and documents about Kazakhstan area in the Qing period (Hua Li). (2)Study of the Pu Yi Archives on the issue of banner history at the end of the Qing and the beginning of the Republic (Nakami), Neiguoshiyuan documents concerning the conduct of foreign policy at the beginning of the Qing (Yanagisawa), Qing documents about governance over the Jiangnan area (Yamamoto), Qing documents about the relevant ethnic groups (Kusuonoki) and a comparative study of Qinding Menggu zeli, Rifanyuan zeli in the Mongolian language and Daqing luli in the Manchurian language (Oka).2.We considered the disposal of the Qing estates and the difficulties of its salt manors, examining the documents deposited at the Liaoning Provincial Archives (Enatsu). We also investigated the situation of the Guizhou area and western Tibet by reading documents in the Sichuan Provincial Archives and the Institute of Ethnology in Guizhou Province (Takeuchi).3.Hosoya, Nakami, Kato, and Kusunoki investigated Manchu language documents in the Grand Secretariat Archives (Neige daku) at the Institute of History & Philology in Academia Sinica.<Russia>The participants in this project conducted the following research in collaboration with Prof. Kopitiko, a Russian colleague :1.A preliminary investigation at the historical sites of Manchu Tunguses in the Zeya and the Bureya valleys on the left bank of the Amur River (Hosoya) ;2.Research at the site of the Albazin Fortress (where Russia fought against the Qing), the Albazin Museum, and the local museum of the Amur oblast in Blagoveshensk (Hosoya, Nakami, Kato, Enatsu, and Yanagisawa);3.Examination of the historical sits of the Nerchinsk Treaty, such Qing documents regardiag the Kiakhta Treaty as archives of the Court of Colonial Affairs (Lifanyuan) and Yiyulu in the Mongolian language in Chita, Nerchinsk, Irkutsk, and the Buryat Republic (Hosoya, Nakami, Kato, Enatsu, and Yanagisawa)<Italy>Hosoya, Nakami, and Kato investigated Manchu language archives and books at the Venezia National Library, the Rome National Library, the Vatican Library, and the Jesuit Archival Museum. With the help of Prof. Staley of the University of Venezia, this research clarified that the Qianlong huidian zeli in Manchurian language is located at the Rome National Library and found that many reports of missionaries in China, sent to Italy with Manchu language edits in the Qing period, are in the Jesuit Archival Museum collection.<USA>Nakami, Kate, Hua Li, and Hosoya investigated the Manchu language archives of the Qing history at the Harvard-Yenching Library. Yamamoto also examined Library of Congress manuscripts regarding inhabitants of the Jiangnan area

In 1999 and 2000 we investigated the names and the real situation of the Manchu and Han languages sources deposited at the institutions in Japan, Taiwan, and China (Beijing, Shenyang, Heerbin). We also visited Yunnan, Guizhou, Shandong, and Heilongjiang and confirmed the spread of the Qing and the Manchu culture into the skirts of the China World. We made researches in the following fields.1) We visited the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang (Amur) River. There existed the Heilongjiang Culture by the end of the 19th century. We went down the river from Khabarovsk to Nikolayevsk-na-Amure and investigated the life of minority people, especially those of Nanai (Hezhe).2) We investigated the remains of the Manchu Bannermen's station and their descendants at Qingzhou of Shandong Province. We found the remnants of the Manchu culture in their spoken Han language.3) We examined Neiguoshiyuan dang'an, Neige chuanzong-Like shishu, Junjichu chuanzong- Eluosi dang, and Baqi dutong yamen quanzong-zhiguan lei at the First Historical Archives of China. We also studied Baqi dang'an in Manchu and Han languages at the National Library in Taiwan, the Library of Academy.4) We made research in historical sources of Manchu language and the documents on the issues of Korea and the Qing relations at the Libraries of the Seoul National University and Keishou-kaku.5) We invited Mark Elliott (University of California-Santa Barbara), Liu Xiaomeng (the Research Institute of Modern History Social Academy of China), and Liu Chengyun (the Institute of Academia Sinica) and held research workshops in Toyo bunko and other places. We discussed the present situation of study on Baqi dang'an in Japan, US, China, and Taiwan. We are able to find out the influence of the Manchu, the Mongol, and the Han cultures in Baqi dang'an.6) We compared the Xianghongqi dang'an in Toyo Bunko with the Baqi dutong yamen quanzong dang'an in the First Historical Archives of China. We concluded that those dang'an materials were originally parts of the same series of documents and supplement each other

In 1993, we started our study from criticization and Romanization of the text of "Erdeni tunumal neretu sudur orusiba" and drew up a part of Japanese translation. In 1994, we were mainly engaged in examining the translation and putting interpretation on difficult terms and sentences in the text. Based on these works, we completed a preliminary draft of translation and notes in 1995. As we decided to publish the result of this study, so that in 1996, together with appllying to Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Grant-in -Aid for Publication Scientific Research Results), we continued to fully reexamine the Romanization, translation and annotation. Getting granted in the following year, 1997, we drew up the preface, indexes, chronological table and bibliography. Our result, named "Altan qagammaan u tugammauji" (this was finally recognized through our investigation as the original title of the text) was publishied from Kazama-Shobo in March of 1998. We are convinced that our criticization of the text and intepretation on the difficult terms and sentences, especially on the Buddhist ones, surpass any precedent studies. At the same time, our study made it clearer that "Altan qagammaan u tugammauji" describes the expeditionary career of the king and the introduction of the Buddhism to Mongolia rather based on historical facts, which differs from other Mongolian chronicles after the 17th century including many mythical factors. It also casted new light on some important themes on history of Mongolia such as the transition of Mongol-Ming relations in the 16th century and the spread of the Tibetan Buddhism among the Mongolian people