2024/12/07 更新

写真a

トガワ ノゾム
戸川 望
所属
理工学術院 基幹理工学部
職名
教授
学位
博士(工学) ( 早稲田大学 )
プロフィール

1992年早稲田大学理工学部卒業。1997年同大学院理工学研究科博士後期課程修了。同年博士(工学)。早稲田大学助手・講師、北九州市立大学助教授等を経て、2009年より早稲田大学理工学術院教授(現在に至る)。集積システム設計、量子計算、セキュリティ等が専門。

経歴

  • 2009年04月
    -
    継続中

    早稲田大学   理工学術院   教授

  • 2005年04月
    -
    2009年03月

    早稲田大学   理工学術院   助教授・准教授

  • 2001年04月
    -
    2005年03月

    北九州市立大学   国際環境工学部   助教授

  • 2000年04月
    -
    2001年03月

    早稲田大学   理工学総合研究センター   講師

  • 1997年04月
    -
    2000年03月

    早稲田大学   理工学部   助手

  • 1994年04月
    -
    1997年03月

    独立行政法人日本学術振興会   特別研究員DC1

▼全件表示

学歴

  • 1994年04月
    -
    1997年03月

    早稲田大学大学院   理工学研究科   電気工学専攻博士後期課程  

  • 1992年04月
    -
    1994年03月

    早稲田大学大学院   理工学研究科   電気工学専攻修士課程  

  • 1988年04月
    -
    1992年03月

    早稲田大学   理工学部   電子通信学科  

委員歴

  • 2020年06月
    -
    継続中

    電子情報通信学会VLSI設計技術研究専門委員会  委員

  • 2018年04月
    -
    継続中

    内閣サイバーセキュリティセンター(NISC)  研究開発戦略専門調査会委員

  • 2017年01月
    -
    継続中

    総務省サイバーセキュリティタスクフォース  構成員

  • 2022年01月
    -
    2023年12月

    IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, Japan Joint Chapter  Chair

  • 2020年06月
    -
    2022年06月

    電子情報通信学会基礎・境界ソサイエティ  特別委員

  • 2018年04月
    -
    2022年03月

    情報処理学会 高度交通システムとスマートコミュニティ研究会  委員

  • 2020年01月
    -
    2021年12月

    IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, Japan Joint Chapter  Vice Chair

  • 2013年01月
    -
    2021年01月

    IEEE/ACM Asia South Pacific Design Automation Conference  Steering Committee Secretary

  • 2019年06月
    -
    2020年06月

    電子情報通信学会VLSI設計技術研究専門委員会  委員長

  • 2018年01月
    -
    2019年12月

    IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, Japan Joint Chapter  Secretary

  • 2018年06月
    -
    2019年05月

    電子情報通信学会VLSI設計技術研究専門委員会  副委員長

  • 2015年04月
    -
    2019年03月

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology  Editor-in-Chief

  • 2014年06月
    -
    2017年05月

    電子情報通信学会基礎・境界ソサイエティ  特別委員

  • 2013年04月
    -
    2017年03月

    情報処理学会システムとLSIの設計技術研究会  委員

  • 2010年05月
    -
    2016年05月

    電子情報通信学会VLSI設計技術研究専門委員会  専門委員

  • 2011年05月
    -
    2014年06月

    電子情報通信学会 アクレディエーション委員会  幹事

  • 2013年04月
    -
    2014年03月

    情報処理学会論文誌編集委員会基盤グループ  主査

  • 2011年04月
    -
    2013年03月

    情報処理学会システムLSI設計技術研究会  幹事

  • 2010年05月
    -
    2012年05月

    電子情報通信学会基礎・境界ソサイエティ  幹事

  • 2005年04月
    -
    2012年05月

    電子情報通信学会 リコンフィギャラブルシステム研究専門委員会  専門委員

  • 2008年05月
    -
    2011年05月

    電子情報通信学会 アクレディエーション委員会  委員

  • 2009年04月
    -
    2011年03月

    情報処理学会システムLSI設計技術研究会  委員

  • 2008年05月
    -
    2010年05月

    電子情報通信学会VLSI設計技術研究専門委員会  幹事

  • 2003年05月
    -
    2008年05月

    電子情報通信学会 VLSI設計技術研究専門委員会  専門委員

  • 2004年05月
    -
    2006年05月

    電子情報通信学会 会誌編集委員会  委員

▼全件表示

所属学協会

  •  
     
     

    ACM

  •  
     
     

    IEEE

  •  
     
     

    情報処理学会

  •  
     
     

    電子情報通信学会

研究分野

  • 計算機システム / 情報セキュリティ

研究キーワード

  • 集積システム設計

  • 量子計算

  • 情報セキュリティ

受賞

  • Best Paper Award

    2024年09月   11th International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security, IOTSMS 2024   Initial Seeds Generation Using LLM for IoT Device Fuzzing  

    受賞者: Hibiki Nakanishi, Kota Hisafuru, Kento Hasegawa, Seira Hidano, Kazuhide Fukushima, Kazuo Hashimoto, Nozomu Togawa

  • テレコムシステム技術奨励賞

    2024年03月   電気通信普及財団  

    受賞者: 長谷川健人、山下一樹、披田野清良、福島和英、橋本和夫、戸川望

  • SCOPE成果展開推進賞

    2022年12月   総務省  

    受賞者: 戸川望

  • 科学技術分野の文部科学大臣表彰・科学技術賞(研究部門)

    2018年04月   文部科学省   集積回路の革新的設計技術とそのセキュリティ応用研究  

    受賞者: 戸川望

  • 最優秀論文賞

    2017年09月   IEEE ICCE-Berlin   A robust scan-based side-channel attack method against HMAC-SHA-256 circuits  

    受賞者: Daisuke Oku, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

  • 最優秀論文賞

    2016年10月   IEEE International SoC Conference   A high-performance circuit design algorithm using datadependent approximation  

    受賞者: Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

  • テレコムシステム技術賞

    2011年03月   電気通信普及財団  

    受賞者: 戸川 望

  • (財)船井情報科学財団 船井学術賞

    2010年04月  

  • (財)丸文研究交流財団 丸文研究奨励賞

    2010年03月  

  • IEEE DAC/ISSCC Student Design Contest, 1st Place

    2006年07月  

  • (財)武田計測先端知財団,武田研究奨励賞優秀賞

    2001年12月  

  • 丹羽記念会平成9年度(第21回)丹羽記念賞

    1998年02月  

  • (財)安藤研究所第9回安藤博記念学術奨励賞

    1996年06月  

  • 電子情報通信学会 第8回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ 研究奨励賞

    1996年04月  

  • 早稲田大学平成7年度小野梓記念学術賞

    1996年03月  

  • 早稲田大学平成7年度大川功記念賞

    1996年03月  

  • Best Paper Award (IEEE Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference 1995)

    1995年08月  

  • (財)電気通信普及財団第10回テレコムシステム技術学生賞

    1995年03月  

▼全件表示

 

論文

  • A Novel Classical-Ising Hybrid Annealing Method with QUBO Model Cutting.

    Yuta Atobe, Masashi Tawada, Nozomu Togawa

    MWSCAS     1154 - 1157  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Prioritizing Vulnerability Assessment Items Using LLM Based on IoT Device Documentations.

    Yuka Ikegami, Ryotaro Negishi, Kento Hasegawa, Seira Hidano, Kazuhide Fukushima, Kazuo Hashimoto, Nozomu Togawa

    IOTSMS     147 - 152  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Initial Seeds Generation Using LLM for IoT Device Fuzzing.

    Hibiki Nakanishi, Kota Hisafuru, Kento Hasegawa, Seira Hidano, Kazuhide Fukushima, Kazuo Hashimoto, Nozomu Togawa

    IOTSMS     5 - 10  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • QUBO Formulation Using Sequence Pair With Search Space Restriction for Rectangle Packing Problem

    Akihisa Okada, Keisuke Otaki, Tadayoshi Matsumori, Hiroaki Yoshida, Kotaro Terada, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Access    2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Anomalous IoT Behavior Detection by Generated Power Waveforms with Hyper-parameter Tuning.

    Ryusei Eda, Kota Hisafuru, Nozomu Togawa

    IOLTS     1 - 3  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Toward Practical Benchmarks of Ising Machines: A Case Study on the Quadratic Knapsack Problem

    Kentaro Ohno, Tatsuhiko Shirai, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Access    2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Ising Machine Approach to the Lecturer–Student Assignment Problem

    Sora Tomita, Tatsuhiko Shirai, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Access    2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A GPU-Based Ising Machine With a Multi-Spin-Flip Capability for Constrained Combinatorial Optimization

    Satoru Jimbo, Tatsuhiko Shirai, Nozomu Togawa, Masato Motomura, Kazushi Kawamura

    IEEE Access   12   43660 - 43673  2024年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Postprocessing Variationally Scheduled Quantum Algorithm for Constrained Combinatorial Optimization Problems

    Tatsuhiko Shirai, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering    2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Optimization of Practical Time-Dependent Vehicle Routing Problem by Ising Machines.

    Yui Tsuyumine, Kenichi Masuda, Takeshi Hachikawa, Tsuyoshi Haga, Yuta Yachi, Tatsuhiko Shirai, Masashi Tawada, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 5  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Time-Dependent Multi-Objective Trip Planning by Ant Colony Optimization with Route API.

    Etsushi Saeki, Siya Bao, Toshinori Takayama, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 2  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Evaluation of Ensemble Learning Models for Hardware-Trojan Identification at Gate-level Netlists.

    Ryotaro Negishi, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Interaction Coefficient Control Method for Setting Initial Solutions to Ising Machines.

    Soma Kawakami, Kentaro Ohno, Dema Ba, Satoshi Yagi, Junji Teramoto, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 2  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Carrying-Mode-Free Stair Ascent and Descent Estimation using Smartphones.

    Dai Kajimoto, Etsushi Saeki, Siya Bao, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Gen-Power: Anomaly Detection in IoT Devices Utilizing Generated Power Waveforms.

    Kota Hisafuru, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hybrid Iterative Annealing Method Using a Quantum Annealer and a Classical Computer.

    Keisuke Fukada, Tatshuhiko Shirai, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • An Anomalous Behavior Detection Method Utilizing IoT Power Waveform Shapes.

    Kota Hisafuru, Kazunari Takasaki, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci.   107 ( 1 ) 75 - 86  2024年01月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

  • Hardware-Trojan Detection at Gate-Level Netlists Using a Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Model and Its Extension Using Trojan Probability Propagation.

    Ryotaro Negishi, Tatsuki Kurihara, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci.   107 ( 1 ) 63 - 74  2024年01月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

  • Giving a Quasi-Initial Solution to Ising Machines by Controlling External Magnetic Field Coefficients.

    Soma Kawakami, Kentaro Ohno, Dema Ba, Satoshi Yagi, Junji Teramoto, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci.   107 ( 1 ) 52 - 62  2024年01月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

  • Ising-Machine-Based Solver for Constrained Graph Coloring Problems.

    Soma Kawakami, Yosuke Mukasa, Siya Bao, Dema Ba, Junya Arai, Satoshi Yagi, Junji Teramoto, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci.   107 ( 1 ) 38 - 51  2024年01月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

  • Node-wise Hardware Trojan Detection Based on Graph Learning

    Kento Hasegawa, Kazuki Yamashita, Seira Hidano, Kazuhide Fukushima, Kazuo Hashimoto, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Transactions on Computers    2024年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hybrid Optimization Method Using Simulated-Annealing-Based Ising Machine and Quantum Annealer

    Shuta Kikuchi, Nozomu Togawa, Shu Tanaka

    Journal of the Physical Society of Japan    2023年12月  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Efficient Combined Bit-Width Reducing Method for Ising Models.

    Yuta Yachi, Masashi Tawada, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst.   106 ( 4 ) 495 - 508  2023年04月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

  • Multi-Spin-Flip Engineering in an Ising Machine.

    Tatsuhiko Shirai, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Trans. Computers   72 ( 3 ) 759 - 771  2023年03月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • R-HTDetector: Robust Hardware-Trojan Detection Based on Adversarial Training.

    Kento Hasegawa, Seira Hidano, Kohei Nozawa, Shinsaku Kiyomoto, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Trans. Computers   72 ( 2 ) 333 - 345  2023年02月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    14
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Multi-Day Intermodal Travel Planning for Urban Cities Using Ising Machines

    Siya Bao, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Proceedings, ITSC     54 - 60  2023年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

     概要を見る

    The multi-day intermodal travel planning problem (MITPP) is an optimization problem (OP) and it generates the optimal sequences of point-of-interests (POIs) and hotels while searching for the most suitable transport modes between POIs and hotels. Conventional methods and solvers using von Neumann computers provide good approximate solutions to the OPs, but the computation time grows exponentially dealing with large-scale or complex OPs. Meanwhile, Ising machines or quantum annealing machines are non-von Neumann computers that are designed to solve complex OPs. In this paper, we focus on solving the MITPP by a two-phase Ising-based method. The first POI clustering phase aims at generating POIs clusters for sightseeing days and the second POI routing phase generates travel routes for each day with the optimal transport modes. Practical factors such as POI satisfaction, POI duration, hotel fee, and transportation fee are included in the MITPP. We map these elements onto quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) models. For evaluation, we use a real-world dataset in Sapporo, Japan. Empirical results confirm that the proposed method can effectively solve the MITPP both in terms of solution quality and execution time and outperforms a conventional solver, a conventional method, and the latest Ising-based method.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Smart Device-Based PDR Methods for Indoor Localization

    Siya Bao, Nozomu Togawa

    Machine Learning for Indoor Localization and Navigation     27 - 48  2023年01月

     概要を見る

    Smart devices, such as smartphones and smartwatches, are indispensable nowadays for everyone’s daily life due to their mobility and powerful computation capability. Sensors embedded in these devices are relatively low-cost and convenient to carry. Consequently, leveraging the sensors embedded in smart devices has provided new opportunities for indoor PDR developments. In this chapter, we first introduce various types of smart devices and device-based carrying modes. We then describe the types and functionalities of sensors built into these devices, as well as common steps and evaluation metrics in smart device-based PDR methods. Several methods are summarized based on the usage of smart devices, sensors, techniques, and performances. Lastly, we present challenges and issues that remain for current smart device-based PDR methods.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • An Ising-Machine-Based Solver of Vehicle Routing Problem With Balanced Pick-Up

    Siya Bao, Masashi Tawada, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics   70 ( 1 ) 445 - 459  2023年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

     概要を見る

    Vehicle routing applications are ubiquitous in the field of pick-up and delivery service. We focus on the vehicle routing problem with balanced pick-up called VRPBP which originates from the package pick-up service. The aim of the problem is not only to efficiently explore the shortest travel route but also to balance loads between depots and vehicles. These problems can be regarded as optimization problems, and recent developments in Ising machines, including quantum annealing machines, bring us a new opportunity to solve complex real-world optimization problems. In this paper, a two-phase method and a three-phase method using Ising machines are proposed for solving the VRPBP. As the applicability of current Ising machines is limited due to the small size of Ising spins and connectivities, we partition the complex problem into two or three sub-problems, and the key elements of each sub-problem are mapped onto quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) models to fit in the structure of the Ising machines. We first compared the performances of the Ising machine on the standard TSP and CVRP datasets with a conventional state-of-the-art solver and three conventional methods. Then, we evaluated the performances of the proposed methods compared with five conventional method for solving the VRPBP. The results confirm the effectiveness of the two proposed methods in solving vehicle-routing-related optimization problems.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • QuDASH: Quantum-Inspired Rate Adaptation Approach for DASH Video Streaming.

    Bo Wei, Hang Song, Makoto Nakamura, Koichi Kimura, Nozomu Togawa, Jiro Katto

    IEEE Access   11   118462 - 118473  2023年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Trip Planning Based on subQUBO Annealing.

    Tatsuya Noguchi, Keisuke Fukada, Siya Bao, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Access   11   100383 - 100395  2023年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Spin-Variable Reduction Method for Handling Linear Equality Constraints in Ising Machines

    Tatsuhiko Shirai, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Transactions on Computers    2023年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Dynamical Process of a Bit-Width Reduced Ising Model With Simulated Annealing.

    Shuta Kikuchi, Nozomu Togawa, Shu Tanaka

    IEEE Access   11   95493 - 95506  2023年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Fast and Accurate Smartglass Angles Inference Based on Periodic Behavior in Walking.

    Dai Sato, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2023年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Fast Hyperparameter Tuning for Ising Machines.

    Matthieu Parizy, Norihiro Kakuko, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2023年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Quasi-Initial Solution Giving Method for Ising Machines by Controlling External Magnetic Field Coefficients.

    Soma Kawakami, Kentaro Ohno, Dema Ba, Satoshi Yagi, Junji Teramoto, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2023年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Constrained Graph Coloring Solver Based on Ising Machines.

    Soma Kawakami, Yosuke Mukasa, Siya Bao, Dema Ba, Junya Arai, Satoshi Yagi, Junji Teramoto, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2023年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Cardinality Constrained Portfolio Optimization on an Ising Machine.

    Matthieu Parizy, Przemyslaw Sadowski, Nozomu Togawa

    SOCC     1 - 6  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Effective Hardware-Trojan Feature Extraction Against Adversarial Attacks at Gate-Level Netlists.

    Kazuki Yamashita, Tomohiro Kato, Kento Hasegawa, Seira Hidano, Kazuhide Fukushima, Nozomu Togawa

    IOLTS     1 - 7  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Anomalous Behavior Detection Method for IoT Devices Based on Power Waveform Shapes.

    Kota Hisafuru, Kazunari Takasaki, Nozomu Togawa

    IOLTS     1 - 7  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware-Trojan Detection at Gate-level Netlists using Gradient Boosting Decision Tree Models.

    Ryotaro Negishi, Tatsuki Kurihara, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE-Berlin     1 - 6  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Autonomous driving system with feature extraction using a binarized autoencoder.

    Kota Hisafuru, Ryotaro Negishi, Soma Kawakami, Dai Sato, Kazuki Yamashita, Keisuke Fukada, Nozomu Togawa

    FPT     1 - 4  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Multi-Objective Trip Planning Based on Ant Colony Optimization Utilizing Trip Records.

    Etsushi Saeki, Siya Bao, Toshinori Takayama, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Access   10   127825 - 127844  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hybrid Annealing Method Based on subQUBO Model Extraction With Multiple Solution Instances.

    Yuta Atobe, Masashi Tawada, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Transactions on Computers   71 ( 10 ) 2606 - 2619  2022年  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware-Trojan Detection Based on the Structural Features of Trojan Circuits Using Random Forests.

    Tatsuki Kurihara, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   105-A ( 7 ) 1049 - 1060  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

  • QUBO Matrix Distorting Method for Consumer Applications.

    Tomokazu Yoshimura, Tatsuhiko Shirai, Masashi Tawada, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Efficient Coefficient Bit-Width Reduction Method for Ising Machines.

    Yuta Yachi, Yousuke Mukasa, Masashi Tawada, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 6  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A PDR Method Using Smartglasses Reducing Accumulated Errors by Detecting User's Stop Motions.

    Dai Sato, Nozomu Togawa

    ICCE     1 - 2  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Carrying-mode Free Indoor Positioning Using Smartphone and Smartwatch and Its Evaluations.

    Tomoya Wakaizumi, Nozomu Togawa

    J. Inf. Process.   30   52 - 65  2022年  [査読有り]

    DOI

  • An Anomalous Behavior Detection Method Based on Power Analysis Utilizing Steady State Power Waveform Predicted by LSTM

    Kazunari Takasaki, Ryoichi Kida, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - 2021 IEEE 27th International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design, IOLTS 2021     1 - 7  2021年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Hardware security issues have emerged in recent years as Internet of Things (IoT) devices have rapidly spread. Power analysis is one of the methods to detect anomalous operations, but it is hard to apply it to IoT devices where an operating system and various software programs are running and hence its power waveforms become more complex. In this paper, we propose an anomalous behavior detection method utilizing application-specific power behaviors extracted by steady-state power waveform, which is generated by LSTM (long short-term memory). The proposed method is based on extracting application-specific power behaviors by predicting steady-state power waveforms. At that time, by using LSTM, we can effectively predict steady-state power waveforms, even if they include one or more cycled waveforms and/or they are composed of many complex waveforms. In the experiment, we implement three normal application programs and one anomalous application program on a single board computer and apply the proposed method to it. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully detects the anomalous power behavior of an anomalous application program, while the existing method cannot.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware-trojan classification based on the structure of trigger circuits utilizing random forests

    Tatsuki Kurihara, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - 2021 IEEE 27th International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design, IOLTS 2021     1 - 4  2021年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, with the spread of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, embedded hardware devices have been used in a variety of everyday electrical items. Due to the increased demand for embedded hardware devices, some of the IC design and manufacturing steps have been outsourced to third-party vendors. Since malicious third-party vendors may insert malicious circuits, called hardware Trojans, into their products, developing an effective hardware Trojan detection method is strongly required. In this paper, we propose 25 hardware-Trojan features based on the structure of trigger circuits for machine-learning-based hardware Trojan detection. Combining the proposed features into 11 existing hardware-Trojan features, we totally utilize 36 hardware-Trojan features for classification. Then we classify the nets in an unknown netlist into a set of normal nets and Trojan nets based on the random-forest classifier. The experimental results demonstrate that the average true positive rate (TPR) becomes 63.6% and the average true negative rate (TNR) becomes 100.0%. They improve the average TPR by 14.7 points while keeping the average TNR compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. In particular, the proposed method successfully finds out Trojan nets in several benchmark circuits, which are not found by the existing method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    18
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Data Augmentation for Machine Learning-Based Hardware Trojan Detection at Gate-Level Netlists

    Kento Hasegawa, Seira Hidano, Kohei Nozawa, Shinsaku Kiyomoto, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - 2021 IEEE 27th International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design, IOLTS 2021     1 - 4  2021年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Due to the rapid growth in the information and telecommunications industries, an untrusted vendor might compromise the complicated supply chain by inserting hardware Trojans (HTs). Although hardware Trojan detection methods at gate-level netlists employing machine learning have been developed, the training dataset is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a data augmentation method for machine-learning-based hardware Trojan detection. Our proposed method replaces a gate in a hardware Trojan circuit with logically equivalent gates. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method successfully enhances the classification performance with all the classifiers in terms of the true positive rates (TPRs).

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Approach to the Vehicle Routing Problem with Balanced Pick-up Using Ising Machines

    Siya Bao, Masashi Tawada, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    2021 International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test, VLSI-DAT 2021 - Proceedings    2021年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Vehicle routing problems (VRPs) can be solved as optimization problems. Practical applications of the VRPs are involved in various areas including manufacturing, supply chain, and tourism. Conventional approaches using von Neumann computers obtain good approximate solutions to the optimization problems, but conventional approaches show disadvantages of computation costs in large-scale or complex problems due to the combinatorial explosion. Oppositely, Ising machines or quantum annealing machines are non-von Neumann computers that are designed to solve complex optimization problems. In this paper, we propose an Ising-machine based approach for the vehicle routing problem with balanced pick-up (VRPBP). The development of the VRPBP is motivated by postal items pick-up services in the real-world. Our approach includes various features of VRP variants. We propose a 2-phase approach to solve the VRPBP and key elements in each phase are mapped onto quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) forms. Specifically, the first phase belongs to the clustering phase which is an extension to the knapsack problem with additional distance and load balancing concerns. The second phase is mapped to the traveling salesman problem. Experimental results of our approach are evaluated in terms of solution quality and computation time compared with conventional approaches.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Mapping induced subgraph isomorphism problems to ising models and its evaluations by an ising machine

    Natsuhito Yoshimura, Masashi Tawada, Shu Tanaka, Junya Arai, Satoshi Yagi, Hiroyuki Uchiyama, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems   E104.D ( 4 ) 481 - 489  2021年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    SUMMARY Ising machines have attracted attention as they are expected to solve combinatorial optimization problems at high speed with Ising models corresponding to those problems. An induced subgraph isomorphism problem is one of the decision problems, which determines whether a specific graph structure is included in a whole graph or not. The problem can be represented by equality constraints in the words of combinatorial optimization problem. By using the penalty functions corresponding to the equality constraints, we can utilize an Ising machine to the induced subgraph isomorphism problem. The induced subgraph isomorphism problem can be seen in many practical problems, for example, finding out a particular malicious circuit in a device or particular network structure of chemical bonds in a compound. However, due to the limitation of the number of spin variables in the current Ising machines, reducing the number of spin variables is a major concern. Here, we propose an efficient Ising model mapping method to solve the induced subgraph isomorphism problem by Ising machines. Our proposed method theoretically solves the induced subgraph isomorphism problem. Furthermore, the number of spin variables in the Ising model generated by our proposed method is theoretically smaller than that of the conventional method. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method can successfully solve the induced subgraph isomorphism problem by using the Ising-model based simulated annealing and a real Ising machine.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Solving constrained slot placement problems using an ising machine and its evaluations

    Sho Kanamaru, Kazushi Kawamura, Shu Tanaka, Yoshinori Tomita, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems   E104D ( 2 ) 226 - 236  2021年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Ising machines have attracted attention, which is expected to obtain better solutions of various combinatorial optimization problems at high speed by mapping the problems to natural phenomena. A slot-placement problem is one of the combinatorial optimization problems, regarded as a quadratic assignment problem, which relates to the optimal logic-block placement in a digital circuit as well as optimal delivery planning. Here, we propose a mapping to the Ising model for solving a slot-placement problem with additional constraints, called a constrained slot-placement problem, where several item pairs must be placed within a given distance. Since the behavior of Ising machines is stochastic and we map the problem to the Ising model which uses the penalty method, the obtained solution does not always satisfy the slot-placement constraint, which is different from the conventional methods such as the conventional simulated annealing. To resolve the problem, we propose an interpretation method in which a feasible solution is generated by post-processing procedures. We measured the execution time of an Ising machine and compared the execution time of the simulated annealing in which solutions with almost the same accuracy are obtained. As a result, we found that the Ising machine is faster than the simulated annealing that we implemented.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Indoor Positioning Method using Smartphone and Smartwatch Independent of Carrying Modes

    Tomoya Wakaizumi, Nozomu Togawa

    Digest of Technical Papers - IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics   2021-January  2021年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A pedestrian dead reckoning method, or PDR method in short, is one of the positioning methods in indoor environments, which estimates user's positions by using sensors such as acceleration and angular velocity sensors. When we consider using a smartphone as a PDR sensor device, it has various carrying modes such as holding it directly and carrying it inside a pocket. How to deal with these various carrying modes is the great concern in PDR using a smartphone. In this paper, we propose a PDR method based on a combination of a smartphone and a smartwatch. By synchronizing smartphone and smartwatch sensors effectively, the proposed method can successfully reduce drift errors and thus estimate accurate user's positions, compared to just using a smartphone. Furthermore, even when the user carries his/her smartphone in various carrying modes, the proposed method still realizes accurate PDR. The experimental results demonstrate that the positioning errors are reduced by approximately 87.5% on average compared to the existing method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Visiting-Route Recommendation in Amusement Parks and its Evaluations by an Ising Machine

    Yosuke Mukasa, Tomoya Wakaizumi, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    Digest of Technical Papers - IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics   2021-January   1 - 6  2021年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In an amusement park, an attraction-visiting route considering the waiting time and traveling time improves visitors' satisfaction and experience. We focus on Ising machines to solve the problem, which are recently expected to solve combinatorial optimization problems at high speed by mapping the problems to Ising models or quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) models. We propose a mapping of the visiting-route recommendation problem in amusement parks to a QUBO model for solving it using Ising machines. By using an actual Ising machine, we could obtain feasible solutions 15 times faster with almost the same accuracy as the simulated annealing method for the visiting-route recommendation problem.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Reducing Writing Energy Consumption for Non-Volatile Registers Utilizing Frequent Patterns of Sequential Bits on RISC-V Architecture

    Shota Matsuno, Masashi Tawada, Nozomu Togawa

    Digest of Technical Papers - IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics   2021-January   1 - 6  2021年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Single-board computers have been widely spread and used in a variety of situations, where they may be requested to operate under low-energy conditions or with an unstable power supply. Utilizing non-volatile memory (NVM) retaining data without power must be one of the effective solutions to tackle this issue. However, compared to volatile memory such as SRAM and DRAM, NVM consumes more energy in writing operations. In this paper, we propose an effective energy reduction method for RISC-V architecture, targeting one of NVMs called spin-transfer torque RAMs (STT-RAM). Firstly, we thoroughly investigate the writing bit patterns to registers in RISC-V architecture for various typical application programs and find out that most of them can be classified into three patterns, in which most bits in writing 32-bit data are 0s (zero's). Secondly, we propose an energy-reduced register-writing method utilizing these frequent writing bit patterns. In this method, when a writing data falls into one of the three frequent bit writing patterns above, we just write the bit pattern type into the extra bits and do not write actual data into registers and hence we can reduce the write energy in NVM register writing extremely. Experimental results on RISC-V architecture demonstrate that the energy consumption is reduced by 12.5%-53.8% by using our proposed method compared to the baseline architecture.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • An ising machine-based solver for visiting-route recommendation problems in amusement parks

    Yosuke MUKASA, Tomoya WAKAIZUMI, Shu TANAKA, Nozomu TOGAWA

    IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems   E104D ( 10 ) 1592 - 1600  2021年

     概要を見る

    In an amusement park, an attraction-visiting route considering the waiting time and traveling time improves visitors' satisfaction and experience. We focus on Ising machines to solve the problem, which are recently expected to solve combinatorial optimization problems at high speed by mapping the problems to Ising models or quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) models. We propose a mapping of the visiting-route recommendation problem in amusement parks to a QUBO model for solving it using Ising machines. By using an actual Ising machine, we could obtain feasible solutions one order of magnitude faster with almost the same accuracy as the simulated annealing method for the visiting-route recommendation problem.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Multi-day Travel Planning Using Ising Machines for Real-world Applications.

    Siya Bao, Masashi Tawada, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    24th IEEE International Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference(ITSC)     3704 - 3709  2021年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A PDR Method Combining Smartphone and Smartwatch based on Multi-Scenario Map Matching.

    Tomoya Wakaizumi, Nozomu Togawa

    GCCE     308 - 309  2021年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • An autonomous driving system utilizing image processing accelerated by FPGA.

    Kazunari Takasaki, Kota Hisafuru, Ryotaro Negishi, Kazuki Yamashita, Keisuke Fukada, Tomoya Wakaizumi, Nozomu Togawa

    FPT     1 - 4  2021年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Toward Learning Robust Detectors from Imbalanced Datasets Leveraging Weighted Adversarial Training.

    Kento Hasegawa, Seira Hidano, Shinsaku Kiyomoto, Nozomu Togawa

    CANS     392 - 411  2021年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A Three-Stage Annealing Method Solving Slot-Placement Problems Using an Ising Machine.

    Keisuke Fukada, Matthieu Parizy, Yoshinori Tomita, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Access   9   134413 - 134426  2021年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Experimental evaluations of parallel tempering on an ising machine

    Yosuke Mukasa, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   14   27 - 29  2021年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Ising machines have recently attracted much attention because they are expected to solve combinatorial optimization problems efficiently. We focus on an Ising machine whose algorithm is based on parallel tempering (PT), and experimentally evaluate the performance of the Ising machine for MIN-CUT problems. Experimental results show that the Ising machine outperforms a famous graph partitioning solver in terms of the quality of solution and the time-to-target-solution.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Performance Comparison of Typical Binary-Integer Encodings in an Ising Machine

    Kensuke Tamura, Tatsuhiko Shirai, Hosho Katsura, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Access   9   81032 - 81039  2021年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The differences in performance among binary-integer encodings in an Ising machine, which can solve combinatorial optimization problems, are investigated. Many combinatorial optimization problems can be mapped to find the lowest-energy (ground) state of an Ising model or its equivalent model, the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO). Since the Ising model and QUBO consist of binary variables, they often express integers as binary when using Ising machines. A typical example is the combinatorial optimization problem under inequality constraints. Here, the quadratic knapsack problem is adopted as a prototypical problem with an inequality constraint. It is solved using typical binary-integer encodings: one-hot encoding, binary encoding, and unary encoding. Unary encoding shows the best performance for large-sized problems.

    DOI

    Scopus

    36
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Generating adversarial examples for hardware-trojan detection at gate-level netlists

    Kohei Nozawa, Kento Hasegawa, Seira Hidano, Shinsaku Kiyomoto, Kazuo Hashimoto, Nozomu Togawa

    Journal of Information Processing   29   236 - 246  2021年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, the great demand for integrated circuits (ICs) drives third parties to be involved in IC design and manufacturing steps. At the same time, the threat of injecting a malicious circuit, called a hardware Trojan, by third parties has been increasing. Machine learning is one of the powerful solutions for detecting hardware Trojans. How-ever, a weakness of such a machine-learning-based classification method against adversarial examples (AEs) has been reported, which causes misclassification by adding perturbation in input samples. This paper firstly proposes a framework generating adversarial examples for hardware-Trojan detection at gate-level netlists utilizing neural networks. The proposed framework replaces hardware Trojan circuits with logically equivalent ones, and makes it difficult to detect them. Secondly, we propose a Trojan-net concealment degree (TCD) and a modification evaluating value (MEV) as measures of the amount of modifications. Finally, based on the MEV, we pick up adversarial modification patterns to apply to the circuits against hardware-Trojan detection. The experimental results using benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed framework successfully decreases the true positive rate (TPR) by a maximum of 30.15 points.

    DOI

    Scopus

    11
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A route recommendation method considering individual user’s preferences by monte-carlo tree search and its evaluations

    Yuta Ishizaki, Yurie Koyama, Toshinori Takayama, Nozomu Togawa

    Journal of Information Processing   29   81 - 92  2021年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As smartphones and tablets are widely spread and used, route recommendation and guidance services have become commonplace. Conventional services in route recommendation and guidance try to give best routes in terms of route length, time required, and train/bus fares, whereas even different users are given the same route when inputting the same parameters. However, each user has various preferences from the aspect of safety and comfort. It is strongly desirable to reflect the user’s preferences in route recommendation and recommend the most preferable route to every user. Since user’s preferences are extremely vague and complicated, how to evaluate them in route recommendation is one of the key problems there. In this paper, we propose a route recommendation method, called P-UCT method, considering individual user’s preferences utilizing Monte-Carlo tree search. In the proposed method, we firstly ex-tract route features based on the route recommendation history of every user and construct a route evaluator based on Support Vector Machine (SVM). After that, the method generates a random route from a start point to an end point by Monte-Carlo tree search. The route evaluator determines how well every generated route matches the user’s preferences. By repeating the evaluation, the method obtains the route, which must be closest to the user’s preferences. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the existing method from the viewpoint of the average evaluation scores. They also demonstrate that the proposed method provides the recommended route reflecting the user’s individual preferences even if it learns the recommended route history of areas in different situations.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A capacitance measurement device for running hardware devices and its evaluations

    Makoto Nishizawa, Kento Hasegawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E103A ( 9 ) 1018 - 1027  2020年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In IoT (Internet-of-Things) era, the number and variety of hardware devices becomes continuously increasing. Several IoT devices are utilized at infrastructure equipments. How to maintain such IoT devices is a serious concern. Capacitance measurement is one of the powerful ways to detect anomalous states in the structure of the hardware devices. Particularly, measuring capacitance while the hardware device is running is a major challenge but no such researches proposed so far. This paper proposes a capacitance measuring device which measures device capacitance in operation. We firstly combine the AC (alternating current) voltage signal with the DC (direct current) supply voltage signal and generates the fluctuating signal. We supply the fluctuating signal to the target device instead of supplying the DC supply voltage. By effectively filtering the observed current in the target device, the filtered current can be proportional to the capacitance value and thus we can measure the target device capacitance even when it is running. We have implemented the proposed capacitance measuring device on the printed wiring board with the size of 95 mm × 70 mm and evaluated power consumption and accuracy of the capacitance measurement. The experimental results demonstrate that power consumption of the proposed capacitance measuring device is reduced by 65% in low-power mode from measuring mode and proposed device successfully measured capacitance in 0.002 µF resolution.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Trojan-net classification for gate-level hardware design utilizing boundary net structures

    Kento Hasegawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems   E103D ( 7 ) 1618 - 1622  2020年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Cybersecurity has become a serious concern in our daily lives. The malicious functions inserted into hardware devices have been well known as hardware Trojans. In this letter, we propose a hardware-Trojan classification method at gate-level netlists utilizing boundary net structures. We first use a machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection method and classify the nets in a given netlist into a set of normal nets and a set of Trojan nets. Based on the classification results, we investigate the net structures around the boundary between normal nets and Trojan nets, and extract the features of the nets mistakenly identified to be normal nets or Trojan nets. Finally, based on the extracted features of the boundary nets, we again classify the nets in a given netlist into a set of normal nets and a set of Trojan nets. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms an existing machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection method in terms of its true positive rate.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Anomalous Behavior Detection Method for IoT Devices by Extracting Application-Specific Power Behaviors

    Kazunari Takasaki, Kento Hasegawa, Ryoichi Kida, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - 2020 26th IEEE International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design, IOLTS 2020     1 - 4  2020年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With the widespread use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in recent years, we utilize a variety of hardware devices in our daily life. On the other hand, hardware security issues are emerging. Power analysis is one of the methods to detect anomalous operations, but it is hard to apply it to IoT devices where an operating system and various software programs are running. In this paper, we propose an anomalous behavior detection method for an IoT device by extracting application-specific power behaviors. First, we measure a power consumption of an IoT device, and obtain the power waveform. Next, we extract an application-specific power waveform by eliminating a steady factor from the obtained power waveform. Finally, we extract feature values from the application-specific power waveform and detect an anomalous behavior by utilizing the local outlier factor (LOF) method. The experimental results using a single board computer demonstrate that the proposed method successfully detects the anomalous power behavior of an anomalous application program.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Evaluation on Hardware-Trojan Detection at Gate-Level IP Cores Utilizing Machine Learning Methods

    Tatsuki Kurihara, Kento Hasegawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - 2020 26th IEEE International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design, IOLTS 2020     1 - 4  2020年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, with the spread of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, embedded hardware devices have been used in a variety of everyday electrical items. Due to the increased demand for embedded hardware devices, some of the IC design and manufacturing steps have been outsourced to third-party vendors. Since malicious third-party vendors may insert hardware Trojans into their products, developing an effective hardware Trojan detection method is strongly required. In this paper, we evaluate hardware Trojan detection methods using neural networks and random forests at gate-level intellectual property (IP) cores that contain more than 10,000 nets. First, we extract 11 features for each net in a given netlist, and learn them with neural networks and random forests. Then, we classify the nets in an unknown netlist into a set of normal nets and Trojan nets based on the learned classifiers. The experimental results demonstrate that the average true positive rate becomes 84.6% and the average true negative rate becomes 95.1%, which is sufficiently high accuracy compared to existing evaluations.

    DOI

    Scopus

    20
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Designing stochastic number generators sharing a random number source based on the randomization function

    Masashi Tawada, Nozomu Togawa

    NEWCAS 2020 - 18th IEEE International New Circuits and Systems Conference, Proceedings     271 - 274  2020年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this study, we propose a novel stochastic number generator architecture and prove that the resulting circuit can deliver independent stochastic numbers and improve the accuracy of the calculation results obtained using some recent conventional stochastic computing-based arithmetic circuits. This study is motivated by the increasingly important role of stochastic computing in various fields, such as the digital circuit design, where the stochastic number generators are responsible for a significant share of the hardware cost.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Document-level sentiment classification in japanese by stem-based segmentation with category and data-source information

    Siya Bao, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - 14th IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing, ICSC 2020     311 - 314  2020年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Existing studies focus on text information while ignoring category and data source information, both of which are verified to be important in interpreting sentiments in travel comments in this paper. Furthermore, the unique linguistic characteristics of Japanese cause difficulty in applying the conventional token-based word segmentation methods to Japanese comments directly. In this paper, we propose a method of stem-based segmentation based on Japanese linguistic characteristics and incorporate it with category and data source information into a hierarchical network model for document-level sentiment classification. Empirical results of our proposed model outperform existing models on a real-world dataset.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Multi-Resolutional Image Format Using Stochastic Numbers and Its Hardware Implementation

    Ryota Ishikawa, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2020 IEEE 11th Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems, LASCAS 2020     1 - 4  2020年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The popularization of IoT devices made image processing very common for users. Image formats used in hardware abound since there are varieties of IoT devices. Conversion of image formats in hardware is relatively complicated compared with other calculation. This paper focuses on conversion of image resolution, especially image reduction. By expressing images with stochastic numbers, this paper proposes an image format which can be treated to be in several resolution with one data. From experimental evaluations, we found that the proposed image format enables image reduction by pixel average to be implemented into hardware with lower costs compared with conventional pixel average using binary numbers. Also, image magnification using the proposed image format can restore the original image, while conventional image magnification cannot.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Adversarial examples for hardware-trojan detection at gate-level netlists

    Kohei Nozawa, Kento Hasegawa, Seira Hidano, Shinsaku Kiyomoto, Kazuo Hashimoto, Nozomu Togawa

    Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)   11980 LNCS   341 - 359  2020年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, due to the increase of outsourcing in integrated circuit (IC) design and manufacturing, the threat of injecting a malicious circuit, called a hardware Trojan, by third party has been increasing. Machine learning has been known to produce a powerful model to detect hardware Trojans. But it is recently reported that such a machine learning based detection is weak against adversarial examples (AEs), which cause misclassification by adding perturbation in input data. Referring to the existing studies on adversarial examples, most of which are discussed in the field of image processing, this paper first proposes a framework generating adversarial examples for hardware-Trojan detection for gate-level netlists utilizing neural networks. The proposed framework replaces hardware Trojan circuits with logically equivalent circuits, and makes it difficult to detect them. Second, we define Trojan-net concealment degree (TCD) as a possibility of misclassification, and modification evaluating value (MEV) as a measure of the amount of modifications. Third, judging from MEV, we pick up adversarial modification patterns to apply to the circuits against hardware-Trojan detection. The experimental results using benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed framework successfully decreases true positive rate (TPR) by at most 30.15 points.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • How to Reduce the Bit-width of an Ising Model by Adding Auxiliary Spins

    Daisuke Oku, Masashi Tawada, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Transactions on Computers   71 ( 1 ) 223 - 234  2020年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Annealing machines have been developed as non-von Neumann computers aimed at solving combinatorial optimization problems efficiently. To use annealing machines for solving combinatorial optimization problems, we have to represent the objective function and constraints by an Ising model, which is a theoretical model in statistical physics. Further, it is necessary to transform the Ising model according to the hardware limitations. In the transformation, the process of effectively reducing the bit-widths of coefficients in the Ising model has hardly been studied so far. Thus, when we consider the Ising model with a large bit-width, a naive method, which means right bit-shift, has to be applied. Since it is expected that obtaining highly accurate solutions is difficult by the naive method, it is necessary to construct a method for efficiently reducing the bit-width. This paper proposes methods for reducing the bit-widths of interaction and external magnetic field coefficients in the Ising model and proves that the reduction gives theoretically the same ground state of the original Ising model. The experimental evaluations also demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods.

    DOI

    Scopus

    14
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Guiding Principle for Minor-Embedding in Simulated-Annealing-Based Ising Machines

    Tatsuhiko Shirai, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE Access   8   210490 - 210502  2020年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We propose a novel type of minor-embedding (ME) in simulated-annealing-based Ising machines. The Ising machines can solve combinatorial optimization problems. Many combinatorial optimization problems are mapped to find the ground (lowest-energy) state of the logical Ising model. When connectivity is restricted on Ising machines, ME is required for mapping from the logical Ising model to a physical Ising model, which corresponds to a specific Ising machine. Herein we discuss the guiding principle of ME design to achieve a high performance in Ising machines. We derive the proposed ME based on a theoretical argument of statistical mechanics. The performance of the proposed ME is compared with two existing types of MEs for different benchmarking problems. Simulated annealing shows that the proposed ME outperforms existing MEs for all benchmarking problems, especially when the distribution of the degree in a logical Ising model has a large standard deviation. This study validates the guiding principle of using statistical mechanics for ME to realize fast and high-precision solvers for combinatorial optimization problems.

    DOI

    Scopus

    11
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A new LDPC code decoding method: Expanding the scope of ising machines

    Masashi Tawada, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    Digest of Technical Papers - IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics   2020-January   1 - 6  2020年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have previously been considered as combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) in respect to its decoding. However, after defining it as such, none have gone so far as to convert the LDPC code into a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem. Thus, a new method is created: one that converts the LDPC code to a QUBO problem, inputs the QUBO problem into Ising machines (computers based on the Ising model that are designed to solve the QUBO problem), obtains the QUBO solution and converts it to a LDPC solution. By utilizing an actual Ising machine, LDPC solutions with code length of 256-bits have been obtained with an accuracy of 93.9% by average annealing time 214.0ms. The benefit of this newfound methodology goes beyond its theoretical imprint of obtaining LDPC solutions more accurately. It has only been a few years since the Ising machine has been developed. Therefore, in formulating this method, one expands the currently scope of studies involving Ising machines, helping current and future researchers unlock its full range of capabilities and possibilities.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Theory of Ising Machines and a Common Software Platform for Ising Machines

    Shu Tanaka, Yoshiki Matsuda, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings of the Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, ASP-DAC   2020-January   659 - 666  2020年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Ising machines are a new type of non-Neumann computer that specializes in solving combinatorial optimization problems efficiently. The input form of Ising machines is the energy function of the Ising model or quadratic unconstrained binary optimization form, and Ising machines operate to search for a condition to minimize the energy function. We describe the theory of Ising machines and the present status of the Ising machines, software for Ising machines, and applications using Ising machines.

    DOI

    Scopus

    13
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • FPGA-based Heterogeneous Solver for Three-Dimensional Routing

    Kento Hasegawa, Ryota Ishikawa, Makoto Nishizawa, Kazushi Kawamura, Masashi Tawada, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings of the Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, ASP-DAC   2020-January   11 - 12  2020年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A heuristic algorithm is one of the approaches to solve an NP-hard problem. In order to enhance the capability of the system, heterogeneous computing is often adapted. In this paper, we propose an FPGA-based heterogeneous solver for three-dimensional routing. The proposed system is implemented into multiple FPGA boards and a single-board computer. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms a single FPGA system.

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  • Scalable stochastic number duplicators for accuracy-flexible arithmetic circuit design

    Ryota Ishikawa, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   13   10 - 20  2020年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Stochastic computing is a computation method which can implement arithmetic operations by simple logic circuits. Stochastic numbers are used in this method, whose values are defined by their bit streams' appearance rates of 1's. As a nature of stochastic computing, changing the length of the input stochastic numbers will change the whole circuit's accuracy. However, in some implementations with re-convergence paths, the circuit itself will cause errors, i.e., the length of the input stochastic numbers does not change that circuit's accuracy. This paper proposes a stochastic number duplicator whose outputs differ every time and are all independent. This stochastic number duplicator has a scalable structure by changing the numbers of flip-flops for bit re-arrangement. From the experimental evaluations and discussions, we clarify that the proposed stochastic number duplicator enables accuracy-flexible circuits.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A travel decision support algorithm: Landmark activity extraction from japanese travel comments

    Siya Bao, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Studies in Computational Intelligence   849   109 - 123  2020年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    To help people smoothly and efficiently make travel decisions, we utilize the advantages of travel comments posted by thousands of other travelers. In this paper, we analyze the feasibility of exploring landmark activity queries and representative examples from Japanese travel comments. Contributions in this paper include a framework for extracting activity concerned keywords and queries, quantifying the relationship between landmark activities and comment contents. An evaluation of activity-example extraction is conducted in two case studies through 18,939 travel comments.

    DOI

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  • Implementation of a ROS-Based Autonomous Vehicle on an FPGA Board

    Kento Hasegawa, Kazunari Takasaki, Makoto Nishizawa, Ryota Ishikawa, Kazushi Kawamura, Nozomu Togawa

    2019 International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (ICFPT)    2019年12月

    DOI

  • Error correction system using stochastic numbers in symmetric channels and z channels

    Ryota Ishikawa, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2019 26th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, ICECS 2019     578 - 581  2019年11月

     概要を見る

    In fields of image processing and neural network, increasing amount of data and complex functions are making circuits precise. This makes errors in circuits relatively large. When upper bits of binary signals flip due to noise, the value will increase or decrease drastically. On the other hand, if stochastic numbers are used, the changes on their values are the same since all the bits have the same weight. Therefore, stochastic computing, a computation method based on stochastic numbers, is attracting interest. Stochastic computing does have error tolerance, but cannot restore the bit stream if the bits are erroneous. Here, we focus on evaluating the error-free value from the bit error rate and the erroneous value. We have proposed a method to correct errors of stochastic numbers by measuring the bit error rate and filtering the values properly in symmetric channels. In this paper, we propose a method that can also correct errors in Z channels as well as symmetric channels. From experimental evaluations, in environment with high bit error rate, this proposal will give a better peak-signal-to-noise ratio compared with a conventional error correction coding.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A multiple coefficients trial method to solve combinatorial optimization problems for simulated-annealing-based ising machines

    Kota Takehara, Daisuke Oku, Yoshiki Matsuda, Shu Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin, ICCE-Berlin   2019-   64 - 69  2019年09月

     概要を見る

    When solving a combinatorial optimization problem with Ising machines, we have to formulate it onto an energy function of Ising model. Here, how to determine the penalty coefficients in the energy function is a great concern if it includes constraint terms. In this paper, we focus on a traveling salesman problem (TSP, in short), one of the combinatorial optimization problems with equality constraints. Firstly, we investigate the relationship between the penalty coefficient and the accuracy of solutions in a TSP. Based on it, we propose a method to obtain a TSP quasi-optimum solution, which is called multiple coefficients trial method. In our proposed method, we use an Ising machine to solve a TSP by changing a penalty coefficient every trial, the TSP solutions can converge very fast in total. Compared to naive methods using simulated-annealing-based Ising machines, we confirmed that our proposed method can reduce the total number of annealing iterations to 1/10 to 1/1000 to obtain a quasi-optimum solution in 32-city TSPs.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Efficient ising model mapping for induced subgraph isomorphism problems using ising machines

    Natsuhito Yoshimura, Masashi Tawada, Shu Tanaka, Junya Arai, Satoshi Yagi, Hiroyuki Uchiyama, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin, ICCE-Berlin   2019-   227 - 232  2019年09月

     概要を見る

    Ising machines have attracted attention as they are expected to solve combinatorial optimization problems at high speed with Ising models corresponding to those problems. An induced subgraph isomorphism problem is one of the decision problems, which determines whether a specific graph structure is included in a whole graph or not. The problem can be represented by equality constraints. By using the penalty functions correspond to the equality constraints, we can utilize an Ising machine to the induced subgraph isomorphism problem. The induced subgraph isomorphism problem can be seen in many practical problems, for example, finding out a particular malicious circuit in a device or particular network structure of chemical bonds in a compound. However, due to the limitation of the number of spin variables in the current Ising machines, reducing the number of spin variables is a major concern. Here, we propose an efficient Ising model mapping method to solve the induced subgraph isomorphism problem by Ising machines. Our proposed method theoretically solves the induced subgraph isomorphism problem. Furthermore, the number of spin variables in the Ising model generated by our proposed method is theoretically smaller than that of the conventional method. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method can successfully solve the induced subgraph isomorphism problem using the Isingmodel based simulated annealing.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A route recommendation method based on personal preferences by monte-carlo tree search

    Yuta Ishizaki, Toshinori Takayama, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin, ICCE-Berlin   2019-   404 - 409  2019年09月

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a route recommendation method, called P-UCT method, considering individual user's preferences utilizing Monte-Carlo tree search. In the proposed method, we firstly extract route features based on the route recommendation history of every user and construct a route evaluator based on Support Vector Machine (SVM). After that, the method generates a random route from a start point to an end point by Monte-Carlo tree search. The route evaluator determines how well every generated route matches the user's preferences. By repeating the evaluation, the method obtains the route, which must be closest to the user's preferences. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the existing method from the viewpoint of the average evaluation scores.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Error Correction Coding of Stochastic Numbers Using BER Measurement

    Ryota Ishikawa, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2019 IEEE 25th International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design, IOLTS 2019     243 - 246  2019年07月

     概要を見る

    In electric circuits, errors are ineluctable. When upper bits of binary signals flip due to noise, the value will increase or decrease drastically. On the other hand, if stochastic numbers are used, the change on their values are the same since all the bits have the same weight. Therefore, stochastic computing, a computation method based on stochastic numbers, is attracting interest. Stochastic computing does have error tolerance, but cannot restore the bit stream if the bits are erroneous. Here, this paper focuses on evaluating the error-free value from the bit error rate and the erroneous value. In this paper, we propose a method to correct errors of stochastic numbers by measuring the bit error rate and filtering the values properly. From experimental evaluations, in environment with errors of more than 21%, this proposal will give a better peak-signal-to-noise ratio compared with a conventional error correction coding.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Empirical Evaluation on Anomaly Behavior Detection for Low-Cost Micro-Controllers Utilizing Accurate Power Analysis

    Kento Hasegawa, Kiyoshi Chikamatsu, Nozomu Togawa

    2019 IEEE 25th International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design, IOLTS 2019     54 - 57  2019年07月

     概要を見る

    Since hardware/software vendors produce their IoT products easily and inexpensively, they often outsource their designs to third-party vendors where malicious third-party vendors can have a chance to insert software Trojans as well as 'hardware Trojans' into their IoT devices. How to tackle the issue becomes a serious concern these days. In this paper, we propose an anomaly behavior detection method utilizing accurate power analysis for low-cost micro-controllers. Our method accurately measures power consumption of the target device, and then classifies its waveform into the sleep-mode part, in which a micro-controller saves power, and into the active-mode part, in which a micro-controller works in a normal operation. After that, we obtain the duration time and consumed power from each active-mode period as feature values. Finally, we detect abnormal behavior based on the obtained feature values utilizing an outlier detection method. In our experiments, we empirically evaluate the proposed method utilizing two types of micro-controllers, and the experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method successfully detects abnormal behaviors.

    DOI

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    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A fully-connected ising model embedding method and its evaluation for CMOS annealing machines

    Oku, D., Terada, K., Hayashi, M., Yamaoka, M., Tanaka, S., Togawa, N.

    IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems   E102D ( 9 )  2019年

    DOI

    Scopus

    25
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Personalized Landmark Recommendation for Language-Specific Users by Open Data Mining

    Siya Bao, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Studies in Computational Intelligence   791   107 - 121  2019年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. This paper proposes a personalized landmark recommendation algorithm aiming at exploring new sights into the determinants of landmark satisfaction prediction. We gather 1,219,048 user-generated comments in Tokyo, Shanghai and New York from four travel websites. We find that users have diverse satisfaction on landmarks those findings, we propose an effective algorithm for personalize landmark satisfaction prediction. Our algorithm provides the top-6 landmarks with the highest satisfaction to users for a one-day trip plan our proposed algorithm has better performances than previous studies from the viewpoints of landmark recommendation and landmark satisfaction prediction.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Bicycle behavior recognition using 3-axis acceleration sensor and 3-axis gyro sensor equipped with smartphone

    Usami, Y., Ishikawa, K., Takayama, T., Yanagisawa, M., Togawa, N.

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E102A ( 8 ) 953 - 965  2019年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Static Error Analysis and Optimization of Faithfully Truncated Adders for Area-Power Efficient FIR Designs.

    Jinghao Ye, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Youhua Shi

    IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS 2019, Sapporo, Japan, May 26-29, 2019   2019-May   1 - 4  2019年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Efficient Ising Model Mapping to Solving Slot Placement Problem.

    Sho Kanamaru, Daisuke Oku, Masashi Tawada, Shu Tanaka, Masato Hayashi, Masanao Yamaoka, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, ICCE 2019, Las Vegas, NV, USA, January 11-13, 2019     1 - 6  2019年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An FPGA Implementation Method based on Distributed-register Architectures.

    Koichi Fujiwara, Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Trans. System LSI Design Methodology   12   38 - 41  2019年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A robust indoor/outdoor detection method based on spatial and temporal features of sparse GPS measured positions

    Iwata, S., Ishikawa, K., Takayama, T., Yanagisawa, M., Togawa, N.

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E102A ( 6 ) 860 - 865  2019年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A multiple cyclic-route generation method with route length constraint considering point-of-interests

    Nishimura, T., Ishikawa, K., Takayama, T., Yanagisawa, M., Togawa, N.

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E102A ( 4 ) 641 - 653  2019年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Bicycle behavior recognition using sensors equipped with smartphone

    Yuri Usami, Kazuaki Ishikawa, Toshinori Takayama, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin, ICCE-Berlin   2018-  2018年12月

     概要を見る

    It becomes possible to prevent accidents beforehand by predicting dangerous riding behavior based on recognition of bicycle behaviors. In this paper, we propose a bicycle behavior recognition method using a three-axis acceleration sensor and three-axis gyro sensor equipped with a smartphone. We focus on the periodic handlebar motions for balancing while running a bicycle and reduce the sensor noises caused by them. After that, we use machine learning for recognizing the bicycle behaviors, effectively utilizing the motion features in bicycle behavior recognition. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method accurately recognizes the four bicycle behaviors of stop, run straight, turn right, and turn left and its F-measure becomes around 0.9 while the F-measure of the existing method just reaches 0.6-0.8.

    DOI

    Scopus

    14
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • 2n RRR: Improved stochastic number duplicator based on bit re-arrangement

    Ryota Ishikawa, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2018 New Generation of CAS, NGCAS 2018     182 - 185  2018年12月

     概要を見る

    In the fields of machine learning and image processing, cost-less circuits with low energy are required instead of extreme precision, and stochastic computing (SC), a type of approximate computing, is attracting attention. In SC, stochastic numbers (SNs), bit streams with values of the appearance rates of 1's, are used. SC enables calculations with simple circuits. To make the calculation results correct, duplication of an SN (gener-ating an SN with the same value) is required when using the SN with the same value. The conventional SN duplicator composed of a flip-flop (FF) has a problem that the output SN only depends on the input SN. Therefore, if the FF-based duplicator is used in a circuit with re-convergence paths, the output SN becomes erroneous. This paper proposes an SN duplicator, 2 n RRR, that can output more independent output by its improved flexibility of bit re-arrangement. With this duplicator, the errors of the hyperbolic tangent function are reduced by up to 50% compared to the duplicator that we proposed previously. Also, up to more than 99.9% of the circuit area is reduced compared to the implementation of binary computing.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware trojan detection and classification based on logic testing utilizing steady state learning

    Masaru Oya, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E101A ( 12 ) 2308 - 2319  2018年12月

     概要を見る

    Modern digital integrated circuits (ICs) are often designed and fabricated by third parties and tools, which can make IC design/ fabrication vulnerable to malicious modifications. The malicious circuits are generally referred to as hardware Trojans (HTs) and they are considered to be a serious security concern. In this paper, we propose a logic-Testing based HT detection and classification method utilizing steady state learning. We first observe that HTs are hidden while applying random test patterns in a short time but most of them can be activated in a very long-Term random circuit operation. Hence it is very natural that we learn steady signal-Transition states of every suspicious Trojan net in a netlist by performing short-Term random simulation. After that, we simulate or emulate the netlist in a very long time by giving random test patterns and obtain a set of signal-Transition states. By discovering correlation between them, our method detects HTs and finds out its behavior. HTs sometimes do not affect primary outputs but just leak information over side channels. Our method can be successfully applied to those types of HTs. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can successfully identify all the real Trojan nets to be Trojan nets and all the normal nets to be normal nets, while other existing logic-Testing HT detection methods cannot detect some of them. Moreover, our method can successfully detect HTs even if they are not really activated during long-Term random simulation. Our method also correctly guesses the HT behavior utilizing signal transition learning.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Personalized landmark recommendation algorithm based on language-specific satisfaction prediction using heterogeneous open data sources

    Siya Bao, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - 2018 10th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, CICN 2018     70 - 76  2018年08月

     概要を見る

    © 2018 IEEE. This paper proposes a personalized landmark recommendation algorithm based on the prediction of users' satisfaction on landmarks. We have accumulated 270,239 user-generated comments from travel websites of Ctrip, Jaran and TripAdvisor for 196 landmarks in Tokyo, Japan. We find that users do have different satisfaction on landmarks depending on their commonly used languages and travel websites. Then we establish a database for landmarks with abundant and accurate landmark type and landmark satisfaction information. Finally, we propose an effective personalized landmark satisfaction prediction algorithm based on users' landmark type, language and travel website preferences. After that, landmarks with the top-6 highest satisfaction are provided to the user for a one-day visit plan in Tokyo. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can recommend landmarks that fit the user's preferences and our algorithm also successfully predicts the user's landmark satisfaction with a low error rate less than 7%, which is superior to other previous studies.

    DOI

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  • Robust AES circuit design for delay variation using suspicious timing error prediction

    Yuki Yahagi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - International SoC Design Conference 2017, ISOCC 2017     101 - 102  2018年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a robust AES (advanced encryption standard) circuit for delay variation. In our proposed AES circuit, suspicious timing error prediction circuits (STEPCs) and their associating gating circuit are incorporated into a normal AES circuit to predict timing errors. STEPCs are inserted between inter-module connections and thus we can monitor almost all of the signal paths between registers and effectively prevent timing errors. The simulation results demonstrate that our AES circuit with STEPCs can be overclocked by up to 1.66X with just 8.05% area overheads.

    DOI

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  • A selector-based FFT processor and its FPGA implementation

    Yuya Hirai, Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - International SoC Design Conference 2017, ISOCC 2017     88 - 89  2018年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used in various applications such as signal processings and developing a high-speed FFT processor is quite required. In this paper, we propose a high-speed FFT processor based on selector logics. The selector-based FFT processor is constructed by focusing on the subtract-multiplication operations and partly applying selector logics to them. Furthermore, we implement the selector-based FFT processor on a Xilinx FPGA. Experimental results show that our proposed FFT processor can improve the processing speed by up to 21% and also reduce the number of LUTs by up to 33% compared with a naive FFT processor.

    DOI

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  • A loop structure optimization targeting high-level synthesis of fast number theoretic transform

    Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design, ISQED   2018-   106 - 111  2018年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Multiplication with a large number of digits is heavily used when processing data encrypted by a fully homomorphic encryption, which is a bottleneck in computation time. An algorithm utilizing fast number theoretic transform (FNTT) is known as a high-speed multiplication algorithm and the further speeding up is expected by implementing the FNTT process on an FPGA. A high-level synthesis tool enables efficient hardware implementation even for FNTT with a large number of points. In this paper, we propose a methodology for optimizing the loop structure included in a software description of FNTT so that the performance of the synthesized FNTT processor can be maximized. The loop structure optimization is considered in terms of loop flattening and trip count reduction. We implement a 65,536-point FNTT processor with the loop structure optimization on an FPGA, and demonstrate that it can be executed 6.9 times faster than the execution on a CPU.

    DOI

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    17
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A stayed location estimation method for sparse GPS positioning information based on positioning accuracy and short-time cluster removal

    Sae Iwata, Tomoyuki Nitta, Toshinori Takayama, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E101A ( 5 ) 831 - 843  2018年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Cell phones with GPS function as well as GPS loggers are widely used and users' geographic information can be easily obtained. However, still battery consumption in these mobile devices is main concern and then obtaining GPS positioning data so frequently is not allowed. In this paper, a stayed location estimation method for sparse GPS positioning information is proposed. After generating initial clusters from a sequence of measured positions, the e ective radius is set for every cluster based on positioning accuracy and the clusters are merged e ectively using it. After that, short-time clusters are removed temporarily but measured positions included in them are not removed. Then the clusters are merged again, taking all the measured positions into consideration. This process is performed twice, in other words, two-stage short-time cluster removal is performed, and finally accurate stayed location estimation is realized even when the GPS positioning interval is five minutes or more. Experiments demonstrate that the total distance error between the estimated stayed location and the true stayed location is reduced by more than 33% and also the proposed method much improves F1 measure compared to conventional state-of-the-art methods.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Trojan-invalidating Circuit Based on Signal Transitions and Its FPGA Implementation

    Kento Hasegawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems   2018-  2018年04月

     概要を見る

    Recently, high-functioning hardware devices such as smart TVs and smart phones have been widely used in our daily lives. To keep up with the rapid advance of these high technologies, reconfigurable hardware devices such as FP-GAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) have been used in final products. Under the circumstances, the risks that mal-functions may be inserted into hardware devices have arisen. The malfunctions inserted into hardware devices are known as hardware Trojans. How to detect them becomes serious concern in hardware production. In this paper, we design a Trojan-infected cryptographic circuit as well as a Trojan-invalidating circuit, and implement them on an FPGA board. To begin with, we design an AES cryptographic circuit. Secondly, we insert a hardware Trojan into the AES cryptographic circuit. Finally, we design a Trojan-invalidating circuit and insert it into a suspicious Trojan net in the Trojan-infected cryptographic circuit. After that, we implement the circuits into an FPGA board. The experimental results demonstrate that the Trojan-invalidating circuit adequately deactivate the suspicious Trojan net in the Trojan-infected cryptographic circuit.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A hardware-Trojan classification method utilizing boundary net structures

    Kento Hasegawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2018 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, ICCE 2018   2018-   1 - 4  2018年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, cybersecurity has become a serious concern for us. For example, the threats of hardware Trojans (malfunctions inserted into hardware devices) have appeared. Since hardware vendors often outsource parts of their hardware products to third-party vendors, the risk of hardware-Trojan insertion has been increased. Especially in the hardware design step, malicious vendors have a chance to insert hardware Trojans easily. In this paper, we propose a hardware-Trojan classification method utilizing boundary net structures. To begin with, we use a machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection method and classify the nets in a given netlist into a set of normal nets and that of Trojan nets. Based on the classification, we investigate the nets around the boundary between normal nets and Trojan nets and extract the features of the nets identified to be normal nets or Trojan nets mistakenly. Finally, using the classification results of machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection and the extracted features of the boundary nets, we classify the nets in a given netlist into a set of normal nets and that of Trojan nets again. The experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms an existing machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection method in terms of true positive rate.

    DOI

    Scopus

    24
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Road-illuminance level inference across road networks based on Bayesian analysis

    Siya Bao, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2018 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics, ICCE 2018   2018-   1 - 6  2018年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a road-illuminance level inference method based on the naive Bayesian analysis. We investigate quantities and types of road lights and landmarks with a large set of roads in real environments and reorganize them into two safety classes, safe or unsafe, with seven road attributes. Then we carry out data learning using three types of datasets according to different groups of the road attributes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully classifies a set of roads with seven attributes into safe ones and unsafe ones with the accuracy of more than 85%, which is superior to other machine-learning based methods and a manual-based method.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Scan-based side-channel attack against HMAC-SHA-256 circuits based on isolating bit-transition groups using scan signatures

    Daisuke Oku, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   11   16 - 28  2018年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A scan chain is used by scan-path test, one of design-for-test techniques, which can control and observe internal registers in an LSI chip. On the other hand, a scan-based side-channel attack is focused on which can restore secret information by exploiting the scan data obtained from a scan chain inside the crypto chip during cryptographic processing. In this paper, we propose a scan-based attack method against a hash generator circuit called HMAC-SHA- 256. Our proposed method is composed of three steps
    Firstly, we isolate 64 bit-transition groups from a scan data using scan signatures based on the property of the HMAC-SHA-256 algorithm. Secondly, we classify these 64 bittransition groups into 32 pairs. Lastly, we find out the correspondence between the scan data and the internal registers in the target HMAC-SHA-256 circuit. Our proposed method restores the secret information by the three steps above, even if the scan chain includes registers other than the target hash generator circuit and hence it becomes too long. Experimental results show that our proposed method successfully restores two secret keys of the HMAC-SHA-256 circuit using up to 425 input messages in 7.5 hours.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Designing hardware trojans and their detection based on a SVM-based approach

    Tomotaka Inoue, Kento Hasegawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings of International Conference on ASIC   2017-   811 - 814  2018年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Since hardware production become inexpensive and international, hardware vendors often outsource their products to third-party vendors. Due to the situation, malicious vendors can easily insert malfunctions (also known as 'hardware Trojans') to their products. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate a machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection method using several hardware Trojans we designed. To begin with, we design three types of hardware Trojans and insert them to simple RS232 transceiver circuits. After that, we learn known netlists, where we know which nets are Trojan ones or normal ones beforehand, using a machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection method with a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Finally, we classify the nets in the designed hardware-Trojan-inserted netlists into a set of Trojan nets and that of normal nets using the learned classifier. The experimental results demonstrate that the hardware-Trojan detection method with the SVM-based approach can detect a part of hardware Trojans we designed.

    DOI

    Scopus

    33
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A low cost and high speed CSD-based symmetric transpose block FIR implementation

    Jinghao Ye, Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa

    Proceedings of International Conference on ASIC   2017-   311 - 314  2018年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, a low cost and high speed CSD-based symmetric transpose block FIR design was proposed for low cost digital signal processing. First, the existing area-efficient CSD-based multiplier was optimized by considering the reusability and the symmetry of coefficients for area reduction. Second, the position of the input register was changed for high speed transpose block FIR processing in which half of the number of required multipliers can be saved. When compared with the existing block FIR designs, the proposed FIR design can increase the data rate from 238.66 MHz to 373.13 MHz while saving 10.89% area and 21.30% energy consumption as well.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Floorplan-driven high-level synthesis using volatile/non-volatile registers for hybrid energy-harvesting systems

    Daiki Asai, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings of International Conference on ASIC   2017-   64 - 67  2018年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a floorplan-driven highlevel synthesis algorithm utilizing both volatile and non-volatile registers for hybrid energy-harvesting systems. In our algorithm, we firstly introduce an idea of safety line candidates. Based on them, we perform safety-line (SL) scheduling so that every operation does not cross the safety line candidates and then perform volatile/non-volatile register binding so that all the data crossing the safety line candidates are stored into non-violate registers. We can safely restore all the data and re-start the circuit operation from every safety line candidate, even if the power shut-off occurs while running the circuit. Experimental results show that our algorithm reduces average latency by 30.76% and the average energy consumption by 24.94% compared to the naive algorithm when sufficient energy is given (normal mode). Experimental results also show that our algorithm reduces average latency by 30.58% compared to the naive algorithm by reducing rollback execution if a small amount of energy is given (energy-harvesting mode).

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Soft error tolerant latch designs with low power consumption (invited paper)

    Saki Tajima, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Youhua Shi

    Proceedings of International Conference on ASIC   2017-   52 - 55  2018年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As semiconductor technology continues scaling down, the reliability issue has become much more critical than ever before. Unlike traditional hard-errors caused by permanent physical damage which can't be recovered in field, soft errors are caused by radiation or voltage/current fluctuations that lead to transient changes on internal node states, thus they can be viewed as temporary errors. However, due to the unpredictable occurrence of soft errors, it is desirable to develop soft error tolerant designs. For this reason, soft error tolerant design techniques have gained great research interest. In this paper, we will explain the soft error mechanism and then review the existing soft error tolerant design techniques with particular emphasis on SEH family because they can achieve low power consumption and small performance overhead as well.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Detecting the Existence of Malfunctions in Microcontrollers Utilizing Power Analysis.

    Kento Hasegawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    24th IEEE International Symposium on On-Line Testing And Robust System Design, IOLTS 2018, Platja D'Aro, Spain, July 2-4, 2018     97 - 102  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Effective Stochastic Number Duplicator and Its Evaluations Using Composite Arithmetic Circuits.

    Ryota Ishikawa, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    24th IEEE International Symposium on On-Line Testing And Robust System Design, IOLTS 2018, Platja D'Aro, Spain, July 2-4, 2018     53 - 56  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware Trojan Detection Utilizing Machine Learning Approaches.

    Kento Hasegawa, Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa

    17th IEEE International Conference On Trust, Security And Privacy In Computing And Communications / 12th IEEE International Conference On Big Data Science And Engineering, TrustCom/BigDataSE 2018, New York, NY, USA, August 1-3, 2018     1891 - 1896  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    33
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Message from the Editor-in-Chief

    Togawa, N.

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   11   1 - 1  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • An Ising model mapping to solve rectangle packing problem.

    Kotaro Terada, Daisuke Oku, Sho Kanamaru, Shu Tanaka, Masato Hayashi, Masanao Yamaoka, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2018 International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test (VLSI-DAT), Hsinchu, Taiwan, April 16-19, 2018     1 - 4  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    22
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A relaxed bit-write-reducing and error-correcting code for non-volatile memories

    Kojo, T., Tawada, M., Yanagisawa, M., Togawa, N.

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E101A ( 7 ) 1045 - 1052  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A Low Power Soft Error Hardened Latch with Schmitt-Trigger-Based C-Element.

    Saki Tajima, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Youhua Shi

    IEICE Transactions   101-A ( 7 ) 1025 - 1034  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Extension and Performance/Accuracy Formulation for Optimal GeAr-Based Approximate Adder Designs.

    Ken Hayamizu, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Youhua Shi

    IEICE Transactions   101-A ( 7 ) 1014 - 1024  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Stochastic number duplicators based on bit re-arrangement using randomized bit streams

    Ishikawa, R., Tawada, M., Yanagisawa, M., Togawa, N.

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E101A ( 7 ) 1002 - 1013  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Multiple Cyclic-Route Generation Method for Strolling Based on Point-of-Interests.

    Tensei Nishimura, Kazuaki Ishikawa, Toshinori Takayama, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    8th IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin, ICCE-Berlin 2018, Berlin, Germany, September 2-5, 2018     1 - 2  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Robust Indoor/Outdoor Detection Method based on Sparse GPS Positioning Information.

    Sae Iwata, Kazuaki Ishikawa, Toshinori Takayama, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    8th IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin, ICCE-Berlin 2018, Berlin, Germany, September 2-5, 2018     1 - 4  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Designing Subspecies of Hardware Trojans and Their Detection Using Neural Network Approach.

    Tomotaka Inoue, Kento Hasegawa, Yuki Kobayashi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    8th IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin, ICCE-Berlin 2018, Berlin, Germany, September 2-5, 2018     1 - 4  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    15
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Landmark Seasonal Travel Distribution and Activity Prediction Based on Language-specific Analysis.

    Siya Bao, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Big Data 2018, Seattle, WA, USA, December 10-13, 2018     3628 - 3637  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Capacitance Measurement of Running Hardware Devices and its Application to Malicious Modification Detection.

    Makoto Nishizawa, Kento Hasegawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2018 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, APCCAS 2018, Chengdu, China, October 26-30, 2018     362 - 365  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Empirical evaluation and optimization of hardware-Trojan classification for gate-level netlists based on multi-layer neural networks

    Hasegawa, K., Yanagisawa, M., Togawa, N.

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E101A ( 12 ) 2320 - 2326  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An accurate indoor positioning algorithm using particle filter based on the proximity of bluetooth beacons

    Ryoya Momose, Tomoyuki Nitta, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2017 IEEE 6th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics, GCCE 2017   2017-   1 - 5  2017年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Indoor positioning without GPS is one of the most important problems in indoor pedestrian navigation. In this paper, we propose an accurate indoor positioning algorithm using a particle filter based on a floormap, where we use the proximity of the Bluetooth beacons as well as acceleration and geomagnetic sensors. In designing the likelihood function in the particle filter, we effectively use the proximity of the Bluetooth beacons, which just gives rough distance to the target beacon but more stable than conventional RSSI-based distance estimation. In addition to that, by effectively utilizing a floormap, the accumulated positioning errors due to the acceleration and geomagnetic sensors are much reduced. Moreover, when the radio waves from the Bluetooth beacons are blocked by obstacles, we can also take it into account in designing the likelihood function in the particle filter. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm can reduce the indoor positioning errors by up to 79% compared to several conventional algorithms.

    DOI

    Scopus

    14
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A stayed location estimation method for sparse GPS positioning information

    Sae Iwata, Tomoyuki Nitta, Toshinori Takayama, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2017 IEEE 6th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics, GCCE 2017   2017-   1 - 5  2017年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Cell phones with GPS function as well as GPS loggers are widely used and we can easily obtain users' geographic information. However, still battery consumption in these mobile devices is main concern and then we are not allowed to obtain GPS positioning data so frequently. In this paper, we propose a stayed location estimation method for sparse GPS positioning data. After generating initial clusters from a sequence of measured positions, we set the effective radius for every cluster based on positioning accuracy and merge the clusters effectively using it. After that, we temporarily remove short-time clusters but do not remove measured positions included in them. Then we merge the clusters again, taking all the measured positions into consideration. We perform this process twice, i.e, we perform two-stage short-time cluster removal, and finally realize accurate stayed location estimation even when the GPS positioning interval is five minutes or more. Experiments demonstrate that the total distance error between the estimated stayed location and the true stayed location is reduced by more than 50% compared to a conventional state-of-the-art method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Personalized one-day travel with multi-nearby-landmark recommendation

    Siya Bao, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin, ICCE-Berlin   2017-   239 - 242  2017年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Travel route recommendation can strongly influence users' satisfaction and the success of touristic businesses. This paper proposes a personalized travel recommendation algorithm with time planning. We use landmark categorization and region clustering to obtain effective elements. Then we build a travel map to generate all possible travel routes. Our proposed algorithm has higher precision in landmark recommendation and time planning than thoes in previous algorithms.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A robust scan-based side-channel attack method against HMAC-SHA-256 circuits

    Daisuke Oku, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin, ICCE-Berlin   2017-   79 - 84  2017年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A scan-based side-channel attack is still a real threat against a crypto circuit as well as a hash generator circuit, which can restore secret information by exploiting the scan data obtained from scan chains inside the chip during its processing. In this paper, we propose a scan-based attack method against a hash generator circuit called HMAC-SHA-256. Our proposed method restores the secret information by finding out the correspondence between the scan data obtained from a scan chain and the internal registers in the target HMAC-SHA-256 circuit, even if the scan chain includes registers other than the target hash generator circuit and an attacker does not know well the hash generation timing. Experimental results show that our proposed method successfully restores two secret keys of the HMAC-SHA-256 circuit in at most 6 hours.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A bitwidth-aware high-level synthesis algorithm using operation chainings for tiled-DR architectures

    Kotaro Terada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E100A ( 12 ) 2911 - 2924  2017年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As application hardware designs and implementations in a short term are required, high-level synthesis is more and more essential EDA technique nowadays. In deep-submicron era, interconnection delays are not negligible even in high-level synthesis thus distributed-register and - controller architectures (DR architectures) have been proposed in order to cope with this problem. It is also profitable to take data-bitwidth into account in high-level synthesis. In this paper, we propose a bitwidth-aware high-level synthesis algorithm using operation chainings targeting Tiled-DR architectures. Our proposed algorithm optimizes bitwidths of functional units and utilizes the vacant tiles by adding some extra functional units to realize effective operation chainings to generate high performance circuits without increasing the total area. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm reduces the overall latency by up to 47% comparedtothe conventional approach without area overheads by eliminating unnecessary bitwidths and adding efficient extra FUs for Tiled-DR architectures.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A safe and comprehensive route finding algorithm for pedestrians based on lighting and landmark conditions

    Siya Bao, Tomoyuki Nitta, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E100A ( 11 ) 2439 - 2450  2017年11月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a safe and comprehensive route finding algorithm for pedestrians based on lighting and landmark conditions. Safety and comprehensiveness can be predicted by the five possible indicators: (1) lighting conditions, (2) landmark visibility, (3) landmark effectiveness, (4) turning counts along a route, and (5) road widths. We first investigate impacts of these five indicators on pedestrians' perceptions on safety and comprehensiveness during route findings. After that, a route finding algorithm is proposed for pedestrians. In the algorithm, we design the score based on the indicators (1), (2), (3), and (5) above and also introduce a turning count reduction strategy for the indicator (4). Thus we find out a safe and comprehensive route through them. In particular, we design daytime score and nighttime score differently and find out an appropriate route depending on the time periods. Experimental simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm obtains higher scores compared to several existing algorithms. We also demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to find out safe and comprehensive routes for pedestrians in real environments in accordance with questionnaire results.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Effective write-reduction method for MLC non-volatile memory

    Masashi Tawada, Shinji Kimura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems     1 - 4  2017年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, the requirement for non-volatile memory on embedded systems has increased because they can be applied with normally-off and power gating technologies to. However, they have a lower endurance than volatile memories. When data is encoded as a write-reduction code appropriately, the endurance of non-volatile memory can be enhanced by writing the encoded data into the memory. We propose a highly effective write-reduction method for a multi-level cell (MLC) non-volatile memory focusing on the write-reduction code (WRC) as the optimal bit-write reduction method. The WRC can be applied only to single-level cell non-volatile memory. The proposed method generates a cell-write reduction code based on the WRC
    the cell has multiple bits as the holdable data. Our proposed method achieves a cell-write reduction by 31.6% compared to the conventional method.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Trojan-feature extraction at gate-level netlists and its application to hardware-Trojan detection using random forest classifier

    Kento Hasegawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems     1 - 4  2017年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, due to the increase of outsourcing in IC design, it has been reported that malicious third-party vendors often insert hardware Trojans into their ICs. How to detect them is a strong concern in IC design process. The features of hardware-Trojan infected nets (or Trojan nets) in ICs often differ from those of normal nets. To classify all the nets in netlists designed by third-party vendors into Trojan ones and normal ones, we have to extract effective Trojan features from Trojan nets. In this paper, we first propose 51 Trojan features which describe Trojan nets from netlists. Based on the importance values obtained from the random forest classifier, we extract the best set of 11 Trojan features out of the 51 features which can effectively detect Trojan nets, maximizing the F-measures. By using the 11 Trojan features extracted, the machine-learning based hardware Trojan classifier has achieved at most 100% true positive rate as well as 100% true negative rate in several TrustHUB benchmarks and obtained the average F-measure of 74.6%, which realizes the best values among existing machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection methods.

    DOI

    Scopus

    153
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Trojan-feature extraction at gate-level netlists and its application to hardware-Trojan detection using random forest classifier

    Kento Hasegawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems   100-A ( 12 ) 2857 - 2868  2017年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, due to the increase of outsourcing in IC design, it has been reported that malicious third-party vendors often insert hardware Trojans into their ICs. How to detect them is a strong concern in IC design process. The features of hardware-Trojan infected nets (or Trojan nets) in ICs often differ from those of normal nets. To classify all the nets in netlists designed by third-party vendors into Trojan ones and normal ones, we have to extract effective Trojan features from Trojan nets. In this paper, we first propose 51 Trojan features which describe Trojan nets from netlists. Based on the importance values obtained from the random forest classifier, we extract the best set of 11 Trojan features out of the 51 features which can effectively detect Trojan nets, maximizing the F-measures. By using the 11 Trojan features extracted, the machine-learning based hardware Trojan classifier has achieved at most 100% true positive rate as well as 100% true negative rate in several TrustHUB benchmarks and obtained the average F-measure of 74.6%, which realizes the best values among existing machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection methods.

    DOI

    Scopus

    153
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware Trojans classification for gate-level netlists using multi-layer neural networks

    Kento Hasegawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2017 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design, IOLTS 2017     227 - 232  2017年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, due to the increase of outsourcing in IC design and manufacturing, it has been reported that malicious third-party IC vendors often insert hardware Trojans into their products. Especially in IC design step, it is strongly required to detect hardware Trojans because malicious third-party vendors can easily insert hardware Trojans in their products. In this paper, we propose a machine-learning-based hardware-Trojan detection method for gate-level netlists using multi-layer neural networks. First, we extract 11 Trojan-net feature values for each net in a netlist. After that, we classify the nets in an unknown netlist into a set of Trojan nets and that of normal nets using multi-layer neural networks. We obtained at most 100% true positive rate with our proposed method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    113
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware Trojan detection and classification based on steady state learning

    Masaru Oya, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2017 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design, IOLTS 2017     215 - 220  2017年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a logic-testing based HT detection and classification method utilizing steady state learning. We first observe that HTs are hidden while applying random test patterns in a short time but most of them can be activated in a very long-term random circuit operation. Hence it is very natural that we learn steady signal-transition states of every suspicious Trojan net in a netlist by performing short-term random simulation. After that, we simulate or emulate the netlist in a very long time by giving random test patterns and obtain a set of signal-transition states. By discovering correlation between them, our method detects HTs and finds out its behavior. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can successfully identify all the real Trojan nets to be Trojan nets and all the normal nets to be normal nets, while other existing logic-testing HT detection methods cannot detect some of them.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Floorplan Aware High-Level Synthesis Algorithm with Body Biasing for Delay Variation Compensation

    Koki Igawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E100A ( 7 ) 1439 - 1451  2017年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a floorplan aware high-level synthesis algorithm with body biasing for delay variation compensation, which minimizes the average leakage energy of manufactured chips. In order to realize floorplan-aware high-level synthesis, we utilize huddle-based distributed register architecture (HDR architecture). HDR architecture divides the chip area into small partitions called a huddle and we can control a body bias voltage for every huddle. During high-level synthesis, we iteratively obtain expected leakage energy for every huddle when applying a body bias voltage. A huddle with smaller expected leakage energy contributes to reducing expected leakage energy of the entire circuit more but can increase the latency. We assign control-data flow graph (CDFG) nodes in non-critical paths to the huddles with larger expected leakage energy and those in critical paths to the huddles with smaller expected leakage energy. We expect to minimize the entire leakage energy in a manufactured chip without increasing its latency. Experimental results show that our algorithm reduces the average leakage energy by up to 39.7% without latency and yield degradation compared with typical-case design with body biasing.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A Hardware-Trojan Classification Method Using Machine Learning at Gate-Level Netlists Based on Trojan Features

    Kento Hasegawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E100A ( 7 ) 1427 - 1438  2017年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Due to the increase of outsourcing by IC vendors, we face a serious risk that malicious third-party vendors insert hardware Trojans very easily into their IC products. However, detecting hardware Trojans is very difficult because today's ICs are huge and complex. In this paper, we propose a hardware-Trojan classification method for gate-level netlists to identify hardware-Trojan infected nets (or Trojan nets) using a support vector machine (SVM) or a neural network (NN). At first, we extract the five hardware-Trojan features from each net in a netlist. These feature values are complicated so that we cannot give the simple and fixed threshold values to them. Hence we secondly represent them to be a five-dimensional vector and learn them by using SVM or NN. Finally, we can successfully classify all the nets in an unknown netlist into Trojan ones and normal ones based on the learned classifiers. We have applied our machine-learning based hardware-Trojan classification method to Trust-HUB benchmarks. The results demonstrate that our method increases the true positive rate compared to the existing state-of-the-art results in most of the cases. In some cases, our method can achieve the true positive rate of 100%, which shows that all the Trojan nets in an unknown netlist are completely detected by our method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    44
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Efficient Multiplexer Networks for Field-Data Extractors and Their Evaluations

    Koki Ito, Kazushi Kawamura, Yutaka Tamiya, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E100A ( 4 ) 1015 - 1028  2017年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As seen in stream data processing, it is necessary to extract a particular data field from bulk data, where we can use a field-data extractor. Particularly, an (M, N)-field-data extractor reads out any consecutive N bytes from an M-byte register by connecting its input/output using multiplexers (MUXs). However, the number of required MUXs increases too much as the input/output byte widths increase. It is known that partitioning a MUX network leads to reducing the number of MUXs. In this paper, we firstly pick up a multi-layered MUX network, which is generated by repeatedly partitioning a MUX network into a collection of single layered MUX networks. We show that the multi-layered MUX network is equivalent to the barrel shifter from which redundant MUXs and wires are removed, and we prove that the number of required MUXs becomes the smallest among MUX-network-partitioning based field-data extractors. Next, we propose a rotator-based MUX network for a field-data extractor, which is based on reading out a particular data in an input register to a rotator. The byte width of the rotator is the same as its output register and hence we no longer require any extra wires nor MUXs. By rotating the input data appropriately, we can finally have a right-ordered data into an output register. Experimental results show that a multi-layered MUX network reduces the number of required gates to construct a field-data extractor by up to 97.0% compared with the one using a naive approach and its delay becomes 1.8 ns-2.3 ns. A rotator-based MUX network with a control circuit also reduces the number of required gates to construct a field-data extractor by up to 97.3% compared with the one using a naive approach and its delay becomes 2.1 ns-2.9 ns.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Trojan-net feature extraction and its application to hardware-Trojan detection for gate-level netlists using random forest

    Hasegawa, K., Yanagisawa, M., Togawa, N.

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E100A ( 12 )  2017年

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Bit-Write-Reducing and Error-Correcting Code Generation Method by Clustering ECC Codewords for Non-Volatile Memories

    Tatsuro Kojo, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E99A ( 12 ) 2398 - 2411  2016年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Non-volatile memories are paid attention to as a promising alternative to memory design. Data stored in them still may be destructed due to crosstalk and radiation. We can restore the data by using errorcorrecting codes which require extra bits to correct bit errors. Further, nonvolatile memories consume ten to hundred times more energy than normal memories in bit-writing. When we configure them using error-correcting codes, it is quite necessary to reduce writing bits. In this paper, we propose a method to generate a bit-write-reducing code with error-correcting ability. We first pick up an error-correcting code which can correct t-bit errors. We cluster its codeswords and generate a cluster graph satisfying the S-bit flip conditions. We assign a data to be written to each cluster. In other words, we generate one-to-many mapping from each data to the codewords in the cluster. We prove that, if the cluster graph is a complete graph, every data in a memory cell can be re-written into another data by flipping at most S bits keeping error-correcting ability to t bits. We further propose an efficient method to cluster error-correcting codewords. Experimental results show that the bit-write-reducing and error-correcting codes generated by our proposed method efficiently reduce energy consumption. This paper proposes the world-first theoretically near-optimal bit-write-reducing code with error-correcting ability based on the efficient coding theories.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Highly-Adaptable and Small-Sized In-Field Power Analyzer for Low-Power IoT Devices

    Ryosuke Kitayama, Takashi Takenaka, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E99A ( 12 ) 2348 - 2362  2016年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Power analysis for IoT devices is strongly required to protect attacks from malicious attackers. It is also very important to reduce power consumption itself of IoT devices. In this paper, we propose a highly-adaptable and small-sized in-field power analyzer for low-power IoT devices. The proposed power analyzer has the following advantages: (A) The proposed power analyzer realizes signal-averaging noise reduction with synchronization signal lines and thus it can reduce wide frequency range of noises; (B) The proposed power analyzer partitions a long-term power analysis process into several analysis segments and measures voltages and currents of each analysis segment by using small amount of data memories. By combining these analysis segments, we can obtain long-term analysis results; (C) The proposed power analyzer has two amplifiers that amplify current signals adaptively depending on their magnitude. Hence maximum readable current can be increased with keeping minimum readable current small enough. Since all of (A), (B) and (C) do not require complicated mechanisms nor circuits, the proposed power analyzer is implemented on just a 2.5 cm x 3.3 cm board, which is the smallest size among the other existing power analyzers for IoT devices. We have measured power and energy consumption of the AES encryption process on the IoT device and demonstrated that the proposed power analyzer has only up to 1.17% measurement errors compared to a high-precision oscilloscope.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware-Trojans Rank:Quantitative Evaluation of Security Threats at Gate-Level Netlists by Pattern Matching

    Masaru Oya, Noritaka Yamashita, Toshihiko Okamura, Yukiyasu Tsunoo, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E99A ( 12 ) 2335 - 2347  2016年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Since digital ICs are often designed and fabricated by third parties at any phases today, we must eliminate risks that malicious attackers may implement Hardware Trojans (HTs) on them. In particular, they can easily insert HTs during design phase. This paper proposes an HT rank which is a new quantitative analysis criterion against HTs at gate-level netlists. We have carefully analyzed all the gate-level netlists in Trust-HUB benchmark suite and found out several Trojan net features in them. Then we design the three types of Trojan points: feature point, count point, and location point. By assigning these points to every net and summing up them, we have the maximum Trojan point in a gate-level netlist. This point gives our HT rank. The HT rank can be calculated just by net features and we do not perform any logic simulation nor random test. When all the gate-level netlists in Trust-HUB, ISCAS85, ISCAS89 and ITC99 benchmark suites as well as several OpenCores designs, HT-free and HT-inserted AES netlists are ranked by our HT rank, we can completely distinguish HT-inserted ones (which HT rank is ten or more) from HT-free ones (which HT rank is nine or less). The HT rank is the world-first quantitative criterion which distinguishes HT-inserted netlists from HT-free ones in all the gate-level netlists in Trust-HUB, ISCAS85, ISCAS89, and ITC99.

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Multi-scenario high-level synthesis for dynamic delay variation and its evaluation on FPGA platforms

    Koki Igawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE ELECTRONICS EXPRESS   13 ( 18 ) 20160641  2016年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Multi-scenario high-level synthesis for distributed register/controller architecture has been proposed targeting static delay variation. In this paper, we extend it and propose a floorplan-driven high-level synthesis algorithm which can be applied to dynamic delay variation by effectively using an error prediction technique, where pre-error registers are introduced to local registers in every circuit block. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm using two and three scenarios on an FPGA chip reduces the average number of required control steps by 17.6% and 25.5% on average compared to worst-case high-level synthesis at the expense of increasing lookup-tables and flip-flops. Moreover, we implement a multi-scenario elliptic-wave-filter (EWF) circuit with three scenarios synthesized by our proposed algorithm onto an FPGA chip and run it under the environment with varying supply voltages which causes dynamic delay variation. The FPGA implementation experiments also demonstrate that the EWF circuit effectively runs on the real FPGA chip. As far as we know, this is the world-first experiment where a multi-scenario circuit runs under real dynamic delay variation environment.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Bi-Partitioning Based Multiplexer Network for Field-Data Extractors

    Koki Ito, Kazushi Kawamura, Yutaka Tamiya, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E99A ( 7 ) 1410 - 1414  2016年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    An (M,N)-field-data extractor reads out any consecutive N bytes from an M-byte register by connecting its input/output using a multiplexer (MUX) network. It is used in packet analysis and/or stream data processing for video/audio data. In this letter, we propose an efficient MUX network for an (M,N)-field-data extractor. By bi-partitioning a simple MUX network into an upper one and a lower one, we can theoretically reduce the number of required MUXs without increasing the MUX network depth. Experimental results show that we can reduce the gate count by up to 92% compared to a naive approach.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Interconnection-Delay and Clock-Skew Estimate Modelings for Floorplan-Driven High-Level Synthesis Targeting FPGA Designs

    Koichi Fujiwara, Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E99A ( 7 ) 1294 - 1310  2016年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, high-level synthesis techniques for FPGA designs (FPGA-HLS techniques) are strongly required in various applications. Both interconnection delays and clock skews have a large impact on circuit performance implemented onto FPGA, which indicates the need for floorplan-driven FPGA-HLS algorithms considering them. To appropriately estimate interconnection delays and clock skews at HLS phase, a reasonable model to estimate them becomes essential. In this paper, we demonstrate several experiments to characterize interconnection delays and clock skews in FPGA and propose novel estimate models called "IDEF" and "CSEF". In order to evaluate our models, we integrate them into a conventional floorplan-driven FPGA-HLS algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm can realize FPGA designs which reduce the latency by up to 22% compared with conventional approaches.

    DOI

  • A Multi-Scenario High-Level Synthesis Algorithm for Variation-Tolerant Floorplan-Driven Design

    Koki Igawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E99A ( 7 ) 1278 - 1293  2016年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In order to tackle a process-variation problem, we can define several scenarios, each of which corresponds to a particular LSI behavior, such as a typical-case scenario and a worst-case scenario. By designing a single LSI chip which realizes multiple scenarios simultaneously, we can have a process-variation-tolerant LSI chip. In this paper, we propose a multi-scenario high-level synthesis algorithm for variation-tolerant floorplan-driven design targeting new distributed-register architectures, called HDR architectures. We assume two scenarios, a typical-case scenario and a worst-case scenario, and realize them onto a single chip. We first schedule/bind each of the scenarios independently. After that, we commonize the scheduling/binding results for the typical-case and worstcase scenarios and thus generate a commonized area-minimized floorplan result. At that time, we can explicitly take into account interconnection delays by using distributed-register architectures. Experimental results show that our algorithm reduces the latency of the typical-case scenario by up to 50% without increasing the latency of the worst-case scenario, compared with several existing methods.

    DOI

  • Indoor Navigation Based on Real-time Direction Information Generation Using Wearable Glasses

    Ryota Iwanaji, Tomoyuki Nitta, Kazuaki Ishikawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS-ASIA (ICCE-ASIA)    2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Indoor areas such as office buildings and railway stations have almost no landmarks and how to navigate pedestrians to their destination points there is one of the big challenges. In this paper, we propose an indoor navigation system based on real-time direction information generation using wearable glasses. The proposed system effectively calculates a pedestrian's direction in a real-time manner using sensors and superimposes the direction to proceed on wearable glasses. Hence it navigates pedestrians to their right direction without using landmarks. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed navigation system.

  • A High-level Synthesis Algorithm for FPGA Designs Optimizing Critical Path with Interconnection-delay and Clock-skew Consideration

    Koichi Fujiwara, Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VLSI DESIGN, AUTOMATION AND TEST (VLSI-DAT)    2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    High-level synthesis for FPGA designs (FPGA-HLS) is recently required in various applications. Since wire delays are becoming a design bottleneck in FPGA, we need to handle interconnection delays and clock skews in FPGA-HLS flow. In this paper, we propose an FPGA-HLS algorithm optimizing critical path with interconnection-delay and clock-skew consideration. By utilizing HDR architecture, we floorplan circuit modules in HLS flow and, based on the result, estimate interconnection delays and clock skews. To reduce the critical-path delay(s) of a circuit, we propose two novel methods for FPGA-HLS. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm can improve circuit performance by up to 24% compared with conventional approaches.

  • Rotator-Based Multiplexer Network Synthesis for Field-Data Extractors

    Koki Ito, Kazushi Kawamura, Yutaka Tamiya, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 29TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM-ON-CHIP CONFERENCE (SOCC)     194 - 199  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As seen in stream data processing, it is necessary to extract a particular data field from bulk data, where we can use a field-data extractor. Particularly, an (M; N)-field-data extractor reads out any consecutive N bytes from an M -byte register by connecting its input/output using multiplexers (MUXs). However, the number of required MUXs increases too much as the input/output byte lengths increase. It is known that partitioning an MUX network leads to reducing the number of MUXs. In this paper, we firstly pick up a multi-layered MUX network, which is generated by repeatedly partitioning a MUX network into a collection of single-layered MUX networks. We show that the multi-layered MUX network is equivalent to the barrel shifter from which redundant MUXs and wires are removed, and we prove that the number of its required MUXs becomes the smallest among MUX-network-partitioning based field-data extractors. Next, we propose a rotator-based MUX network for a field-data extractor, which reads out a particular data in an input register to a rotator. The size of the rotator is the same as its output register and hence we no longer require any extra wires nor MUXs. By rotating the input data appropriately, we can finally have a right-ordered data into an output register. Experimental results show that our rotator-based MUX network reduces the required number of gates to implement a field-data extractor by up to 33% compared with the one using a multi-layered MUX network.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • In-situ Trojan Authentication for Invalidating Hardware-Trojan Functions

    Masaru Oya, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTEENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON QUALITY ELECTRONIC DESIGN ISQED 2016     152 - 157  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Due to the fact that we do not know who will create hardware Trojans (HTs), and when and where they would be inserted, it is very difficult to correctly and completely detect all the real HTs in untrusted ICs, and thus it is desired to incorporate in-situ HT invalidating functions into untrusted ICs as a countermeasure against HTs. This paper proposes an in situ Trojan authentication technique for gate-level netlists to avoid security leakage. In the proposed approach, an untrusted IC operates in authentication mode and normal mode. In the authentication mode, an embedded Trojan authentication circuit monitors the bit-flipping count of a suspicious Trojan net within the pre-defined constant clock cycles and identify whether it is a real Trojan or not. If the authentication condition is satisfied, the suspicious Trojan net is validated. Otherwise, it is invalidated and HT functions are masked. By doing this, even untrusted netlists with HTs can still be used in the normal mode without security leakage. By setting the appropriate authentication condition using training sets from Trust-HUB gate-level benchmarks, the proposed technique invalidates successfully only HTs in the training sets. Furthermore, by embedding the in-situ Trojan authentication circuit into a Trojan-inserted AES crypto netlist, it can run securely and correctly even if HTs exist where its area overhead is just 1.5% with no delay overhead.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Delay Variation and Floorplan Aware High-level Synthesis Algorithm with Body Biasing

    Koki Igawa, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTEENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON QUALITY ELECTRONIC DESIGN ISQED 2016     75 - 80  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a delay variation and floorplan aware high-level synthesis algorithm with body biasing, which minimizes the average leakage energy of manufactured chips. To realize a floorplan-oriented high-level synthesis, we utilize a huddle-based distributed register architecture (HDR architecture), one of the DR architectures. HDR architecture divides the chip area into small partitions called a huddle and we can control a body bias voltage for every huddle. During high-level synthesis, we iteratively obtain expected leakage energy for every huddle when applying a body bias voltage. A huddle with smaller expected leakage energy contributes to reducing expected leakage energy of the entire circuit but can increase the latency. We assign CDFG nodes in critical paths to the huddles with larger expected leakage energy and those in non-critical paths to the huddles with smaller expected leakage energy. We expect to minimize the entire leakage energy in a manufactured chip without increasing its latency. Experimental results show that our algorithm reduces the average leakage energy by up to 38.9% without latency and yield degradation compared with typical-case design with body biasing.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A High-performance Circuit Design Algorithm using Data Dependent Approximation

    Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 INTERNATIONAL SOC DESIGN CONFERENCE (ISOCC)     95 - 96  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a high-performance circuit design algorithm using input data dependent approximation. In our algorithm, STEPCs (Suspicious Timing Error Prediction Circuits) are utilized for identifying the paths to be optimized inside a circuit efficiently. Experimental results targeting a set of basic adders show that our algorithm can achieve performance increase by up to 11.1% within the error rate of 2.1% compared to a conventional design technique.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Hash-Table and Balanced-Tree Based FIB Architecture for CCN Routers

    Kenta Shimazaki, Takashi Aoki, Takahiro Hatano, Takuya Otsuka, Akihiko Miyazaki, Toshitaka Tsuda, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 INTERNATIONAL SOC DESIGN CONFERENCE (ISOCC)     67 - 68  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, content centric networking (CCN) attracts attention as a next generation network on which every router forwards a packet to another router and also functions as a server. A CCN router has a forwarding table called FIB (Forwarding Information Base) but its table look-up can become a bottleneck. In this paper, we propose FIB data structure for CCN routers which can reduce the number of comparisons in its look-up table. Our proposed FIB is composed of a bloom filter and a hash table and each hash entry is connected to a balanced binary search tree. By using our FIB, the number of comparisons cannot much increase even if hash collisions occur. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FIB over the several existing methods.

    DOI

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    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scalable and Small-Sized Power Analyzer Design with Signal-Averaging Noise Reduction for Low-Power IoT Devices

    Ryosuke Kitayama, Takashi Takenaka, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS)     978 - 981  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Power analysis for IoT devices is strongly required to reduce power consumption and realize secure communications. In this paper, we propose a scalable and small-sized power analyzer with signal-averaging noise reduction for low-power IoT devices. The proposed power analyzer reduces a wide frequency range of noises by using a signal averaging method and is implemented on just a 2cm x 3cm board, which is the smallest size among the other existing power analyzers for IoT devices. It further has the following advantages: (a) It has a two-level amplifier that amplifies current signals adaptively depending on their magnitude. Hence maximum readable current can be increased with keeping minimum readable current small enough. (b) If long-time analysis is required, it can be partitioned into several analysis segments. The proposed power analyzer can measure currents and voltages of each analysis segment by using a small amount of data memories. After that, by combining these analysis segments using a timer module, we can obtain long-time analysis results. We have analyzed power and energy consumption of encryption processes of AES block cipher on the IoT device and demonstrated that the proposed power analyzer has only 1.8% measurement error compared with a high-precision oscilloscope.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Redesign for Untrusted Gate-level Netlists

    Masaru Oya, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 IEEE 22ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ON-LINE TESTING AND ROBUST SYSTEM DESIGN (IOLTS)     219 - 220  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a redesign technique which designs from untrusted netlists to trusted netlists. Our approach consists of two phases, detection phase and invalidation phase. The detection phase picks up suspicious hardware Trojans (HTs) by pattern matching. The invalidation phase modifies the suspicious HTs in order not to activate them. In the invalidation phase, three invalidation techniques are selected by analyzing location of suspicious malicious nets. Applying appropriately the invalidation technique to the nets can correctly invalidate HTs. In our results, the proposed technique can successfully invalidate HTs on several Trust-HUB benchmarks without HT activations. The results clearly demonstrate that our redesign technique is very effective to remove HT risks.

    DOI

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  • Hardware Trojans Classification for Gate-level Netlists based on Machine Learning

    Kento Hasegawa, Masaru Oya, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 IEEE 22ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ON-LINE TESTING AND ROBUST SYSTEM DESIGN (IOLTS)     203 - 206  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, we face a serious risk that malicious third-party vendors can very easily insert hardware Trojans into their IC products but it is very difficult to analyze huge and complex ICs. In this paper, we propose a hardware-Trojan classification method to identify hardware-Trojan infected nets (or Trojan nets) using a support vector machine (SVM). Firstly, we extract the five hardware-Trojan features in each net in a netlist. Secondly, since we cannot effectively give the simple and fixed threshold values to them to detect hardware Trojans, we represent them to be a five-dimensional vector and learn them by using SVM. Finally, we can successfully classify a set of all the nets in an unknown netlist into Trojan ones and normal ones based on the learned SVM classifier. We have applied our SVM-based hardware-Trojan classification method to Trust-HUB benchmarks and the results demonstrate that our method can much increase the true positive rate compared to the existing state-of-the-art results in most of the cases. In some cases, our method can achieve the true positive rate of 100%, which shows that all the Trojan nets in a netlist are completely detected by our method.

    DOI

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    132
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Pedestrian Navigation Based on Landmark Recognition Using Glass-type Wearable Devices

    Ryoya Yano, Tomoyuki Nitta, Kazuaki Ishikawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 IEEE 5TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS     1 - 2  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a pedestrian navigation system based on landmark recognition. Our proposed system utilizes a glass-type wearable device and gives a correspondence between a map and a real-world landscape. By recognizing a landmark position effectively, a pedestrian can easily know where to turn at each turning position and hence he/she can reach his/her goal without losing his/her way. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can increase the landmarks which pedestrians can recognize and thus gives comprehensive navigation effectively.

    DOI

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  • Comprehensive Deformed Map Generation for Wristwatch-type Wearable Devices Based on Landmark-based Partitioning

    Keisuke Kono, Tomoyuki Nitta, Kazuaki Ishikawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 IEEE 5TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS     1 - 2  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, wristwatch-type wearable devices are developed and geographic information services have become widely available on them. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive deformed map generation algorithm for wristwatch-type wearable devices. Our algorithm first normalizes a pedestrian route to 0 degrees, 45 degrees, or 90 degrees so that the pedestrian can see the route not tilting the wristwatch-type wearable device on his/her wrist. Second, our algorithm partitions the normalized map so that several landmarks are overlapped in the partitioned sub-maps. Hence the sub-maps can be largely displayed on wristwatch-type wearable devices and the pedestrian can recognize his/her location even when the sub-maps displayed are changed. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our deformed map generation algorithm on wristwatch-type wearable devices.

    DOI

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    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Safe and Comprehensive Route Finding Method for Pedestrian Based on Lighting and Landmark

    Siya Bao, Tomoyuki Nitta, Kazuaki Ishikawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 IEEE 5TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS     1 - 5  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a safe and comprehensive route finding method for pedestrians. We evaluate five factors that do relieve pedestrians' fear of darkness. Based upon the evaluation, we propose a comprehensive route finding method by taking road width and reduction on turning points into consideration. The experimental results on real outdoor environments under different lighting situations confirm that the proposed method can obtain safety and comprehensive routes for pedestrians.

    DOI

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    11
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Implementation Evaluation of Scan-based Attack against a Trivium Cipher Circuit

    Daisuke Oku, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2016 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     220 - 223  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan-path test, which is one of design-for-test techniques using a scan chain, can control and observe internal registers in an LSI chip. However, attackers can also use it. to retrieve secret information from cipher circuits. Recently, scan-based attacks using a scan chain inside an LSI chip is reported which can restore secret information by analyzing the scan data during cryptographic processing. In this paper, we pick up a scan-based attack method against a Trivium cipher, one of synchronous stream ciphers, and evaluate it using the FPGA platform called SASEBO-GII We implement the Trivium cipher on the FPGA chip and perform the scan-based attack against it. We demonstrate that the scan-based attack can successfully restore the secret information in the FPGA chip within several minutes, even if the FPGA chip contains several circuits other than the Trivium cipher circuit, which reveals that the scan-based attack against the Trivium cipher is not only a simulation threat but a real threat.

    DOI

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    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-Based Side-Channel Attack on the Camellia Block Cipher Using Scan Signatures

    Huiqian Jiang, Mika Fujishiro, Hirokazu Kodera, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E98A ( 12 ) 2547 - 2555  2015年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Camellia is a block cipher jointly developed by Mitsubishi and NTT of Japan. It is designed suitable for both software and hardware implementations. One of the design-for-test techniques using scan chains is called scan-path test, in which testers can observe and control the registers inside the LSI chip directly in order to check if the LSI chip correctly operates or not. Recently, a scan-based side-channel attack is reported which retrieves the secret information from the cryptosystem using scan chains. In this paper, we propose a scan-based attack method on the Camellia cipher using scan signatures. Our proposed method is based on the equivalent transformation of the Camellia algorithm and the possible key candidate reduction in order to retrieve the secret key. Experimental results show that our proposed method sucessfully retrieved its 128-bit secret key using 960 plaintexts even if the scan chain includes the Camellia cipher and other circuits and also sucessfully retrieves its secret key on the SASEBO-GII board, which is a side-channel attack standard evaluation board.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Hardware-Trojans Identifying Method Based on Trojan Net Scoring at Gate-Level Netlists

    Masaru Oya, Youhua Shi, Noritaka Yamashita, Toshihiko Okamura, Yukiyasu Tsunoo, Satoshi Goto, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E98A ( 12 ) 2537 - 2546  2015年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Outsourcing IC design and fabrication is one of the effective solutions to reduce design cost but it may cause severe security risks. Particularly, malicious outside vendors may implement Hardware Trojans (HTs) on ICs. When we focus on IC design phase, we cannot assume an HT-free netlist or a Golden netlist and it is too difficult to identify whether a given netlist is HT-free or not. In this paper, we propose a score-based hardware-trojans identifying method at gate-level netlists without using a Golden netlist. Our proposed method does not directly detect HTs themselves in a gate-level netlist but it detects a net included in HTs, which is called Trojan net, instead. Firstly, we observe Trojan nets from several HT-inserted benchmarks and extract several their features. Secondly, we give scores to extracted Trojan net features and sum up them for each net in benchmarks. Then we can find out a score threshold to classify HT-free and HT-inserted netlists. Based on these scores, we can successfully classify HT-free and HT-inserted netlists in all the Trust-HUB gate-level benchmarks and ISCAS85 benchmarks as well as HT-free and HT-inserted AES gate-level netlists. Experimental results demonstrate that our method successfully identify all the HT-inserted gate-level benchmarks to be "HT-inserted" and all the HT-free gate-level benchmarks to be "HT-free" in approximately three hours for each benchmark.

    DOI

    Scopus

    12
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • ECC-Based Bit-Write Reduction Code Generation for Non-Volatile Memory

    Masashi Tawada, Shinji Kimura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E98A ( 12 ) 2494 - 2504  2015年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Non-volatile memory has many advantages such as high density and low leakage power but it consumes larger writing energy than SRAM. It is quite necessary to reduce writing energy in non-volatile memory design. In this paper, we propose write-reduction codes based on error correcting codes and reduce writing energy in non-volatile memory by decreasing the number of writing bits. When a data is written into a memory cell, we do not write it directly but encode it into a codeword. In our write-reduction codes, every data corresponds to an information vector in an error-correcting code and an information vector corresponds not to a single codeword but a set of write-reduction codewords. Given a writing data and current memory bits, we can deterministically select a particular write-reduction codeword corresponding to the data to be written, where the maximum number of flipped bits are theoretically minimized. Then the number of writing bits into memory cells will also be minimized. Experimental results demonstrate that we have achieved writing-bits reduction by an average of 51% and energy reduction by an average of 33% compared to non-encoded memory.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Code Generation Limiting Maximum and Minimum Hamming Distances for Non-Volatile Memories

    Tatsuro Kojo, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E98A ( 12 ) 2484 - 2493  2015年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Data stored in non-volatile memories may be destructed due to crosstalk and radiation but we can restore their data by using error-correcting codes. However, non-volatile memories consume a large amount of energy in writing. How to reduce maximum writing bits even using error-correcting codes is one of the challenges in non-volatile memory design. In this paper, we first propose Doughnut code which is based on state encoding limiting maximum and minimum Hamming distances. After that, we propose a code expansion method, which improves maximum and minimum Hamming distances. When we apply our code expansion method to Doughnut code, we can obtain a code which reduces maximum-flipped bits and has error-correcting ability equal to Hamming code. Experimental results show that the proposed code efficiently reduces the number of maximum-writing bits.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A floorplan-driven high-level synthesis algorithm with multiple-operation chainings based on path enumeration

    Kotaro Terada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems   2015-   2129 - 2132  2015年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As process technologies advance, interconnection delays are not negligible even in high-level synthesis and regular-distributed-register (RDR) architecture has been proposed to cope with this problem. In this paper, we propose a floorplan-driven high-level synthesis algorithm using multiple-operation chainings composed of two or more operations, and reduce the overall latency targeting RDR architecture. Our algorithm enumerates multiple-operation-chaining path candidates before performing scheduling/binding. Based on them, we find out optimal ones taking into account RDR floorplan information. Experimental results show that our algorithm successfully reduces the latency by up to 30.4% compared to the conventional approaches.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Effective Suspicious Timing-Error Prediction Circuit Insertion Algorithm Minimizing Area Overhead

    Shinnosuke Yoshida, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E98A ( 7 ) 1406 - 1418  2015年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As process technologies advance, timing-error correction techniques have become important as well. A suspicious timing-error prediction (STEP) technique has been proposed recently, which predicts timing errors by monitoring themiddle points, or check points of several speed-paths in a circuit. However, if we insert STEP circuits (STEPCs) in the middle points of all the paths from primary inputs to primary outputs, we need many STEPCs and thus require too much area overhead. How to determine these check points is very important. In this paper, we propose an effective STEPC insertion algorithm minimizing area overhead. Our proposed algorithm moves the STEPC insertion positions to minimize inserted STEPC counts. We apply a max-flow and min-cut approach to determine the optimal positions of inserted STEPCs and reduce the required number of STEPCs to 1/10-1/80 and their area to 1/5-1/8 compared with a naive algorithm. Furthermore, our algorithm realizes 1.12X-1.5X overclocking compared with just inserting STEPCs into several speed-paths.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Floorplan-Driven High-Level Synthesis Algorithm for Multiplexer Reduction Targeting FPGA Designs

    Koichi Fujiwara, Kazushi Kawamura, Shin-ya Abe, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E98A ( 7 ) 1392 - 1405  2015年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, high-level synthesis (HLS) techniques for FPGA designs are required in various applications such as computerized stock tradings and reconfigurable network processings. In HLS for FPGA designs, we need to consider module floorplan and reduce multiplexer's cost concurrently. In this paper, we propose a floorplan-driven HLS algorithm for multiplexer reduction targeting FPGA designs. By utilizing distributed-register architectures called HDR, we can easily consider module floorplan in HLS. In order to reduce multiplexer's cost, we propose two novel binding methods called datapath-oriented scheduling/FU binding and datapath-oriented register binding. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm can realize FPGA designs which reduce the number of slices by up to 47% and latency by up to 22% compared with conventional approaches while the number of required control steps is almost the same.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Energy-Efficient Floorplan Driven High-Level Synthesis Algorithm for Multiple Clock Domains Design

    Shin-ya Abe, Youhua Shi, Kimiyoshi Usami, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E98A ( 7 ) 1376 - 1391  2015年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we first propose an HDR-mcd architecture, which integrates periodically all-in-phase based multiple clock domains and multi-cycle interconnect communication into high-level synthesis. In HDR-mcd, an entire chip is divided into several huddles. Huddles can realize synchronization between different clock domains in which interconnection delay should be considered during high-level synthesis. Next, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm for HDR-mcd, which can reduce energy consumption by optimizing configuration and placement of huddles. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves 32.5% energy-saving compared with the existing single clock domain based methods.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A High-Level Synthesis Algorithm with Inter-Island Distance Based Operation Chainings for RDR Architectures

    Kotaro Terada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E98A ( 7 ) 1366 - 1375  2015年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In deep-submicron era, interconnection delays are not negligible even in high-level synthesis and regular-distributed-register architectures (RDR architectures) have been proposed to cope with this problem. In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm using operation chainings which reduces the overall latency targeting RDR architectures. Our algorithm consists of three steps: The first step enumerates candidate operations for chaining. The second step introduces maximal chaining distance (MCD), which gives the maximal allowable inter-island distance on RDR architecture between chaining candidate operations. The last step performs list-scheduling and binding simultaneously based on the results of the two preceding steps. Our algorithm enumerates feasible chaining candidates and selects the best ones for RDR architecture. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm reduces the latency by up to 40.0% compared to the original approach, and by up to 25.0% compared to a conventional approach. Our algorithm also reduces the number of registers and the number of multiplexers compared to the conventional approaches in some cases.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Energy-efficient High-level Synthesis for HDR Architecture with Multi-stage Clock Gating

    Akasaka Hiroyuki, Abe Shin-ya, Yanagisawa Masao, Togawa Nozomu

    Information and Media Technologies   10 ( 1 ) 1 - 7  2015年

     概要を見る

    With the miniaturization and high performance of current and future LSIs, demand for portable devices has much more increased. Especially the problems of battery runtime and device overheating have occurred. In addition, with the downsize of the LSI design process, the ratio of an interconnection delay to a gate delay has continued to increase. High-level synthesis to estimate the interconnection delays and reduce energy consumption is essential. In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm based on HDR architectures (huddle-based distributed register architectures) utilizing multi-stage clock gating. By increasing the number of clock gating stages in each huddle, we increase the number of the control steps at which we can apply the clock gating to registers. We can determine the configuration of the clock gating with optimized energy consumption. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm reduced energy consumption by up to 27.7% compared with conventional algorithms.

    DOI CiNii

  • Fast source optimization by clustering algorithm based on lithography properties

    Masashi Tawada, Takaki Hashimoto, Keishi Sakanushi, Shigeki Nojima, Toshiya Kotani, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    DESIGN-PROCESS-TECHNOLOGY CO-OPTIMIZATION FOR MANUFACTURABILITY IX   9427  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Lithography is a technology to make circuit patterns on a wafer. UV light diffracted by a photomask forms optical images on a photoresist. Then, a photoresist is melt by an amount of exposed UV light exceeding the threshold. The UV light diffracted by a photomask through lens exposes the photoresist on the wafer. Its lightness and darkness generate patterns on the photoresist. As the technology node advances, the feature sizes on photoresist becomes much smaller. Diffracted UV light is dispersed on the wafer, and then exposing photoresists has become more difficult. Exposure source optimization, SO in short, techniques for optimizing illumination shape have been studied. Although exposure source has hundreds of grid-points, all of previous works deal with them one by one. Then they consume too much running time and that increases design time extremely. How to reduce the parameters to be optimized in SO is the key to decrease source optimization time. In this paper, we propose a variation-resilient and high-speed cluster-based exposure source optimization algorithm. We focus on image log slope (ILS) and use it for generating clusters. When an optical image formed by a source shape has a small ILS value at an EPE (Edge placement error) evaluation point, dose/focus variation much affects the EPE values. When an optical image formed by a source shape has a large ILS value at an evaluation point, dose/focus variation less affects the EPE value. In our algorithm, we cluster several grid-points with similar ILS values and reduce the number of parameters to be simultaneously optimized in SO. Our clustering algorithm is composed of two STEPs: In STEP 1, we cluster grid-points into four groups based on ILS values of grid-points at each evaluation point. In STEP 2, we generate super clusters from the clusters generated in STEP 1. We consider a set of grid-points in each cluster to be a single light source element. As a result, we can optimize the SO problem very fast. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm runs speed-up compared to a conventional algorithm with keeping the EPE values.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Floorplan-Aware High-Level Synthesis Technique with Delay-Variation Tolerance

    Kazushi Kawamura, Yuta Hagio, Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2015 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRON DEVICES AND SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS (EDSSC)     122 - 125  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    For realizing better trade-off between performance and yield rate in recent LSI designs, it is required to deal with increasing the ratios of interconnect delay as well as delay variation. In this paper, a novel floorplan-aware high-level synthesis technique with delay-variation tolerance is proposed. By utilizing floorplan-driven architectures, interconnect delays can be estimated and then handled even in high-level synthesis. Applying our technique enables to realize two scheduling/binding results (one is a non-delayed result and the other is a delayed result) simultaneously on a chip with small area/performance overhead, and either one of them can be selected according to the post-silicon delay variation. Experimental results demonstrate that our technique can reduce delayed scheduling/binding latency by up to 32.3% compared with conventional approaches.

  • Scan-based Side-channel Attack against Symmetric Key Ciphers Using Scan Signatures

    Mika Fujishiro, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2015 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRON DEVICES AND SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS (EDSSC)     309 - 312  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    There are a number of studies on a side-channel attack which uses information exploited from the physical implementation of a cryptosystem. A scan-based side-channel attack utilizes scan chains, one of design-for-test techniques and retrieves the secret information inside the cryptosystem. In this paper, scan based side-channel attack methods against symmetric key ciphers such as block ciphers and stream ciphers using scan signatures are presented to show the risk of scan-based attacks.

  • Partitioning-Based Multiplexer Network Synthesis for Field-Data Extractors

    Koki Ito, Yutaka Tamiya, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2015 28TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM-ON-CHIP CONFERENCE (SOCC)     263 - 268  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As seen in packet analysis of TCP/IP offload engine and stream data processing for video/audio data, it is necessary to extract a particular data field from bulk data, where we can use a field-data extractor. Particularly, an (M, N)-field-data extractor reads out any consecutive N bytes from an M-byte register by connecting its input/ output using multiplexers. However, the number of required multiplexers increases too much as the input/ output byte lengths increase. How to reduce the number of its required multiplexers is a major challenge. In this paper, we propose an efficient multiplexer network synthesis method for an (M, N)-field-data extractor. Our method is based on inserting an (N + B - 1)-byte virtual intermediate register into a multiplexer network and partitioning it into an upper network and a lower network. Our method theoretically reduces the number of required multiplexers without increasing the multiplexer network depth. We also propose how to determine the size of the virtual intermediate register that minimizes the number of required multiplexers. Experimental results show that our method reduces the required number of gates to implement a field-data extractor by up to 92% compared with the one using a naive multiplexer network.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Process-Variation-Aware Multi-Scenario High-Level Synthesis Algorithm for Distributed-Register Architectures

    Koki Igawa, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2015 28TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM-ON-CHIP CONFERENCE (SOCC)     7 - 12  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In order to tackle a process-variation problem, we can define several scenarios, each of which corresponds to a particular LSI behavior, such as a typical-case scenario and a worst-case scenario. By designing a single LSI chip which realizes multiple scenarios simultaneously, we can have a process-variation-tolerant LSI chip. In this paper, we propose a processvariation- aware low-latency and multi-scenario high-level synthesis algorithm targeting new distributed-register architectures, called HDR architectures. We assume two scenarios, a typical-case scenario and a worst-case scenario, and realize them onto a single chip. We first schedule/bind each of the scenarios independently. After that, we commonize the scheduling/binding results for the typical-case and worst-case scenarios and thus generate a commonized area-minimized floorplan result. Experimental results show that our algorithm reduces the latency of the typical-case scenario by up to 50% without increasing the latency of the worst-case scenario, compared with several existing methods.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Floorplan-Driven High-Level Synthesis Algorithm with Multiple-Operation Chainings based on Path Enumeration

    Kotaro Terada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2015 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS)     2129 - 2132  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As process technologies advance, interconnection delays are not negligible even in high-level synthesis and regular-distributed-register (RDR) architecture has been proposed to cope with this problem. In this paper, we propose a floorplan-driven high-level synthesis algorithm using multiple-operation chainings composed of two or more operations, and reduce the overall latency targeting RDR architecture. Our algorithm enumerates multiple-operation-chaining path candidates before performing scheduling/ binding. Based on them, we find out optimal ones taking into account RDR floorplan information. Experimental results show that our algorithm successfully reduces the latency by up to 30.4% compared to the conventional approaches.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Bit-Write-Reducing and Error-Correcting Code Generation by Clustering Error-Correcting Codewords for Non-Volatile Memories

    Tatsuro Kojo, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2015 IEEE/ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (ICCAD)     682 - 689  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Non-volatile memories are paid attention to as a promising alternative to memory design. Data stored in them still may be destructed due to crosstalk and radiation. We can restore the data by using error-correcting codes which require extra bits to correct bit errors. Further, non-volatile memories consume ten to hundred times more energy than normal memories in bit-writing. When we configure them using error-correcting codes, it is quite necessary to reduce writing bits. In this paper, we propose a method to generate a bit-write-reducing code with error-correcting ability. We first pick up an error-correcting code which can correct t-bit errors. We cluster its codeswords and generate a cluster graph satisfying the S-bit flip conditions. We assign a data to be written to each cluster. In other words, we generate one-to-many mapping from each data to the codewords in the cluster. We prove that, if the cluster graph is a complete graph, every data in a memory cell can be re-written into another data by flipping at most S bits keeping error-correcting ability to t bits. We further propose an efficient method to cluster error-correcting codewords. Experimental results demonstrate that, when we apply our bit-write-reducing code to MediaBench applications, it can reduce writing-bit counts by up to 28.2% and also energy consumption of non-volatile memory cells by up to 27.9% compared to existing error-correcting codes keeping the same error-correcting ability. This paper proposes the world-first theoretically near-optimal bit-write-reducing code with error-correcting ability based on the efficient coding theories.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Effective Parallel Algorithm for GPGPU-Accelerated Explicit Routing Optimization

    Ko Kikuta, Eiji Oki, Naoaki Yamanaka, Nozomu Togawa, Hidenori Nakazato

    2015 IEEE GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (GLOBECOM)     1 - 6  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The recent development of network technologies that offer centralized control of explicit routes opens the door to the online optimization of explicit routing. For this kind of Traffic Engineering optimization, raising the calculation speeds by using multi-core processors with effective parallel algorithms is a key goal. This paper proposes an effective parallel algorithm for General purpose Programming on Graphic Processing Unit (GPGPU); its massively parallel style promises strong acceleration of calculation speed. The proposed algorithm parallelizes not only the search method of the Genetic Algorithm, but also its fitness functions, which calculate the network congestion ratio, so as to fully utilize the power of modern GPGPUs. Concurrently, each execution is designed for thread-block execution on the GPU with consideration of thread occupancy, local resources, and SIMT execution to maximize GPU performance. Evaluations show that the proposed algorithm offers, on average, a nine fold speedup compared to the conventional CPU approach.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Landmark-based Route Recommendation Method for Pedestrian Walking Strategies

    Siya Bao, Tomoyuki Nitta, Daisuke Shindou, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2015 IEEE 4TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS (GCCE)     672 - 673  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a landmark-based route recommendation method for enjoyable walking atmosphere strategies by accumulating and analyzing geographical information. We utilize landmark categorization and region clustering to obtain effective elements. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method improves walking environment quality and confirm that it is applicable in both urban and rural areas.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Visible Corner-Landmark Based Route Finding Algorithm for Pedestrian Navigation

    Kengo Takeda, Tomoyuki Nitta, Daisuke Shindou, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2015 IEEE 4TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS (GCCE)     601 - 602  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Although many GPS-based pedestrian navigations are released, their instructions at decision points are not sufficient. This is mainly due to the lack of landmark informations. They may cause pedestrians to pass decision points or misunderstand when to turn. This paper proposes a visible corner-landmark based route finding algorithm. The proposed algorithm is based on visibility edges for landmarks and can obtain a pedestrian route that has visible landmarks on its corner points. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can maximize the visible corner landmarks included in the generated routes.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Score-Based Classification Method for Identifying Hardware-Trojans at Gate-Level Netlists

    Masaru Oya, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2015 DESIGN, AUTOMATION & TEST IN EUROPE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION (DATE)     465 - 470  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, digital ICs are often designed by outside vendors to reduce design costs in semiconductor industry, which may introduce severe risks that malicious attackers implement Hardware Trojans (HTs) on them. Since IC design phase generates only a single design result, an RT-level or gate-level netlist for example, we cannot assume an HT-free netlist or a Golden netlist and then it is too difficult to identify whether a generated netlist is HT-free or HT-inserted. In this paper, we propose a score-based classification method for identifying HT-free or HT-inserted gate-level netlists without using a Golden netlist. Our proposed method does not directly detect HTs themselves in a gate-level netlist but a net included in HTs, which is called Trojan net, instead. Firstly, we observe Trojan nets from several HT-inserted benchmarks and extract several their features. Secondly, we give scores to extracted Trojan net features and sum up them for each net in benchmarks. Then we can find out a score threshold to classify HT-free and HT-inserted netlists. Based on these scores, we can successfully classify HT-free and HT-inserted netlists in all the Trust-HUB gate-level benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that our method successfully identify all the HT-inserted gate-level benchmarks to be "HT-inserted" and all the HT-free gate-level benchmarks to be "HT-free" in approximately three hours for each benchmark.

  • A Bit-Write Reduction Method based on Error-Correcting Codes for Non-Volatile Memories

    Masashi Tawada, Shinji Kimura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2015 20TH ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE (ASP-DAC)     496 - 501  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Non-volatile memory has many advantages over SRAM. However, one of its largest problems is that it consumes a large amount of energy in writing. In this paper, we propose a bit-write reduction method based on error correcting codes for non-volatile memories. When a data is written into a memory cell, we do not write it directly but encode it into a codeword. We focus on error-correcting codes and generate new codes called write-reduction codes. In our write-reduction codes, each data corresponds to an information vector in an error-correcting code and an information vector corresponds not to a single codeword but a set of write-reduction codewords. Given a writing data and current memory bits, we can deterministically select a particular write-reduction codeword corresponding to a data to be written, where the maximum number of flipped bits are theoretically minimized. Then the number of writing bits into memory cells will also be minimized. We perform several experimental evaluations and demonstrate up to 72% energy reduction.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Improved Monitoring-Path Selection Algorithm for Suspicious Timing Error Prediction based Timing Speculation

    Shinnosuke Yoshida, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF 2015 IEEE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASIC (ASICON)     1 - 4  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As process technology is scaling down, timing speculation techniques such as Razor and STEP are emerged as alternative solutions to reduce required margins due to various variation effects. Unlike Razor, STEP is a prediction-based timing speculation method to predict suspicious timing errors before they really appear, and thus it can result in more performance improvement. Therefore, an improved monitoring-path selection algorithm for STEP-based timing speculation is proposed in this paper, in which candidate monitoring-paths are selected based on short path removement and path length estimation. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm realizes an average of 1.71X overclocking compared with worst-case based designs.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A low-power soft error tolerant latch scheme

    Saki Tajima, Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF 2015 IEEE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASIC (ASICON)     1 - 4  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As process technology continues scaling, low power and reliability of integrated circuits are becoming more critical than ever before. Particularly, due to the reduction of node capacitance and operating voltage for low power consumption, it makes the circuits more sensitive to high-energy particles induced soft errors. In this paper, a soft-error tolerant latch called TSPC-SEH is proposed for soft error tolerance with low power consumption. The simulation results show that the proposed TSPC-SEH latch can achieve up to 42% power consumption reduction and 54% delay improvement compared to the existing soft error tolerant SEH and DICE designs.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Small-Sized and Noise-Reducing Power Analyzer Design for Low-Power IoT Devices

    Ryosuke Kitayama, Takashi Takenaka, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF 2015 IEEE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASIC (ASICON)     1 - 4  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Power analysis for IoT devices is strongly required to reduce power consumption and realize secure communications, where we need a small-sized power analyzer that can reduce a wide frequency range of noises is needed. In this paper, we propose a small-sized and noise-reduced power analyzer for IoT devices. We utilize a signal averaging method to reduce a wide frequency range of noises. At that time, how to implement a synchronous process between a power analyzer and a target IoT device becomes the key problem. We solve this problem by ( a) using synchronization signals generated by a general-purpose I/O interface of a microprocessor and ( b) introducing a data-order correction process. We analyze power/energy consumption of the encryption process of LED block cipher on the IoT device and obtain an average power of 146.3mW and energy of 3.84mJ. The proposed power analyzer is just implemented on a 5cmx5cm board but these results only have 5% errors compared to a highprecision oscilloscope.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Image Synthesis Circuit Design Using Selector-logic-based Alpha Blending and Its FPGA Implementation

    Keita Igarashi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF 2015 IEEE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASIC (ASICON)     1 - 4  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Alpha blending is one of image synthesis techniques, which synthesizes a new image by summing up weighted input images and realizes transparent effect. In this paper, we focus on alpha blending using selector logics and implement it on an FPGA board. By applying selector logics to the alpha blending operation, its total product terms are decreased and thus a circuit size and circuit delay are improved simultaneously. In our implementation, original pixel values are stored into a memory on the FPGA board and then a new pixel value is synthesized based on input transmittance factors. We realize approximately 23% speed-up and 8% area reduction simultaneously using selector-logic based alpha blending.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Clock Skew Estimate Modeling for FPGA High-level Synthesis and Its Application

    Koichi Fujiwara, Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF 2015 IEEE 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASIC (ASICON)     1 - 4  2015年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, high-level synthesis (HLS) techniques for FPGA designs are required in various applications. Clock network in FPGA has already been built before implementing any circuits, which may lead a large impact of clock skews and then degrade operation frequency. In this paper, we formulate a clock skew estimate model for FPGA-HLS (CSEF). CSEF is an accurate model to estimate clock skews in HLS flow. CSEF is then integrated into a floorplan-aware HLS algorithm targeting FPGA designs. Experimental results demonstrate that our HLS algorithm can realize FPGA designs which reduce the latency by up to 19% compared with conventional approaches.

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-Based Side-Channel Attack on the LED Block Cipher Using Scan Signatures

    Mika Fujishiro, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E97A ( 12 ) 2434 - 2442  2014年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    LED (Light Encryption Device) block cipher, one of lightweight block ciphers, is very compact in hardware. Its encryption process is composed of AES-like rounds. Recently, a scan-based side-channel attack is reported which retrieves the secret information inside the cryptosystem utilizing scan chains, one of design-for-test techniques. In this paper, a scan-based attack method on the LED block cipher using scan signatures is proposed. In our proposed method, we focus on a particular 16-bit position in scanned data obtained from an LED LSI chip and retrieve its secret key using scan signatures. Experimental results show that our proposed method successfully retrieves its 64-bit secret key using 36 plaintexts on average if the scan chain is only connected to the LED block cipher. These experimental results also show the key is successfully retrieved even if the scan chain includes additional 130,000 1-bit data.

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-Based Attack against Trivium Stream Cipher Using Scan Signatures

    Mika Fujishiro, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E97A ( 7 ) 1444 - 1451  2014年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Trivium is a synchronous stream cipher using three shift registers. It is designed to have a simple structure and runs at high speed. A scan-based side-channel attack retrieves secret information using scan chains, one of design-for-test techniques. In this paper, a scan-based side-channel attack method against Trivium using scan signatures is proposed. In our method, we reconstruct a previous internal state in Trivium one by one from the internal state just when a ciphertext is generated. When we retrieve the internal state, we focus on a particular 1-bit position in a collection of scan chains and then we can attack Trivium even if the scan chain includes other registers than internal state registers in Trivium. Experimental results show that our proposed method successfully retrieves a plaintext from a ciphertext generated by Trivium.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Foreword: Special section on VLSI design and CAD algorithms

    Yamada, A., Higami, Y., Takagi, K., Amagasaki, M., Ikeda, M., Ishihara, T., Ito, K., Usami, K., Okada, K., Kajihara, S., Kaneko, M., Kawaguchi, H., Kimura, S., Kurokawa, A., Shibata, Y., Seto, K., Song, T., Takashima, Y., Takahashi, A., Takenaka, T., Togawa, N., Tomiyama, H., Nakatake, S., Nakamura, Y., Hashimoto, M., Hamaguchi, K., Higuchi, H., Hirose, T., Fukuda, D., Matsumoto, T., Miura, Y., Minato, S.-I., Minami, F., Yamashita, S., Yuminaka, Y., Yoshikawa, M., Watanabe, T.

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E97A ( 12 ) 2366 - 2366  2014年

  • A Delay-variation-aware High-level Synthesis Algorithm for RDR Architectures

    Hagio Yuta, Yanagisawa Masao, Togawa Nozomu

    Information and Media Technologies   9 ( 4 ) 446 - 455  2014年

     概要を見る

    As device feature size drops, interconnection delays often exceed gate delays. We have to incorporate interconnection delays even in high-level synthesis. Using RDR architectures is one of the effective solutions to this problem. At the same time, process and delay variation also becomes a serious problem which may result in several timing errors. How to deal with this problem is another key issue in high-level synthesis. In this paper, we propose a delay-variation-aware high-level synthesis algorithm for RDR architectures. We first obtain a non-delayed scheduling/binding result and, based on it, we also obtain a delayed scheduling/binding result. By adding several extra functional units to vacant RDR islands, we can have a delayed scheduling/binding result so that its latency is not much increased compared with the non-delayed one. After that, we similarize the two scheduling/binding results by repeatedly modifying their results. We can finally realize non-delayed and delayed scheduling/binding results simultaneously on RDR architecture with almost no area/performance overheads and we can select either one of them depending on post-silicon delay variation. Experimental results show that our algorithm successfully reduces delayed scheduling/binding latency by up to 42.9% compared with the conventional approach.

    DOI CiNii

  • Scan-based attack on the LED block cipher using scan signatures

    Mika Fujishiro, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems     1460 - 1463  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    LED (Light Encryption Device) block cipher, one of lightweight block ciphers, is very compact in hardware. Its encryption process is composed of AES-like rounds. Recently, a scan-based side-channel attack is reported which retrieves the secret information inside the cryptosystem utilizing scan chains, one of design-for-test techniques. In this paper, a scan-based attack method on the LED block cipher using scan signatures is proposed. In our proposed method, we focus on a particular 16-bit position in scanned data obtained from an LED LSI chip and retrieve its secret key using scan signatures. Experimental results show that our proposed method successfully retrieves its 64-bit secret key using 73 plaintexts on average if the scan chain is only connected to the LED block cipher. These experimental results also show the key is successfully retrieved even if the scan chain includes additional some 4000 1-bit registers. © 2014 IEEE.

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Linear and bi-linear interpolation circuits using selector logics and their evaluations

    Masashi Shio, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems     1436 - 1439  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Interpolation is a technique that presumes a value between existing data, which is often used for image scaling and correction of distortion. Linear interpolation is one of the interpolation techniques which interpolates inbetween values by linearly connecting two known values. Also, bi-linear interpolation is one of interpolation techniques, which interpolates a value linearly from its four circumferences. Both of them are used practically in many cases. In this paper, we propose high-speed and small-sized linear and bi-linear interpolation circuits based on selector logics. The proposed linear and bi-linear interpolation circuits reduce carry propagation delays by using selector logics and then realize fast and small-sized circuits. We have implemented our linear interpolation circuit and bi-linear interpolation circuits in several ways and evaluated each of them. We can find out that a selector-based bi-linear interpolation circuit where its partial products are summed up by using the arithmetic operator saves its area by up to 42% and reduces its delay by up to 18% compared with a conventional design. © 2014 IEEE.

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Throughput Driven Check Point Selection in Suspicious Timing Error Prediction based Designs

    Hiroaki Igarashi, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE 5TH LATIN AMERICAN SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (LASCAS)     1 - 4  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, a throughput-driven design technique is proposed, in which a suspicious timing error prediction circuit is inserted to monitor the signal transitions at some selected check points. Unlike previous works where timing errors are detected after their occurrence, the proposed method tries to use the real intermediate signal transitions for timing error prediction. The check point selection will affect both the maximal operation frequency and the suspicious timing error overestimation rate, both of which have an effect on the overall throughput, thus an analysis on the check point selection is also given. In our work, the circuit can be overclocked by a factor of 2 or more with ignorable area overhead while guarantees the always-correct output.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Scan-based Attack on the LED Block Cipher Using Scan Signatures

    Mika Fujishiro, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS)     1460 - 1463  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    LED (Light Encryption Device) block cipher, one of lightweight block ciphers, is very compact in hardware. Its encryption process is composed of AES-like rounds. Recently, a scan-based side-channel attack is reported which retrieves the secret information inside the cryptosystem utilizing scan chains, one of design-for-test techniques. In this paper, a scan-based attack method on the LED block cipher using scan signatures is proposed. In our proposed method, we focus on a particular 16-bit position in scanned data obtained from an LED LSI chip and retrieve its secret key using scan signatures. Experimental results show that our proposed method successfully retrieves its 64-bit secret key using 73 plaintexts on average if the scan chain is only connected to the LED block cipher. These experimental results also show the key is successfully retrieved even if the scan chain includes additional some 4000 1-bit registers.

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Linear and Bi-linear Interpolation Circuits Selector Logics and their Evaluations

    Masashi Shio, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS)     1436 - 1439  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Interpolation is a technique that presumes a value between existing data, which is often used for image scaling and correction of distortion. Linear interpolation is one of the interpolation techniques which interpolates inbetween values by linearly connecting two known values. Also, bi-linear interpolation is one of interpolation techniques, which interpolates a value linearly from its four circumferences. Both of them are used practically in many cases. In this paper, we propose high-speed and small-sized linear and bi-linear interpolation circuits based on selector logics. The proposed linear and bi-linear interpolation circuits reduce carry propagation delays by using selector logics and then realize fast and small-sized circuits. We have implemented our linear interpolation circuit and bi-linear interpolation circuits in several ways and evaluated each of them. We can find out that a selector-based bi-linear interpolation circuit where its partial products are summed up by using the arithmetic operator saves its area by up to 42% and reduces its delay by up to 18% compared with a conventional design.

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • In-situ Timing Monitoring Methods for Variation-Resilient Designs

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     735 - 738  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With technology scaling, process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations pose great challenges on integrated circuit designs. Conventionally, LSI circuits are designed by adding pessimistic timing margin to guarantee "always correct" operations even under worst-case conditions. However, due to the increasing PVT variations, unacceptable larger design guard band should be reserved to avoid timing errors on critical paths of circuits, which will therefore lead to very inefficient designs in terms of power and performance. For this reason, in-situ timing monitoring technique has gained great research interest. In this paper, we will review existing variation-resilient design techniques with particular emphasis on in-situ timing monitoring techniques including both detection and prediction-based methods. The effectiveness of in-situ timing monitoring techniques will be discussed. Finally, we show an example of in-situ timing monitoring technique called STEP with applications to general pipeline designs.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Secure scan design using improved random order and its evaluations

    Masaru Oya, Yuta Atobe, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     555 - 558  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan test using scan chains is one of the most important DFT techniques. However, scan-based attacks are reported which can retrieve the secret key in crypto circuits by using scan chains. Secure scan architecture is strongly required to protect scan chains from scan-based attacks. This paper proposes an improved version of random order as a secure scan architecture. In improved random order, a scan chain is partitioned into multiple sub-chains. The structure of the scan chain changes dynamically by selecting a subchain to scan out. Testability and security of the proposed improved random order are also discussed in the paper, and the implementation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Write-Reducing and Error-Correcting Code Generation Method for Non-Volatile Memories

    Tatsuro Kojo, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     304 - 307  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Data stored in non-volatile memories may be destructed due to crosstalk and radiation but we can restore their data by using error-correcting codes. However, non-volatile memories consume a large amount of energy in writing. How to reduce writing bits even using error-correcting codes is one of the challenges in non-volatile memory design. In this paper, we propose a new write-reducing and error-correcting code, called Doughnut code. Doughnut code is based on state encoding limiting maximum and minimum Hamming distances. After that, we propose a code expansion method, which improves minimum and maximum Hamming distances by expanding a write-reducing code. When we apply our code expansion method to Doughnut code, we can obtain a write-reducing code whose error-correcting ability is equal to Hamming code. Experimental results show that the proposed write-reducing code reduces the number of writing bits by up to 36% compared to Hamming code.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Area-Overhead-Oriented Monitoring-Path Selection Algorithm for Suspicious Timing Error Prediction

    Shinnosuke Yoshida, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     300 - 303  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As process technologies advance, the importance of timing error correction techniques is increasing as well. In this paper, We propose an area-overhead-oriented monitoring-path selection algorithm for suspicious timing error prediction circuits (STEPCs). STEPC predicts timing errors by monitoring the middle points of several speed-paths in a circuit. However, we need many STEPCs with a high area overhead to predict timing errors in an overall circuit. Our proposed method moves the STEPC insertion positions to minimize the number of inserted STEPCs. We apply a max-flow and min-cut approach to determine the optimal positions of inserted STEPCs. Our proposed algorithm reduces the required number of STEPCs to 1/19 and their area to 1/5 compared with a naive algorithm. Furthermore, our algorithm realizes 2.25X overclocking compared with just inserting STEPCs into several speed-paths.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-based Side-Channel Attack on Camellia Cipher Using Scan Signatures

    Huiqian Jiang, Mika Fujishiro, Hirokazu Kodera, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     252 - 255  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Camellia, a block cipher jointly developed by Mitsubishi and NTT of Japan, is suitable for both software and hardware implementations and more secure than AES cipher. One of design-for-test techniques using scan chains is called scan-path test, in which testers can observe and control registers inside the LSI chip directly. Recently, scan-based side-channel attack is reported which retrieves the secret information from the cryptosystem using scan chains. In this paper, we propose a scan-based attack method on Camellia cipher using scan signatures. Our proposed method is based on equivalent transformation of the Camellia algorithm and key pattern reduction in order to retrieve the secret key. Experimental results show that our proposed method sucessfully retrieves its 128-bit secret key using 960 plaintexts if the scan chain is only connected to the Camellia cipher and also sucessfully retrieves its key on SASEBO-GII, which is a side-channel attack standard evaluation board.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Floorplan-Driven High-Level Synthesis Algorithm with Operation Chainings Using Chaining Enumeration

    Kotaro Terada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     248 - 251  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In deep-submicron era, interconnection delays are not negligible even in high-level synthesis and RDR (Regular-Distributed-Register) architecture has been proposed to cope with this problem. In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm using operation chainings which reduces the overall latency targeting RDR architectures. Our algorithm consists of three steps: The first step enumerates candidates for chaining. The second step introduces maximal chaining distance (MCD), which gives the maximum allowable distance on RDR architecture between chaining candidate operations. The last step performs list-scheduling and binding simultaneously using the results of two preceding steps. Our algorithm enumerates feasible chaining candidates and selects the best ones for RDR architecture. Experimental results show that our algorithm reduces the latency by up to 28.6%, the number of registers by up to 37.5%, the number of multiplexers by up to 25.0%, compared to the conventional approaches.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Floorplan-Aware High-level Synthesis Algorithm for Multiplexer Reduction Targeting FPGA Designs

    Koichi Fujiwara, Shinya Abe, Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2014 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     244 - 247  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, high-level synthesis (HLS) techniques for FPGA designs are required in various applications such as computerized stock tradings and reconfigurable network processings. In HLS for FPGA designs, we need to consider module floorplan and reduce multiplexer's cost concurrently. In this paper, we propose a floorplan-aware HLS algorithm for multiplexer reduction targeting FPGA designs. By utilizing distirbuted-register architectures called HDR, we can easily consider module floorplan in HLS. In order to reduce multiplexer's cost, we propose two novel binding methods called datapath-oriented scheduling/FU binding and datapath-oriented register binding. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm can realize FPGA designs which reduces the number of slices by up to 47% and circuit delay by up to 16% compared with the conventional approach.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A delay-variation-aware high-level synthesis algorithm for RDR architectures

    Yuta Hagio, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   7   81 - 90  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As device feature size drops, interconnection delays often exceed gate delays. We have to incorporate interconnection delays even in high-level synthesis. Using RDR architectures is one of the effective solutions to this problem. At the same time, process and delay variation also becomes a serious problem which may result in several timing errors. How to deal with this problem is another key issue in high-level synthesis. In this paper, we propose a delay-variation-aware high-level synthesis algorithm for RDR architectures. We first obtain a non-delayed scheduling/binding result and, based on it, we also obtain a delayed scheduling/binding result. By adding several extra functional units to vacant RDR islands, we can have a delayed scheduling/binding result so that its latency is not much increased compared with the non-delayed one. After that, we similarize the two scheduling/binding results by repeatedly modifying their results. We can finally realize non-delayed and delayed scheduling/binding results simultaneously on RDR architecture with almost no area/performance overheads and we can select either one of them depending on post-silicon delay variation. Experimental results show that our algorithm successfully reduces delayed scheduling/binding latency by up to 42.9% compared with the conventional approach.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Energy-efficient high-level synthesis for HDR architecture with multi-stage clock gating

    Hiroyuki Akasaka, Shin-Ya Abe, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   7   74 - 80  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With the miniaturization and high performance of current and future LSIs, demand for portable devices has much more increased. Especially the problems of battery runtime and device overheating have occurred. In addition, with the downsize of the LSI design process, the ratio of an interconnection delay to a gate delay has continued to increase. High-level synthesis to estimate the interconnection delays and reduce energy consumption is essential. In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm based on HDR architectures (huddle-based distributed register architectures) utilizing multi-stage clock gating. By increasing the number of clock gating stages in each huddle, we increase the number of the control steps at which we can apply the clock gating to registers. We can determine the configuration of the clock gating with optimized energy consumption. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm reduced energy consumption by up to 27.7% compared with conventional algorithms.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Floorplan Driven Architecture and High-Level Synthesis Algorithm for Dynamic Multiple Supply Voltages

    Shin-ya Abe, Youhua Shi, Kimiyoshi Usami, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E96A ( 12 ) 2597 - 2611  2013年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose an adaptive voltage huddle-based distributed-register architecture (AVHDR architecture), which integrates dynamic multiple supply voltages and interconnection delay into high-level synthesis. In AVHDR architecture, voltages can be dynamically assigned for energy reduction. In other words, low supply voltages are assigned to non-critical operations, and leakage power is cut off by turning off the power supply to the sleeping functional units. Next, an AVHDR-based high-level synthesis algorithm is proposed. Our algorithm is based on iterative improvement of scheduling/binding and floorplanning. In the iteration process, the modules in each huddle can be placed close to each other and the corresponding AVHDR architecture can be generated and optimized with floorplanning information. Experimental results show that on average our algorithm achieves 43.9% energy-saving compared with conventional algorithms.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A High-Speed Trace-Driven Cache Configuration Simulator for Dual-Core Processor L1 Caches

    Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E96A ( 6 ) 1283 - 1292  2013年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, multi-core processors are used in embedded systems very often. Since application programs is much limited running on embedded systems, there must exists an optimal cache memory configuration in terms of power and area. Simulating application programs on various cache configurations is one of the best options to determine the optimal one. Multi-core cache configuration simulation, however, is much more complicated and takes much more time than single-core cache configuration simulation. In this paper, we propose a very fast dual-core L1 cache configuration simulation algorithm. We first propose a new data structure where just a single data structure represents two or more multi-core cache configurations with different cache associativities. After that, we propose a new multi-core cache configuration simulation algorithm using our new data structure associated with new theorems. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm obtains exact simulation results but runs 20 times faster than a conventional approach.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Scan-based Attack against DES and Triple DES Cryptosystems Using Scan Signatures

    Kodera Hirokazu, Yanagisawa Masao, Togawa Nozomu

    Information and Media Technologies   8 ( 3 ) 867 - 874  2013年

     概要を見る

    A scan-path test is one of the useful design-for-test techniques, in which testers can observe and control registers inside the target LSI chip directly. On the other hand, the risk of side-channel attacks against cryptographic LSIs and modules has been pointed out. In particular, scan-based attacks which retrieve secret keys by analyzing scan data obtained from scan chains have been attracting attention. In this paper, we propose two scan-based attack methods against DES and Triple DES using scan signatures. Our proposed methods are based on focusing on particular bit-column-data in a set of scan data and observing their changes when giving several plaintexts. Based on this property, we introduce the idea of a scan signature first and apply it to DES cryptosystems. In DES cryptosystems, we can retrieve secret keys by partitioning the S-BOX process into eight independent sub-processes and reducing the number of the round key candidates from 248 to 26 × 8 = 512. In Triple DES cryptosystems, three secret keys are used to encrypt plaintexts. Then we retrieve them one by one, using the similar technique as in DES cryptosystems. Although some problems occur when retrieving the second/third secret key, our proposed method effectively resolves them. Our proposed methods can retrieve secret keys even if a scan chain includes registers except a crypto module and attackers do not know when the encryption is really done in the crypto module. Experimental results demonstrate that we successfully retrieve the secret keys of a DES cryptosystem using at most 32 plaintexts and that of a Triple DES cryptosystem using at most 36 plaintexts.

    DOI CiNii

  • Energy-efficient High-level Synthesis for HDR Architectures with Clock Gating Based on Concurrency-oriented Scheduling

    Akasaka Hiroyuki, Abe Shin-ya, Yanagisawa Masao, Togawa Nozomu

    Information and Media Technologies   8 ( 4 ) 913 - 923  2013年

     概要を見る

    With the miniaturization of LSIs and its increasing performance, demand for high-functional portable devices has grown significantly. At the same time, battery lifetime and device overheating are leading to major design problems hampering further LSI integration. On the other hand, the ratio of an interconnection delay to a gate delay has continued to increase as device feature size decreases. We have to estimate interconnection delays and reduce energy consumption even in a high-level synthesis stage. In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm for huddle-based distributed-register architectures (HDR architectures) with clock gatings based on concurrency-oriented scheduling/functional unit binding. We assume coarse-grained clock gatings to huddles and we focus on the number of control steps, or gating steps, at which we can apply the clock gating to registers in every huddle. We propose two methods to increase gating steps: One is that we try to schedule and bind operations to be performed at the same timing. By adjusting the clock gating timings in a high-level synthesis stage, we expect that we can enhance the effect of clock gatings more than applying clock gatings after logic synthesis. The other is that we try to synthesize huddles such that each of the synthesized huddles includes registers which have similar or the same clock gating timings. At this time, we determine the clock gating timings to minimize all energy consumption including clock tree energy. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm reduces energy consumption by a maximum of 23.8% compared with several conventional algorithms.

    DOI CiNii

  • Concurrent faulty clock detection for crypto circuits against clock glitch based DFA

    Hiroaki Igarashi, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems     1432 - 1435  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, a concurrent faulty clock detection method is proposed for crypto circuits against clock glitch based differential fault analysis (DFA). In the proposed method, a nonlogic buffer-based delay chain is inserted, and then by monitoring the delay along the delay chain, a possible clock glitch based DFA can be detected. Experimental results on an AES circuit show that the proposed method can successfully detect clock glitch based attacks, and the required area overhead is only 0.47% that is much smaller than previous works. © 2013 IEEE.

    DOI

    Scopus

    15
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An Energy-efficient High-level Synthesis Algorithm Incorporating Interconnection Delays and Dynamic Multiple Supply Voltages

    Shin-ya Abe, Youhua Shi, Kimiyoshi Usami, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2013 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VLSI DESIGN, AUTOMATION, AND TEST (VLSI-DAT)    2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose an adaptive voltage huddle-based distributed-register architecture (AVHDR architecture) that integrates dynamic multiple supply voltages and interconnection delays into high-level synthesis. Next, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm for AVHDR architectures. Our algorithm is based on iterative improvement of scheduling/binding and floorplanning. In the iteration process, huddles, each of which abstracts modules placed close to each other, are naturally generated using floorplanning. Low-supply voltages are assigned to non-critical operations, and leakage power is cut off by turning off the power supply to the sleeping functional units. Experimental results show that our algorithm achieves 50% energy-saving compared with conventional algorithms.

  • High-Level Synthesis with Post-Silicon Delay Tuning for RDR Architectures

    Yuta Hagio, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2013 INTERNATIONAL SOC DESIGN CONFERENCE (ISOCC)     194 - 197  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm with post-silicon delay tuning for RDR architectures. We first obtain a non-delayed scheduling/binding result and a delayed scheduling/binding result. By adding several extra functional units to vacant RDR islands, we have a delayed scheduling/binding result so that its latency cannot be increased compared with the non-delayed one. After that, we similarize the two scheduling/binding results by repeatedly modifying their results. We can finally realize non-delayed and delayed scheduling/binding results simultaneously on RDR architecture with almost no area/performance overheads and we can select either one of them depending on post-silicon delay variation. Experimental results show that our algorithm successfully reduces delayed scheduling/binding latency by up to 42.9% compared with the conventional approach.

  • An Energy-efficient High-level Synthesis Algorithm Incorporating Interconnection Delays and Dynamic Multiple Supply Voltages

    Shin-ya Abe, Youhua Shi, Kimiyoshi Usami, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2013 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VLSI DESIGN, AUTOMATION, AND TEST (VLSI-DAT)     1 - 4  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose an adaptive voltage huddle-based distributed-register architecture (AVHDR architecture) that integrates dynamic multiple supply voltages and interconnection delays into high-level synthesis. Next, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm for AVHDR architectures. Our algorithm is based on iterative improvement of scheduling/binding and floorplanning. In the iteration process, huddles, each of which abstracts modules placed close to each other, are naturally generated using floorplanning. Low-supply voltages are assigned to non-critical operations, and leakage power is cut off by turning off the power supply to the sleeping functional units. Experimental results show that our algorithm achieves 50% energy-saving compared with conventional algorithms.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Secure scan design with dynamically configurable connection

    Yuta Atobe, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings of IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing, PRDC     256 - 262  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan test is a powerful test technique which can control and observe the internal states of the circuit under test through scan chains. However, it has been reported that it's possible to retrieve secret keys from cryptographic LSIs through scan chains. Therefore new secure test methods are required to satisfy both testability and security requirements. In this paper, a secure scan design is proposed to achieve adequate security requirement as a countermeasure against scan-based attacks, while still maintain high testability like normal scan testing. In our method, the internal scan chain is divided into several sub chains, and the connection order of sub chains can be dynamically changed. In addition, how to decide the connection order of those sub chains so that it can't be identified by an attacker is also proposed in this paper. The proposed method is implemented on an AES circuit to show its effectiveness, and a security analysis is also given to show how the proposed approach can be used as a countermeasure against those known scan-based attacks. © 2013 IEEE.

    DOI

    Scopus

    33
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Suspicious Timing Error Prediction with In-Cycle Clock Gating

    Youhua Shi, Hiroaki Igarashi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTEENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON QUALITY ELECTRONIC DESIGN (ISQED 2013)     335 - 340  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Conventionally, circuits are designed to add pessimistic timing margin to solve delay variation problems, which guarantees "always correct" operations. However, due to the fact that such a worst-case condition occurs rarely, the traditional pessimistic design method is therefore becoming one of the main obstacles for designers to achieve higher performance and/or ultra-low power consumption. By monitoring timing error occurrence during circuit operation, adaptive timing error detection and recovery methods have gained wide interests recently as a promising solution. As an extension of existing research, in this paper, we propose a suspicious timing error prediction method for performance or energy efficiency improvement in pipeline designs. Experimental results show that with when compared with typical margin designs, the proposed method can 1) achieve up to 1.41X throughput improvement with in-situ timing error prediction ability; and 2) allow the design to be overclocked by up to 1.88X with "always correct" outputs.

    DOI

    Scopus

    17
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A partial redundant fault-secure high-level synthesis algorithm for RDR architectures

    Kazushi Kawamura, Sho Tanaka, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems     1736 - 1739  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a partial redundant fault-secure high-level synthesis algorithm for RDR architectures, where we duplicate a part of the original CDFG and maximize its reliability under a timing constraint. Firstly, our algorithm allocates some new additional functional units to vacant spaces on RDR islands for recomputation and increases the number of duplicated operation nodes. Secondly, it minimizes the number of inserted comparator nodes through re-scheduling/re-binding the recomputation CDFG's nodes. As a result, we will obtain a scheduled/bound recomputation CDFG and renewed functional unit allocation with high reliability. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm improves reliability by up to 52% compared with the conventional approach. © 2013 IEEE.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Concurrent Faulty Clock Detection for Crypto Circuits against Clock Glitch based DFA

    Hiroaki Igarashi, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2013 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS)     1432 - 1435  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, a concurrent faulty clock detection method is proposed for crypto circuits against clock glitch based differential fault analysis (DFA). In the proposed method, a non-logic buffer-based delay chain is inserted, and then by monitoring the delay along the delay chain, a possible clock glitch based DFA can be detected. Experimental results on an AES circuit show that the proposed method can successfully detect clock glitch based attacks, and the required area overhead is only 0.47% that is much smaller than previous works.

    DOI

    Scopus

    15
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Energy Evaluation for Two-level On-chip Cache with Non-Volatile Memory on Mobile Processors

    Shota Matsuno, Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Shinji Kimura, Nozomu Togawa, Tadahiko Sugibayashi

    2013 IEEE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASIC (ASICON)     1 - 4  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As leakage power of traditional SRAM becomes larger, a ratio of static energy in total energy of memory architecture becomes also larger. Non-volatile memory (NVM) has many advantages over SRAM, such as high density, low leakage power, and non-volatility, but consumes too much write energy. In this paper, we evaluate energy consumption of two-level cache using NVM in part on mobile processors and confirm that it effectively reduces energy consumption.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-based Attack against Trivium Stream Cipher Independent of Scan Structure

    Mika Fujishiro, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2013 IEEE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASIC (ASICON)     1 - 4  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Trivium is a synchronous stream cipher using three shift registers running at high speed with simple structure. A scan-based side-channel attack retrieves secret information using scan chains, one of design-for-test techniques. In this paper, a scan-based side-channel attack method against Trivium using scan signatures is proposed. In our method, we focus on a particular I-bit position in a collection of scan chains and then we can attack Trivium even if the scan chain includes other registers than internal state registers in Trivium. Experimental results show that our proposed method successfully retrieves a plaintext from a ciphertext.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-based attack against DES and Triple DES cryptosystems using scan signatures

    Hirokazu Kodera, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    Journal of Information Processing   21 ( 3 ) 572 - 579  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A scan-path test is one of the useful design-for-test techniques, in which testers can observe and control registers inside the target LSI chip directly. On the other hand, the risk of side-channel attacks against cryptographic LSIs and modules has been pointed out. In particular, scan-based attacks which retrieve secret keys by analyzing scan data obtained from scan chains have been attracting attention. In this paper, we propose two scan-based attack methods against DES and Triple DES using scan signatures. Our proposed methods are based on focusing on particular bit-column-data in a set of scan data and observing their changes when giving several plaintexts. Based on this property, we introduce the idea of a scan signature first and apply it to DES cryptosystems. In DES cryptosystems, we can retrieve secret keys by partitioning the S-BOX process into eight independent sub-processes and reducing the number of the round key candidates from 248 to 26 × 8 = 512. In Triple DES cryptosystems, three secret keys are used to encrypt plaintexts. Then we retrieve them one by one, using the similar technique as in DES cryptosystems. Although some problems occur when retrieving the second/third secret key, our proposed method effectively resolves them. Our proposed methods can retrieve secret keys even if a scan chain includes registers except a crypto module and attackers do not know when the encryption is really done in the crypto module. Experimental results demonstrate that we successfully retrieve the secret keys of a DES cryptosystem using at most 32 plaintexts and that of a Triple DES cryptosystem using at most 36 plaintexts. © 2013 Information Processing Society of Japan.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Energy-efficient High-level Synthesis for HDR Architectures with Clock Gating Based on Concurrency-oriented Scheduling.

    Hiroyuki Akasaka, Shin-ya Abe, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Trans. System LSI Design Methodology   6   101 - 111  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With the miniaturization of LSIs and its increasing performance, demand for high-functional portable devices has grown significantly. At the same time, battery lifetime and device overheating are leading to major design problems hampering further LSI integration. On the other hand, the ratio of an interconnection delay to a gate delay has continued to increase as device feature size decreases. We have to estimate interconnection delays and reduce energy consumption even in a high-level synthesis stage. In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm for huddle-based distributed-register architectures (HDR architectures) with clock gatings based on concurrency-oriented scheduling/functional unit binding. We assume coarse-grained clock gatings to huddles and we focus on the number of control steps, or gating steps, at which we can apply the clock gating to registers in every huddle. We propose two methods to increase gating steps: One is that we try to schedule and bind operations to be performed at the same timing. By adjusting the clock gating timings in a high-level synthesis stage, we expect that we can enhance the effect of clock gatings more than applying clock gatings after logic synthesis. The other is that we try to synthesize huddles such that each of the synthesized huddles includes registers which have similar or the same clock gating timings. At this time, we determine the clock gating timings to minimize all energy consumption including clock tree energy. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm reduces energy consumption by a maximum of 23.8% compared with several conventional algorithms.

    DOI CiNii

  • A thermal-aware high-level synthesis algorithm for RDR architectures through binding and allocation

    Kazushi Kawamura, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E96-A ( 1 ) 312 - 321  2013年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With process technology scaling, a heat problem in ICs is becoming a serious issue. Since high temperature adversely impacts on reliability, design costs, and leakage power, it is necessary to incorporate thermal-aware synthesis into IC design flows. In particular, hot spots are serious concerns where a chip is locally too much heated and reducing the peak temperature inside a chip is very important. On the other hand, increasing the average interconnect delays is also becoming a serious issue. By using RDR architectures (Regular-Distributed-Register architectures), the interconnect delays can be easily estimated and their influence can be much reduced even in high-level synthesis. In this paper, we propose a thermal-aware high-level synthesis algorithm for RDR architectures. The RDR architecture divides the entire chip into islands and each island has uniform area. Our algorithm balances the energy consumption among islands through re-binding to functional units. By allocating some new additional functional units to vacant areas on islands, our algorithm further balances the energy consumption among islands and thus reduces the peak temperature. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm reduces the peak temperature by up to 9.1% compared with the conventional approach. Copyright © 2013 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-Based Attack on AES through Round Registers and Its Countermeasure

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E95A ( 12 ) 2338 - 2346  2012年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan-based side channel attack on hardware implementations of cryptographic algorithms has shown its great security threat. Unlike existing scan-based attacks, in our work we observed that instead of the secret-related-registers, some non-secret registers also carry the potential of being misused to help a hacker to retrieve secret keys. In this paper, we first present a scan-based side channel attack method on AES by making use of the round counter registers, which are not paid attention to in previous works, to show the potential security threat in designs with scan chains. And then we discussed the issues of secure DFT requirements and proposed a secure scan scheme to preserve all the advantages and simplicities of traditional scan test, while significantly improve the security with ignorable design overhead, for crypto hardware implementations.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A Locality-Aware Hybrid NoC Configuration Algorithm Utilizing the Communication Volume among IP Cores

    Seungju Lee, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E95A ( 9 ) 1538 - 1549  2012年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Network-on-chip (NoC) architectures have emerged as a promising solution to the lack of scalability in multi-processor systems-on-chips (MPSoCs). With the explosive growth in the usage of multimedia applications, it is expected that NoC serves as a multimedia server supporting multi-class services. In this paper, we propose a configuration algorithm for a hybrid bus-NoC architecture together with simulation results. Our target architecture is a hybrid bus-NoC architecture, called busmesh NoC, which is a generalized version of a hybrid NoC with local buses. In our BMNoC configuration algorithm, cores which have a heavy communication volume between them are mapped in a cluster node (CN) and connected by a local bus. CNs can have communication with each other via edge switches (ESes) and mesh routers (MRs). With this hierarchical communication network, our proposed algorithm can improve the latency as compared with conventional methods. Several realistic applications applied to our algorithm illustrate the better performance than earlier studies and feasibility of our proposed algorithm.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Energy-efficient High-level Synthesis for HDR Architectures

    Abe Shin-ya, Yanagisawa Masao, Togawa Nozomu

    Information and Media Technologies   7 ( 4 ) 1319 - 1330  2012年

     概要を見る

    As battery runtime and overheating problems for portable devices become unignorable, energy-aware LSI design is strongly required. Moreover, an interconnection delay should be explicitly considered there because it exceeds a gate delay as the semiconductor devices are downsized. We must take account of energy efficiency and interconnection delays even in high-level synthesis. In this paper, we first propose a huddle-based distributed-register architecture (HDR architecture), an island-based distributed-register architecture for multi-cycle interconnect communications where we can develop several energy-saving techniques. Next, we propose an energy-efficient high-level synthesis algorithm for HDR architectures focusing on multiple supply voltages. Our algorithm is based on iterative improvement of scheduling/binding and floorplanning. In the iteration process, a huddle, which is composed of functional units, registers, controller, and level converters, are very naturally generated using floorplanning results. By assigning high supply voltage to critical huddles and low supply voltage to non-critical huddles, we can finally have energy-efficient floorplan-aware high-level synthesis. Experimental results show that our algorithm achieves 45% energy-saving compared with the conventional distributed-register architectures and conventional algorithms.

    DOI CiNii

  • Dynamically Changeable Secure Scan Architecture against Scan-Based Side Channel Attack

    Yuta Atobe, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2012 INTERNATIONAL SOC DESIGN CONFERENCE (ISOCC)     155 - 158  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan test which is one of the useful design for testability techniques is effective for LSIs including cryptographic circuit. It can observe and control the internal states of the circuit under test by using scan chain. However, scan chain presents a significant security risk of information leakage for scan-based attacks which retrieves secret keys of cryptographic LSIs. In this paper, a secure scan architecture against scan-based attack which still has high testability is proposed. In our method, scan data is dynamically changed by adding the latch to any FFs in the scan chain. We show that by using proposed method, neither the secret key nor the testability of an RSA circuit implementation is compromised, and the effectiveness of the proposed method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    39
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Energy-efficient High-level Synthesis for HDR Architectures with Clock Gating

    Hiroyuki Akasaka, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2012 INTERNATIONAL SOC DESIGN CONFERENCE (ISOCC)     135 - 138  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With the miniaturization of LSIs and its increasing performance, demand for high-functional portable devices has grown significantly. At the same time, the problems for battery runtime and device overheating have occurred. On the other hand, the ratio of an interconnection delay to a gate delay has continued to increase as device feature size decreases. We have to estimate the interconnection delay and reduce energy consumption even in a high-level synthesis stage. Recently, an HDR architecture and its associated power-optimized high-level synthesis algorithm have been proposed which can effectively estimate the interconnection delays by introducing the idea of "huddles" into an LSI chip. It utilize multiple supply voltages and achieves power-optimized LSI synthesis but does not take into account the clock gatings. In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis algorithm based on HDR architectures utilizing clock gatings. Firstly we focus on the number of the control steps at which we can apply the clock gating to registers. Secondly, we synthesize the huddles such that each of the synthesized huddles includes registers which have similar or exactly the same clock gating timings. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm reduces energy consumption by a maximum of 14.9% compared with the conventional algorithm.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Novel BMNoC Configuration Algorithm Utilizing Communication Volume and Locality among Cores

    Seungju Lee, Nozomu Togawa, Takashi Aoki, Akira Onozawa

    2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS 2012)     1668 - 1671  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Network-on-chip (NoC) architectures are emerged as a promising solution to the lack of scalability in multi-processor systems-on-chips (MPSoCs). In this paper, we propose a novel BMNoC configuration algorithm together with simulation results. Our BMNoC configuration algorithm analyses the data traffic of the target application and determines which core is the right one to put into the certain cluster with its communication volume and locality. Furthermore, the simulation results illustrate the better latency than earlier studies and feasibility of BMNoC.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • An Energy-efficient High-level Synthesis Algorithm for Huddle-based Distributed-Register Architectures

    Shin-ya Abet, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawat

    2012 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS 2012)     576 - 579  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we first propose a huddle-based distributed-register architecture (HDR architecture), an island-based distributed-register architecture for multi-cycle interconnect communications where we can develop several energy-saving techniques. Next, we propose an energy-efficient high-level synthesis algorithm for HDR architectures focusing on multiple supply voltages. Our algorithm is based on iterative improvement of scheduling/binding and floorplanning. In the iteration process, huddles, each of which is composed of functional units, registers, controller, and level converters, are very naturally generated using floorplanning results. By assigning high supply voltage to critical huddles and low supply voltage to non-critical huddles, we can finally have energy-efficient floorplan-aware high-level synthesis. Experimental results show that our algorithm achieves 45% energy-saving compared with the conventional distributed-register architectures and conventional algorithms.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • State Dependent Scan Flip-Flop with Key-Based Configuration against Scan-Based Side Channel Attack on RSA Circuit

    Yuta Atobe, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2012 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     607 - 610  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan test is one of the useful design for testability techniques, which can detect circuit failure efficiently. However, it has been reported that it's possible to retrieve secret keys from cryptographic LSIs through scan chains. Therefore testability and security contradicted to each other, and there is a need to an efficient design for testability circuit so as to satisfy both testability and security requirement. In this paper, a secure scan architecture against scan-based attack is proposed to achieve high security without compromising the testability. In our method, scan structure is dynamically changed by adding the latch to any FFs in the scan chain. We made an analysis on an RSA circuit implementation to show the effectiveness of the proposed method and discussed how our approach is resistant to scan-based attack.

    DOI

    Scopus

    16
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Weighted Adders with Selector Logics for Super-resolution and Its FPGA-based Evaluation

    Hiromine Yoshihara, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2012 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     603 - 606  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Super-resolution is a technique to remove the noise of observed images and restore its high frequencies. We focus on reconstruction-based super-resolution. Reconstruction requires large computation cost since it requires many images. In this paper, we propose a fast weighted adder for reconstruction-based super-resolution. From the viewpoint of reducing partial products, we propose two approaches to speed up a weighted adder. First, we use selector logics to halve its partial products. Second, we propose a weights-range limit method utilizing negative term. By applying our proposed approaches to a weighted adder, we can reduce carry propagations and our weighted adder can be designed by a fast circuit as compared to conventional ones. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that our weighted adder improves the performance by a maximum of 29.9% and reduces a maximum of 592 LUTs, compared to conventional implementations.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-based Attack against DES Cryptosystems Using Scan Signatures

    Hirokazu Kodera, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    2012 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     599 - 602  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With the high integration of LSI in recent years, the importance of design-for-techniques has been increasing. A scan-path test is one of the useful design-for-test techniques, in which testers can observe and control registers inside the target LSI chip directly. On the other hand, the risk of side-channel attacks against cryptographic LSIs and modules has been pointed out. In particular, scan-based attacks which retrieve secret keys by analyzing scan data obtained from scan chains has been attracting attention. In this paper, we propose a scan-based attack method against DES using scan signatures. Our proposed method are based on focusing on particular bit-column-data in a set of scan data and observing their changes when given several plaintexts. We can retrieve secret keys by partitioning the S-BOX process into eight independent sub-processes and reducing the number of the round key candidates from 2(48) to 2(6) x 8 = 512. Our proposed methods can retrieve secret keys even if a scan chain includes registers except a crypto module and attackers do not know when the encryption is really done in the crypto module. Experimental results demonstrate that we successfully retrieve the secret keys of a DES cryptosystem using at most 32 plaintexts.

    DOI

    Scopus

    29
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Hybrid NoC Architecture Utilizing Packet Transmission Priority Control Method

    Seungju Lee, Nozomu Togawa, Yusuke Sekihara, Takashi Aoki, Akira Onozawa

    2012 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS)     404 - 407  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Network-on-chip architectures have emerged as a promising solution to the lack of scalability in multi-processor systems-on-chips (MPSoCs). With the explosive growth in the usage of multimedia applications, it is expected that NoC serves as a multimedia server supporting multi-class services. Recently, a busmesh NoC (BMNoC) has been proposed. The BMNoC architecture, which analyses the data traffic and makes aware of localities between cores, improves the system performance in terms of latency as compared with conventional NoCs. In this paper, we propose a novel BMNoC utilizing packet transmission priority control methods. Our proposed BMNoC is a generalized and simplified version of a hybrid NoC which is composed of local buses and global mesh routers. Several realistic applications applied to our algorithm illustrate the better performance than previous studies and feasibility of our proposed architecture.

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Robust Secure Scan Design Against Scan-Based Differential Cryptanalysis

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS   20 ( 1 ) 176 - 181  2012年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan technology carries the potential risk of being misused as a "side channel" to leak out the secrets of crypto cores. The existing scan-based attacks could be viewed as one kind of differential cryptanalysis, which takes advantages of scan chains to observe the bit changes between pairs of chosen plaintexts so as to identify the secret keys. To address such a design/test challenge, this paper proposes a robust secure scan structure design for crypto cores as a countermeasure against scan-based attacks to maintain high security without compromising the testability.

    DOI

    Scopus

    24
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Energy-efficient high-level synthesis for HDR architectures

    Shin-Ya Abe, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   5   106 - 117  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As battery runtime and overheating problems for portable devices become unignorable, energy-aware LSI design is strongly required. Moreover, an interconnection delay should be explicitly considered there because it exceeds a gate delay as the semiconductor devices are downsized. We must take account of energy efficiency and interconnection delays even in high-level synthesis. In this paper, we first propose a huddle-based distributed-register architecture (HDR architecture), an island-based distributed-register architecture for multi-cycle interconnect communications where we can develop several energy-saving techniques. Next, we propose an energy-efficient high-level synthesis algorithm for HDR architectures focusing on multiple supply voltages. Our algorithm is based on iterative improvement of scheduling/binding and floorplanning. In the iteration process, a huddle, which is composed of functional units, registers, controller, and level converters, are very naturally generated using floorplanning results. By assigning high supply voltage to critical huddles and low supply voltage to non-critical huddles, we can finally have energy-efficient floorplan-aware high-level synthesis. Experimental results show that our algorithm achieves 45% energy-saving compared with the conventional distributed-register architectures and conventional algorithms. © 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan.

    DOI

    Scopus

    13
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A fastweighted adder by reducing partial product for reconstruction in super-resolution

    Hiromine Yoshihara, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   5   96 - 105  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In recent years, it is quite necessary to convert conventional low-resolution images to high-resolution ones at low cost. Super-resolution is a technique to remove the noise of observed images and restore its high frequencies. We focus on reconstruction-based super-resolution. Reconstruction requires large computation cost since it requires many images. In this paper, we propose a fast weighted adder for reconstruction-based super-resolution. From the viewpoint of reducing partial products, we propose two approaches to speed up a weighted adder. First, we use selector logics to halve its partial products. Second, we propose a weights-range limit method utilizing negative term. By applying our proposed approaches to a weighted adder, we can reduce carry propagations and our weighted adder can be designed by a fast circuit as compared to conventional ones. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that our weighted adder reduces its delay time by a maximum of 25.29% and its area to a maximum of 1/3, compared to conventional implementations. © 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • MH4 : multiple-supply-voltages aware high-level synthesis for high-integrated and high-frequency circuits for HDR architectures

    Shin-ya Abe, Youhua Shi, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE ELECTRONICS EXPRESS   9 ( 17 ) 1414 - 1422  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose multiple-supply-voltages aware high-level synthesis algorithm for HDR architectures which realizes high-speed and high-efficient circuits. We propose three new techniques: virtual area estimation, virtual area adaptation, and floorplanning-directed huddling, and integrate them into our HDR architecture synthesis algorithm. Virtual area estimation/adaptation effectively estimates a huddle area by gradually reducing it during iterations, which improves the convergence of our algorithm. Floorplanning-directed huddling determines huddle composition very effectively by performing floorplanning and functional unit assignment inside huddles simultaneously. Experimental results show that our algorithm achieves about 29% run-time-saving compared with the conventional algorithms, and obtains a solution which cannot be obtained by our original algorithm even if a very tight clock constraint is given.

    DOI

    Scopus

    14
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Greedy Algorithm for the On-Chip Decoupling Capacitance Optimization to Satisfy the Voltage Drop Constraint

    Mikiko Sode Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Satoshi Goto

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E94A ( 12 ) 2482 - 2489  2011年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With the progress of process technology in recent years, low voltage power supplies have become quite predominant. With this, the voltage margin has decreased and therefore the on-chip decoupling capacitance optimization that satisfies the voltage drop constraint becomes more important. In addition, the reduction of the on-chip decoupling capacitance area will reduce the chip area and, therefore, manufacturing costs. Hence, we propose an algorithm that satisfies the voltage drop constraint and at the same time, minimizes the total on-chip decoupling capacitance area. The proposed algorithm uses the idea of the network algorithm where the path which has the most influence on voltage drop is found. Voltage drop is improved by adding the on-chip capacitance to the node on the path. The proposed algorithm is efficient and effectively adds the on-chip capacitance to the greatest influence on the voltage drop. Experimental results demonstrate that, with the proposed algorithm, real size power/ground network could be optimized in just a few minutes which are quite practical. Compared with the conventional algorithm, we confirmed that the total on-chip decoupling capacitance area of the power/ground network was reducible by about 40 similar to 50%.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Speeding-up exact and fast FIFO-based cache configuration simulation

    Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE ELECTRONICS EXPRESS   8 ( 14 ) 1161 - 1167  2011年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The number of sets, block size, and associativity determine processor's cache configurations. Particularly in embedded systems, their cache configuration can be optimized since their target applications are much limited. Recently, the CRCB method has been proposed for LRU-based (Least Recently Used-based) cache configuration simulation, which can calculate cache hit/miss counts accurately and very fast changing the three parameters. However many recent processors use FIFO-based (First-In-First-Out-based) caches instead of LRU-based caches due to the viewpoints of their hardware costs. In this paper, we propose a speeding-up cache configuration simulation method for embedded applications that uses FIFO as a cache replacement policy. We first prove several properties for FIFO-based caches and then propose a simulation method that can process two or more FIFO-based cache configurations with different cache associativities simultaneously. Experimental results show that our proposed method can obtain accurate cache hits/misses and runs up to 32% faster than the conventional simulators.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Greedy Optimization Algorithm for the Power/Ground Network Design to Satisfy the Voltage Drop Constraint

    Mikiko Sode Tanaka, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Satoshi Goto

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E94A ( 4 ) 1082 - 1090  2011年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With the process technological progress in recent years, low voltage power supplies have become quite predominant. With this, the voltage margin has decreased and therefore the power/ground design that satisfies the voltage drop constraint becomes more important. In addition, the reduction of the power/ground total wiring area and the number of layers will reduce manufacturing and designing costs. So, we propose an algorithm that satisfies the voltage drop constraint and at the same time, minimizes the power/ground total wiring area. The proposed algorithm uses the idea of a network algorithm [I] where the edge which has the most influence on voltage drop is found. Voltage drop is improved by changing the resistance of the edge. The proposed algorithm is efficient and effectively updates the edge with the greatest influence on the voltage drop. From experimental results, compared with the conventional algorithm, we confirmed that the total wiring area of the power/ground was reducible by about 1/3. Also, the experimental data shows that the proposed algorithm satisfies the voltage drop constraint in the data whereas the conventional algorithm cannot.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Fast Selector-Based Subtract-Multiplication Unit and Its Application to Butterfly Unit

    Tsukamoto Youhei, Yanagisawa Masao, Ohtsuki Tatsuo, Togawa Nozomu

    Information and Media Technologies   6 ( 2 ) 276 - 285  2011年

     概要を見る

    Large-scale network and multimedia application LSIs include application specific arithmetic units. A multiply-accumulator unit or a MAC unit which is one of these optimized units arranges partial products and decreases carry propagations. However, there is no method similar to MAC to execute “subtract-multiplication”. In this paper, we propose a high-speed subtract-multiplication unit that decreases latency of a subtract operation by bit-level transformation using selector logics. By using bit-level transformation, its partial products are calculated directly. The proposed subtract-multiplication units can be applied to any types of systems using subtract-multiplications and a butterfly operation in FFT is one of their suitable applications. We apply them effectively to Radix-2 butterfly units and Radix-4 butterfly units. Experimental results show that our proposed operation units using selector logics improves the performance by up to 13.92%, compared to a conventional approach.

    DOI CiNii

  • Exact, Fast and Flexible L1 Cache Configuration Simulation for Embedded Systems

    Tawada Masashi, Yanagisawa Masao, Ohtsuki Tatsuo, Togawa Nozomu

    Information and Media Technologies   6 ( 4 ) 1076 - 1091  2011年

     概要を見る

    Since target applications running on an embedded processor are much limited in embedded systems, we can optimize its cache configuration based on the number of sets, block size, and associativities. An extremely fast cache configuration simulation method, CRCB (Configuration Reduction approach by the Cache Behavior), has been recently proposed which can calculate cache hit/miss counts accurately for possible cache configurations when the three parameters above are changed. The CRCB method assumes LRU-based (Least Recently Used-based) cache but many recent processors use FIFO-based (First In First Out-based) cache or PLRU-based (Pseudo LRU-based) cache due to its hardware cost. In this paper, we propose exact and fast L1 cache configuration simulation algorithms for embedded applications that use PLRU or FIFO as a cache replacement policy. Firstly, we prove that the CRCB method can be applied not only to LRU but also to other cache replacement policies including FIFO and PLRU. Secondly, we prove several properties for FIFO- and PLRU-based caches and we propose associated cache simulation algorithms which can simulate simultaneously more than one cache configurations with different cache associativities accurately for FIFO or PLRU. Finally, many experimental results demonstrate that our cache configuration simulation algorithms obtain accurate cache hit/miss counts and run up to 249 times faster than a conventional cache simulator.

    DOI CiNii

  • Exact and Fast L1 Cache Configuration Simulation for Embedded Systems with FIFO/PLRU Cache Replacement Policies

    Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki, Nozomu Togawa

    2011 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VLSI DESIGN, AUTOMATION AND TEST (VLSI-DAT)     247 - 250  2011年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Since target applications in embedded systems are limited, we can optimize its cache configuration. A very fast and exact cache simulation algorithm, CRCB, has been recently proposed. CRCB assumes LRU as a cache replacement policy but FIFO- or PLRU-based cache is often used due to its low hardware cost. This paper proposes exact and fast L1 cache simulation algorithms for PLRU- or FIFO-based caches. First, we prove that CRCB can be applied to FIFO and PLRU. Next, we show several properties for FIFO- and PLRU-based caches and propose their associated cache-simulation speed-up algorithms. Experiments demonstrate that our algorithms run up to 300 times faster than a well-known cache simulator.

  • Exact, fast and flexible L1 cache configuration simulation for embedded systems

    Masashi Tawada, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   4   166 - 181  2011年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Since target applications running on an embedded processor are much limited in embedded systems, we can optimize its cache configuration based on the number of sets, block size, and associativities. An extremely fast cache configuration simulation method, CRCB (Configuration Reduction approach by the Cache Behavior), has been recently proposed which can calculate cache hit/miss counts accurately for possible cache configurations when the three parameters above are changed. The CRCB method assumes LRU-based (Least Recently Used-based) cache but many recent processors use FIFO-based (First In First Out-based) cache or PLRU-based (Pseudo LRU-based) cache due to its hardware cost. In this paper, we propose exact and fast L1 cache configuration simulation algorithms for embedded applications that use PLRU or FIFO as a cache replacement policy. Firstly, we prove that the CRCB method can be applied not only to LRU but also to other cache replacement policies including FIFO and PLRU. Secondly, we prove several properties for FIFO- and PLRU-based caches and we propose associated cache simulation algorithms which can simulate simultaneously more than one cache configurations with different cache associativities accurately for FIFO or PLRU. Finally, many experimental results demonstrate that our cache configuration simulation algorithms obtain accurate cache hit/miss counts and run up to 249 times faster than a conventional cache simulator. © 2011 Information Processing Society of Japan.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A fault-secure high-level synthesis algorithm for RDR architectures

    Sho Tanaka, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   4   150 - 165  2011年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As device feature size decreases, the reliability improvement against soft errors becomes quite necessary. A fault-secure system, in which concurrent error detection is realized, is one of the solutions to this problem. On the other hand, average interconnection delays exceed gate delays which leads to a serious timing closure problem. By using regular-distributed-register architecture (RDR architecture), we can estimate interconnection delays very accurately and their influence can be much reduced even in behavioral-level design. In this paper, we propose a fault-secure high-level synthesis algorithm for an RDR architecture. In fault-secure high-level synthesis, a recomputation CDFG as well as a normal-computation CDFG must be scheduled to control steps and bound to functional units. Firstly, our algorithm re-uses vacant areas on RDR islands to allocate new function units additionally for the recomputation CDFG. Secondly, we propose an efficient edge-break algorithm which considers comparison nodes' scheduling/binding. We can have small-latency scheduling/binding for both the normal CDFG and recomputation CDFG. Our algorithm reduces the required control steps by up to 53% compared with the conventional approach. © 2011 Information Processing Society of Japan.

    DOI

    Scopus

    12
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A fast selector-based subtract-multiplication unit and its application to butterfly unit

    Youhei Tsukamoto, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki, Nozomu Togawa

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   4   60 - 69  2011年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Large-scale network and multimedia application LSIs include application specific arithmetic units. A multiply-accumulator unit or a MAC unit which is one of these optimized units arranges partial products and decreases carry propagations. However, there is no method similar to MAC to execute "subtractmultiplication". In this paper, we propose a high-speed subtract-multiplication unit that decreases latency of a subtract operation by bit-level transformation using selector logics. By using bit-level transformation, its partial products are calculated directly. The proposed subtract-multiplication units can be applied to any types of systems using subtract-multiplications and a butterfly operation in FFT is one of their suitable applications. We apply them effectively to Radix- 2 butterfly units and Radix-4 butterfly units. Experimental results show that our proposed operation units using selector logics improves the performance by up to 13.92%, compared to a conventional approach. © 2011 Information Processing Society of Japan.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan vulnerability in elliptic curve cryptosystems

    Ryuta Nara, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   4   47 - 59  2011年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A scan-path test is one of the most important testing techniques, but it can be used as a side-channel attack against a cryptography circuit. Scan-based attacks are techniques to decipher a secret key using scanned data obtained from a cryptography circuit. Public-key cryptography, such as RSA and elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC), is extensively used but conventional scan-based attacks cannot be applied to it, because it has a complicated algorithm as well as a complicated architecture. This paper proposes a scan-based attack which enables us to decipher a secret key in ECC. The proposed method is based on detecting intermediate values calculated in ECC. We focus on a 1-bit sequence which is specific to some intermediate values. By monitoring the 1-bit sequence in the scan path, we can find out the register position specific to the intermediate value in it and we can know whether this intermediate value is calculated or not in the target ECC circuit. By using several intermediate values, we can decipher a secret key. The experimental results demonstrate that a secret key in a practical ECC circuit can be deciphered using 29 points over the elliptic curve E within 40 seconds. © 2011 Information Processing Society of Japan.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-Based Side-Channel Attack against RSA Cryptosystems Using Scan Signatures

    Ryuta Nara, Kei Satoh, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki, Nozomu Togawa

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E93A ( 12 ) 2481 - 2489  2010年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan based side channel attacks retrieve a secret key in a cryptography circuit by analyzing scanned data Since they must be considerable threats to a cryptosystem LSI we have to protect cryptography circuits from them RSA is one of the most important cryptography algorithms because it effectively realizes a public key cryptography system RSA is extensively used but conventional scan based side channel attacks cannot be applied to it because It has a complicated algorithm This paper proposes a scan based side channel attack which enables us to retrieve a secret key in an RSA circuit The proposed method is based on detecting intermediate values calculated in an RSA circuit We focus on a I bit time sequence which is specific to some intermediate values By monitoring the I bit time sequence in the scan path we can find out the register position specific to the intermediate value and we can know whether this intermediate value is calculated or not in the target RSA circuit We can retrieve a secret key one bit by one bit from MSB to LSB The experimental results demonstrate that a 1 024 bit secret key used in the target RSA circuit can be retrieved using 30 2 input messages within 98 3 seconds and its 2 048 bit secret key can be retrieved using, 34 4 input within 634 0 seconds

    DOI

    Scopus

    76
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Improved Launch for Higher TDF Coverage With Fewer Test Patterns

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS   29 ( 8 ) 1294 - 1299  2010年08月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Due to the limitations of scan structure, the second vector in transition delay test is usually applied either by shift operation or by functional launch, which possibly results in unsatisfying transition delay fault (TDF) coverage. To overcome such a limitation for higher TDF coverage, a novel improved launch delay test technique that combines the pros of launch-on-shift and launch-on-capture tests is introduced in this paper. The proposed method can achieve near perfect TDF coverage with fewer test patterns without the need for a global fast scan enable signal. Experimental results on ISCAS89 and ITC99 benchmark circuits are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

    DOI

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  • State-dependent Changeable Scan Architecture against Scan-based Side Channel Attacks

    Ryuta Nara, Hiroshi Atobe, Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    2010 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS     1867 - 1870  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan test is a powerful and popular test technique because it can control and observe the internal states of the circuit under test. However, scan path would be used to discover the internals of crypto hardware, which presents a significant security risk of information leakage. An interesting design-for-test technique by inserting inverters into the internal scan path to complicate the scan structure has been recently presented. Unfortunately, it still carries the potential of being attacked through statistical analysis of the information scanned out from chips. Therefore, in this paper we propose secure scan architecture, called dynamic variable secure scan, against scan-based side channel attack. The modified scan flip-flops are state-dependent, which could cause the output of each State-dependent Scan FF to be inverted or not so as to make it more difficult to discover the internal scan architecture.

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Performance-driven High-level Synthesis with floorplan for GDR Architectures and its Evaluation

    Akira Ohchi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    2010 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS     921 - 924  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis method targeting generalized distributed-register architecture in which we introduce shared/local registers and global/local controllers. Functional units on a critical path use local registers and local controllers and functional units on non-critical path use shared register and global controller in our architecture. Our method is based on iterative improvement of scheduling/binding and floorplanning. Using iterative flow, we obtains a generalized distributed-register architecture where its scheduling/binding as well as floorplanning are simultaneously optimized. Experimental results show that 8.6% performance improvement can be achieved compared to the conventional high-performance method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Scan-Based Attack against Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems

    Ryuta Nara, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    2010 15TH ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE (ASP-DAC 2010)     402 - 407  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan-based attacks are techniques to decipher a secret key using scanned data obtained from a cryptography circuit. Public-key cryptography, such as RSA and elliptic curve cryptosystem (ECC), is extensively used but conventional scan-based attacks cannot be applied to it, because it has a complicated algorithm as well as a complicated architecture. This paper proposes a scan-based attack which enables us to decipher a secret key in ECC. The proposed method is based on detecting intermediate values calculated in ECC. By monitoring the 1-bit sequence in the scan path, we can find out the register position specific to the intermediate value in it and we can know whether this intermediate value is calculated or not in the target ECC circuit. By using several intermediate values, we can decipher a secret key. The experimental results demonstrate that a secret key in a practical ECC circuit can be deciphered using 29 points over the elliptic curve E within 40 seconds.

    DOI

    Scopus

    68
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • VLSI Implementation of a Fast Intra Prediction Algorithm for H.264/AVC Encoding

    Youhua Shi, Kenta Tokumitsu, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2010 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUIT AND SYSTEM (APCCAS)     1139 - 1142  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Intra-frame coding is one of the most important technologies in H.264/AVC, which made significant contributions to the enhancement of coding efficiency of H.264/AVC at the cost of computation complexity. To address this problem, in this paper we present an efficient VLSI implementation of a computation efficient intra prediction algorithm for H.264/AVC encoding. Unlike most of existing fast intra-mode selection techniques, in the proposed method the directional differences are computed using a few selected original pixels to obtain the candidate modes with the minimal direction cost. The proposed method is hardware-friendly and provides more processing parallelism for H.264 intra-frame encoding with less overhead and less power consumption, which is expected to be utilized as a favourable accelerator hardware module in a real-time HDTV (1920x1080p) H.264 encoder.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Fast Selector-Based Subtract-Multiplication Unit and Its Application to Radix-2 Butterfly Unit

    Youhei Tsukamoto, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2010 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUIT AND SYSTEM (APCCAS)     1083 - 1086  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Large-scale network and multimedia application LSIs include application specific arithmetic units. A multiplyaccumulator unit (MAC unit) which is one of these optimized units arranges partial products and decreases carry propagations. However, there is no method similar to MAC to execute "subtract-multiplication". In this paper, we propose a high-speed subtract-multiplication unit that decreases latency of a subtract operation by bit-level transformation using selector logics. By using bit-level transformation, its partial products are calculated directly. The proposed subtract-multiplication units can be applied to even any types of systems using subtract-multiplications and a butterfly operation in FFT is one of their suitable applications. Experimental results show that our proposed arithmetic units using selector logics improves the performance by 13.92%, compared to a conventional approach.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • BusMesh NoC: A Novel NoC Architecture Comprised of Bus-based Connection and Global Mesh Routers

    SeungJu Lee, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki, Nozomu Togawa

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2010 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUIT AND SYSTEM (APCCAS)     712 - 715  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Network-on-chip (NoC) architectures are emerged as a promising solution to the lack of scalability in multi-processor systems-on-chips (MPSoCs). In this paper, A busmesh network-on-chip (BMNoC) architecture is proposed, together with simulation results. It is comprised of bus-based connection and global mesh routers to enhance the performance of on-chip communication. Furthermore, MPEG-4, H.264 and a hybrid application mixed MPEG-4 and H.264 on our architecture illustrates the better performance than earlier studies and feasibility of BMNoC.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Two-Level Cache Design Space Exploration System for Embedded Applications

    Nobuaki Tojo, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E92A ( 12 ) 3238 - 3247  2009年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently, two-level cache, L1 cache and L2 cache, is commonly used in a processor. Particularly in an embedded system whereby a single application or a class of applications is repeatedly executed on a processor, its cache configuration can be customized such that an optimal one is achieved. An optimal two-level cache configuration can be obtained which minimizes overall memory access time or memory energy consumption by varying the three cache parameters: the number of sets, a line size, and an associativity, for L1 cache and L2 cache. In this paper, we first extend the L1 cache simulation algorithm so that we can explore two-level cache configuration. Second, we propose two-level cache design space exploration algorithms: CRCB-T1 and CRCB-T2, each of which is based on applying Cache Inclusion Proper v to two-level cache configuration. Each of the proposed algorithms realizes exact cache simulation but decreases the number of cache hit/miss judgments by a factor of several thousands. Experimental results show that. by using our approach. the number of cache hit/miss judgments required to optimize a cache configurations is reduced to 1/50-1/5500 compared to the exhaustive approach. As a result, our proposed approach totally runs an average of 1398.25 times faster compared to the exhaustive approach. Our proposed cache simulation approach achieves the world fastest two-level cache design space exploration.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A Scan-Based Attack Based on Discriminators for AES Cryptosystems

    Ryuta Nara, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E92A ( 12 ) 3229 - 3237  2009年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A scan chain is one of the most important testing techniques, but it can be used as side-channel attacks against a cryptography LSI. We focus on scan-based attacks, in which scan chains are targeted for side-channel attacks. The conventional scan-based attacks only consider the scan chain composed of only the registers in a cryptography circuit. However, a cryptography LSI usually uses many circuits such as memories, micro processors and other circuits. This means that the conventional attacks cannot be applied to the practical scan chain composed of various types of registers. In this paper, a scan-based attack which enables to decipher the secret key in an AES cryptography LSI composed of an AES circuit and other circuits is proposed. By focusing on bit pattern of the specific register and monitoring its change, Our scan-based attack eliminates the influence of registers included in other circuits than AES. Our attack does not depend on scan chain architecture, and it can decipher practical AES cryptography LSIs.

    DOI

    Scopus

    49
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Floorplan-Aware High-Level Synthesis for Generalized Distributed-Register Architectures

    Akira Ohchi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E92A ( 12 ) 3169 - 3179  2009年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    As device feature size decreases, interconnection delay becomes the dominating factor of circuit total delay. Distributed-register architectures call reduce the influence of interconnection delay. They may, however, increase circuit area because they require many local registers. Moreover original distributed-register architectures do not consider control signal delay, which may be the bottleneck in a circuit. In this paper. we propose it high-level synthesis method targeting generalized distributed-register architecture in which we introduce shared/local registers aid global/local controllers. Our method is based on iterative improvement of scheduling/binding and floorplanning. First, we prepare shared-register groups with global controllers, each of which corresponds to it single functional unit. As iterations proceed, we use local registers and local controllers for functional units on it critical path. Shared-register groups physically located close to each other are merged into a single group. Accordingly, global controllers are merged. Finally, our method obtains it generalized distributed-register architecture where its scheduling/binding as well as floorplanning are simultaneously optimized. Experimental results show that the area is decreased by 4.7% while maintaining the performance of the circuit equal with that using original distributed-register architectures.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • X-Handling for Current X-Tolerant Compactors with More Unknowns and Maximal Compaction

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E92A ( 12 ) 3119 - 3127  2009年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a novel X-handling technique, which removes the effect of unknowns on compacted test response with maximal compaction ratio. The proposed method combines with the current X-tolerant compactors and inserts masking cells on scan paths to selectively mask X's. By doing this, the number of unknown responses in each scan-out cycle could be reduced to a reasonable level such that the target X-tolerant compactor would tolerate with guaranteed possible error detection, It guarantees no test loss due to the effect of X's, and achieves the maximal compaction that the target response compactor could provide as well. Moreover, because the masking cells are only inserted on the scan paths, it has no performance degradation of the designs. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

    DOI

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  • Unified Dual-Radix Architecture for Scalable Montgomery Multiplications in GF(P) and GF(2(n))

    Kazuyuki Tanimura, Ryuta Nara, Shunitsu Kohara, Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E92A ( 9 ) 2304 - 2317  2009年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Modular multiplication is the most dominant arithmetic operation in elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), that is a type of public-key cryptography. Montgomery multiplier is commonly used to compute the modular multiplications and requires scalability because the bit length of operands varies depending on its security level. In addition, ECC is performed in GF(P) or GF(2(n)), and unified architecture for multipliers in GF(P) and GF(2(n)) is required. However, in previous works, changing frequency is necessary to deal with delay-time difference between GF(P) and GF(2(n)) multipliers because the critical path of the GF(P) multiplier is longer. This paper proposes unified dual-radix architecture for scalable Montgomery multiplications in GF(P) and GF(2(n)). This proposed architecture unifies four parallel radix-2(16) multipliers in GF(P) and a radix-2(64) multiplier in GF(2(n)) into a single unit. Applying lower radix to GF(P) multiplier shortens its critical path and makes it possible to compute the operands in the two fields using the same multiplier at the same frequency so that clock dividers to deal with the delay-time difference are not required. Moreover, parallel architecture in GF(P) reduces the clock cycles increased by dual-radix approach. Consequently, the proposed architecture achieves to compute a GF(P) 256-bit Montgomery multiplication in 0.28 mu s. The implementation result shows that the area of the proposal is almost the same as that of previous works: 39 kgates.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • An L1 Cache Design Space Exploration System for Embedded Applications

    Nobuaki Tojo, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E92A ( 6 ) 1442 - 1453  2009年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In an embedded system where a single application or a class of applications is repeatedly executed on a processor, its cache configuration can be customized such that an optimal one is achieved. We can have an optimal cache configuration which minimizes overall memory access time by varying the three cache parameters: the number of sets, a line size, and an associativity. In this paper, we first propose two cache simulation algorithms: CRCB1 and CRCB2, based on Cache Inclusion Property. They realize exact cache simulation but decrease the number of cache hit/miss judgments dramatically. We further propose three more cache design space exploration algorithms: CRMF1, CRMF2, and CRMF3, based on our experimental observations. They can find an almost optimal cache configuration from the viewpoint of access time. By using our approach, the number of cache hit/miss judgments required for optimizing cache configurations is reduced to 1/10-1/50 compared to conventional approaches. As a result, our proposed approach totally runs an aver-age of 3.2 times faster and a maximum of 5.3 times faster compared to the fastest approach proposed so far. Our proposed cache simulation approach achieves the world fastest cache design space exploration when optimizing total memory access time.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Design-for-Secure-Test for Crypto Cores

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    ITC: 2009 INTERNATIONAL TEST CONFERENCE     618 - 618  2009年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Scan technology carries the potential of being misused as a "side channel" to leak out the secret information of crypto cores. To address such a design challenge, this paper proposes a design-for-secure-test (DFST) solution for crypto cores by adding a stimuli-launched flip-flop into the traditional scan flip-flop to maintain the high test quality without compromising the security.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Exact and Fast L1 Cache Simulation for Embedded Systems

    Nobuaki Tojo, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASP-DAC 2009: ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE 2009     817 - 822  2009年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In recent years, the gap between the cycle time of processors and memory access time has been increasing. One of the solutions to solve this problem is to use a cache. But just using a large cache may not reduce the total memory access time. We can have an optimal cache configuration which minimizes overall memory access time by varying the three cache parameters: a cache set size, a line size, and an associativity. In this paper, we propose two exact cache simulation algorithms: CRCB1 and CRCB2, based on Cache Inclusion Property. They realize exact cache simulation but increase simulation speed dramatically. By using our approach, the number of cache hit/miss judgments required for simulating all the cache configurations is reduced to 31.4%-93.6% compared to conventional approaches. As a result, our proposed approach totally runs an average of 1.8 times faster and a maximum of 3.3 times faster compared to the fastest approach proposed so far. Our proposed exact cache simulation approach achieves the world fastest L1 cache simulation.

    DOI

    Scopus

    25
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A Unified Test Compression Technique for Scan Stimulus and Unknown Masking Data with No Test Loss

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E91A ( 12 ) 3514 - 3523  2008年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a unified test compression technique for scan stimulus and unknown masking data with seamless integration of test generation, test compression and all unknown response masking for high quality manufacturing test cost reduction. Unlike prior test compression methods. the proposed approach considers the unknown responses during test pattern generation procedure, and then selectively encodes, the less specified bits (either Is or Os) in each scan slice for compression while at the same time masks the unknown responses before sending them to the response compactor. The proposed test scheme could dramatically reduce test data volume as well as the number of required test channels by using only c tester channels to drive N internal scan chains, where c = inverted right perpendicular log(2) N inverted left perpendicular + 2. In addition, because all the unknown responses could be exactly masked before entering into the response compactor, test loss due to unknown responses would be eliminated. Experimental results oil both benchmark circuits and larger designs indicated the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Floorplan-driven high-level synthesis for distributed/shared-register architectures

    Akira Ohchi, Shunitsu Kohara, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IPSJ Transactions on System LSI Design Methodology   1   78 - 90  2008年08月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis method targeting distributed/shared-register architectures. Our method repeats (1) scheduling/ FU binding, (2) register allocation, (3) register binding, and (4) module placement. By feeding back floorplan information from (4) to (1), our method obtains a distributed/shared-register architecture where its scheduling/binding as well as floorplaning are simultaneously optimized. Experimental results show that the area is decreased by 13.2% while maintaining the performance of the circuit equal with that using distributed-register architectures. © 2008 Information Processing Society of Japan.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Low power LDPC code decoder architecture based on intermediate message compression technique

    Kazunori Shimizu, Nozomu Togawa, Takeshi Ikenaga, Satoshi Goto

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E91A ( 4 ) 1054 - 1061  2008年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Reducing the power dissipation for LDPC code decoder is a major challenging task to apply it to the practical digital communication systems. In this paper, we propose a low power LDPC code decoder architecture based on an intermediate message-compression technique which features as follows: (i) An intermediate message compression technique enables the decoder to reduce the required memory capacity and write power dissipation. (H) A clock gated shift register based intermediate message memory architecture enables the decoder to decompress the compressed messages in a single clock cycle while reducing the read power dissipation. The combination of the above two techniques enables the decoder to reduce the power dissipation while keeping the decoding throughput. The simulation results show that the proposed architecture improves the power efficiency up to 52% and 18% compared to that of the decoder based on the overlapped schedule and the rapid convergence schedule without the proposed techniques respectively.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A secure test technique for pipelined advanced encryption standard

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS   E91D ( 3 ) 776 - 780  2008年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we presented a Design-for-Secure-Test (DFST) technique for pipelined AES to guarantee both the security and the test quality during testing. Unlike previous works, the proposed method can keep all the secrets inside and provide high test quality and fault diagnosis ability as well. Furthermore, the proposed DFST technique can significantly reduce test application time, test data volume, and test generation effort as additional benefits.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Floorplan-Driven High-Level Synthesis for Distributed/Shared-Register Architectures

    Ohchi Akira, Kohara Shunitsu, Togawa Nozomu, Yanagisawa Masao, Ohtsuki Tatsuo

    Information and Media Technologies   3 ( 4 ) 691 - 703  2008年

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis method targeting distributed/shared-register architectures. Our method repeats (1) scheduling/FU binding, (2) register allocation, (3) register binding, and (4) module placement. By feeding back floorplan information from (4) to (1), our method obtains a distributed/shared-register architecture where its scheduling/binding as well as floorplaning are simultaneously optimized. Experimental results show that the area is decreased by 13.2% while maintaining the performance of the circuit equal with that using distributed-register architectures.

    DOI CiNii

  • High-level synthesis algorithms with floorplaning for distributed/shared-register architectures

    Akira Ohchi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    2008 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VLSI DESIGN, AUTOMATION AND TEST (VLSI-DAT), PROCEEDINGS OF TECHNICAL PROGRAM     164 - 167  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a high-level synthesis method targeting distributed/shared-register architectures. Our method repeats (1) scheduling/FU binding, (2) register allocation, (3) register binding, and (4) module placement. By feeding back floorplan information from (4) to (1), our method obtains a distributed/shared-register architecture where its scheduling/binding as well as floorplaning are simultaneously optimized. Experimental results show that the area is decreased by 13.6% while maintaining the performance of the circuit equal with that using distributed-register architectures.

  • Scalable unified dual-radix architecture for Montgomery multiplication in GF(P) and GF(2(n))

    Kazuyuki Tanimura, Ryuta Nara, Shunitsu Kohara, Kazunori Shimizu, Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    2008 ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2     667 - 672  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Modular multiplication is the most dominant arithmetic operation in elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), which is a type of public-key cryptography. Montgomery multiplication is commonly used as a technique for the modular multiplication and required scalability since the bit length of operands varies depending on the security levels. Also, ECC is performed in GF(P) or GF(2), and unified architectures for GF(P) and GF(2(n)) Multiplier are needed. However, in previous works, changing frequency or dual-radix architecture is necessary to deal with delay-time difference between GF(P) and GF(2(n)) circuits of the multiplier because the critical path of GF(P) circuit is longer. This paper proposes a scalable unified dual-radix architecture for Montgomery multiplication in GF(P) and GF(2(n)). The proposed architecture unifies 4 parallel radix-2(16) multipliers in GF(P) and a radix-2(64) multiplier in GF(2(n)) into a single unit Applying lower radix to GF(P) multiplier shortens its critical path and makes it possible to compute the operands in the two fields using the same multiplier at the same frequency so that clock dividers to deal with the delay-time difference are not required. Moreover, parallel architecture in GF(P) reduces the clock cycles increased by dual-radix approach. Consequently, the proposed architecture achieves to compute GF(P) 256-bit Montgomery multiplication in 0.23 mu s.

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • GECOM: Test data compression combined with all unknown response masking

    Youhua Shi, Nozontu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    2008 ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2     537 - 542  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper introduces GECOM technology, a novel test compression method with seamless integration of test GEneration, test COmpression (i.e. integrated compression on scan stimulus and masking bits) and all unknown scan responses Masking for manufacturing test cost reduction. Unlike most of prior methods, the proposed method considers the unknown responses during ATPG procedure and selectively encodes the specified 1 or 0 bits (either Is or Os) in scan slices for compression while at the same time masks the unknown responses before sending them to the response compactor. The proposed GECOM technology consists of GECOM architecture and GECOM ATPG technique. In the GECOM architecture, for a circuit with N internal scan chains, only c tester channels, where c = [log(2) N] +2, are required. GECOM ATPG generates test patterns for the GECOM architecture thus not only the scan inputs could be efficiently compressed but also all the unknown responses would be masked. Experimental results on both benchmark circuits and real industrial designs indicated the effectiveness of the proposed GECOM technique.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Unknown Response Masking with Minimized Observable Response Loss and Mask Data

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    2008 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS 2008), VOLS 1-4     1779 - +  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a new unknown response masking technique to minimize the effect on test loss due to over-masking. Unlike previous works where the scan responses are masked before entering the response compactor, the proposed method could mask the Xs when they are transformed on the scan path. Meanwhile, the masking cells are inserted along the scan paths, thus they would have no degradation on the performance of the designs. In addition, the test data required to mask unknown responses is only one bit for each test pattern. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Dynamically Reconfigurable Architecture for Multi-Rate Compatible Regular LDPC Decoding

    Akiyuki Nagashima, Yuta Imai, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    2008 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS 2008), VOLS 1-4     705 - 708  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Recently a demand for high-speed wireless network service on mobile devices is rapidly increasing. Error correcting codes are used to enhance network communication quality. Particularly, LDPC (Low Density Parity Check) codes show high throughput and achieve information rates very close to the Shannon limit. In this paper, we propose a dynamically reconfigurable architecture for mufti-rate compatible regular LDPC decoding. Our proposed decoder deals with mufti-rate codes by introducing a mufti-rate compatible 1st-2nd minimum searching unit. The proposed decoder shows the better throughput over the wide range of S/N ratio compared to conventional rate-fixed LDPC decoders.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • FIR Filter Design on Flexible Engine/Generic ALU Array and Its Dedicated Synthesis Algorithm

    Ryo Tamura, Masayuki Honma, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki, Makoto Satoh

    2008 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (APCCAS 2008), VOLS 1-4     701 - +  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Reconfigurable processors are those whose contexts are dynamically reconfigured while they are working. We focus on a reconfigurable processor called FE-GA (Flexible Engine/Generic ALU array) for digital media processing. Currently, FE-GA does not have its dedicated behavior synthesis tool. In this paper, we design FIR filters and propose an algorithm to map them onto it automatically. For given an order and coefficients of an FIR filter, the algorithm generates a dedicated assembly code which represents a given FIR filter for FE-GA. Then an editor called FEEditor reads the generated assembly code and implements its corresponding FIR filter on FE-GA. The proposed algorithm achieves automatic mapping of FIR filters of all orders within the range of the specification of FE-GA architecture. Furthermore, it is proved that a minimum cycle is achieved to execute FIR filtering if there is no thread switching.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • 携帯機器向けMPEG-A Photo Playerのメタデータ生成システムのハードウェア化に関する一考察

    元橋雅人, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2006 ( 552 ) 31 - 36  2007年03月

     概要を見る

    近年撮像デバイスが普及し,ユーザの保有するマルチメディアコンテンツが増大している.そのため,画像や動画を圧縮する技術から効率的に扱う(検索・グルーピング等)技術が注目されている.本研究ではデジタル写真を検索・グルーピングするデジタル写真アルバムに着目し,その機能を携帯機器へ載せるための提案を行う.現在,コンテンツの特徴量(メタデータ)を抽出し検索等を行うメタデータ生成処理がボトルネックとなり携帯機器へ実装されていない.また,携帯機器供給者がメタデータを用いて様々なサービスを提供することを見据え,本研究ではメタデータ生成処理部分を対象とする.本研究で設計するメタデータ生成システムはMPEG-A Photo Playerが規格化しているメタデータを生成する.本システムは携帯機器での実行を前提とし,1秒以内でのメタデータ生成を目指し,メタデータ生成手法の処理量の削減と専用ハードウェアを用いた処理の高速化を提案する.具体的にはメタデータ生成において最大のボトルネックとなるクラスタリングの代替,Radon変換の高速化,画像の縮小を用いて処理量を削減する.この処理量の削減とともに専用ハードウェアを用いることで約200万画素の画像から0.87秒でメタデータを生成することができ,制約とした1秒以内での実行を実現した.

    CiNii

  • アプリケーションプロセッサ向けデータキャッシュ構成最適化システムとその評価

    堀内一央, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2006  2007年03月

    CiNii

  • SIMD型プロセッサコア最適化設計のための多重ループに対応したSIMD命令合成手法

    中島裕貴, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2006 ( 551 ) 13 - 18  2007年03月

     概要を見る

    PackedSIMD型命令セットを持つプロセッサを対象としたHW/SW協調合成システムSPADESでは,PackedSIMD型命令を持つプロセッサを対象とした並列化コンパイラを必要とする.この並列化コンパイラは,まずSPADESが対象とするプロセッサコアにおいて,付加可能なすべてのハードウェアユニットを持つ仮想的なプロセッサを仮定する.仮想プロセッサ上で,入力アプリケーションの命令レベル並列度をPackedSIMD型命令を用いて最大限に抽出し,実行時間最小となるようにスケジューリングされたアセンブリコードを出力する.並列化コンパイラの出力により,合成するプロセッサの初期構成を得られる.本稿では,並列化コンパイラの中核をなす多重ループ構造の並列化アルゴリズムを提案する.提案手法では入力アプリケーション内の多重ループ構造に対して命令レベル並列性を抽出し,PackedSIMD型命令を生成可能とする.提案手法により,アプリケーションの命令レベル並列性をPackedSIMD型命令を利用して抽出し,高速化されたアセンブリコードを出力する.計算機実験により提案手法の有効性を評価する.

    CiNii

  • SIMD型プロセッサコアを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割フレームワーク

    大東真崇, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2006 ( 551 ) 7 - 12  2007年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,SIMD型プロセッサコアを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア(HW/SW)協調合成システム「SPADES」においてHW/SW分割フレームワークを提案する.SPADESはアプリケーションに特化した面積・性能に過不足のないプロセッサコアの自動合成を目的とする.SPADESの核となるHW/SW分割では,アプリケーションを最速処理可能となるようなプロセッサコア構成からプロセッサコアに付加される演算器やレジスタ等のハードウェアユニットを削減していき,最適なプロセッサコア構成を探索する.提案するHW/SW分割フレームワークにより,プロセッサコア構成探索を可能とし,アプリケーションの性能要求に応じた小面積のSIMD型プロセッサコア構成を得ることが出来る.また,提案フレームワークはモジュール単位で構成されているため,変更および拡張を容易に実現できる.計算機実験により提案フレームワークを評価し,結果を報告する.

    CiNii

  • SIMD型プロセッサコア設計におけるプロセッシングユニット最適化手法

    繁田裕之, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2006 ( 551 ) 1 - 6  2007年03月

     概要を見る

    画像処理や音声処理などのアプリケーションを実行する処理系プロセッサは,対象とするアプリケーションに特化した演算ユニットをもつことで,汎用のプロセッサよりも高速,小型かつ低費消費電力を両立することができる.このような,特殊なデータパスを持つ演算ユニットを我々はプロセッシングユニットと呼んでいる.アプリケーションに応じてプロセッシングユニットを設計を行うには時間的なコストがかかるため,プロセッシングユニットを自動合成できるシステムが必要とされている.本稿では,アプリケーションに特化したSIMD型プロセッサコアの自動合成において,合成されるプロセッサコアに付加するプロセッシングユニットを最適化する手法を提案する.提案手法では,アプリケーションのControl Data Flow Graph(CDFG)構造から複数の算術演算および論理演算ノードに対してクラスタリングを行ない,プロセッシングユニットの自動生成を行なう.生成されたプロセッシングユニットをプロセッサコアに組み込み,プロセッサコアの最適化と同時にプロセッシングユニットの再構成を行ないながら最適な構成の探索を行なう.計算機実験により提案手法を評価し結果を報告する.

    CiNii

  • Power-Efficient LDPC Code Decoder Architecture

    Kazunori Shimizu, Nozomu Togawa, Takeshi Ikenaga, Satoshi Goto

    ISLPED'07: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2007 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON LOW POWER ELECTRONICS AND DESIGN     359 - 362  2007年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes the power-efficient LDPC decoder architecture which features (1) a FIFO buffering based rapid convergence schedule which enables the decoder to accelerate the decoding throughput without increasing the required number of memory bits, (2) an intermediate message compression technique based on a clock gated shift register which reduces the read and write, power dissipation for the intermediate messages. Simulation results show that the proposed decoder achieves 1.66 times faster decoding throughput, and improves the power efficiency (which is defined by the power dissipation per Mbps) up to 52% compared to the decoder based on the conventional overlapped schedule.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Design for secure test - A case study on pipelined Advanced Encryption Standard

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    2007 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-11     149 - 152  2007年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Cryptography plays an important role in the security of data transmission. To ensure the correctness of crypto hardware, we should conduct testing at fabrication and infield. However, the state-of-the-art scan-based test techniques, to achieve high test qualities, need to increase the testability of the circuit under test, which carries a potential of being misused to reveal the secret information of the crypto hardware. Thus, to develop efficient test strategies for crypto hardware to achieve high test quality without compromising security becomes an important task. In this paper we discuss the development of a Design-for-Secure-Test (DFST) technique for pipelined AES to overcome the above contradiction between security and test quality in testing crypto hardware. Unlike previous works, the proposed method can keep all the secrets inside and provide high test quality and fault diagnosis ability as well. Furthermore, the proposed DFST technique can significantly reduce test application time, test data volume, and test generation effort as additional benefits.

    DOI

  • XMLをベースとしたCDFGマニピュレーションフレームワーク: CoDaMa

    小原俊逸, 史又華, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2006-97   19 - 24  2007年01月

    CiNii

  • 楕円曲線暗号向けGF(2m)上のDigit-Serial乗算器の設計

    奈良竜太, 小原俊逸, 清水一範, 戸川望, 池永剛, 柳澤政生, 後藤敏, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2006-89 ( 455 ) 25 - 30  2007年01月

    CiNii

  • Power-efficient LDPC decoder architecture based on accelerated message-passing schedule

    Kazunori Shimizu, Tatsuyuki Ishikawa, Nozomu Togawa, Takeshi Ikenaga, Satoshi Goto

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E89A ( 12 ) 3602 - 3612  2006年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a power-efficient LDPC decoder architecture based on an accelerated message-passing schedule. The proposed decoder architecture is characterized as follows: (i) Partitioning a pipelined operation not to read and write intermediate messages simultaneously enables the accelerated message-passing schedule to be implemented with single-port SRAMs. (H) FIFO-based buffering reduces the number of SRAM banks and words of the LDPC. decoder based on the accelerated message-passing schedule.. The proposed LDPC decoder keeps a single message for each non-zero bit in a parity check matrix as well as a classical schedule while achieving the accelerated message-passing schedule. Implementation results in 0.18 [mu m] CMOS technology show that the proposed decoder architecture reduces an area of the LDPC decoder by 43% and a power dissipation by 29% compared to the conventional architecture based on the accelerated message-passing schedule.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • アプリケーションプロセッサのフォワーディングユニット最適化手法

    日浦敏俊, 小原俊逸, 史又華, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   ( VLD2006-80 )  2006年11月

  • 動的再構成可能なマルチレート対応LDPC符号復号器の実装

    今井優太, 清水一範, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   RECONF2006-43 ( 393 ) 35 - 40  2006年11月

     概要を見る

    近年,携帯電話などのモバイル端末での大容量コンテンツ配信など,無線環境での高速通信の需要が高まりつつある.無線通信の品質を向上する必要がある中で1つの手段として誤り訂正符号が用いられる.本稿では,線形時間のオーダで復号が可能で従来の誤り訂正符号よりも高い復号特性を持つ新しい誤り訂正符号であるLDPC(Low Density Parity Check)符号を対象アプリケーションとした復号器を提案する.提案する復号器はmin-sum法を使用し,通信路の雑音特性に応じたマルチレート符号語の復号に対応する.マルチレート対応型最小・第2最小値探索回路を提案し設計した.このことにより,従来までの符号化率固定型の復号器と比較して幅広いS/N比において,より優れた復号スループットを出すことが可能である

    CiNii

  • 歩行者ナビゲーションにおける微小画面での視認性とユーザの迷いにくさを考慮した略地図生成手法

    二宮直也, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   ITS2006-34 ( 266 ) 53 - 58  2006年09月

     概要を見る

    携帯電話による位置情報サービスとインターネットサービスの普及により,歩行者を対象とした地図サービスの利用が拡大している.これに伴い,表示面積の狭いモバイル端末に有効な略地図を自動生成するための各種技術の研究が盛んに行われている.道路形状の水平・垂直化,交差点角度の量子化を基本とする従来手法では碁盤の目のようなデザイン性の高い略地図の生成が可能であるが,それらがユーザにとって迷いにくい地図であるとは限らない.本稿では,人間の方向判断基準や交差点形状が歩行者に与える影響を反映させた略地図を生成するための簡略化処理アルゴリズムを提案し,携帯電話のような微小画面においても視認性が良く,かつ迷いにくい略地図の生成を目指す.ノード数400程度の道路ネットワークデータに対して本手法を適用し略地図が生成されることを確認した.

    CiNii

  • 屋内用歩行者ナビゲーションにおける歩行者の嗜好を反映させる経路探索手法

    荒井亨, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   ITS2006-33 ( 266 ) 47 - 52  2006年09月

     概要を見る

    現在,携帯電話を用いて目的地まで利用者を経路案内するサービスが展開している.しかしながら,展開されている経路案内サービスの対象は屋外空間のみである.本稿では,経路案内サービスの対象を屋内空間とし,地下街や百貨店等の屋内空間に特化したネットワークデータを構築する.さらに,携帯端末を用いて屋内用歩行者ナビゲーションサービスを利用することを想定し,歩行者の嗜好性を反映した最適経路を提供することを目的として,屋内に特化した経路探索手法を提案する.提案手法の有効性を示すために2種類のシミュレーション実験を実施し,ユーザにとって最適な経路を出力することができることを示す.

    CiNii

  • 屋内向け歩行者ナビゲーションにおけるユーザの嗜好性と混雑状況を考慮した目的地決定手法

    小林和馬, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   ITS2006-32 ( 266 ) 41 - 45  2006年09月

     概要を見る

    近年,移動体通信網の発達などを背景に,携帯情報端末を利用した歩行者用ナビゲーションシステムに関する研究が盛んに実施されている.この種のシステムでは,ユーザの嗜好を反映させたナビゲーションを可能にすることでナビゲーションシステムの使いやすさの向上が期待できる.そこで本稿では,デパートなどの屋内環境を対象とした飲食店を推測するナビゲーションシステムにおいて,ユーザの詳細な要求に対応した目的地推測手法を提案する.本システムでは,ユーザの食事に対する嗜好性や履歴情報,および店の混雑時間をもとに,ユーザの嗜好を満足する目的地の候補を求め,ユーザ・システム間のインタラクションによって目的地を決定する.本手法による実験システムを構築した結果,その有効性を確認した.

    CiNii

  • 車車間・路車間通信技術を用いた車線別の渋滞情報の検出手法

    大高宏介, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   ITS2006-18 ( 265 ) 19 - 24  2006年09月

     概要を見る

    近年のITS技術の進化に伴ってカーナビにおける測位精度や経路案内の技術が高まりつつあるが,出発地から目的地までの所要時間の測定の精度は未だに十分とは言えず,いかにして正確な渋滞情報を取得するかが課題となっている.特に車線ごとに混雑状況が異なることが大きな影響を及ぼすため,既存の渋滞情報の検出方法の問題を起こすことなく,交差点などにおいて車線ごとに混雑状況が異なる場合があったとしてもそれを個別に検出することが必要である.そこで本稿では,車車間通信および路車間通信を用いることにより,一般道路の各交差点において車線別に渋滞情報をリアルタイムに検出するための手法を提案する.ビーコンから通信を開始して車車間通信を繰り返すことで車両の情報を収集し,その情報から渋滞を通過するまでに要した時間を算出する.また,シミュレーションによりこの手法の有効性を示す.

    CiNii

  • H.264符号化向けDSPにおける動き予測演算器の設計

    高橋豊和, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   ( VLD2006 )  2006年06月

  • アプリケーションプロセッサの面積/遅延見積もり手法

    山崎大輔, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   CAS2006-1 ( VLD2006-14, SIP2006-24 )  2006年06月

  • Selective low-care coding: A means for test data compression in circuits with multiple scan chains

    YH Shi, N Togawa, S Kimura, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E89A ( 4 ) 996 - 1004  2006年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a test input data compression technique, Selective Low-Care Coding (SLC), which can be used to significantly reduce input test data volume as well as the external test channel requirement for multiscan-based designs. In the proposed SLC scheme, we explored the linear dependencies of the internal scan chains, and instead of encoding all the specified bits in test cubes, only a smaller amount of specified bits are selected for encoding, thus greater compression can be expected. Experiments on the larger benchmark circuits show drastic reduction in test data volume with corresponding savings on test application time can be indeed achieved even for the well-compacted test set.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Partially-parallel LDPC decoder achieving high-efficiency message-passing schedule

    K Shimizu, T Ishikawa, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E89A ( 4 ) 969 - 978  2006年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a partially-parallel LDPC decoder which achieves a high-efficiency message-passing schedule. The proposed LDPC decoder is characterized as follows: (i) The column operations follow the row operations in a pipelined architecture to ensure that the row and column operations are performed concurrently. (ii) The proposed parallel pipelined bit functional unit enables the column operation module to compute every message in each bit node which is updated by the row operations. These column operations can be performed without extending the single iterative decoding delay when the row and column operations are performed concurrently. Therefore, the proposed decoder performs the column operations more frequently in a single iterative decoding, and achieves a high-efficiency message-passing schedule within the limited decoding delay time. Hardware implementation on an FPGA and simulation results show that the proposed partially-parallel LDPC decoder improves the decoding throughput and bit error performance with a small hardware overhead.

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware architecture of efficient message-passing schedule based on modified min-sum algorithm for decoding LDPC codes

    Proc. Synthesis and System Integration of Mixed Technologies (SASIMI 2006)    2006年04月

  • A pipelined functional unit generation method in HW/SW cosynthesis for SIMD processor cores

    Proc. Synthesis and System Integration of Mixed Technologies (SASIMI 2006)    2006年04月

  • Partially-parallel LDPC decoder achieving high-efficiency message-passing schedule

    K Shimizu, T Ishikawa, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E89A ( 4 ) 969 - 978  2006年04月

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a partially-parallel LDPC decoder which achieves a high-efficiency message-passing schedule. The proposed LDPC decoder is characterized as follows: (i) The column operations follow the row operations in a pipelined architecture to ensure that the row and column operations are performed concurrently. (ii) The proposed parallel pipelined bit functional unit enables the column operation module to compute every message in each bit node which is updated by the row operations. These column operations can be performed without extending the single iterative decoding delay when the row and column operations are performed concurrently. Therefore, the proposed decoder performs the column operations more frequently in a single iterative decoding, and achieves a high-efficiency message-passing schedule within the limited decoding delay time. Hardware implementation on an FPGA and simulation results show that the proposed partially-parallel LDPC decoder improves the decoding throughput and bit error performance with a small hardware overhead.

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Hardware architecture of efficient message-passing schedule based on modified min-sum algorithm for decoding LDPC codes

    清水一範, 石川達之, 戸川望, 池永剛, 後藤敏

    Proc. Synthesis and System Integration of Mixed Technologies (SASIMI 2006)    2006年04月

  • A pipelined functional unit generation method in HW/SW cosynthesis for SIMD processor cores

    小原俊逸, 栗原輝, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    Proc. Synthesis and System Integration of Mixed Technologies (SASIMI 2006)    2006年04月

  • アプリケーションプロセッサのデータキャッシュ構成最適化手法

    堀内一央, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会第19回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集   19   583 - 588  2006年04月

    CiNii

  • FIFOバッファによる高効率Message-Passingスケジュールを用いたLDPC復号器

    清水一範, 石川達之, 戸川望, 池永剛, 後藤敏

    電子情報通信学会第19回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集   19   211 - 216  2006年04月

    CiNii

  • Selective low-care coding: A means for test data compression in circuits with multiple scan chains

    YH Shi, N Togawa, S Kimura, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E89A ( 4 ) 996 - 1004  2006年04月

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a test input data compression technique, Selective Low-Care Coding (SLC), which can be used to significantly reduce input test data volume as well as the external test channel requirement for multiscan-based designs. In the proposed SLC scheme, we explored the linear dependencies of the internal scan chains, and instead of encoding all the specified bits in test cubes, only a smaller amount of specified bits are selected for encoding, thus greater compression can be expected. Experiments on the larger benchmark circuits show drastic reduction in test data volume with corresponding savings on test application time can be indeed achieved even for the well-compacted test set.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Partially-parallel LDPC decoder achieving high-efficiency message-passing schedule

    K Shimizu, T Ishikawa, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E89A ( 4 ) 969 - 978  2006年04月

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a partially-parallel LDPC decoder which achieves a high-efficiency message-passing schedule. The proposed LDPC decoder is characterized as follows: (i) The column operations follow the row operations in a pipelined architecture to ensure that the row and column operations are performed concurrently. (ii) The proposed parallel pipelined bit functional unit enables the column operation module to compute every message in each bit node which is updated by the row operations. These column operations can be performed without extending the single iterative decoding delay when the row and column operations are performed concurrently. Therefore, the proposed decoder performs the column operations more frequently in a single iterative decoding, and achieves a high-efficiency message-passing schedule within the limited decoding delay time. Hardware implementation on an FPGA and simulation results show that the proposed partially-parallel LDPC decoder improves the decoding throughput and bit error performance with a small hardware overhead.

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A fast elliptic curve cryptosystem LSI embedding word-based Montgomery multiplier

    J Uchida, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS   E89C ( 3 ) 243 - 249  2006年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Elliptic curve cryptosystems are expected to be a next standard of public-key cryptosystems. A security level of elliptic curve cryptosystems depends on a difficulty of a discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves. The security level of a elliptic curve cryptosystem which has a public-key of 160-bit is equivalent to that of a RSA system which has a public-key of 1024-bit. We propose an elliptic curve cryptosystem LSI architecture embedding word-based Montgomery multipliers. A Montgomery multiplication is an efficient method for a finite field multiplication. We can design a scalable architecture for an elliptic curve cryptosystem by selecting structure of word-based Montgomery multipliers. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed architecture. In the hardware evaluation using 0.18 mu m CMOS library, the highspeed design using 126 Kgates with 20 x 8-bit multipliers achieved operation times of 3.6 ms for a 160-bit point multiplication.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A fast elliptic curve cryptosystem LSI embedding word-based Montgomery multiplier

    J Uchida, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS   E89C ( 3 ) 243 - 249  2006年03月

     概要を見る

    Elliptic curve cryptosystems are expected to be a next standard of public-key cryptosystems. A security level of elliptic curve cryptosystems depends on a difficulty of a discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves. The security level of a elliptic curve cryptosystem which has a public-key of 160-bit is equivalent to that of a RSA system which has a public-key of 1024-bit. We propose an elliptic curve cryptosystem LSI architecture embedding word-based Montgomery multipliers. A Montgomery multiplication is an efficient method for a finite field multiplication. We can design a scalable architecture for an elliptic curve cryptosystem by selecting structure of word-based Montgomery multipliers. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed architecture. In the hardware evaluation using 0.18 mu m CMOS library, the highspeed design using 126 Kgates with 20 x 8-bit multipliers achieved operation times of 3.6 ms for a 160-bit point multiplication.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • 歩行者向け地図情報配信システムにおける道路交通標識を用いた位置特定手法

    中口智史, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   ( ITS2005-114 )  2006年03月

  • SIMD型プロセッサコアの自動合成におけるパイプライン構成最適化手法

    栗原輝, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   105 ( VLD2005-115, ICD2005-232 ) 43 - 48  2006年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,アプリケーションに特化したSIMD型プロセッサコアの自動合成において,合成されるプロセッサコアのパイプライン構成を最適化する手法を提案する.画像処理アプリケーションなどで頻繁に処理されるSIMD乗算や乗加算は演算実行遅延が大きくプロセッサの動作周波数を決定することが多い.SIMD演算を実行可能なSIMD型プロセッサコアの自動合成では,SIMD演算をマルチサイクル化することにより,少ない面積オーバーヘッドでより高速なプロセッサコア構成を得ることが期待できる.但し,ハザードの影響により必ずしもパイプライン段数を増やすことがアプリケーション実行時間の短縮につながるとは限らず,プロセッサコアの自動合成では与えられた実行時間制約の中で最適なパイプライン構成を探索するのが望ましい.提案手法では,まず段数の異なる複数のパイプライン構成を定義する.次に定義された全てのパイプライン構成について,与えられた実行時間制約を満たすように,付加するハードウェアユニットの種類と数を最適化する.最後に得られた全てのパイプライン構成の中で最も小面積の構成を選択し,最適なパイプライン構成として出力する.計算機実験により本手法の有効性を評価した.

    CiNii

  • 動的フローに対応したネットワークプロセッサの改良とその評価

    田淵英孝, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   ( VLD2005-112, ICD2005-229 )  2006年03月

  • 設計ナビゲーション機構を有するシステムLSI設計のためのHW/SW分割システム

    小島洋平, 戸川望, 橘昌良, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   105 ( VLD2005-111, ICD2005-228 ) 19 - 24  2006年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿ではシステムLSI設計のためのHW/SW分割システムを提案する.本システムは,制約に応じて列挙するIPの数と種類を変えるデータベースと,制約を満たす解がない場合に改良に取り掛かる設計者を対話により補助する設計ナビゲーションを持つ.データベースのIPを再利用することにより新規設計部分を減らし開発期間の短縮が可能となり,列挙するIPを削減することで探索時間も短縮できる.また,設計ナビゲーションによりボトルネックや改良が容易なアーキテクチャを短時間で検討できる.これらの有効性を計算機実験により確認した.

    CiNii

  • 高速移動体のためのハンドオフメッセージ数を最小化した高速ハンドオフ手法

    伊藤光司, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   ( IN2005-222 )  2006年03月

  • A fast elliptic curve cryptosystem LSI embedding word-based Montgomery multiplier

    J Uchida, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRONICS   E89C ( 3 ) 243 - 249  2006年03月

     概要を見る

    Elliptic curve cryptosystems are expected to be a next standard of public-key cryptosystems. A security level of elliptic curve cryptosystems depends on a difficulty of a discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves. The security level of a elliptic curve cryptosystem which has a public-key of 160-bit is equivalent to that of a RSA system which has a public-key of 1024-bit. We propose an elliptic curve cryptosystem LSI architecture embedding word-based Montgomery multipliers. A Montgomery multiplication is an efficient method for a finite field multiplication. We can design a scalable architecture for an elliptic curve cryptosystem by selecting structure of word-based Montgomery multipliers. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed architecture. In the hardware evaluation using 0.18 mu m CMOS library, the highspeed design using 126 Kgates with 20 x 8-bit multipliers achieved operation times of 3.6 ms for a 160-bit point multiplication.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • ASIC implementation of LDPC decoder accelerating message-passing schedule

    SHIMIZU Kazunori

    IEEE International Solid State Circuits Confeference (ISSCC), DAC/ISSCC2006 Student Design Contest (Conceptual Category: 1st Place Winner), San Franscisco    2006年02月

    CiNii

  • ASIC implementation of LDPC decoder accelerating message-passing schedule

    清水一範, 石川達之, 戸川望, 池永剛, 後藤敏

    IEEE International Solid State Circuits Confeference (ISSCC), DAC/ISSCC2006 Student Design Contest (Conceptual Category: 1st Place Winner), San Franscisco    2006年02月

  • A parallel LSI architecture for LDPC decoder improving message-passing schedule

    Kazunori Shimizu, Tatsuyuki Ishikawa, Nozomu Togawa, Takeshi Ikenaga, Satoshi Goto

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems     5099 - 5102  2006年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a parallel LSI architecture for LDPC decoder which improves a message-passing schedule. The proposed LDPC decoder is characterized as follows: (i) The column operations follow the row operations in a pipelined architecture to ensure that the row and column operations are performed concurrently, (ii) The proposed parallel pipelined bit functional unit enables the decoder to perform every column operation using the messages which is updated by the row operations. These column operations can be performed without extending the single iterative decoding delay. Hardware implementation and simulation results show that the proposed decoder improves the decoding throughput and bit error performance with a small hardware overhead. © 2006 IEEE.

  • Special section on VLSI Design and CAD Algorithms

    Onodera, H., Ikeda, M., Ishihara, T., Isshiki, T., Inoue, K., Okada, K., Kajihara, S., Kaneko, M., Kawaguchi, H., Kimura, S., Kuga, M., Kurokawa, A., Sato, T., Shibuya, T., Shiraishi, Y., Takagi, K., Takahashi, A., Takeuchi, Y., Togawa, N., Tomiyama, H., Nakamura, Y., Hamaguchi, K., Miura, Y., Minato, S.-I., Yamaguchi, R., Yamada, M., Yuminaka, Y., Watanabe, T., Hashimoto, M., Miyazaki, M.

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E89-A ( 12 ) 3377 - 3377  2006年

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A parallel LSI architecture for LDPC decoder improving message-passing schedule

    Kazunori Shimizu, Tatsuyuki Ishikawa, Nozomu Togawa, Takeshi Ikenaga, Satoshi Gotot

    2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-11, PROCEEDINGS     5099 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a parallel LSI architecture for LDPC decoder which improves a message-passing schedule. The proposed LDPC decoder is characterized as follows: (i) The column operations follow the row operations in a pipelined architecture to ensure that the row and column operations are performed concurrently. (ii) The proposed parallel pipelined bit functional unit enables the decoder to perform every column operation using the messages which is updated by the row operations. These column operations can be performed without extending the single iterative decoding delay. Hardware imp mentation and simulation results show that the proposed decoder improves the decoding throughput and bit error performance with a small hardware overhead.

    DOI

  • FCSCAN: An efficient multiscan-based test compression technique for test cost reduction

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Shinji Kimura, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2006: 11TH ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS     653 - 658  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a new multiscan-based test input data compression technique by employing a Fan-out Compression Scan Architecture (FCSCAN) for test cost reduction. The basic idea of FCSCAN is to target the minority specified 1 or 0 bits (either 1 or 0) in scan slices for compression. Due to the low specified bit density in test cube set, FCSCAN can significantly reduce input test data volume and the number of required test channels so as to reduce test cost. The FCSCAN technique is easy to be implemented with small hardware overhead and does not need any special ATPG for test generation. In addition, based on the theoretical compression efficiency analysis, improved procedures are also proposed for the FCSCAN to achieve further compression. Experimental results on both benchmark circuits and one real industrial design indicate that drastic reduction in test cost can be indeed achieved.

    DOI

  • An interface-circuit synthesis method with configurable processor core in IP-based SoC designs

    Shunitsu Kohara, Naoki Tomono, Jumpei Uchida, Yuichiro Miyaoka, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2006: 11TH ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS     594 - 599  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In SoC designs, efficient communication between the hardware IPs and the on-chip processor becomes very important, however the interface is usually affacted by the processor core specification. Thus in this paper, we focus on developing an efficient interface circuit architecture for the communications between the on-chip processor and embedded hardware IP cores. we also propose a method to synthesize it. Experimental results show that our method could obtain optimal interface circuits and works well through designing a MPEG-4 encode application.

    DOI

  • Memory-efficient accelerating schedule for LDPC decoder

    Kazunori Shimizu, Nozonm Togawa, Takeshi Ikenaga, Satoshi Goto

    2006 IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS     1317 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a memory-efficient accelerating schedule for LDPC decoder. Important properties of the proposed techniques are as follows: (i) Partitioning a pipelined operation not to read and write intermediate messages simultaneously enables the accelerated message-passing schedule to be implemented with single-port memories. (ii) FIFO-based buffering reduces the number of memory banks and words for the decoder based on the accelerated message-passing schedule. The proposed decoder reduces the memories for intermediate messages by half compared to the conventional one based on the accelerated message-passing schedule.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A parallel LSI architecture for LDPC decoder improving message-passing schedule

    Kazunori Shimizu, Tatsuyuki Ishikawa, Nozomu Togawa, Takeshi Ikenaga, Satoshi Gotot

    2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-11, PROCEEDINGS     5099 - +  2006年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a parallel LSI architecture for LDPC decoder which improves a message-passing schedule. The proposed LDPC decoder is characterized as follows: (i) The column operations follow the row operations in a pipelined architecture to ensure that the row and column operations are performed concurrently. (ii) The proposed parallel pipelined bit functional unit enables the decoder to perform every column operation using the messages which is updated by the row operations. These column operations can be performed without extending the single iterative decoding delay. Hardware imp mentation and simulation results show that the proposed decoder improves the decoding throughput and bit error performance with a small hardware overhead.

  • Selective low-care coding: A means for test data compression in circuits with multiple scan chains

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Shinji Kimura, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E89-A ( 4 ) 996 - 1003  2006年

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a test input data compression technique, Selective Low-Care Coding (SLC), which can he used to significantly reduce input test data volume as well as the external test channel requirement for multiscan-based designs. In the proposed SLC scheme, we explored the linear dependencies of the internal scan chains, and instead of encoding all the specified bits in test cubes, only a smaller amount of specified bits are selected for encoding, thus greater compression can be expected. Experiments on the larger benchmark circuits show drastic reduction in test data volume with corresponding savings on test application time can be indeed achieved even for the well-compacted test set. Copyright © 2006 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • FCSCAN: An efficient multiscan-based test compression technique for test cost reduction

    Youhua Shi, Nozomu Togawa, Shinji Kimura, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2006: 11TH ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS     653 - 658  2006年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a new multiscan-based test input data compression technique by employing a Fan-out Compression Scan Architecture (FCSCAN) for test cost reduction. The basic idea of FCSCAN is to target the minority specified 1 or 0 bits (either 1 or 0) in scan slices for compression. Due to the low specified bit density in test cube set, FCSCAN can significantly reduce input test data volume and the number of required test channels so as to reduce test cost. The FCSCAN technique is easy to be implemented with small hardware overhead and does not need any special ATPG for test generation. In addition, based on the theoretical compression efficiency analysis, improved procedures are also proposed for the FCSCAN to achieve further compression. Experimental results on both benchmark circuits and one real industrial design indicate that drastic reduction in test cost can be indeed achieved.

  • An interface-circuit synthesis method with configurable processor core in IP-based SoC designs

    Shunitsu Kohara, Naoki Tomono, Jumpei Uchida, Yuichiro Miyaoka, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2006: 11TH ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS     594 - 599  2006年

     概要を見る

    In SoC designs, efficient communication between the hardware IPs and the on-chip processor becomes very important, however the interface is usually affacted by the processor core specification. Thus in this paper, we focus on developing an efficient interface circuit architecture for the communications between the on-chip processor and embedded hardware IP cores. we also propose a method to synthesize it. Experimental results show that our method could obtain optimal interface circuits and works well through designing a MPEG-4 encode application.

  • MPEG-4形状符号化/復号化に対応したDSP組み込み向け専用演算器の設計

    古宇多朋史, 小原俊逸, 史又華, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会組込みシステムシンポジウム2006論文集(ESS2006)    2006年

  • 連携処理を考慮したネットワークプロセッサ合成システム

    中山敬史, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム2006論文集    2006年

  • レジスタ分散・共有併用型アーキテクチャを対象としたフロアプランを考慮した高位合成手法

    大智輝, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム2006論文集    2006年

  • SIMD型プロセッサコアの自動合成のためのパイプライン演算ユニット生成手法

    栗原輝, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会論文誌   vol. 47 ( no. 6 )  2006年

  • H.264符号化向けDSPにおける動き予測演算器の設計

    高橋豊和, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   CAS2006-10 ( VLD2006-23, SIP2006-33 ) 13 - 18  2006年

     概要を見る

    H.264/AVCは高い符号化効率を実現する反面,符号化に必要な処理量が多い問題点があり,その90%以上は動き予測処理が占めている.符号化効率を向上させるために導入された複数参照フレーム,可変ブロックサイズ,1/4画素精度動き補償がその主因である.これを高速化させるため,複数参照フレーム,可変ブロックサイズに対応した整数精度動き予測処理アーキテクチャが提案されている.しかし,これらのアーキテクチャは探索場所の移動において変則的なメモリアクセスを要し,メモリバンド幅が制限されるDSP組み込み等の用途では性能向上が難しい.本稿では,この問題に対応するため,画素サブサンプリング手法を用いたDSP組み込み整数精度動き予測処理アーキテクチャを提案する.画素サブサンプリングは演算に用いる画素を間引くことにより,一般的にハードウェア量削減に用いられる.提案アーキテクチャではサブサンプリングパターンを一般的なチェスボード状から縦縞状に変更することにより,演算器のデータ読み込みサイクルを削減し動き予測処理の高速化を可能とする.提案するアーキテクチャは200MHzで動作させた場合,CIF画像の予測処理を86.5fpsで実行可能である.

    CiNii

  • A parallel LSI architecture for LDPC decoder improving message-passing schedule

    Kazunori Shimizu, Tatsuyuki Ishikawa, Nozomu Togawa, Takeshi Ikenaga, Satoshi Gotot

    2006 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOLS 1-11, PROCEEDINGS     5099 - +  2006年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a parallel LSI architecture for LDPC decoder which improves a message-passing schedule. The proposed LDPC decoder is characterized as follows: (i) The column operations follow the row operations in a pipelined architecture to ensure that the row and column operations are performed concurrently. (ii) The proposed parallel pipelined bit functional unit enables the decoder to perform every column operation using the messages which is updated by the row operations. These column operations can be performed without extending the single iterative decoding delay. Hardware imp mentation and simulation results show that the proposed decoder improves the decoding throughput and bit error performance with a small hardware overhead.

  • FCSCAN: An efficient multiscan-based data compression technique for test cost reduction

    史又華, 戸川望, 木村晋二, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    Proc. IEEE Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference 2006 (ASP-DAC 2006)     653 - 658  2006年01月

  • An interface-circuit synthesizer with configurable processor core in IP-based SOC design

    小原俊逸, 友野直紀, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    Proc. IEEE Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference 2006 (ASP-DAC 2006)     594 - 599  2006年01月

  • 重回帰分析により得られた1次式によるインダクタンスを考慮した配線遅延の見積り

    鈴木康成, マルタディナタ アンワル, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   105 ( VLD2005-72 ) 67 - 72  2005年12月

     概要を見る

    DSM(Deep SubMicron technology)時代では高位設計の際, フロアプランや配線抵抗などを考慮する必要が出でくる.また, 高位設計で繰り返し行われるグローバル配線遅延の見積もりの際, インダクタンスの影響が無視できない.本稿ではインダクタンスを考慮してグローバル配線遅延を見積もる方法について述べる.本稿ではドライバ-RLC配線-負荷モデルのステップ応答のが50%に達するまでの時間(50%遅延)を見積もる.提案する見積もり式は, あらかじめ素子値を説明変数として重回帰分析により得られた1次式を用いる.本手法は遅延の内, time of flightが支配的な場合に適用可能で, SPICEで計算した値との誤差を最大約15%, 平均約2.5%で見積もることができる.

    CiNii

  • レジスタ分散・共有アーキテクチャを対象としたフロアプラン指向高位合成手法

    大智輝, 戸川望, 柳澤雅夫, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   105 ( VLD2005-66 ) 31 - 36  2005年12月

     概要を見る

    近年のLSI設計プロセスの微細化に伴い, 配線による遅延の割合がゲート遅延に対し相対的に増加してきおり, 高位合成の段階においてもフロアプランを考慮する必要がある.レジスタ分散型アーキテクチャを用いると, レジスタ間データ転送を利用することにより配線遅延が回路の性能に与える影響を削除することが可能であるが, レジスタ数が増大し面積増加を招いてしまうという問題点が生じる.本稿では, レジスタ分散型とレジスタ共有型を併用するレジスタ分散・共有型を対象とし, (1)スケジューリング, (2)レジスタアロケーション, (3)レジスタバインディング, (4)モジュール配置の工程を繰り返し(4)から得られたフロアプラン情報をフィードバックすることにより, 解を収束させる高位合成手法を提案する.この手法はレジスタ分散型アーキテクチャと同等の回路の性能を維持しながら面積を削減することが可能となる.また, 計算機実験によって, 提案手法の有効性を示す.

    CiNii

  • SIMD型プロセッサの自動合成におけるパイプライン演算ユニット生成手法

    栗原輝, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム2005論文集     25 - 30  2005年08月

    CiNii

  • 画像処理向けシステムLSI設計における設計ナビゲーションを考慮したHW/SW分割システム

    小島洋平, 戸川望, 橘昌良, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム2005論文集     19 - 24  2005年08月

  • Reconfigurable adaptive FEC system based on Reed-Solomon code with interleaving

    K Shimizu, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS   E88D ( 7 ) 1526 - 1537  2005年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a reconfigurable adaptive FEC system based on Reed-Solomon (RS) code with interleaving. In adaptive FEC schemes, error correction capability t is changed dynamically according to the communication channel condition. For given error correction capability t, we can implement an optimal RS decoder composed of minimum hardware units for each t. If the hardware units of the RS decoder can be reduced for any given error correction capability t, we can embed as large deinterleaver as possible into the RS decoder for each.t. Reconfiguring the RS decoder embedded with the expanded deinterleaver dynamically for each error correction capability t allows us to decode larger interleaved codes which are more robust error correction codes to burst errors. In a reliable transport protocol, experimental results show that our system achieves up to 65% lower packet error rate and 5.9% higher data transmission throughput compared to the adaptive FEC scheme on a conventional fixed hardware system. In an unreliable transport protocol, our system achieves up to 76% better bit error performance with higher code rate compared to the adaptive FEC scheme on a conventional fixed hardware system.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A SIMD instruction set and functional unit synthesis algorithm with SIMD operation decomposition

    N Togawa, K Tachikake, Y Miyaoka, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS   E88D ( 7 ) 1340 - 1349  2005年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper focuses on SIMD processor synthesis and proposes a SIMD instruction set/functional unit synthesis algorithm. Given an initial assembly code and a timing constraint, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with optimal SIMD functional units. It also synthesizes a SIMD instruction set. The input initial assembly code is assumed to run on a full-resource SIMD processor (virtual processor) which has all the possible SIMD functional units. In our algorithm, we introduce the SIMD operation decomposition and apply it to the initial assembly code and the full-resource SIMD processor. By gradually reducing SIMD operations or decomposing SIMD operations, we can finally find a processor core with small area under the given timing constraint. The promising experimental results are also shown.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Reconfigurable adaptive FEC system based on Reed-Solomon code with interleaving

    IEICE Trans. on Information and Systems   E88-D ( 7 ) 1538 - 1545  2005年07月

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A SIMD instruction set and functional unit synthesis algorithm with simd operation decomposition

    IEICE Trans. on Information and Systems   E88-D ( 7 ) 1340 - 1349  2005年07月

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Reconfigurable adaptive FEC system based on Reed-Solomon code with interleaving

    K Shimizu, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS   E88D ( 7 ) 1526 - 1537  2005年07月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a reconfigurable adaptive FEC system based on Reed-Solomon (RS) code with interleaving. In adaptive FEC schemes, error correction capability t is changed dynamically according to the communication channel condition. For given error correction capability t, we can implement an optimal RS decoder composed of minimum hardware units for each t. If the hardware units of the RS decoder can be reduced for any given error correction capability t, we can embed as large deinterleaver as possible into the RS decoder for each.t. Reconfiguring the RS decoder embedded with the expanded deinterleaver dynamically for each error correction capability t allows us to decode larger interleaved codes which are more robust error correction codes to burst errors. In a reliable transport protocol, experimental results show that our system achieves up to 65% lower packet error rate and 5.9% higher data transmission throughput compared to the adaptive FEC scheme on a conventional fixed hardware system. In an unreliable transport protocol, our system achieves up to 76% better bit error performance with higher code rate compared to the adaptive FEC scheme on a conventional fixed hardware system.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A SIMD instruction set and functional unit synthesis algorithm with SIMD operation decomposition

    N Togawa, K Tachikake, Y Miyaoka, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS   E88D ( 7 ) 1340 - 1349  2005年07月

     概要を見る

    This paper focuses on SIMD processor synthesis and proposes a SIMD instruction set/functional unit synthesis algorithm. Given an initial assembly code and a timing constraint, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with optimal SIMD functional units. It also synthesizes a SIMD instruction set. The input initial assembly code is assumed to run on a full-resource SIMD processor (virtual processor) which has all the possible SIMD functional units. In our algorithm, we introduce the SIMD operation decomposition and apply it to the initial assembly code and the full-resource SIMD processor. By gradually reducing SIMD operations or decomposing SIMD operations, we can finally find a processor core with small area under the given timing constraint. The promising experimental results are also shown.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • レジスタ分散型アーキテクチャを対象とするフロアプランとタイミング制約を考慮した高位合成手法

    田中真, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会論文誌   46 ( 6 ) 1383 - 1394  2005年05月

  • Sub-operation parallelism optimization in SIMD processor core synthesis

    H Kawazu, J Uchida, Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E88A ( 4 ) 876 - 884  2005年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A b-bit SIMD functional unit has n k-bit sub-functional units in itself, where b = k x n. It can execute n-parallel k-bit operations. However, all the b-bit functional units in a processor core do not necessarily execute n-parallel operations. Depending on an application program, some of them just execute n/2-parallel operations or even n/4-parallel operations. This means that we can modify a b-bit SIMD functional unit so that it has n/2 k-bit sub-functional units or n/4 k-bit sub-functional units. The number of k-bit sub-functional units in a SIMD functional unit is called sub-operation parallelism. We incorporate a sub-operation parallelism optimization algorithm into SIMD functional unit optimization. Our proposed algorithm gradually reduces sub-operation parallelism of a SIMD functional unit while the timing constraint of execution time satisfied. Thereby, we can finally find a processor core with small area under the given timing constraint. We expect that we can obtain processor core configurations of smaller area in the same timing constraint rather than a conventional system. The promising experimental results are also shown.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • IP再利用を考慮したシステムLSI設計におけるインタフェース回路生成システム

    小原俊逸, 友野直紀, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会第18回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集     581 - 586  2005年04月

  • SIMD型プロセッサコア向けHW/SW協調合成システムにおけるパイプライン演算ユニット生成手法

    栗原輝, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会第18回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集     575 - 580  2005年04月

  • A selective care bits coding method for test data compression

    史又華, 戸川望, 木村晋二, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会第18回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集     241 - 246  2005年04月

  • 信頼度の伝播効率を改善する部分並列LDPC復号器の実装と評価

    清水一範, 石川達之, 戸川望, 池永剛, 後藤敏

    電子情報通信学会第18回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集     181 - 186  2005年04月

    CiNii

  • インダクタンスを考慮した配線遅延の近似式による見積もり

    鈴木康成, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会第18回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集     1 - 6  2005年04月

  • ネットワークプロセッサ合成システムの改良とその評価

    升本英行, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2004  2005年03月

  • 動的フローに適応したネットワークプロセッサ設計とその評価

    細田宗一郎, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2004 ( 709 ) 79 - 84  2005年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿では, 動的フローに適応したネットワークプロセッサを提案する.提案ネットワークプロセッサは, ネットワークプロセッサ内の各処理ユニットの中から, ボトルネック処理をコマンド待ちキュー情報・各処理ユニットに必要とされるサイクルカウントを元に判断し, 全体スループットを改善する為に次に行うべき処理を採択し, それを実行するハードウェア機構を備えている.この処理状態管理ハードウェアとネットワークプロセッサ内の各処理ユニットに必要な命令・データパスを備えたDynamic-Micro Packet Processorが, 随時ボトルネック処理の並列化を行うことで, ネットワークプロセッサ全体のスループット向上を実現する.提案アーキテクチャをHW記述言語であるVHDLを用いて実装し, 計算機実験を行うことで, その有効性を評価する.

    CiNii

  • ワードベースモンゴメリ乗算器を搭載した高速楕円曲線暗号LSI

    内田純平, 奈良竜太, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2004 ( 708 ) 5 - 10  2005年03月

     概要を見る

    次世代の公開鍵暗号技術として楕円曲線暗号が注目されている.楕円曲線暗号の安全性は楕円曲線上の離散対数問題に依っている.このため, 1024ビットのRSA暗号と同程度の安全性を160ビットの暗号鍵で実現できる.本稿では, ワードベースモンゴメリ乗算器を搭載した楕円曲線暗号LSIを提案する.モンゴメリ乗算は有限体上の乗算を実現するアルゴリズムであり, ワードベースモンゴメリ乗算器の構成を変えることで, 小面積で高速な楕円曲線暗号LSIを実現することができる.計算機実験により提案する楕円曲線暗号LSIを評価する.評価結果において, 0.18μmプロセスを用い8ビット乗算器を搭載した楕円曲線暗号LSIは126Kgatesで160ビットのスカラー倍算を実行した場合の処理時間は3.6msであった.

    CiNii

  • 面積制約を考慮したマルチスレッドプロセッサの合成手法

    麻生雄一, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告    2005年03月

  • Sub-operation parallelism optimization in SIMD processor synthesis and its experimental evaluations

    N Togawa, Y Miyaoka, H Kawazu, M Yanagisawa, J Uchida, T Ohtsuki

    2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS), VOLS 1-6, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS     3499 - 3502  2005年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a sub-operation parallelism optimization algorithm in SIMD) processor synthesis. Given an initial assembly code and timing constraints, our algorithm synthesizes a processor core with sub-operation parallelism optimization for SIMD) functional units. First we consider an initial processor which has sufficient hardware units for executing an initial assembly code. An initial processor core includes the maximum sub-operation parallelism for each SIMD) functional unit. By gradually reducing sub-operation parallelism, we can finally have a processor core with small area meeting a given timing constraints. We show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm through experimental results.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Partially-parallel LDPC decoder based on high-efficiency message-passing algorithm

    K Shimizu, T Ishikawa, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto

    2005 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers & Processors, Proceedings     503 - 510  2005年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a partially-parallel LDPC decoder based on a high-efficiency message-passing algorithm. Our proposed partially-parallel LDPC decoder performs the column operations for bit nodes in conjunction with the row operations for check nodes. Bit functional unit with pipeline architecture in our LDPC decoder allows us to perform column operations for every bit node connected to each of check nodes which are updated by the row operations in parallel. Our proposed LDPC decoder improves the timing when the column operations are performed, accordingly it improves the message-passing efficiency within the limited number of iterations for decoding. We implemented the proposed partially-parallel LDPC decoder on an FPGA, and simulated its decoding performance. Practical simulation shows that our proposed LDPC decoder reduces the number of iterations for decoding, and it improves the bit error performance with a small hardware overhead.

    DOI

    Scopus

    32
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Low power test compression technique for designs with multiple scan chains

    YH Shi, N Togawa, S Kimura, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    14TH ASIAN TEST SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS     386 - 389  2005年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a new DFT technique that can significantly reduce test data volume as well as scan-in power consumption for multiscan-based designs. It can also help to reduce test time and tester channel requirements with small hardware overhead In the proposed approach, we start with a pre-computed test cube set and fill the don't-cares with proper values for joint reduction of test data volume and scan power consumption. In addition we explore the linear dependencies of the scan chains to construct a fanout structure only with inverters to achieve further compression. Experimental results for the larger ISCAS'89 benchmarks show the efficiency of the proposed technique.

    DOI

    Scopus

    17
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Reconfigurable adaptive FEC system with interleaving

    Kazunori Shimizu, Nozomu Togawa, Takeshi Ikenaga, Satoshi Goto

    ASP-DAC 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2     1252 - 1255  2005年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a reconfigurable adaptive FEC system with interleaving. For adaptive FEC schemes, we can implement an optimal RS decoder composed of minimum hardware units for any given error correction capability t. If the hardware units of the RS decoder can be reduced for any given t, we can embed as large deinterleaver as possible into the RS decoder for each t. Reconfiguring the RS decoder embedded with the expanded deinterleaver dynamically for each t allows us to decode larger interleaved codes which are more robust FEC codes to burst errors. Our reconfigurable adaptive FEC system with interleaving achieves better packet error rate and higher throughput than fixed hardware systems.

  • A processor core synthesis system in IP-based SoC design

    Naoki Tomono, Shunitsu Kohara, Jumpei Uchida, Yuichiro Miyaoka, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2     286 - 291  2005年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a new design methodology for SoCs reusing hardware IPs. In our approach, after system-level HW/SW partitioning, we use IPs for hardware parts, but synthesize a new processor core instead of reusing a processor core IP. System performs efficient parallel execution of hardware and software by taking account of a response time of hardware IP obtained by the proposed calculation algorithm. We can use optimal hardware IPs selected by the proposed hardware IPs selection algorithm. The experimental results show effectiveness of our new design methodology.

  • Sub-operation parallelism optimization in SIMD processor synthesis and its experimental evaluations

    N Togawa, Y Miyaoka, H Kawazu, M Yanagisawa, J Uchida, T Ohtsuki

    2005 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS (ISCAS), VOLS 1-6, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS     3499 - 3502  2005年

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a sub-operation parallelism optimization algorithm in SIMD) processor synthesis. Given an initial assembly code and timing constraints, our algorithm synthesizes a processor core with sub-operation parallelism optimization for SIMD) functional units. First we consider an initial processor which has sufficient hardware units for executing an initial assembly code. An initial processor core includes the maximum sub-operation parallelism for each SIMD) functional unit. By gradually reducing sub-operation parallelism, we can finally have a processor core with small area meeting a given timing constraints. We show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm through experimental results.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Partially-parallel LDPC decoder based on high-efficiency message-passing algorithm

    K Shimizu, T Ishikawa, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto

    2005 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers & Processors, Proceedings     503 - 510  2005年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a partially-parallel LDPC decoder based on a high-efficiency message-passing algorithm. Our proposed partially-parallel LDPC decoder performs the column operations for bit nodes in conjunction with the row operations for check nodes. Bit functional unit with pipeline architecture in our LDPC decoder allows us to perform column operations for every bit node connected to each of check nodes which are updated by the row operations in parallel. Our proposed LDPC decoder improves the timing when the column operations are performed, accordingly it improves the message-passing efficiency within the limited number of iterations for decoding. We implemented the proposed partially-parallel LDPC decoder on an FPGA, and simulated its decoding performance. Practical simulation shows that our proposed LDPC decoder reduces the number of iterations for decoding, and it improves the bit error performance with a small hardware overhead.

    DOI

    Scopus

    32
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Sub-operation parallelism optimization in SIMD processor core synthesis

    Hideki Kawazu, Jumpei Uchida, Yuichiro Miyaoka, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E88-A ( 4 ) 876 - 883  2005年

     概要を見る

    A b-bit SIMD functional unit has n k-bit sub-functional units in itself, where b = k × n. It can execute n-parallel k-bit operations. However, all the b-bit functional units in a processor core do not necessarily execute n-parallel operations. Depending on an application program, some of them just execute n/2-parallel operations or even n/4-parallel operations. This means that we can modify a b-bit SIMD functional unit so that it has n/2 k-bit sub-functional units or n/4 k-bit sub-functional units. The number of k-bit sub-functional units in a SIMD functional unit is called sub-operation parallelism. We incorporate a sub-operation parallelism optimization algorithm into SIMD functional unit optimization. Our proposed algorithm gradually reduces sub-operation parallelism of a SIMD functional unit while the timing constraint of execution time satisfied. Thereby, we can finally find a processor core with small area under the given timing constraint. We expect that we can obtain processor core configurations of smaller area in the same timing constraint rather than a conventional system. The promising experimental results are also shown. Copyright © 2005 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A processor core synthesis system in IP-based SoC design

    Naoki Tomono, Shunitsu Kohara, Jumpei Uchida, Yuichiro Miyaoka, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2     286 - 291  2005年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a new design methodology for SoCs reusing hardware IPs. In our approach, after system-level HW/SW partitioning, we use IPs for hardware parts, but synthesize a new processor core instead of reusing a processor core IP. System performs efficient parallel execution of hardware and software by taking account of a response time of hardware IP obtained by the proposed calculation algorithm. We can use optimal hardware IPs selected by the proposed hardware IPs selection algorithm. The experimental results show effectiveness of our new design methodology.

  • Sub-operation parallelism optimization in SIMD processor synthesis and its experimental evaluations

    Nozomu Togawa, Hideki Kawazu, Jumpei Uchida, Yuichiro Miyaoka, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems     3499 - 3502  2005年

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a sub-operation parallelism optimization algorithm in SIMD processor synthesis. Given an initial assembly code and timing constraints, our algorithm synthesizes a processor core with sub-operation parallelism optimization for SIMD functional units. First we consider an initial processor which has sufficient hardware units for executing an initial assembly code. An initial processor core includes the maximum sub-operation parallelism for each SIMD functional unit. By gradually reducing sub-operation parallelism, we can finally have a processor core with small area meeting a given timing constraints. We show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm through experimental results. © 2005 IEEE.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Partially-parallel LDPC decoder based on high-efficiency message-passing algorithm

    K Shimizu, T Ishikawa, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto

    2005 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design: VLSI in Computers & Processors, Proceedings     503 - 510  2005年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a partially-parallel LDPC decoder based on a high-efficiency message-passing algorithm. Our proposed partially-parallel LDPC decoder performs the column operations for bit nodes in conjunction with the row operations for check nodes. Bit functional unit with pipeline architecture in our LDPC decoder allows us to perform column operations for every bit node connected to each of check nodes which are updated by the row operations in parallel. Our proposed LDPC decoder improves the timing when the column operations are performed, accordingly it improves the message-passing efficiency within the limited number of iterations for decoding. We implemented the proposed partially-parallel LDPC decoder on an FPGA, and simulated its decoding performance. Practical simulation shows that our proposed LDPC decoder reduces the number of iterations for decoding, and it improves the bit error performance with a small hardware overhead.

    DOI

    Scopus

    32
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Sub-operation parallelism optimization in SIMD processor core synthesis

    Hideki Kawazu, Jumpei Uchida, Yuichiro Miyaoka, Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E88-A ( 4 ) 876 - 883  2005年

     概要を見る

    A b-bit SIMD functional unit has n k-bit sub-functional units in itself, where b = k × n. It can execute n-parallel k-bit operations. However, all the b-bit functional units in a processor core do not necessarily execute n-parallel operations. Depending on an application program, some of them just execute n/2-parallel operations or even n/4-parallel operations. This means that we can modify a b-bit SIMD functional unit so that it has n/2 k-bit sub-functional units or n/4 k-bit sub-functional units. The number of k-bit sub-functional units in a SIMD functional unit is called sub-operation parallelism. We incorporate a sub-operation parallelism optimization algorithm into SIMD functional unit optimization. Our proposed algorithm gradually reduces sub-operation parallelism of a SIMD functional unit while the timing constraint of execution time satisfied. Thereby, we can finally find a processor core with small area under the given timing constraint. We expect that we can obtain processor core configurations of smaller area in the same timing constraint rather than a conventional system. The promising experimental results are also shown. Copyright © 2005 The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A Processor Core Synthesis System in IP-based SoC Design

    友野直紀, 小原俊逸, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    Proceedings of the ASP-DAC 2005    2005年01月

  • FPGA-based reconfigurable adaptive FEC

    K Shimizu, J Uchida, Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E87A ( 12 ) 3036 - 3046  2004年12月

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable adaptive FEC system. In adaptive FEC schemes, the error correction capability t is changed dynamically according to the communication channel condition. If a particular error correction capability t is given, we can implement an FEC decoder which is optimal for t by taking the number of operations into consideration. Thus, reconfiguring the optimal FEC decoder dynamically for each error correction capability allows us to maximize the throughput of each decoder within a limited hardware resource. Based on this concept, our reconfigurable adaptive FEC system can reduce the packet dropping rate more efficiently than conventional fixed hardware systems. We can improve data transmission throughput for a reliable transport protocol. Practical simulation results are also shown.

  • High-level power optimization based on thread partitioning

    J Uchida, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E87A ( 12 ) 3075 - 3082  2004年12月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a thread partitioning algorithm in low power high-level synthesis. The algorithm is applied to high-level synthesis systems. In the systems, we can describe parallel behaving circuit blocks (threads) explicitly. First it focuses on a local register file RF in a thread. It partitions a thread into two sub-threads, one of which has RF and the other does not have RE The partitioned sub-threads need to be synchronized with each other to keep the data dependency of the original thread. Since the partitioned sub-threads have waiting time for synchronization, gated clocks can be applied to each sub-thread. Then we can synthesize a low power circuit with a low area overhead, compared to the original circuit. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • レジスタ分散型アーキテクチャを対象とするフロアプランを考慮した高位合成手法

    田中真, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2004  2004年12月

    CiNii

  • FPGA-based reconfigurable adaptive FEC

    K Shimizu, J Uchida, Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E87A ( 12 ) 3036 - 3046  2004年12月

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable adaptive FEC system. In adaptive FEC schemes, the error correction capability t is changed dynamically according to the communication channel condition. If a particular error correction capability t is given, we can implement an FEC decoder which is optimal for t by taking the number of operations into consideration. Thus, reconfiguring the optimal FEC decoder dynamically for each error correction capability allows us to maximize the throughput of each decoder within a limited hardware resource. Based on this concept, our reconfigurable adaptive FEC system can reduce the packet dropping rate more efficiently than conventional fixed hardware systems. We can improve data transmission throughput for a reliable transport protocol. Practical simulation results are also shown.

  • High-level power optimization based on thread partitioning

    J Uchida, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E87A ( 12 ) 3075 - 3082  2004年12月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a thread partitioning algorithm in low power high-level synthesis. The algorithm is applied to high-level synthesis systems. In the systems, we can describe parallel behaving circuit blocks (threads) explicitly. First it focuses on a local register file RF in a thread. It partitions a thread into two sub-threads, one of which has RF and the other does not have RE The partitioned sub-threads need to be synchronized with each other to keep the data dependency of the original thread. Since the partitioned sub-threads have waiting time for synchronization, gated clocks can be applied to each sub-thread. Then we can synthesize a low power circuit with a low area overhead, compared to the original circuit. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • A sub-operation parallelism optimization algorithmin HW/SW partitioning for SIMD processor cores

    SASIMI2004     483 - 490  2004年10月

  • A sub-operation parallelism optimization algorithmin HW/SW partitioning for SIMD processor cores

    川津秀樹, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    SASIMI2004     483 - 490  2004年10月

  • IP再利用を考慮したシステムLSIにおけるプロセッサコア合成システム

    友野直紀, 小原俊逸, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会 DAシンポジウム 2004     19 - 24  2004年07月

  • フロアプランとタイミング制約に基づくレジスタ間データ転送を考慮した高位合成手法

    田中真, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会 DAシンポジウム 2004     283 - 288  2004年07月

  • A hardware/software cosynthesis algorithm for processors with heterogeneous datapaths

    Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E87A ( 4 ) 830 - 836  2004年04月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis algorithm for processors with heterogeneous registers. Given a CDFG corresponding to an application program and a timing constraint, the algorithm generates a processor configuration minimizing area of the processor and an assembly code on the processor. First, the algorithm configures a datapath which can execute several DFG nodes with data dependency at one cycle. The datapath can execute the application program at the least number of cycles. The branch and bound algorithm is applied and all the number of functional units and memory banks are tried. For an assumed number of functional units and memory banks, an appropriate number of heterogeneous registers and connections to functional units and registers are explored. The experimental results show effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • SIMD型プロセッサコア向けHW/SW分割におけるSIMD型演算最適化手法

    川津秀樹, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会第17回 回路とシステム(軽井沢)ワークショップ     579 - 584  2004年04月

  • A hardware/software cosynthesis algorithm for processors with heterogeneous datapaths

    Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E87A ( 4 ) 830 - 836  2004年04月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis algorithm for processors with heterogeneous registers. Given a CDFG corresponding to an application program and a timing constraint, the algorithm generates a processor configuration minimizing area of the processor and an assembly code on the processor. First, the algorithm configures a datapath which can execute several DFG nodes with data dependency at one cycle. The datapath can execute the application program at the least number of cycles. The branch and bound algorithm is applied and all the number of functional units and memory banks are tried. For an assumed number of functional units and memory banks, an appropriate number of heterogeneous registers and connections to functional units and registers are explored. The experimental results show effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • ネットワークプロセッサ合成システム

    松浦努, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2003-145   55 - 60  2004年03月

  • HW/SW分割システムにおける仮想IP類推手法

    小田雄一, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 橘昌良, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2003-158 ( 703 ) 47 - 52  2004年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,既存のIPを元に「処理の並列度」や「処理の反復性」に着目し,新たなIPを類推する手法を提案する.提案手法は,MPEG-4,JPEG,JPEG2000などの画像処理アプリケーションを対象とする.上記のアプリケーションを構成する処理(DCT,量子化など)を解析し,それぞれの処理に対して「処理の並列度に着目した類推手法」または「処理の反復性に着目した類推手法」を適用する.提案手法を適用することにより,解の探索空間が広がる.その結果,既存のIPのみから構成される解と比較して,同一の処理時間かつ小面積の解を得ることが可能になる.提案手法を計算機上に実装し,その有効性を報告する.

    CiNii

  • Packed SIMD型命令を持つプロセッサ合成システムのためのリターゲッタブルコンパイラ

    加藤久晴, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2003-157   41 - 46  2004年03月

  • 面積制約を考慮したCAMプロセッサ最適化手法

    石川裕一朗, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2003-152   13 - 18  2004年03月

  • インターリーブを考慮したReconfigurable Adaptive FEC

    清水一範, 内田純平, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2003-151 ( 703 ) 7 - 12  2004年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿ではインターリーブを考慮したReconfigurable Adaptive FEC を提案する.誤り訂正処理回路のハードウェア構成を訂正能力について動的に最適化することにより,ハードウェアで考慮できるインターリーブの深さを訂正能力ごとに与えることができる.これにより従来のASIC等で実現する固定的なハードウェアに比べて,よりバースト誤りに強い符号を生成することが可能となる.誤り訂正処理における復号器の最適化とインターリーブを考慮したハードウェア構成を提案し,本ハードウェアによる有効性を計算機シミュレーションにより評価する.

    CiNii

  • 携帯機器を対象としたJava動的コンパイラにおけるプロファイリングシステム

    船田雅史, 内田純平, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会研究報告,2004-MBL-28   2004 ( 21 ) 55 - 62  2004年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,携帯機器を対象としたJava 動的コンパイラにおけるプロファイリングシステムを提案する.本システムはJava 仮想マシンの実行中に,アプリケーションにおいて頻繁に実行されるメソッド(ホットメソッド) を検出する.ホットメソッドはコンパイラによってネイティブコードにコンパイルされ,ヒープ領域に格納される.ネイティブコードに使用するヒープ領域をプロファイラが決定することにより,ガーベッジコレクションの起動を抑制することが可能である.提案プロファイラはJava仮想マシンの処理時間の3%程度のオーバーヘッドで動作可能である.ガーベッジコレクションを元の仮想マシンの2 倍程度に抑え,プロファイリングによって得られたメソッドをコンパイルすることにより,平均で約7 倍程度の高速化を実現した.This paper proposes a lightweight profiling system of Java dynamic compiler for handheld devices. The system detects the methods frequently invoked in application (hot method) during execution of a Java virtual machine. A hot method is compiled into a native code by the compiler, and is stored in a heap area. The profiler determines the heap area used for a native code, and it is possible to reduce a garbage collection. Our technique can profiles method informations with 3% overhead of the processing time of a Java virtual machine. By compiling the hot method, as a result, we achieve approximately 7 times speedup in average, by suppressing a garbage collections to approximately 2 times of the original virtual machine.

    CiNii

  • Alternative Run-Length.Coding through scan chain reconfiguration for joint minimization of test data volume and power consumption in scan test

    YH Shi, S Kimura, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    13TH ASIAN TEST SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS     432 - 437  2004年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Test data volume and scan power are two Major concerns in SoC test. In this paper we present an alternative run-length coding method through scan chain reconfiguration to reduce both test data volume and scan-in power consumption. The proposed method analyzes the compatibility of the internal scan cells for a given test set and then divides the scan cells into compatible classes. To extract the compatible scan cells we apply a heuristic algorithm by solving the graph coloring problem; and then a simple greedy algorithm is used to configure the scan chain for the minimization of scan power Experimental results for the larger ISCAS'89 benchmarks show that the proposed approach leads to highly reduced test data volume with significant power savings during scan test.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Instruction set and functional unit synthesis for SIMD processor cores

    N Togawa, K Tachikake, Y Miyaoka, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     743 - 750  2004年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper focuses on SIMD processor synthesis and proposes a SIMD instruction set/functional unit synthesis algorithm. Given an initial assembly code and a timing constraint, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with optimal SIMD functional units. It also synthesizes a SIMD instruction set. The input initial assembly code is assumed to run on a full-resource SIMD processor (virtual processor) which has all the possible SIMD functional units. In our algorithm, we introduce the SIMD operation decomposition and apply it to the initial assembly code and the full-resource SIMD processor. By gradually reducing SIMD operations or decomposing SIMD operations, we can finally find a processor core with small area under the given timing constraint. The promising experimental results are also shown.

  • A cosynthesis algorithm for application specific processors with heterogeneous datapaths

    Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     250 - 255  2004年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis algorithm for processors with heterogeneous registers. Given a CDFG corresponding to an application program and a timing constraint, the algorithm generates a processor configuration minimizing area of the processor and an assembly code on the processor. First, the algorithm configures a datapath which can execute several DFG nodes with data dependency at one cycle. The datapath can execute the application program at the least number of cycles. The branch and bound algorithm is applied and all the number of functional units and memory banks are tried. For an assumed number of functional units and memory banks, an appropriate number of heterogeneous registers and connections to functional units and registers are explored. The experimental results show effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • A thread partitioning algorithm in low power high-level synthesis

    J Uchida, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     74 - 79  2004年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a thread partitioning algorithm in low power high-level synthesis. The algorithm is applied to high-level synthesis systems. In the systems, we can describe parallel behaving circuit blocks(threads) explicitly. First it focuses on a local register file RF in a thread. It partitions a thread into two sub-threads, one of which has RF and the other does not have, RF. The partitioned sub-threads need to be synchronized with each other to keep the data dependency of the original thread. Since the partitioned sub-threads have waiting time for synchronization, gated clocks can be applied to each sub-thread. Then we can synthesize a low power circuit with a low area overhead, compared to the original circuit. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • A reconfigurable adaptive FEC system for reliable wireless communications

    K Shimizu, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, M Yanagisawa, S Goto, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2004 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 1 AND 2     13 - 16  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a reconfigurable adaptive FEC system. For adaptive FEC schemes, we can implement an FEC decoder which is optimal for error correction capability t by taking the number of operations into consideration. Reconfiguring the optimal FEC decoder dynamically for each t allows us to maximize the throughput of each decoder within a limited hardware resource. Our system can reduce packet dropping rate more efficiently than conventional fixed hardware systems for a reliable transport protocol.

  • Experimental evaluation of high-level energy optimization based on thread partitioning

    J Uchida, Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2004 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 1 AND 2     161 - 164  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a thread partitioning algorithm for high-level synthesis systems which generate low energy circuits. In the algorithm, we partitions a thread into two sub-threads, one of which has RF and the other does not have RE The partitioned sub-threads need to be synchronized with each other to keep the data dependency of the original thread. Since the partitioned sub-threads have waiting time for synchronization, gated clocks can be applied to each sub-thread. We achieve 33% energy reduction when we apply our proposed algorithm to a JPEG encoder.

  • Alternative Run-Length.Coding through scan chain reconfiguration for joint minimization of test data volume and power consumption in scan test

    YH Shi, S Kimura, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    13TH ASIAN TEST SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS     432 - 437  2004年

     概要を見る

    Test data volume and scan power are two Major concerns in SoC test. In this paper we present an alternative run-length coding method through scan chain reconfiguration to reduce both test data volume and scan-in power consumption. The proposed method analyzes the compatibility of the internal scan cells for a given test set and then divides the scan cells into compatible classes. To extract the compatible scan cells we apply a heuristic algorithm by solving the graph coloring problem; and then a simple greedy algorithm is used to configure the scan chain for the minimization of scan power Experimental results for the larger ISCAS'89 benchmarks show that the proposed approach leads to highly reduced test data volume with significant power savings during scan test.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An efficient algorithm/architecture codesign for image encoders

    J Choi, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    2004 47TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL II, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS     469 - 472  2004年

     概要を見る

    We describe the optimization of a complex video encoder systems based on target architecture. We implemented the MPEG-4 encoder using hardware/software codesign approach, mapped together based on a target architecture. We proposed a target architecture template and an optimization methodology. In our design flow, we searched for a bottleneck module constraining the system. After investigating the computational complexity, quality, and the simplicity of algorithms, we chose the best algorithm for hardware implementation, and then mapped the selected algorithm onto the hardware with different architecture, what does the best architecture for the algorithm and which is the best architecture of components. We chose one of the architectures meet the constraints and also made tradeoffs among speed, chip area, and memory bandwidth for different architecture. The proposed system architecture was used to reduce the design decisions and iterations, provided flexible and scalable systems. The evaluations resulted in effective optimization of the motion estimation module and better tradeoffs that optimized the overall system.

  • Reducing test data volume for multiscan-based designs through single/sequence mixed encoding

    Y Shi, S Kimura, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    2004 47TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL II, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS     445 - 448  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a new test data compression technique for multiscan-based designs through dictionary-based encoding on the single or sequences scan-inputs. In spite of its simplicity, it achieves significant reduction in test data volume. Unlike some previous approaches on test data compression, our approach eliminates the need for additional synchronization and handshaking between the CUT and the ATE, so it is especially suitable to be integrated in a low cost test scheme for SoC test In addition in contrast to previous dictionary-based coding techniques, even for the CUT with a small number of scan chains, the proposed approach can achieve satisfied reduction in test data volume. Experimental results showed the proposed test scheme works particularly well for the large ISCAS'89 benchmarks.

  • Instruction set and functional unit synthesis for SIMD processor cores

    N Togawa, K Tachikake, Y Miyaoka, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     743 - 750  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper focuses on SIMD processor synthesis and proposes a SIMD instruction set/functional unit synthesis algorithm. Given an initial assembly code and a timing constraint, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with optimal SIMD functional units. It also synthesizes a SIMD instruction set. The input initial assembly code is assumed to run on a full-resource SIMD processor (virtual processor) which has all the possible SIMD functional units. In our algorithm, we introduce the SIMD operation decomposition and apply it to the initial assembly code and the full-resource SIMD processor. By gradually reducing SIMD operations or decomposing SIMD operations, we can finally find a processor core with small area under the given timing constraint. The promising experimental results are also shown.

  • A cosynthesis algorithm for application specific processors with heterogeneous datapaths

    Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     250 - 255  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis algorithm for processors with heterogeneous registers. Given a CDFG corresponding to an application program and a timing constraint, the algorithm generates a processor configuration minimizing area of the processor and an assembly code on the processor. First, the algorithm configures a datapath which can execute several DFG nodes with data dependency at one cycle. The datapath can execute the application program at the least number of cycles. The branch and bound algorithm is applied and all the number of functional units and memory banks are tried. For an assumed number of functional units and memory banks, an appropriate number of heterogeneous registers and connections to functional units and registers are explored. The experimental results show effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • A thread partitioning algorithm in low power high-level synthesis

    J Uchida, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     74 - 79  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a thread partitioning algorithm in low power high-level synthesis. The algorithm is applied to high-level synthesis systems. In the systems, we can describe parallel behaving circuit blocks(threads) explicitly. First it focuses on a local register file RF in a thread. It partitions a thread into two sub-threads, one of which has RF and the other does not have, RF. The partitioned sub-threads need to be synchronized with each other to keep the data dependency of the original thread. Since the partitioned sub-threads have waiting time for synchronization, gated clocks can be applied to each sub-thread. Then we can synthesize a low power circuit with a low area overhead, compared to the original circuit. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • A reconfigurable adaptive FEC system for reliable wireless communications

    K Shimizu, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, M Yanagisawa, S Goto, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2004 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 1 AND 2     13 - 16  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a reconfigurable adaptive FEC system. For adaptive FEC schemes, we can implement an FEC decoder which is optimal for error correction capability t by taking the number of operations into consideration. Reconfiguring the optimal FEC decoder dynamically for each t allows us to maximize the throughput of each decoder within a limited hardware resource. Our system can reduce packet dropping rate more efficiently than conventional fixed hardware systems for a reliable transport protocol.

  • Experimental evaluation of high-level energy optimization based on thread partitioning

    J Uchida, Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2004 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 1 AND 2     161 - 164  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a thread partitioning algorithm for high-level synthesis systems which generate low energy circuits. In the algorithm, we partitions a thread into two sub-threads, one of which has RF and the other does not have RE The partitioned sub-threads need to be synchronized with each other to keep the data dependency of the original thread. Since the partitioned sub-threads have waiting time for synchronization, gated clocks can be applied to each sub-thread. We achieve 33% energy reduction when we apply our proposed algorithm to a JPEG encoder.

  • Alternative Run-Length.Coding through scan chain reconfiguration for joint minimization of test data volume and power consumption in scan test

    YH Shi, S Kimura, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    13TH ASIAN TEST SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS     432 - 437  2004年

     概要を見る

    Test data volume and scan power are two Major concerns in SoC test. In this paper we present an alternative run-length coding method through scan chain reconfiguration to reduce both test data volume and scan-in power consumption. The proposed method analyzes the compatibility of the internal scan cells for a given test set and then divides the scan cells into compatible classes. To extract the compatible scan cells we apply a heuristic algorithm by solving the graph coloring problem; and then a simple greedy algorithm is used to configure the scan chain for the minimization of scan power Experimental results for the larger ISCAS'89 benchmarks show that the proposed approach leads to highly reduced test data volume with significant power savings during scan test.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An efficient algorithm/architecture codesign for image encoders

    J Choi, N Togawa, T Ikenaga, S Goto, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    2004 47TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL II, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS     469 - 472  2004年

     概要を見る

    We describe the optimization of a complex video encoder systems based on target architecture. We implemented the MPEG-4 encoder using hardware/software codesign approach, mapped together based on a target architecture. We proposed a target architecture template and an optimization methodology. In our design flow, we searched for a bottleneck module constraining the system. After investigating the computational complexity, quality, and the simplicity of algorithms, we chose the best algorithm for hardware implementation, and then mapped the selected algorithm onto the hardware with different architecture, what does the best architecture for the algorithm and which is the best architecture of components. We chose one of the architectures meet the constraints and also made tradeoffs among speed, chip area, and memory bandwidth for different architecture. The proposed system architecture was used to reduce the design decisions and iterations, provided flexible and scalable systems. The evaluations resulted in effective optimization of the motion estimation module and better tradeoffs that optimized the overall system.

  • Reducing test data volume for multiscan-based designs through single/sequence mixed encoding

    Y Shi, S Kimura, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    2004 47TH MIDWEST SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL II, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS     445 - 448  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper presents a new test data compression technique for multiscan-based designs through dictionary-based encoding on the single or sequences scan-inputs. In spite of its simplicity, it achieves significant reduction in test data volume. Unlike some previous approaches on test data compression, our approach eliminates the need for additional synchronization and handshaking between the CUT and the ATE, so it is especially suitable to be integrated in a low cost test scheme for SoC test In addition in contrast to previous dictionary-based coding techniques, even for the CUT with a small number of scan chains, the proposed approach can achieve satisfied reduction in test data volume. Experimental results showed the proposed test scheme works particularly well for the large ISCAS'89 benchmarks.

  • Instruction set and functional unit synthesis for SIMD processor cores

    N Togawa, K Tachikake, Y Miyaoka, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     743 - 750  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper focuses on SIMD processor synthesis and proposes a SIMD instruction set/functional unit synthesis algorithm. Given an initial assembly code and a timing constraint, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with optimal SIMD functional units. It also synthesizes a SIMD instruction set. The input initial assembly code is assumed to run on a full-resource SIMD processor (virtual processor) which has all the possible SIMD functional units. In our algorithm, we introduce the SIMD operation decomposition and apply it to the initial assembly code and the full-resource SIMD processor. By gradually reducing SIMD operations or decomposing SIMD operations, we can finally find a processor core with small area under the given timing constraint. The promising experimental results are also shown.

  • A cosynthesis algorithm for application specific processors with heterogeneous datapaths

    Y Miyaoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     250 - 255  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis algorithm for processors with heterogeneous registers. Given a CDFG corresponding to an application program and a timing constraint, the algorithm generates a processor configuration minimizing area of the processor and an assembly code on the processor. First, the algorithm configures a datapath which can execute several DFG nodes with data dependency at one cycle. The datapath can execute the application program at the least number of cycles. The branch and bound algorithm is applied and all the number of functional units and memory banks are tried. For an assumed number of functional units and memory banks, an appropriate number of heterogeneous registers and connections to functional units and registers are explored. The experimental results show effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • A thread partitioning algorithm in low power high-level synthesis

    J Uchida, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2004: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     74 - 79  2004年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a thread partitioning algorithm in low power high-level synthesis. The algorithm is applied to high-level synthesis systems. In the systems, we can describe parallel behaving circuit blocks(threads) explicitly. First it focuses on a local register file RF in a thread. It partitions a thread into two sub-threads, one of which has RF and the other does not have, RF. The partitioned sub-threads need to be synchronized with each other to keep the data dependency of the original thread. Since the partitioned sub-threads have waiting time for synchronization, gated clocks can be applied to each sub-thread. Then we can synthesize a low power circuit with a low area overhead, compared to the original circuit. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • A hardware/software partitioning algorithm for processor cores with packed SIMD-type instructions

    N Togawa, K Tachikake, Y Miyaoka, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E86A ( 12 ) 3218 - 3224  2003年12月

     概要を見る

    This letter proposes a new hardware/software partitioning algorithm for processor cores with SIMD instructions. Given a compiled assembly code including SIMD instructions and a timing constraint, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with a new assembly code. Firstly, we assume for each operation type a super SIMD functional unit which can execute all the SIMD instructions. Secondly we reduce a SIMD instruction or "sub-function" of each super functional unit, one by one, while the timing constraint is satisfied. At the same time, we update the assembly code so that it can run on the new processor configuration. By repeating this process, we finally find SIMD functional unit configuration as well as a processor core architecture. The promising experimental results are also shown.

  • A retargetable simulator generator for DSP processor cores with packed SIMD-type instructions

    N Togawa, K Kasahara, Y Miyaoka, J Choi, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E86A ( 12 ) 3099 - 3109  2003年12月

     概要を見る

    A packed SIMD type operation or a SIMD operation is n-parallel b/n-bit sub-operations executed by the modified n-bit functional unit. Such a functional unit is called a SIMD functional unit and a processor core which can execute SIMD operations is called a SIMD processor core. SIMD operations can be effectively applied to image processing applications. This paper focuses on hardware/software cosynthesis of SIMD processor cores and particularly proposes a new simulator generator which simulates pipelined instructions for a SIMD processor. Generally, a SIMD functional unit has many options and then we can have so many different SIMD functional unit instances. However, since our hardware/software cosynthesis system synthesizes a special-purpose processor core for an input application program, it uses very limited SIMD functional unit instances. In the proposed approach, we consider a SIMD operation to be a set of SIMD sub-operations. By adding up the appropriate SIMD sub-operations, we construct a single SlMD operation. Then a SIMD functional unit behavior can be characterized by a collection of SIMD operations. This approach has the advantage that: if we have a small number of behavior libraries for SIMD suboperations, we can instantiate a particular SIMD functional unit behavior. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

  • A hardware/software partitioning algorithm for processor cores with packed SIMD-type instructions

    N Togawa, K Tachikake, Y Miyaoka, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E86A ( 12 ) 3218 - 3224  2003年12月

     概要を見る

    This letter proposes a new hardware/software partitioning algorithm for processor cores with SIMD instructions. Given a compiled assembly code including SIMD instructions and a timing constraint, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with a new assembly code. Firstly, we assume for each operation type a super SIMD functional unit which can execute all the SIMD instructions. Secondly we reduce a SIMD instruction or "sub-function" of each super functional unit, one by one, while the timing constraint is satisfied. At the same time, we update the assembly code so that it can run on the new processor configuration. By repeating this process, we finally find SIMD functional unit configuration as well as a processor core architecture. The promising experimental results are also shown.

  • A retargetable simulator generator for DSP processor cores with packed SIMD-type instructions

    N Togawa, K Kasahara, Y Miyaoka, J Choi, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E86A ( 12 ) 3099 - 3109  2003年12月

     概要を見る

    A packed SIMD type operation or a SIMD operation is n-parallel b/n-bit sub-operations executed by the modified n-bit functional unit. Such a functional unit is called a SIMD functional unit and a processor core which can execute SIMD operations is called a SIMD processor core. SIMD operations can be effectively applied to image processing applications. This paper focuses on hardware/software cosynthesis of SIMD processor cores and particularly proposes a new simulator generator which simulates pipelined instructions for a SIMD processor. Generally, a SIMD functional unit has many options and then we can have so many different SIMD functional unit instances. However, since our hardware/software cosynthesis system synthesizes a special-purpose processor core for an input application program, it uses very limited SIMD functional unit instances. In the proposed approach, we consider a SIMD operation to be a set of SIMD sub-operations. By adding up the appropriate SIMD sub-operations, we construct a single SlMD operation. Then a SIMD functional unit behavior can be characterized by a collection of SIMD operations. This approach has the advantage that: if we have a small number of behavior libraries for SIMD suboperations, we can instantiate a particular SIMD functional unit behavior. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

  • 面積制約付きCAMプロセッサ合成手法

    石川裕一朗, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD2003-89 ( 478 ) 115 - 120  2003年11月

     概要を見る

    本研究室ではCAM(連想メモリ)を使用するプロセッサを合成するシステムを構築中である.現在のシステムはC言語で記述されたアプリケーション記述を入力としてそのアプリケーションを実行するプロセッサの最適なハードウェア構成を出力する.本稿では現在のシステムに面積制約機能を付加する.提案手法ではCAMの一部をRAMに置換してプロセッサの面積を削減する.本システムは面積制約を満足した上で実行時間を最小化する,CAMからRAMへ置換する量を導出できる.計算機実験により,面積制約を満たした上で,システムに入力されたアプリケーションを最遠に実行するプロセッサの構成を出力できる事を確認した.

    CiNii

  • 面積制約を考慮したCAMプロセッサ向けハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調設計手法

    石川裕一朗, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   IE2003-98 ( 380 ) 83 - 88  2003年10月

     概要を見る

    我々はCAM(連想メモリ)を使用するプロセッサを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムを構築中である.現在のシステムはC言語で記述されたアプリケーション記述を入力としてそのアプリケーションを実行するプロセッサの最適なハードウェア構成を出力する.本稿では,現在のシステムを拡張し,面積制約機能を付加したCAMプロセッサ向けハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムを提案する.提案手法では面積制約を満足した上で実行時間を最小化するCAMワード数を導出し,CAMの一部をRAMに置換してプロセッサの面積を削減する.計算機実験により,面積制約を満たした上で,システムに入力されたアプリケーションを最速に実行するプロセッサの構成を出力できる事を確認した.

    CiNii

  • FPGAを用いたReconfigurable Adaptive FECの実装と評価

    清水一範, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   Reconf2003-9  2003年09月

  • 分岐距離による再送手法選択式マルチキャスト

    山田泰弘, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   CQ2003-58 ( 290 ) 29 - 32  2003年09月

     概要を見る

    IPマルチキャスト環境において,転送信頼性を確保する高信頼性マルチキャストが盛んに研究されている.現在までに様々な再送手法が提案されているが,それぞれ適したネットワークの状況やマルチキャストグループの規模は異なる.本研究では,時間的に変化するネットワーク状況や受信ホスト数に対応し,その状況に適した再送手法を選択する高信頼性マルチキャストプロトコルを提案する.提案プロトコルでは,隣接する他の受信ホストまでのホップ数である分岐距離という指標を用いて再送手法の決定を行う.幾つかの再送手法を単独で用いた場合と提案プロトコルをシュミレーションして比較した結果,提案プロトコルの配信完了所要時間が減少したことを確認した.

    CiNii

  • 公共空間におけるハンドオフ時間短縮を考慮したBluetoothネットワークの手順に関する一検討

    寺崎暁, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   CQ2003-58   25 - 28  2003年09月

  • 動的再構成可能システムによるAdaptive FECの実装

    清水一範, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会 DAシンポジウム 2003     25 - 30  2003年07月

  • システムLSI設計における定性的側面を考慮したハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割システム

    小田雄一, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 橘昌良, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会 DAシンポジウム 2003     169 - 174  2003年07月

    CiNii

  • 冗長記述を利用したVHDLへの透かし埋め込み手法

    久保ゆきこ, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会 DAシンポジウム 2003     37 - 42  2003年07月

  • System Architecture based on Hardware/Software Codesign for Optimization of Video Encoders

    The 2003 International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems,Computers and Communications    2003年06月

  • System Architecture based on Hardware/Software Codesign for Optimization of Video Encoders

    崔鎮求, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    The 2003 International Technical Conference on Circuits/Systems,Computers and Communications    2003年06月

  • A hardware/software cosynthesis system for processor cores with content addressable memories

    N Togawa, T Totsuka, T Wakui, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E86A ( 5 ) 1082 - 1092  2003年05月

     概要を見る

    Content addressable memory (CAM) is one of the functional memories which realize word-parallel equivalence search. Since a CAM unit is generally used in a particular application program, we consider that appropriate design for CAM units is required depending on the requirements for the application program. This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis system for CAM processors. The input of the system is an application program written in C including CAM functions and a constraint for execution time (or CAM processor area). Its output is hardware descriptions of a synthesized processor and a binary code executed on it. Based on the branch-and-bound method, the system determines which CAM function is realized by a hardware and which CAM function is realized by a software with meeting the given timing constraint (or area constraint) and minimizing the CAM processor area (or execution time of the application program). We expect that we can realize optimal CAM processor design for an application program. Experimental results for several application programs show that we can obtain a CAM processor whose area is minimum with meeting the given timing constraint.

  • A hardware/software cosynthesis system for processor cores with content addressable memories

    N Togawa, T Totsuka, T Wakui, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E86A ( 5 ) 1082 - 1092  2003年05月

     概要を見る

    Content addressable memory (CAM) is one of the functional memories which realize word-parallel equivalence search. Since a CAM unit is generally used in a particular application program, we consider that appropriate design for CAM units is required depending on the requirements for the application program. This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis system for CAM processors. The input of the system is an application program written in C including CAM functions and a constraint for execution time (or CAM processor area). Its output is hardware descriptions of a synthesized processor and a binary code executed on it. Based on the branch-and-bound method, the system determines which CAM function is realized by a hardware and which CAM function is realized by a software with meeting the given timing constraint (or area constraint) and minimizing the CAM processor area (or execution time of the application program). We expect that we can realize optimal CAM processor design for an application program. Experimental results for several application programs show that we can obtain a CAM processor whose area is minimum with meeting the given timing constraint.

  • An Instruction-Set Simulator Generator for SIMD Processor Cores

    Proceedings of workshop SASIMI2003     160 - 167  2003年04月

  • ネットワークスイッチング処理を対象としたCAMプロセッサ自動合成システム

    田中英夫, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    回路とシステム(軽井沢)ワークショップ     435 - 440  2003年04月

  • 不規則なデータパスを持つプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成手法

    宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    回路とシステム(軽井沢)ワークショップ     441 - 446  2003年04月

  • An Instruction-Set Simulator Generator for SIMD Processor Cores

    宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 笠原亨介, 崔鎮求, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    Proceedings of SASIMI2003     160 - 167  2003年04月

  • 閾値検索機能付きCAMプロセッサの最適化手法

    戸塚崇夫, 宮岡祐一郎, 石川裕一朗, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-158   19 - 24  2003年03月

  • SIMD型プロセッサコア向けHW/SW分割におけるSIMD型演算最適化手法

    太刀掛宏一, 宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-157   13 - 18  2003年03月

  • 高位合成システムにおけるスレッド分割を用いた低消費電力化手法

    内田純平, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-156   7 - 12  2003年03月

  • A hardware/software partitioning algorithm for SIMD processor cores

    K Tachikake, N Togawa, Y Miyaoka, J Choi, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     135 - 140  2003年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a new hardware/software partitioning algorithm for processor cores with SIMD instructions. Given a compiled assembly code including SIMD instructions, a timing constraint of execution time, and available hardware units, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with a new assembly code. Firstly, we assume an initial processor core on which an input assembly code can run with the shortest execution time. Secondly we reduce a hardware unit added to a processor core one by one while the timing constraint is satisfied. At the same time, we update the assembly code so that it can run on the new processor configuration. By repeating this process, we finally obtain a processor core architecture with small area under the given timing constraint. We expect that we can obtain a processor core which has appropriate SIMD functional units for running the input application program. The promising experimental results are also shown.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A hardware/software partitioning algorithm for SIMD processor cores

    K Tachikake, N Togawa, Y Miyaoka, J Choi, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     135 - 140  2003年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a new hardware/software partitioning algorithm for processor cores with SIMD instructions. Given a compiled assembly code including SIMD instructions, a timing constraint of execution time, and available hardware units, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with a new assembly code. Firstly, we assume an initial processor core on which an input assembly code can run with the shortest execution time. Secondly we reduce a hardware unit added to a processor core one by one while the timing constraint is satisfied. At the same time, we update the assembly code so that it can run on the new processor configuration. By repeating this process, we finally obtain a processor core architecture with small area under the given timing constraint. We expect that we can obtain a processor core which has appropriate SIMD functional units for running the input application program. The promising experimental results are also shown.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • ハードウェアIPの応答時間を考慮したプロセッサコアのハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割手法

    田川博規, 小原俊逸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-136 ( 609 ) 37 - 42  2003年01月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,ハードウェアIPの応答時間を考慮したプロセッサコアのハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割手法を提案する.我々は対象とするアプリケーションに応じて利用するハードウェアIPを始めに決定した上で,機能・性能に過不足のないプロセッサコアを合成するシステムLSI設計アプローチを提案している.そこで適切な構成をもったプロセッサコアを合成するためには,ハードウェアIPの応答時間を考慮したハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割が有効である.提案手法はハードウェアIPの応答時間を命令レベルで考慮することで既存手法を拡張しており,これによりプロセッサコアとハードウェアIPが独立したタスクを効率良く並列実行することが可能となる.計算機実験により提案手法を評価し,本設計アプローチの有効性を示す.

    CiNii

  • ハードウェアIPの応答時間を考慮したプロセッサコア合成システム

    小原俊逸, 田川博規, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-135 ( 609 ) 31 - 36  2003年01月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,ハードウェアIPの応答時間を考慮したプロセッサコアの合成システムと,これを利用したシステムLSI設計のフレームワークを提案する.ハードウェアIPを利用したシステムLSI設計では,システムLSIに要求される性能に対して必要にして十分な性能のIPが必ずしも用意されているとは限らない.そこでシステムのハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割後,ハードウェアで実現する機能にはIPを用いるが,ソフトウェアを動作させるプロセッサコアにはIPを用いず,アプリケーションに応じて性能に過不足のないプロセッサコアを自動合成する.提案するフレームワークに沿ってJPEGエンコーダを設計し,計算機実験により提案する合成システムとフレームワークの有効性を示す.

    CiNii

  • MPEG-4コアプロファイル符号化向けDSP

    石本剛, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-134   25 - 30  2003年01月

  • A hardware/software partitioning algorithm for SIMD processor cores

    K Tachikake, N Togawa, Y Miyaoka, J Choi, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE     135 - 140  2003年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a new hardware/software partitioning algorithm for processor cores with SIMD instructions. Given a compiled assembly code including SIMD instructions, a timing constraint of execution time, and available hardware units, the proposed algorithm synthesizes an area-optimized processor core with a new assembly code. Firstly, we assume an initial processor core on which an input assembly code can run with the shortest execution time. Secondly we reduce a hardware unit added to a processor core one by one while the timing constraint is satisfied. At the same time, we update the assembly code so that it can run on the new processor configuration. By repeating this process, we finally obtain a processor core architecture with small area under the given timing constraint. We expect that we can obtain a processor core which has appropriate SIMD functional units for running the input application program. The promising experimental results are also shown.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A high-level energy-optimizing algorithm for system VLSIs based on area/time/power estimation

    S Noda, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E85A ( 12 ) 2655 - 2666  2002年12月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a high-level energy-optimizing algorithm which can synthesize low energy system VLSIs. Given an initial system hardware obtained from an abstract behavioral description, the proposed algorithm applies to it the three energy reduction techniques, 1) reducing supply voltage, 2) selecting lower energy modules, and 3) applying gated clocks. By incorporating our area/delay/power estimation, the proposed algorithm can obtain low energy system VLSIs meeting the constraints of area, delay, and execution time. The proposed algorithm has been incorporated into a high-level synthesis system and experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • An algorithm and a flexible architecture for fast block-matching motion estimation

    J Choi, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E85A ( 12 ) 2603 - 2611  2002年12月

     概要を見る

    The motion estimation can choose the most suitable algorithm for different kinds of motion types, formats, and characteristics. The video encoding system can be optimized for quality, speed, and power consumption. In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable approach to a motion estimation algorithm and hardware architecture. The proposed algorithm determines motion type and then selects adapted block-matching algorithm for different kinds of motion sequences. The quality of our algorithm is better than that of the TSS and the BBGDS algorithm, or comparable to the performance of the better of the two, and the computational complexity of our algorithm is significantly less than that of the TSS. We also propose hardware architecture for realizing two kinds of motion estimations in the same hardware. We implemented the flexible and reconfigurable hardware architecture by using address generator unit, delay unit, and parameters and by using the hardware description language (VHDL) and the SYNOPSYS synthesis design tools. We analyze the performance of the algorithm and present adapted algorithm for a low cost real time application.

  • A high-level energy-optimizing algorithm for system VLSIs based on area/time/power estimation

    S Noda, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E85A ( 12 ) 2655 - 2666  2002年12月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a high-level energy-optimizing algorithm which can synthesize low energy system VLSIs. Given an initial system hardware obtained from an abstract behavioral description, the proposed algorithm applies to it the three energy reduction techniques, 1) reducing supply voltage, 2) selecting lower energy modules, and 3) applying gated clocks. By incorporating our area/delay/power estimation, the proposed algorithm can obtain low energy system VLSIs meeting the constraints of area, delay, and execution time. The proposed algorithm has been incorporated into a high-level synthesis system and experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • An algorithm and a flexible architecture for fast block-matching motion estimation

    J Choi, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E85A ( 12 ) 2603 - 2611  2002年12月

     概要を見る

    The motion estimation can choose the most suitable algorithm for different kinds of motion types, formats, and characteristics. The video encoding system can be optimized for quality, speed, and power consumption. In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable approach to a motion estimation algorithm and hardware architecture. The proposed algorithm determines motion type and then selects adapted block-matching algorithm for different kinds of motion sequences. The quality of our algorithm is better than that of the TSS and the BBGDS algorithm, or comparable to the performance of the better of the two, and the computational complexity of our algorithm is significantly less than that of the TSS. We also propose hardware architecture for realizing two kinds of motion estimations in the same hardware. We implemented the flexible and reconfigurable hardware architecture by using address generator unit, delay unit, and parameters and by using the hardware description language (VHDL) and the SYNOPSYS synthesis design tools. We analyze the performance of the algorithm and present adapted algorithm for a low cost real time application.

  • 閾値検索機能を持つCAMプロセッサの自動合成システム

    戸塚崇夫, 石川裕一朗, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-113 ( 476 ) 197 - 192  2002年11月

     概要を見る

    Content Addressable Memory(CAM)を使用したプロセッサを対象とした自動合成システムを提案する.本システムではC言語によるCAMユニットの機能を使用したアプリケーションプログラムを入力とし,CAMプロセッサのハードウェア記述とCAMプロセッサ上で動作するバイナリコードを出力する.一致検索や閾値検索機能を持つ機能の異なる10種類のCAMセルアレーから合成することで,アプリケーションに適したCAMプロセッサを設計できる.計算機上に本システムを構築し,アプリケーションプログラムの入力によってCAMプロセッサのハードウェア記述およびバイナリコードが得られることを確認した.

    CiNii

  • 動的再構成可能システムによるプロトコルブースタの実装

    清水一範, 陳暁梅, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-103   127 - 132  2002年11月

  • ストリーミングを主目的としたアクセスネットワークでの最大許容遅延を考慮した制御方式

    柳澤政生, 佐藤隆之, 戸川望, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告,MoMuC   2-Jul ( 251 ) 13 - 18  2002年07月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,Bluetoothを用いたストリーミングを主目的としたアクセスネットワーク環境を考える.一般に無線回線は有線回線と比べてパケットの欠落が多いためストリーミングデータの劣化が起こる.人間の耳は100[ms]程度の遅延時間は感知しないという特徴がある。そこでデータに許容可能な遅延時間を考え,許容遅延時間以内でエラー訂正可能ならばエラー訂正することで,ストリーミングデータの劣化が抑えられうと考えられる.Bluetoothを用いたアクセスネットワークの環境では,一般的にサーバの存在する回線側は端末の存在するBluetooth回線側と比べて通信速度が速いという特徴がある.そのためエラー訂正等で増えるサーバ側回線の通信量がストリーミングデータへ与える影響は少ないと考えられ,この手法はBluetoothを用いたアクセスネットワークの環境での利用に適していると考える.本稿では上記の特徴を使って最大許容遅延という指標を導入し,再送処理・帯域制御することで品質の良いストリーミングデータ伝送することを提案する.さらに,計算機実験によってその有効性を示す。

    CiNii

  • 仮想IP類推機構を有する動画像処理向けシステムVLSIのためのハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割システム

    小田雄一, 磯田新平, 戸川望, 橘昌良, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会 DAシンポジウム 2002     173 - 178  2002年07月

  • A Software/Hardware Codesign for MPEG Encoder

    FIT(Forum on Information Technology)2002    2002年06月

  • System-level Function and Architecture Codesign for Optimization of MPEG Encoder

    ITC-CSCC'02    2002年06月

  • Packed SIMD 型命令を持つプロセッサを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムのための並列化コンパイル手法

    鈴木伸治, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-78 ( 168 ) 79 - 84  2002年06月

     概要を見る

    Packed SIMD型命令を持つプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムSPADE-simdでは,Packed SIMD型命令を持つプロセッサを対象とした並列化コンパイラが必要となる.この並列化コンパイラは,まず,SPADE-simdが対象とするプロセッサコアにおいて,付加可能な全てのハードウェアを持つ仮想的なプロセッサを仮定する.仮想プロセッサ上で,入力アプリケーションの命令レベル並列性をPacked SIMD型命令を用いて最大限に抽出し,アセンブリコードを出力する.並列化コンパイラの出力により,合成するプロセッサの初期構成が得られる.本稿では,並列化コンパイラの中核をなすレジスタ内SIMD並列化アルゴリズム,命令併合アルゴリズムを提案する.レジスタ内SIMD並列化アルゴリズムは,入力アプリケーションの命令レベル並列性を抽出し,レジスタ内に低精度データを梱包・整列することでPacked SIMD型命令を利用する.命令併合アルゴリズムは,複数のPacked SIMD型命令を1命令に併合し,シフト・飽和演算を含むPacked SIMD型命令やPacked SIMD型乗加算命令を利用可能とする.提案手法により,アプリケーションの命令レベル並列性をPacked SIMD型命令を用いて抽出し,高速化したアセンブリコードを出力する.提案手法を用いて計算機上に並列化コンパイラを実装し,有効性を評価する.

    CiNii

  • Packed SIMD型命令セットを持った画像処理プロセッサのためのハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割手法

    太刀掛宏一, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2002-53 ( 168 ) 85 - 90  2002年06月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,Packed SIMD型命令セットを持った画像処理プロセッサを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムSPADE-simdにおけるハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割手法を提案する.画像処理では,プロセッサの基本ピット幅に比較して小さいビット幅を持ったデータを演算対象とする.Packed SIMD型命令は1つの演算器を用いて複数の小ピットデータに対する演算を実行するため,画像処理に適用することでデータの並列演算による処理の高速化が可能となる.アプリケーションプログラムに記述される全てのPacked SIMD型命令について,命令実行機能をプロセッサコアに含まれる対応Packed SIMD型演算器のいずれかに割り当てる.割り当てられた命令の組合せに応じて,各々のPacked SIMD型演算器のハードウェア構成は変更が可能である.プロセッサに付加されるPacked SIMD型演算器の命令実行機能構成を適切に決定することで,演算器およびプロセッサコアのハードウェアコストを削減することができる.計算機実験により提案手法を評価し,結果を報告する.

    CiNii

  • A Software/Hardware Codesign for MPEG Encoder

    崔鎮求, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    FIT(Forum on Information Technology)2002    2002年06月

  • System-level Function and Architecture Codesign for Optimization of MPEG Encoder

    崔鎮求, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    ITC-CSCC'02    2002年06月

  • モバイル環境における一対多通信 −シミュレーションによるFTPとSRMの比較−

    佐藤隆之, 柳生健吾, 戸川望, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告,MoMuC   2-Jun   33 - 38  2002年05月

  • ディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサのためのシミュレータ生成手法

    笠原亨介, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会論文誌   vol.43 No.5   1202 - 1213  2002年05月

  • Packed SIMD型命令を持つプロセッサを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムのためのハードウェアユニット生成手法

    宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会論文誌   vol.43 No.5 ( 5 ) 1191 - 1201  2002年05月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,Packed SIMD型命令を持つプロセッサを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムのためのハードウェアユニット生成手法を提案する.ハードウェアユニットを複数の部分機能を実現するハードウェアの組合せで構成することにより,与えられた命令集合を実行できるハードウェアユニットの構成を,高速に複数列挙し,ハードウェアユニットの面積と遅延を見積もることができ,Packed SIMD型命令を持つプロセッサコアを協調合成システムにより得ることができるようになる.計算機実験により本手法の有効性を評価した.This paper proposes a hardware unit generation algorithm for ahardware/software cosynthesis system of digital signal processors withpacked SIMD type instructions. Given a set of instructions, the proposedalgorithm extracts a set of subfunctions to be required by the hardwareunit and generates more than one architecture candidates for hardwareunits. The algorithm also outputs the estimated area and delay of eachof the generated hardware units. The execution time of the proposedalgorithm is very short and thus it can be easily incorporated into theprocessor core synthesis system. Experimental results demonstrateeffectiveness and efficiency of the alogorithm.

    CiNii

  • High-level area/delay/power estimation for low power system VLSIs with gated clocks

    S Noda, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E85A ( 4 ) 827 - 834  2002年04月

     概要を見る

    At high-level synthesis for system VLSIs, their power consumption is efficiently reduced by applying gated clocks to them. Since using gated clocks causes the reduction of power consumption and the increase of area/delay, estimating tradeoff between power and area/delay by applying gated clocks is very important. In this paper. we discuss the amount of variance of area, delay and power by applying gated clocks. We propose a simple gate-level circuit model and estimation equations. We vary parameters in our proposed circuit model, and evaluate power consumption by back-annotating gate-level simulation results to the original circuit. This paper also proposes a conditional expression for applying gated clocks The expression shows whether or not we can reduce power consumption by applying gated clocks. We confirm the accuracy of proposed estimation equations by experiments.

  • DSPプロセッサコアのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムのための演算語長縮小化手法

    田川博規, 嶋下和宏, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ     429 - 434  2002年04月

  • High-level area/delay/power estimation for low power system VLSIs with gated clocks

    S Noda, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E85A ( 4 ) 827 - 834  2002年04月

     概要を見る

    At high-level synthesis for system VLSIs, their power consumption is efficiently reduced by applying gated clocks to them. Since using gated clocks causes the reduction of power consumption and the increase of area/delay, estimating tradeoff between power and area/delay by applying gated clocks is very important. In this paper. we discuss the amount of variance of area, delay and power by applying gated clocks. We propose a simple gate-level circuit model and estimation equations. We vary parameters in our proposed circuit model, and evaluate power consumption by back-annotating gate-level simulation results to the original circuit. This paper also proposes a conditional expression for applying gated clocks The expression shows whether or not we can reduce power consumption by applying gated clocks. We confirm the accuracy of proposed estimation equations by experiments.

  • 制御処理ハードウェア高位合成のためのコントロールデータフローグラフ変形手法

    石井哲雄, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2001-165 ( 695 ) 41 - 48  2002年03月

     概要を見る

    制御処理ハードウェアの高位合成システムにおける,ハードウェアの実行時間の削減を実現するコントロールデータフローグラフ変形手法を提案する.本高位合成システムは,アプリケーションプログラム記述から,状態数が最小で且つ高速な演算器が割り当てられ高速に動作する初期状態、遷移グラフを初期ハードウェア候補として出力する.提案するコントロールデータフローグラフ変形手法は2つのアプローチにより,(1)初期状態遷移グラフの実行クロックサイクル数の削減,(2)初期状態遷移グラフのクロック周期の削減,を実現する.(1)を部分コントロールデータフローグラフの複製処理によるパス長の削減により実現する.(2)を一算術演算処理内のメモリ読み込み処理と演算処理を異なるイタレーションに分散させるパイプライン実行により実現する.計算機実験により提案手法の有効性を示す.

    CiNii

  • IP再利用を考慮した動画像処理システムVLSI向けハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割設計支援システム

    磯田新平, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2001-164 ( 695 ) 33 - 40  2002年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,1)類推列挙機構を有し,2)定性指標を考慮した,動画像処理向けVLSIを対象とするハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調設計システムを提案する.本システムでは,過去に設計したIPをデータベースに蓄積し,類推列挙に利用する.類推列挙とは,データベースに存在するIPから,その並列処理の度合いを変化させたときの面積/遅延の変化を類推する機能のことである.定性指標とは,他のハードウェア部品との接続しやすさといった,面積/時間/電力以外の定性的な指標のことである.1)を導入することで仮想的に解候補数を増やすことができ,面積/時間制約を満たす解が得られやすくなる.2)を導入することで定量指標が同等な解候補の中から,設計コストの低い候補を選ぶことができる.これらの機能を含むシステムを構築し,計算機実験によってその有効性を示す.

    CiNii

  • Packed SIMD 型演算器を持つディジタル信号処理プロセッサのためのリターゲッタブルシミュレータ生成手法

    笠原亨介, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2001-162   24 - 17  2002年03月

  • VLSI architecture for a flexible motion estimation with parameters

    J Choi, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    ASP-DAC/VLSI DESIGN 2002: 7TH ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE AND 15TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON VLSI DESIGN, PROCEEDINGS     452 - 457  2002年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    If motion estimation can choose the most suitable algorithm according to the changing characteristics of input image signals, we can get benefits, which improve quality and performance, reduce power consumption, and an optimize system. In this paper we propose a reconfigurable approach to motion estimation algorithm and architecture. The propose algorithm determines motion type and then selects adapted algorithm in order to improve quality and performance of images. We implemented the flexible and reconfigurable architecture by hardware with address generator unit, delay unit, and parameters. Our architecture supports more than one block-matching algorithm and parameters providing to optimize system. We are implementing our architecture by using hardware description language (VHDL) and synthesis design tools. We analyze the performance of architecture and present adaption to algorithm for a low cost real time application.

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An algorithm of hardware unit generation for processor core synthesis with packed SIMD type instructions

    Y Miyaoka, A Choi, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    APCCAS 2002: ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 1, PROCEEDINGS     171 - 176  2002年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Let us consider to synthesize a processor core with SIMD instructions by a hardware/software cosynthesis system. The system is required to configure functional units executing SIMD instructions and obtain the area and delay of the functional units to evaluate the synthesized processor core. This paper proposes a hardware unit generation algorithm for a hardwaxe/software cosynthesis system of processors with SIMD instructions. Given a set of instructions to be executed by a hardware unit and constraints for area and delay of the hardware unit, the proposed algorithm extracts a set of subfunctions to be required by the hardware unit and generates more than one architecture candidates for the hardware unit. The algorithm also outputs the estimated area and delay of each of the generated hardware units. The execution time of the proposed algorithm is very short and thus it can be easily incorporated into the processor core synthesis system. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • An algorithm of hardware unit generation for processor core synthesis with packed SIMD type instructions

    Y. Miyaoka, J. Choi, N. Togawa, M. Yanagisawa, T. Ohtsuki

    IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems, Proceedings, APCCAS   1   171 - 176  2002年

     概要を見る

    The authors consider the synthesis of a processor core with SIMD instructions by a hardware/software cosynthesis system. The system is required to configure functional units executing SIMD instructions and obtain the area and delay of the functional units to evaluate the synthesized processor core. This paper proposes a hardware unit generation algorithm for a hardware/software cosynthesis system of processors with SIMD instructions. Given a set of instructions to be executed by a hardware unit and constraints for area and delay of the hardware unit, the proposed algorithm extracts a set of subfunctions to be required by the hardware unit and generates more than one architecture candidates for the hardware unit. The algorithm also outputs the estimated area and delay of each of the generated hardware units. The execution time of the proposed algorithm is very short and thus it can be easily incorporated into the processor core synthesis system. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • An algorithm of hardware unit generation for processor core synthesis with packed SIMD type instructions

    Y Miyaoka, A Choi, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    APCCAS 2002: ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 1, PROCEEDINGS     171 - 176  2002年

     概要を見る

    Let us consider to synthesize a processor core with SIMD instructions by a hardware/software cosynthesis system. The system is required to configure functional units executing SIMD instructions and obtain the area and delay of the functional units to evaluate the synthesized processor core. This paper proposes a hardware unit generation algorithm for a hardwaxe/software cosynthesis system of processors with SIMD instructions. Given a set of instructions to be executed by a hardware unit and constraints for area and delay of the hardware unit, the proposed algorithm extracts a set of subfunctions to be required by the hardware unit and generates more than one architecture candidates for the hardware unit. The algorithm also outputs the estimated area and delay of each of the generated hardware units. The execution time of the proposed algorithm is very short and thus it can be easily incorporated into the processor core synthesis system. Experimental results demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • ロジック入力用レベルシフトコンパレーター設計考察

    宮崎英敏, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫, 茨木栄武, 新谷悟

    電子回路研究会,ETC-02-16     13 - 17  2002年01月

  • システムVLSIのための高位面積/遅延/消費電力見積もりに基づく低消費電力指向高位合成手法

    野田真一, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2001-144 ( 577 ) 93 - 100  2002年01月

     概要を見る

    本稿では, 面積/遅延/実行時間の制約を満たしながら低消費電力なシステムVLSIを合成可能な高位合成システムを提案する.低消費電力化手法として, 1)電源電圧の低減, 2)低消費電力なモジュールの選択, 3)Gated Clockの3つの手法を採用した.一般に, これら3つの手法の適用により消費電力は低減可能であるが, 面積/遅延/実行時間は増加してしまう.提案する手法では, 面積/遅延/実行時間の変化量を予測することによって, これらの各制約を満たしながら初期ハードウェアよりも消費電力を低減したハードウェアを合成することができる.さらに, 計算機実験により消費電力が低減されていることを確認した.

    CiNii

  • A new hardware/software partitioning algorithm for DSP processor cores with two types of register files

    N Togawa, T Sakurai, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E84A ( 11 ) 2802 - 2807  2001年11月

     概要を見る

    This letter proposes a hardware/software partitioning algorithm for digital signal processor cores with two register files. Given a compiled assembly code and a timing constraint of execution time, the proposed algorithm generates a processor core configuration with a new assembly code running on the generated processor core. The proposed algorithm considers two register files and determines the number of registers in each of register files. Moreover the algorithm considers two or more types of functional units for each arithmetic or logical operation and assigns functional units with small area to a processor core without causing performance penalty. A generated processor core will have small area compared with processor cores which have a single register file or those which consider only one type of functional units for each operation. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

  • Area and delay estimation in hardware/software cosynthesis for digital signal processor cores

    N Togawa, Y Kataoka, Y Miyaoka, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E84A ( 11 ) 2639 - 2647  2001年11月

     概要を見る

    Hardware/software partitioning is one of the key processes in a hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores. In hardware/software partitioning, area and delay estimation of a processor core plays an unportant role since the hardware/software partitioning process must determine which part of a processor core should be realized by hardware units and which part should be realized by a sequence of instructions based on execution time of an input application program and area of a synthesized processor core. This paper proposes area and delay estimation equations for digital signal processor cores. For area estimation, we show that total area for a processor core can be derived from the sum of area for a processor kernel and area for additional hardware units. Area for a processor kernel can be mainly obtained by minimum area for a processor kernel and overheads for adding hardware units and registers. Area for a hardware unit can be mainly obtained by its type and operation bit width. For delay estimation, we show that critical path delay for a processor core can be derived from the delay of a hardware unit which is on the critical path in the processor core. Experimental results demonstrate that errors of area estimation are less than 2% and errors of delay estimation are less than 2 ns when comparing estimated area and delay with logic-synthesized area and delay.

  • メモリとのインターフェース仕様を考慮した演算語長縮小に基づくプロセッサコアのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システム

    嶋下和宏, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2001-110 ( 467 ) 127 - 132  2001年11月

     概要を見る

    演算語長をnビットからn/2ビットに縮小することでプロセッサの面積削減を図る.一般的に, このときnビットの結果を得るには少なくとも2回の演算命令を実行しなければならない.しかし, ここでアプリケーションプログラムの内部変数のデータ長がn/2ビットのみであると仮定する.このとき, 演算命令を一度実行するだけで結果を得られる.我々の提案しているハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムでは, これまで, アプリケーションプログラムのデータ長はプロセッサコアの演算語長と等しいことを前提としていた.本稿では, 演算語長を縮小する手法を提案する.この手法は, 内部変数の演算精度に応じて各nビットの演算命令を1つ, もしくは2つ以上のn/2ビットの演算命令に繰り返し置き換える.

    CiNii

  • A new hardware/software partitioning algorithm for DSP processor cores with two types of register files

    N Togawa, T Sakurai, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E84A ( 11 ) 2802 - 2807  2001年11月

     概要を見る

    This letter proposes a hardware/software partitioning algorithm for digital signal processor cores with two register files. Given a compiled assembly code and a timing constraint of execution time, the proposed algorithm generates a processor core configuration with a new assembly code running on the generated processor core. The proposed algorithm considers two register files and determines the number of registers in each of register files. Moreover the algorithm considers two or more types of functional units for each arithmetic or logical operation and assigns functional units with small area to a processor core without causing performance penalty. A generated processor core will have small area compared with processor cores which have a single register file or those which consider only one type of functional units for each operation. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

  • Area and delay estimation in hardware/software cosynthesis for digital signal processor cores

    N Togawa, Y Kataoka, Y Miyaoka, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E84A ( 11 ) 2639 - 2647  2001年11月

     概要を見る

    Hardware/software partitioning is one of the key processes in a hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores. In hardware/software partitioning, area and delay estimation of a processor core plays an unportant role since the hardware/software partitioning process must determine which part of a processor core should be realized by hardware units and which part should be realized by a sequence of instructions based on execution time of an input application program and area of a synthesized processor core. This paper proposes area and delay estimation equations for digital signal processor cores. For area estimation, we show that total area for a processor core can be derived from the sum of area for a processor kernel and area for additional hardware units. Area for a processor kernel can be mainly obtained by minimum area for a processor kernel and overheads for adding hardware units and registers. Area for a hardware unit can be mainly obtained by its type and operation bit width. For delay estimation, we show that critical path delay for a processor core can be derived from the delay of a hardware unit which is on the critical path in the processor core. Experimental results demonstrate that errors of area estimation are less than 2% and errors of delay estimation are less than 2 ns when comparing estimated area and delay with logic-synthesized area and delay.

  • A Hardware/Software Cosynthesis System for CAM Processors

    SASIMI2001    2001年10月

  • A Hardware/Software Cosynthesis System for CAM Processors

    戸川望, 涌井達彦, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    SASIMI2001    2001年10月

    CiNii

  • Implementation of Motion Estimation IP Core for MPEG Encoder

    ITC-CSCC 2001    2001年07月

  • Packed SIMD型命令を持つプロセッサを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムのためのハードウェアユニット生成手法

    宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会 DAシンポジウム 2001     223 - 228  2001年07月

    CiNii

  • ディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサのためのシミュレータ生成手法

    笠原亨介, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会 DAシンポジウム 2001     137 - 142  2001年07月

    CiNii

  • Implementation of Motion Estimation IP Core for MPEG Encoder

    崔鎮求, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    ITC-CSCC 2001    2001年07月

    CiNii

  • An area/time optimizing algorithm in high-level synthesis of control-based hardwares

    N Togawa, M Ienaga, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E84A ( 5 ) 1166 - 1176  2001年05月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes an area/time optimizing algorithm in a high-level synthesis system for control-based hardwares. Given a call graph whose node corresponds to a control flow of an application program. the algorithm generates a set of state-transition graphs which represents the input call graph under area and timing constraint. In the algorithm. first state-transition graphs which satisfy only timing constraint are generated and second they are transformed so that they can satisfy area constraint. Since the algorithm is directly applied to control-flow graphs, it can deal with control flows such as bitwise processed and conditional branches. Further, the algorithm synthesizes more than one hardware architecture candidates from a single call graph for an application program. Designers of an application program can select several good hardware architectures among candidates depending on multiple design criteria. Experimental results for several control-based hardwares demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • An area/time optimizing algorithm in high-level synthesis of control-based hardwares

    N Togawa, M Ienaga, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E84A ( 5 ) 1166 - 1176  2001年05月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes an area/time optimizing algorithm in a high-level synthesis system for control-based hardwares. Given a call graph whose node corresponds to a control flow of an application program. the algorithm generates a set of state-transition graphs which represents the input call graph under area and timing constraint. In the algorithm. first state-transition graphs which satisfy only timing constraint are generated and second they are transformed so that they can satisfy area constraint. Since the algorithm is directly applied to control-flow graphs, it can deal with control flows such as bitwise processed and conditional branches. Further, the algorithm synthesizes more than one hardware architecture candidates from a single call graph for an application program. Designers of an application program can select several good hardware architectures among candidates depending on multiple design criteria. Experimental results for several control-based hardwares demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • ディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサコアのPacked SIMD型ハードウェアユニット生成手法

    宮岡祐一郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2001-2 ( 45 ) 7 - 13  2001年05月

     概要を見る

    1個のbビット演算ユニットを用いてn個のb/nビット演算を実現するPacked SIMD型命令は画像処理などに有効である. Packed SIMD型命令を持つプロセッサコアをハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムによって合成するとき, 必要な命令が実行できるPacked SIMD型演算ユニットを構成し面積と遅延を高速に見積もることが要求される. そこで, 本稿では複数のハードウェアユニットを高速に構成するPakced SIMD型ハードウェアユニット生成手法を提案する. 本手法は, 1つのハードウェアユニットで実行される命令の集合と, 生成されるハードウェアユニットの面積と遅延の制約を入力とし, ハードウェアユニットに必要となる部分機能を抽出して, その部分機能を実現するハードウェアを組み合わせることでハードウェアユニット構成を複数列挙し面積と遅延の見積もり値を出力する. 提案手法を計算機上に実装しPacked SIMD型演算ユニットに適用した結果を示しその有効性を評価する.

    CiNii

  • Gated Clockによる低消費電力化システムVLSIの高位面積/遅延/消費電力見積り

    野田真一, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会第14回 回路とシステム(軽井沢)ワークショップ     591 - 596  2001年04月

  • ソフトIPのための保護アルゴリズム

    堀川哲郎, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会第14回 回路とシステム(軽井沢)ワークショップ     411 - 416  2001年04月

  • システムLSIを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割システム

    小田龍之介, 磯田新平, 戸川望, 橘昌良, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2000-140 ( 646 ) 37 - 42  2001年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿では設計資産の再利用が実現するシステムLSIを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割システムを提案する。システムはアーキテクチャデータベースと実現可能割付け系で構成される。アーキテクチャデータベースはアルゴリズム名と既設計事例を対応付けるデータベースである。アプリケーションは機能ブロック図で表す。機能ブロック図は機能モジュールと機能モジュールの接続関係からなり,各機能モジュールにはアルゴリズム名を与える。実現可能割付け系にアプリケーションの実行時間制約と機能ブロック図を入力として与える。実現可能割付け系は時間制約を満たすモジュール-既設計事例割付けを全て列挙する。MPEG-4エンコーダを入力とした適用事例を示す。

    CiNii

  • 画像処理を対象としたPacked SIMD型命令セットを持つプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムにおける並列化Cコンパイラ

    野々垣直浩, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2000-139 ( 646 ) 31 - 36  2001年03月

     概要を見る

    画像処理アプリケーションの性能向上を目的として多くの汎用およびディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサで拡張命令セットが提供されている。主にこの機能拡張はPacked SIMD型の命令の追加によるものである。Packed SIMD型命令を用いることで,アプリケーションのデータ並列性を活用することができる。Packed SIMD型命令は多くの種類が存在するが,アプリケーションは限られた命令しか使用しない。そこでプロセッサをアプリケーションスペシフィック合成をすることで,実行時間制約を満足するプロセッサの面積を大きく削減することができる。本稿では,Packed SIMD型命令セットをもつプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムとそのコンパイラのレジスタ内SIMD並列化アルゴリズムを提案する。C言語によるアプリケーション記述とアプリケーションデータを入力とし,プロセッサのハードウェア記述,プロセッサ上で動作するオブジェクトコードおよびソフトウェア環境を出力とする。並列化コンパイラはプロセッサコアに付加可能な全てのハードウェアを付加したプロセッサ上で動作するオブジェクトコードを生成する。コンパイラは命令レベル並列性,レジスタ内SIMD並列性を抽出し,実行時間の最小化を目指す。計算機実験によって本コンパイラを評価した結果を報告する。

    CiNii

  • 制御処理ハードウェアの高位合成システムのための面積/遅延見積もり手法

    余田貴幸, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会研究報告   2001-SLDM-100-4,pp.25-32 ( 12 ) 25 - 32  2001年02月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,制御処理ハードウェアの高位合成システムのための面積/遅延見積もり手法を提案する.面積/遅延見積もりでは本システム構成の1つである面積/時間最適化において構築された状態遷移グラフを入力としてその状態遷移グラフに対する面積見積もり値および遅延見積もり値を出力する.提案見積もり手法では状態数および演算器の種類に依存した見積もり式を定式化することでハードウェアの制御部分を含めた面積,遅延の見積もり値を得ている.提案手法をハフマン符号化を始めとするいくつかの制御処理アプリケーションプログラムに適用し,その有効性を評価する.This paper proposes an area/delay estimation technique in high-level synthesis for control flow based hardwares. At area/delay estimation, the input is the state-transition graph, which is generated by the area/time optimizing. The output is estimated area and delay value for the state-transition graph. Our estimation technique gives area and delay including control part of hardware, using an estimation equation. The equation has been decided by number of operations, number of states and type of operations. Experimental results for several control-based hardware demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the technique.

    CiNii

  • RC等価回路に基づくクロストーク低減配線手法

    曽根原理仁, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会研究報告   2001-SLDM-100-3,pp.17-24   17 - 24  2001年02月

    CiNii

  • Area/delay estimation for digital signal processor cores

    Y Miyaoka, Y Kataoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASP-DAC 2001: ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE 2001     156 - 161  2001年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Hardware/software partitioning is one of the key processes in a hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores. In hardware/software partitioning, area and delay estimation of a processor core plays an important role since the hardware/software partitioning process must determine which part of a processor core should be realized by hardware units and which part should be realized by a sequence of instructions based on execution time of an input application program and area of a synthesized processor core. This paper proposes area and delay estimation equations for digital signal processor cores. For area estimation, we show that total area for a processor core can be derived from the sum of area for a processor kernel and area for additional hardware units. Area for a processor kernel can be mainly obtained by minimum area for a processor kernel and overheads for adding hardware units and registers. Area for a hardware unit can be mainly obtained by its type and operation bit width. For delay estimation, we show that critical path delay for a processor core can be derived from the delay of a hardware unit which is on the critical path in the processor core. Experimental results demonstrate that errors of area estimation are less than 2% and errors of delay estimation are less than 2ns when comparing estimated area and delay with logic-synthesized area and delay.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • 発見的算法と分枝限定法を用いた時間的予測に基づくリソースバイディング

    中村洋, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2000-119 ( 532 ) 17 - 24  2001年01月

     概要を見る

    本稿では, ディジタル信号処理ハードウェアのデータパス設計を対象とした計算時間予測に基づき解を導出するリソースバインディング手法を提案する.提案手法は, 発見的算法に基づくリソースバインダと分枝限定法に基づくリソースバインダを組み合わせたものである.まず, 発見的算法に基づくリソースバインダが割り当てるリソース数を変化させ, 残りのリソースを分枝限定法に基づくリソースバインダで割り当てた場合, 計算時間がどのように増減するかを予測する.その予測に基づき, 設計者の与える計算時間制約を満足するように発見的算法に基づくリソースバインダで割り当てるリソース数を決定し, 実際に割当を実行する.残りのリソースの割当を分枝限定法に基づくリソースバインダで決定することにより, 最終的なリソースバインディングの解を得る.計算機実験により, 本手法の有効性を確認する.

    CiNii

  • FPGAを用いた動的再構成可能システムを対象とするスケジューリング手法

    石飛貴志, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2000-115   33 - 40  2001年01月

    CiNii

  • パラメータ付けされた動的再構成可能システムとその応用

    香西伸治, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2000-114 ( 531 ) 25 - 32  2001年01月

     概要を見る

    近年, システムの動作中にシステムの一部の論理を書き換える動的再構成可能システムが研究されている.従来, 動的再構成可能システムはそのハードウェア構成が固定されており, そのため, 特定のアプリケーションに適用するにはそのシステム上の構成では機能が冗長, あるいは, 不足するという問題があった.本研究では, これらの問題を解決するためにパラメータ付けされた動的再構成可能システムを提案する.提案する動的再構成可能システムはPCIインターフェース部, 演算を実行する機能部, それらを制御する制御部から成る.機能部の処理速度や回路規模, 再構成時間, ピン数などのデバイス構成やデバイス間の接続方式はアプリケーションに応じて可変である.デバイスのパラメータにはその性能に応じてコストが割り当てられておりユーザの指定した制約コスト内での最速処理をするデバイスのパラメータとそのデバイスから成るシステム構成の決定が可能である.本研究ではアプリケーションの適用例として画像符号化処理とパケット処理を挙げ, システムの有効性を評価する.

    CiNii

  • Area/delay estimation for digital signal processor cores

    Y Miyaoka, Y Kataoka, N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASP-DAC 2001: ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE 2001     156 - 161  2001年

     概要を見る

    Hardware/software partitioning is one of the key processes in a hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores. In hardware/software partitioning, area and delay estimation of a processor core plays an important role since the hardware/software partitioning process must determine which part of a processor core should be realized by hardware units and which part should be realized by a sequence of instructions based on execution time of an input application program and area of a synthesized processor core. This paper proposes area and delay estimation equations for digital signal processor cores. For area estimation, we show that total area for a processor core can be derived from the sum of area for a processor kernel and area for additional hardware units. Area for a processor kernel can be mainly obtained by minimum area for a processor kernel and overheads for adding hardware units and registers. Area for a hardware unit can be mainly obtained by its type and operation bit width. For delay estimation, we show that critical path delay for a processor core can be derived from the delay of a hardware unit which is on the critical path in the processor core. Experimental results demonstrate that errors of area estimation are less than 2% and errors of delay estimation are less than 2ns when comparing estimated area and delay with logic-synthesized area and delay.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • CAM processor synthesis based on behavioral descriptions

    N Togawa, T Wakui, T Yoden, M Terajima, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E83A ( 12 ) 2464 - 2473  2000年12月

     概要を見る

    CAM (Content Addressable Memory) units are generally designed so that thc) carl be applied to variety of application programs. However, if a particular application runs on CAM units, some functions in CAM units may be often used and other functions may never be used. We consider that appropriate design for CAM units is required depending on the requirements for a given application program. This paper proposes a CAM processor synthesis system based on behavioral descriptions. The input of the system is an application programs written in C including CAM functions, and its output is hardware descriptions of a synthesized processor and a binary code executed on it. Since the system determines functions in CAM units and synthesizes a CAM processor depending on the requirements of an application program, we expect that a synthesized CAM processor can execute the application program with small processor area and delay. Experimental results demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness.

  • CAM processor synthesis based on behavioral descriptions

    N Togawa, T Wakui, T Yoden, M Terajima, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E83A ( 12 ) 2464 - 2473  2000年12月

     概要を見る

    CAM (Content Addressable Memory) units are generally designed so that thc) carl be applied to variety of application programs. However, if a particular application runs on CAM units, some functions in CAM units may be often used and other functions may never be used. We consider that appropriate design for CAM units is required depending on the requirements for a given application program. This paper proposes a CAM processor synthesis system based on behavioral descriptions. The input of the system is an application programs written in C including CAM functions, and its output is hardware descriptions of a synthesized processor and a binary code executed on it. Since the system determines functions in CAM units and synthesizes a CAM processor depending on the requirements of an application program, we expect that a synthesized CAM processor can execute the application program with small processor area and delay. Experimental results demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness.

  • CAMプロセッサを対象とするハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システム

    涌井達彦, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2000-84   89 - 94  2000年11月

    CiNii

  • 機能メモリを使用したプロセッサの面積/遅延見積もり手法

    余傅達彦, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD2000-83   83 - 88  2000年11月

  • 制御処理ハードウェアの高位合成システムのための面積/時間最適化アルゴリズム

    家長真行, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム2000     27 - 32  2000年07月

  • A Behavioral Synthesis System for Processors with Content Addressable Memories

    涌井達彦, 余傅達彦, 寺島信, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    Proc.SASIMI2000     56 - 63  2000年04月

  • システムVLSIの動作合成におけるレイアウト面積・遅延見積もり手法

    諏訪勝, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会第13回回路とシステム(軽井沢)ワークショップ     125 - 130  2000年04月

    CiNii

  • A hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores with two types of register files

    N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E83A ( 3 ) 442 - 451  2000年03月

     概要を見る

    In digital signal processing, bit width of intermediate variables should be longer than that of input and output variables in order to execute intermediate operations with high precision. Then a processor cole for digital signal processing is required to have two types of register files, one of which is used by input and output variables and the other one is used by intermediate variables. This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores with two types of register files. Given an application program and its data, the system synthesizes a hardware description of a processor cure, an object code running on the processor core, and software environments. A synthesized processor core can be composed of a processor kernel, multiple data memory buses, hardware loop units, addressing units, and multiple functional units. Furthermore it can have two types of register files RF1 and RF2. The bit width and number of registers in RF1 or RF2 will be determined based on a given application program. Thus a synthesized processor core will have small area with keeping high precision of intermediate operations compared with a processor core with only one register file. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.

  • 歩行者を対象とした地図データ配信システムにおける専用プロセッサの設計と評価

    伊澤義貴, 濱未希子, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD99-267 ( 658 ) 15 - 22  2000年03月

     概要を見る

    歩行者を対象とする地図データ配信システムとはベクトル型の地図データを格納する地図サーバ, アンテナを設置している基地局, 及び歩行者が所持している複数個の携帯端末から構成されるシステムである.歩行者はGPSにより位置情報を取得し, 位置情報を基地局を通し地図サーバに送信する.地図サーバは位置を中心とする地図データを基地局を通し, 携帯端末に送信する.本稿では, 携帯端末の位置情報が地図サーバに与えられたとき, 位置情報を中心とする質問長方形の内部に含まれる, または交差する地図データを探索する地図データ探索問題を取り上げる.これを高速に処理する地図サーバ専用プロセッサとして連想メモリを適用した地図サーバプロセッサおよび専用ハードウェアを持った地図サーバプロセッサを提案する.それぞれのプロセッサハードウェアをハードウェア記述言語で記述し, これらを論理合成することで, ハードウェアコスト, クリティカルパス遅延を見積もり, プロセッサの性能を評価した結果を報告する.

    CiNii

  • FPGAを用いた動的再構成可能システムと暗号化アルゴリズムへの応用

    羽切崇, 戸川望, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD99-266  2000年03月

    CiNii

  • A hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores with two types of register files

    N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E83A ( 3 ) 442 - 451  2000年03月

     概要を見る

    In digital signal processing, bit width of intermediate variables should be longer than that of input and output variables in order to execute intermediate operations with high precision. Then a processor cole for digital signal processing is required to have two types of register files, one of which is used by input and output variables and the other one is used by intermediate variables. This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores with two types of register files. Given an application program and its data, the system synthesizes a hardware description of a processor cure, an object code running on the processor core, and software environments. A synthesized processor core can be composed of a processor kernel, multiple data memory buses, hardware loop units, addressing units, and multiple functional units. Furthermore it can have two types of register files RF1 and RF2. The bit width and number of registers in RF1 or RF2 will be determined based on a given application program. Thus a synthesized processor core will have small area with keeping high precision of intermediate operations compared with a processor core with only one register file. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.

  • An area/time optimizing algorithm in high-level synthesis for control-based hardwares

    Nozomu Togawa, Masayuki Ienaga, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    Proceedings of the Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference, ASP-DAC     309 - 312  2000年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes an area/time optimizing algorithm in high-level synthesis for control-based hardwares. Given a call graph whose node corresponds to a control flow of an application program, the algorithm generates a set of state-transition graphs which represents the input call graph under area and timing constraint. In the algorithm, first state-transition graphs which satisfy only timing constraint are generated and second they are transformed so that they can satisfy area constraint. Since the algorithm is directly applied to control-flow graphs, it can deal with control flows such as bit-wise processes and conditional branches. Further, the algorithm synthesizes more than one hardware architecture candidates from a single call graph for an application program. Designers of an application program can select several good hardware architectures among candidates depending on multiple design criteria. Experimental results for several control-based hardwares demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm. © 2000 IEEE.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A hardware/software partitioning algorithm for digital signal processor cores with two types of register files

    N Togawa, T Sakurai, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    2000 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS     544 - 547  2000年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a hardware/software partitioning algorithm for digital signal processor cores with two register files. Given a compiled assembly code and a timing constraint of execution time, the proposed algorithm generates a processor core configuration with a new assembly code running on the generated processor core. The proposed algorithm considers two register files and determines the number of registers in each of register files. Moreover the algorithm considers two or more functional units for each arithmetic or logical operation and assigns functional units with small area to a processor core without causing performance penalty. A generated processor core will have small area compared with processor cores which have a single register file or those which have only one functional unit for each operation. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

  • A Behavioral Synthesis System for Processors with Content Addressable Memories

    Proc. SASIMI 2000     56 - 63  2000年

  • A hardware/software partitioning algorithm for digital signal processor cores with two types of register files

    N Togawa, T Sakurai, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    2000 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS   pp.544-547   544 - 547  2000年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a hardware/software partitioning algorithm for digital signal processor cores with two register files. Given a compiled assembly code and a timing constraint of execution time, the proposed algorithm generates a processor core configuration with a new assembly code running on the generated processor core. The proposed algorithm considers two register files and determines the number of registers in each of register files. Moreover the algorithm considers two or more functional units for each arithmetic or logical operation and assigns functional units with small area to a processor core without causing performance penalty. A generated processor core will have small area compared with processor cores which have a single register file or those which have only one functional unit for each operation. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

  • An area/time optimizing algorithm in high-level synthesis for control-based hardwares

    戸川望, 家長真行, 柳澤政生, 大附辰夫

    Proceedings of IEEE Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference 2000 (ASP-DAC 2000)    2000年01月

  • A simultaneous placement and routing algorithm for FPGAs with power optimization

    Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers   9;1,2   99 - 112  1999年12月

    DOI

  • A hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores

    N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E82A ( 11 ) 2325 - 2337  1999年11月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores and a hardware/software partitioning algorithm which is one of the key issues for the system. The target processor has a VLIW-type core which can be composed of a processor kernel, multiple data memory buses (X-bus and Y-bus), hardware loop units, addressing units, and multiple functional units. The processor kernel includes five pipeline stages (RISC-type kernel) or three pipeline stages (DSP-type kernel). Given an application program written in the C language and a set of application data, the system synthesizes a processor core by selecting an appropriate kernel (RISC-type or DSP-type kernel) and required hardware units according to the application program/data and the hardware costs. The system also generates the object code for the application program and a software environment (compiler and simulator) for the processor core. The experimental results demonstrate that the system synthesizes processor cores effectively according to the features of an application program and the synthesized processor cores execute most application programs with the minimum number of clock cycles compared with several existing processors.

  • 2種類のレジスタファイルを持つディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割手法

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD99-76  1999年11月

  • ディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサコアの面積/遅延見積り手法

    片岡 義治, 吉澤 大, 戸川 望, 柳澤 政生, 大附 辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD99-75 ( 475 ) 1 - 8  1999年11月

     概要を見る

    2種類のレジスタファイルを持つディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムでは,ハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割の評価値として,アプリケーションプログラムの実行時間の見積り値と生成されるプロセッサコアの面積の見積り値が必要となる.これら見積り値を得るためには,実際にシステムを用いてハードウェアユニットを変化させ得られたプロセッサコア記述を論理合成ツールで論理合成した結果を解析し,見積り式を導出する必要がある.本稿では,プロセッサコアの面積見積り式および遅延見積り式の導出方法とその検証結果について報告する.面積見積り式の導出では,まず,プロセッサコアの面積がプロセッサカーネルとカーネルに付加されるハードウェアユニットの面積の和として表されることを示す.しかも,プロセッサカーネルの面積が付加するハードウェアユニットに依存する部分と汎用レジスタ数に依存する部分に分離して考えられる点に注目する.導出した面積見積り式によるプロセッサコアの面積見積り値は,論理合成結果後の面積値と比較して,誤差を2%程度に抑えられることが分かった.遅延見積り式の導出では,クリティカルパスを構成する演算器ごとに見積り式を導出することにより誤差を小さくできることを示す.導出した遅延見積り式によるプロセッサコアの1クロック周期は,論理合成結果後の1クロック周期と比較して,誤差を2ns以下に抑えられることが分かった.

    CiNii

  • A hardware/software cosynthesis system for digital signal processor cores

    IEICE Trans. on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E82-A;11   2325 - 2337  1999年11月

  • 制御処理ハードウェアの高位合成システムのための面積/時間最適化アルゴリム

    家長 真行, 戸川 望, 柳澤 政生, 大附 辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術報告   VLD99-66 ( 317 ) 15 - 22  1999年09月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,制御処理ハードウェアの高位合成システムのための面積/時間最適化アルゴリズムを提案する.面積/時間最適化アルゴリズムは,入力としてコールグラフおよびコールグラフを構成するコントロールフローグラフ集合を取り,面積制約および時間制約のもとに,コールグラフ全体を表す状態遷移グラフ集合を合成する.まず,時間制約のみを満足する状態遷移グラフを構築し,その後,面積制約を満足するよう状態遷移グラフを変換する.提案アルゴリズムは,コントロールフローグラフを直接的に操作するため,ビット処理および条件分岐処理といった制御処理を扱うことができ,しかも,アプリケーションプログラム全体を表す1個のコールグラフから,面積制約および時間制約を満足する複数個のハードウェア候補を列挙することができる.提案アルゴリズムをハフマン符号化を始めとする,いくつかの制御処理アプリケーションプログラムに適用し,その有効性を評価する.

    CiNii

  • 制御処理を主体としたハードウェア記述生成手法

    横山正幸

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム'99論文集    1999年07月

    CiNii

  • 制御処理を主体としたハードウェアを対象とする高位合成システムとその適用

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム'99論文集    1999年07月

  • 2種類のレジスタファイルを持ったディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システム

    電子情報通信学会第12回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集    1999年04月

  • 分枝限定法に基づく最適解を保証するリソースバインディング手法

    情報処理学会論文誌   40;4   1565 - 1577  1999年04月

  • A depth-constrained technology mapping algorithm for logic-blocks composed of tree-structured LUTs

    N Togawa, K Ara, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E82A ( 3 ) 473 - 482  1999年03月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a fast depth-constrained technology mapping algorithm for logic-blocks composed of tree-structured lookup tables. First, we propose a technology mapping algorithm which minimizes the number of logic-blocks if an input Boolean network is a tree. Second, we propose a technology mapping algorithm which minimizes logic depth for any input Boolean network. Finally, we combine those two technology mapping algorithms and propose an algorithm which realizes technology mapping whose depth is bounded by a given upper bound d(c). Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

  • FPGAを用いた再構成可能システムとその応用

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD98;143  1999年03月

  • A depth-constrained technology mapping algorithm for logic-blocks composed of tree-structured LUTs

    N Togawa, K Ara, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E82A ( 3 ) 473 - 482  1999年03月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a fast depth-constrained technology mapping algorithm for logic-blocks composed of tree-structured lookup tables. First, we propose a technology mapping algorithm which minimizes the number of logic-blocks if an input Boolean network is a tree. Second, we propose a technology mapping algorithm which minimizes logic depth for any input Boolean network. Finally, we combine those two technology mapping algorithms and propose an algorithm which realizes technology mapping whose depth is bounded by a given upper bound d(c). Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

  • A simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for FPGAS with power optimization

    N Togawa, K Ukai, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    JOURNAL OF CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS   9 ( 1-2 ) 99 - 112  1999年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for FPGAs with power optimization. The algorithm is based on hierarchical bipartitioning of layout regions and sets of logic-blocks. When bipartitioning a layout region, pseudo-blocks are introduced to preserve connections if there exist connections between bipartitioned logic-block sets. A global route is represented by a sequence of pseudo-blocks. Since pseudo-blocks and logic-blocks can be dealt with equally, placement and global routing are processed simultaneously. The algorithm gives weights to nets with high switching probabilities and attempts to assign the blocks connected by weighted nets to the same region. Thus their length is shortened and the power consumption of a whole circuit can be reduced. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

    DOI

  • A simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for FPGAS with power optimization

    N Togawa, K Ukai, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    JOURNAL OF CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS   9 ( 1-2 ) 99 - 112  1999年02月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for FPGAs with power optimization. The algorithm is based on hierarchical bipartitioning of layout regions and sets of logic-blocks. When bipartitioning a layout region, pseudo-blocks are introduced to preserve connections if there exist connections between bipartitioned logic-block sets. A global route is represented by a sequence of pseudo-blocks. Since pseudo-blocks and logic-blocks can be dealt with equally, placement and global routing are processed simultaneously. The algorithm gives weights to nets with high switching probabilities and attempts to assign the blocks connected by weighted nets to the same region. Thus their length is shortened and the power consumption of a whole circuit can be reduced. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

    DOI

  • 2種類のレジスタファイルを持ったディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムとその並列化コンパイラ

    中村剛, 戸川 望, 柳澤 政生, 大附 辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   FTS98;132   71 - 78  1999年02月

     概要を見る

    ディジタル信号処理において高い演算精度を保つためには, 演算の途中結果は入カ系列のビット幅より大きなビット幅を持つ必要がある. ディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサが2種類のレジスタファイルを持てば, 演算精度を保ち, しかも小さいハードウェア面積でディジタル信号処理アプリケーションを実現することができる. 本稿では, レジスタビット幅の異なる2種類のレジスタファイルを持ったディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムおよびその並列化コンパイラを提案する. 本システムはアプリケーションプログラムのC言語記述およびアプリケーションデータを入力とし, プロセッサのハードウェア記述, プロセッサ上で動作するオブジェクトコードおよびソフトウェア環境を出力とする. 並列化コンパイラは, 与えられたC言語記述からターゲットアーキテクチャで想定される全てのハードウェアユニットを持つプロセッサ上で動作するアセンブリコードを出力する. この際, アプリケーションが持つ並列度を最大限に抽出し, 実行時間の最小化を目指す. さらに2つのデータ型から変数を2種類のレジスタファイルに割り当て, 演算精度を保つアセンブリコードを生成できる. 計算機実験によって本システムを評価した結果を報告する.

    CiNii

  • A hardware/software partitioning algorithm for processor cores of digital signal processing

    N Togawa, T Sakurai, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF ASP-DAC '99     335 - 338  1999年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A hardware/software cosynthesis system for processor cores of digital signal processing has been developed. This paper focuses on a hardware/software partitioning algorithm which is one of the Rey issues in the system. Given an input assembly code generated by the compiler in the system, the proposed hardware/software partitioning algorithm first determines the types and the numbers of required hardware units, such as multiple functional units, hardware loop units, and particular addressing units, for a processor core (initial resource allocation). Second, the hardware units determined at initial resource allocation are reduced one by one while the assembly code meets a given timing constraint (configuration of a processor core). The execution time of the assembly code becomes longer but the hardware costs for a processor core to execute it becomes smaller. Finally, it outputs an optimized assembly code and a processor configuration. Experimental results demonstrate that the system synthesizes processor cores effectively according to the features of an application program/data.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A hardware/software partitioning algorithm for processor cores of digital signal processing

    N Togawa, T Sakurai, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF ASP-DAC '99     335 - 338  1999年

     概要を見る

    A hardware/software cosynthesis system for processor cores of digital signal processing has been developed. This paper focuses on a hardware/software partitioning algorithm which is one of the Rey issues in the system. Given an input assembly code generated by the compiler in the system, the proposed hardware/software partitioning algorithm first determines the types and the numbers of required hardware units, such as multiple functional units, hardware loop units, and particular addressing units, for a processor core (initial resource allocation). Second, the hardware units determined at initial resource allocation are reduced one by one while the assembly code meets a given timing constraint (configuration of a processor core). The execution time of the assembly code becomes longer but the hardware costs for a processor core to execute it becomes smaller. Finally, it outputs an optimized assembly code and a processor configuration. Experimental results demonstrate that the system synthesizes processor cores effectively according to the features of an application program/data.

  • A high-level synthesis system for digital signal processing based on data-flow graph enumeration

    N Togawa, T Hisaki, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E81A ( 12 ) 2563 - 2575  1998年12月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a high-level synthesis system for datapath design of digital signal processing hardwares. The system consists of four phases: (I) DFG (data-flow graph) generation, (2) scheduling, (3) resource binding, and (4) HDL (hardware description language) generation. In (1), the system does not generate only one best DFG representing a given behavioral description of a hardware, but more than one good DFGs representing it. In (2) and (3), several synthesis tools can be incorporated into the system depending on the required objectives. Thus we can obtain more than one datapath candidates for a behavioral description with their area and performance evaluation. In (4), the best datapath design is selected among those candidates and its hardware description is generated. The experimental results for applying the system to several benchmarks show the effectiveness and efficiency.

  • FPGAのマクロブロックを対象とした配置概略配線同時処理手法

    情報処理学会研究報告   98-DA;90  1998年12月

  • A high-level synthesis system for digital signal processing based on data-flow graph enumeration

    N Togawa, T Hisaki, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E81A ( 12 ) 2563 - 2575  1998年12月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a high-level synthesis system for datapath design of digital signal processing hardwares. The system consists of four phases: (I) DFG (data-flow graph) generation, (2) scheduling, (3) resource binding, and (4) HDL (hardware description language) generation. In (1), the system does not generate only one best DFG representing a given behavioral description of a hardware, but more than one good DFGs representing it. In (2) and (3), several synthesis tools can be incorporated into the system depending on the required objectives. Thus we can obtain more than one datapath candidates for a behavioral description with their area and performance evaluation. In (4), the best datapath design is selected among those candidates and its hardware description is generated. The experimental results for applying the system to several benchmarks show the effectiveness and efficiency.

  • Maple-opt: A performance-oriented simultaneous technology mapping, placement, and global routing algorithm for FPGA's

    N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS   17 ( 9 ) 803 - 818  1998年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A new held programmable gate array (FPGA) design algorithm, Maple-opt, is proposed for technology mapping, placement, and global routing subject to a given upper bound of critical signal path delay. The basic procedure of Maple-opt is viewed as top-down hierarchical bipartition of a layout region. In each bipartitioning step, technology mapping onto logic blocks of FPGA's, their placement, and global routing are determined simultaneously, which leads to a more congestion-balanced layout for routing, In addition, Maple-opt is capable of estimating a lower bound of the delay for a constrained path and of extracting critical paths based on the difference between the lower bounds and given constraint values in each bipartitioning step. Two delay-reduction procedures for the critical paths are applied; routing delay reduction and logic-block delay reduction, The routing delay reduction is done by assigning each constrained path to a single subregion when bipartitioning a region. The logic-block delay reduction is done by mapping each constrained path onto a smaller number of logic blocks, Experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate that Maple-opt reduces the maximum number of tracks per channel by a maximum of 38% compared with existing algorithms while satisfying almost all the path delay constraints.

    DOI J-GLOBAL

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • 最適解を保証するリソースバインディング手法

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム'98論文集    1998年07月

  • A fast scheduling algorithm based on gradual time-frame reduction for datapath synthesis

    N Togawa, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E81A ( 6 ) 1231 - 1241  1998年06月

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a fast scheduling algorithm based on gradual lime-frame reduction for datapath synthesis of digital signal processing hardwares. The objective of the algorithm is to minimize the costs for functional units and registers and to maximize connectivity under given computation time and initiation interval. Incorporating the connectivity in a scheduling stage can reduce multiplexer counts in resource binding. The algorithm maximizes connectivity with maintaining low time complexity and obtains datapath designs with totally small hardware costs in the high-level synthesis environment. The algorithm also resolves inter-iteration data dependencies and thus realizes pipelined datapaths. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm reduces the multiplexer counts after resource binding with maintaining low costs for functional units and registers compared with eight conventional schedulers.

  • An FPGA layout reconfiguration algorithm based on global routes for engineering changes in system design specifications

    N Togawa, K Hagi, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E81A ( 5 ) 873 - 884  1998年05月

     概要を見る

    Rapid system prototyping is one of the main applications for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). At the stage of rapid system prototyping, design specifications can often be changed since they cannot be determined completely. In this paper, layout design change is focused on and a layout reconfiguration algorithm is proposed for FPGAs. The target FPGA architecture is developed for transport processing. In order to implement more various circuits flexibly it has three-input lookup tables (LUTs) as minimum logic cells. Since its logic granularity is finer than that of conventional FPGAs, it requires more routing resources to connect them and minimization of routing congestion is indispensable. In layout reconfiguration, the main problem is to add LUTs to initial layouts. Our algorithm consists of two steps: For given placement and global routing of LUTs, in Step 1 an added LUT is placed with allowing that the position of the added LUT may overlap that of a preplaced LUT; Then in Step 2 preplaced LUTs are moved to their, adjacent positions so that the overlap of the LUT positions can be resolved. Global routes are updated corresponding to reconfiguration of placement. The algorithm keeps routing congestion small by evaluating global routes directly both in Steps 1 and 2. Especially in Step 2, if the minimum number of preplaced LUTs are moved to their adjacent positions, our algorithm minimizes routing congestion. Experimental results demonstrate that, if the number of added LUTs is at most 20% of the number of initial LUTs, our algorithm generates the reconfigured layouts whose routing congestion is as small as that obtained by executing a conventional placement and global routing algorithm. Run time of our algorithm is within approximately one second.

  • 分布定数回路の遅延感度解析に基づくクロック配線最適化手法

    中嶋 雄一郎, 鈴木 将貴, 戸川 望, 柳澤 政生, 大附 辰夫

    情報処理学会研究報告   98-DA;88 ( 43 ) 21 - 28  1998年05月

     概要を見る

    本稿では,枝配線部分に分布定数回路を適応したクロック配線を対象とする遅延感度解析を確立し,本解析に基づくクロック配線最適化手法を提案する.同期式ディジタル回路では,回路動作の安定性や消費電力の問題等から,各フリップフロップへのクロックの供給は同時に行われることが求められる.特に近年の高速動作する集積回路では,クロック配線の善し悪しがシステムの性能に繋がるため,より正確に遅延時間を見積もることが必要となる.本手法では正確な遅延を算出するために,分布定数回路に基づきクロック配線の各シンクに対する遅延感度を算出する.算出値から,線形計画法により各配線長の最適解を求める.本手法の計算機実験した結果を報告し,手法の有効性を検証する.In synchronous digital circuit systems, a clock signal is needed to arrive at each flip-flop simultaneously in order to operate a circuit correctly. Particularly in a circuit operating with high clock frequency, since the circuit performance is directly dependent on the clock tree layout, we need more accurate delay analysis. This paper establishes delay sensitivity analysis for clock tree modeled by distributed constant circuits and proposes a clock tree optimization algorithm based on this analysis. Experimental results show efficiency and effectiveness of this algorithm.

    CiNii

  • An FPGA layout reconfiguration algorithm based on global routes for engineering changes in system design specifications

    N Togawa, K Hagi, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E81A ( 5 ) 873 - 884  1998年05月

     概要を見る

    Rapid system prototyping is one of the main applications for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). At the stage of rapid system prototyping, design specifications can often be changed since they cannot be determined completely. In this paper, layout design change is focused on and a layout reconfiguration algorithm is proposed for FPGAs. The target FPGA architecture is developed for transport processing. In order to implement more various circuits flexibly it has three-input lookup tables (LUTs) as minimum logic cells. Since its logic granularity is finer than that of conventional FPGAs, it requires more routing resources to connect them and minimization of routing congestion is indispensable. In layout reconfiguration, the main problem is to add LUTs to initial layouts. Our algorithm consists of two steps: For given placement and global routing of LUTs, in Step 1 an added LUT is placed with allowing that the position of the added LUT may overlap that of a preplaced LUT; Then in Step 2 preplaced LUTs are moved to their, adjacent positions so that the overlap of the LUT positions can be resolved. Global routes are updated corresponding to reconfiguration of placement. The algorithm keeps routing congestion small by evaluating global routes directly both in Steps 1 and 2. Especially in Step 2, if the minimum number of preplaced LUTs are moved to their adjacent positions, our algorithm minimizes routing congestion. Experimental results demonstrate that, if the number of added LUTs is at most 20% of the number of initial LUTs, our algorithm generates the reconfigured layouts whose routing congestion is as small as that obtained by executing a conventional placement and global routing algorithm. Run time of our algorithm is within approximately one second.

  • ツリー状に接続されたLUTを対象とした深さ制約付きテクノロジーマッピング手法

    電子情報通信学会第11回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集    1998年04月

  • パイプラインプロセッサのハードウェア記述自動生成手法

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD97;117  1998年03月

  • ディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサの自動合成システムにおける並列化コンパイラ

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD97;116  1998年03月

  • ディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサのハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システム

    戸川 望, 桜井 崇志, 柳澤 政生, 大附 辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD97;115 ( 576 ) 17 - 24  1998年03月

     概要を見る

    本稿では, ディジタル信号処理向けプロセッサを対象としたハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システムおよびシステムの核となるハードウェア/ソフトウェア分割手法を提案する.合成されるプロセッサは, 複数個の命令を同時に実行すルVLIWタイプのプロセッサであり, プロセッサカーネルに加えて, 複数個のデータメモリバス構成(Xバス, Yバス)、ハードウェアループ, アドレッシングユニット、複数個の演算器を取ることを可能とする.これらの中からアプリケーションプログラム, データおよびハードウェアコストに応じて, 適当なハードウェアを選択することが可能となる.しかも、5段階のパイプラインステージ(RISC型と呼ぶ)あるいは3段階のパイプラインステージ(DSP型)を取ることにより, RISCアーキテクチャに向くアプリケーションからDSPアーキテクチャに向くアプリケーションに対応してプロセッサを合成する.計算機実験により本システムを評価した結果を報告する.

    CiNii

  • 平成9年度(第21回)丹羽記念賞

    丹羽記念会    1998年02月

  • An incremental placement and global routing algorithm for field-programmable gate arrays

    N Togawa, K Hagi, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASP-DAC '98 - ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE 1998 WITH EDA TECHNO FAIR '98     519 - 526  1998年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Rapid system prototyping is one of the main applications for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). At the stage of rapid system prototyping, design specifications can often be changed since they cannot always be determined completely. In this paper, layout design change is focused on and a layout reconfiguration algorithm is proposed for FPGAs. In layout reconfiguration, the main problem is to add LUTs to initial layouts. Our algorithm consists of two steps: For given placement and global routing of LUTs, Step 1 places an added LUT with allowing that the position of the added LUT may overlap that of a preplaced LUT; Then Step 2 moves preplaced LUTs to their adjacent positions so that the overlap of the LUT positions can be resolved. Global routes are updated corresponding to reconfiguration of placement. The algorithm keeps routing congestion small by evaluating global routes directly both in Steps 1 and 2. Especially in Step 2, if the minimum number of preplaced LUTs are moved to their adjacent positions, our algorithm minimizes routing congestion. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

    DOI

  • A high-level synthesis system for digital signal processing based on enumerating data-flow graphs

    N Togawa, T Hisaki, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASP-DAC '98 - ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE 1998 WITH EDA TECHNO FAIR '98     265 - 274  1998年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a high-level synthesis system for datapath design of digital signal processing hardwares. The system consists of four phases: (1) DFG (data-flow graph) generation, (2) scheduling, (3) resource binding, and (4) HDL (hardware description language) generation. In (1), the system does not generate only one best DFG representing a given behavioral description of a hardware, but more than one good DFGs representing it. In (2) and (3), several synthesis tools can be incorporated into the system depending on the required objectives. Thus we can obtain more than one datapath candidates for a behavioral description with their area and performance evaluation. In (4), the best datapath design is selected among those candidates and its hardware description is generated. The experimental results for applying the system to several benchmarks show the effectiveness and efficiency.

    DOI

  • A Fast Scheduling Algorithm Based on Gradual Time-Frame Reduction for Datapath Synthesis

    IEICE Trans on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences   E81-A/6   1231 - 1240  1998年

  • A simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for FPGAs with power optimization

    N Togawa, K Ukai, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    APCCAS '98 - IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS     125 - 128  1998年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a, simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for FPGAs with power optimization. The algorithm is based on hierarchical bipartitioning of layout regions and sets of logic-blocks. When bipartitioning a layout region, pseudo-blocks are introduced to preserve connections if there exist connections between bipartitioned logic-block sets. A global route is represented by a sequence of pseudo-blocks, Since pseudo-blocks and logic-blocks can be dealt with equally, placement and global routing are processed simultaneously. The algorithm gives weights to the nets with high switching probabilities and assigns the blocks connected by weighted nets to the same region. Thus their length is shortened and the power consumption of a whole circuit can be reduced. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • Maple-opt: A performance-oriented simultaneous technology mapping, placement, and global routing algorithm for FPGA's

    Nozomu Togawa, Masao Yanagisawa, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems   17 ( 9 ) 803 - 818  1998年

     概要を見る

    A new field programmable gate array (FPGA) design algorithm, Maple-opt, is proposed for technology mapping, placement, and global routing subject to a given upper bound of critical signal path delay. The basic procedure of Mapleopt is viewed as top-down hierarchical bipartition of a layout region. In each bipartitioning step, technology mapping onto logic blocks of FPGA's, their placement, and global routing are determined simultaneously, which leads to a more congestionbalanced layout for routing. In addition, Maple-opt is capable of estimating a lower bound of the delay for a constrained path and of extracting critical paths based on the difference between the lower bounds and given constraint values in each bipartitioning step. Two delay-reduction procedures for the critical paths are applied
    routing delay reduction and logic-block delay reduction. The routing delay reduction is done by assigning each constrained path to a single subregion when bipartitioning a region. The logic-block delay reduction is done by mapping each constrained path onto a smaller number of logic blocks. Experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate that Maple-opt reduces the maximum number of tracks per channel by a maximum of 38% compared with existing algorithms while satisfying almost all the path delay constraints. © 1998 IEEE.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • An incremental placement and global routing algorithm for field-programmable gate arrays

    N Togawa, K Hagi, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASP-DAC '98 - ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE 1998 WITH EDA TECHNO FAIR '98     519 - 526  1998年

     概要を見る

    Rapid system prototyping is one of the main applications for field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). At the stage of rapid system prototyping, design specifications can often be changed since they cannot always be determined completely. In this paper, layout design change is focused on and a layout reconfiguration algorithm is proposed for FPGAs. In layout reconfiguration, the main problem is to add LUTs to initial layouts. Our algorithm consists of two steps: For given placement and global routing of LUTs, Step 1 places an added LUT with allowing that the position of the added LUT may overlap that of a preplaced LUT; Then Step 2 moves preplaced LUTs to their adjacent positions so that the overlap of the LUT positions can be resolved. Global routes are updated corresponding to reconfiguration of placement. The algorithm keeps routing congestion small by evaluating global routes directly both in Steps 1 and 2. Especially in Step 2, if the minimum number of preplaced LUTs are moved to their adjacent positions, our algorithm minimizes routing congestion. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm.

  • A high-level synthesis system for digital signal processing based on enumerating data-flow graphs

    N Togawa, T Hisaki, M Yanagisawa, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASP-DAC '98 - ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE 1998 WITH EDA TECHNO FAIR '98     265 - 274  1998年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a high-level synthesis system for datapath design of digital signal processing hardwares. The system consists of four phases: (1) DFG (data-flow graph) generation, (2) scheduling, (3) resource binding, and (4) HDL (hardware description language) generation. In (1), the system does not generate only one best DFG representing a given behavioral description of a hardware, but more than one good DFGs representing it. In (2) and (3), several synthesis tools can be incorporated into the system depending on the required objectives. Thus we can obtain more than one datapath candidates for a behavioral description with their area and performance evaluation. In (4), the best datapath design is selected among those candidates and its hardware description is generated. The experimental results for applying the system to several benchmarks show the effectiveness and efficiency.

  • A performance-oriented circuit partitioning algorithm with logic-block replication for multi-FPGA systems

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    JOURNAL OF CIRCUITS SYSTEMS AND COMPUTERS   7 ( 5 ) 373 - 393  1997年10月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we extend the circuit partitioning algorithm which we had proposed for multi-FPGA systems and present a new algorithm in which the delay of each critical signal path is within a specified upper bound imposed on it. The core of the presented algorithm is recursive bipartitioning of a circuit. The bipartitioning procedure consists of three stages: (0) detection of critical paths; (1) bipartitioning of a set of primary inputs and outputs; and (2) bipartitioning of a set of logic-blocks. In (0), the algorithm computes the lower bounds of delays for paths with path delay constraints and detects the critical paths based on the difference between the lower and upper bounds dynamically in every bipartitioning procedure. The delays of the critical paths are reduced with higher priority. In (1), the algorithm attempts to assign the primary inputs and outputs on each critical path to one chip so that the critical path does not cross between chips. Finally in (2), the algorithm not only decreases the number of crossings between chips but also assigns the logic-blocks on each critical path to one chip by exploiting a network flow technique. The algorithm has been implemented and applied to MCNC PARTITIONING 93 benchmark circuits. The experimental results demonstrate that it resolves almost all path delay constraints while maintaining the maximum number of required I/O blocks per chip small compared with conventional algorithms.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A performance-oriented simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for transport-processing FPGAs

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E80A ( 10 ) 1795 - 1806  1997年10月

     概要を見る

    In layout design of transport-processing FPGAs, it is required that not only routing congestion is kept small but also circuits implemented on them operate with higher operation frequency. This paper extends the proposed simultaneous placement and glob al routing algorithm for transport-processing FPGAs whose objective is to minimize routing congestion and proposes a new algorithm in which the length of each critical signal path (path length) is limited within a specified upper bound imposed on it (path length constraint). The algorithm is based on hierarchical bipartitioning of layout regions and LUT (LookUp Table) sets to be placed. In each bipartitioning, the algorithm first searches the paths with tighter path length constraints by estimating their path lengths. Second the algorithm proceeds the bipartitioning so that the path lengths of critical paths can be reduced. The algorithm is applied to transport-processing circuits and compared with conventional approaches. The results demonstrate that the algorithm satisfies the path length constraints for 11 out of 13 circuits, though it increases routing congestion by an average of 20%. After detailed routing, it achieves 100% routing for all the circuits and decreases a circuit delay by an average of 23%.

  • 連想メモリを搭載したハードウェアエンジンによる故障回路並列故障シミュレーションの高速化手法

    福山 誠一郎, 戸川 望, 佐藤政生, 大附 辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   CPSY97;76 ( 103 ) 81 - 88  1997年10月

     概要を見る

    連想メモリ(CAM: Content Addressable Memory)を搭載したハードウェアエンジンを用いて故障回路並列の故障シミュレーションを実行することにより,シミュレーション時間が逐次型計算機を利用した場合に比べて短縮されることが知られている.これは,連想メモリの一致検索機能や並列書き込み機能等を利用することで,全故障回路を連想メモリ上で並列にシミュレーションできるためである.しかしながら,対象とする回路が大規模化すると,全故障回路を連想メモリ上に同時に記憶できないことがある.従来,全故障回路を連想メモリ上に一度に記憶可能な数毎に分割して処理していたが,その際に必要となる連想メモリとホストコンピュータとの通信がボトルネックとなり,シミュレーション速度向上の妨げとなっていた.本稿では,連想メモリを搭載したハードウェアエンジン上に通信用RAMを設けることで,ホストコンピュータとの通信による遅延を削減する手法を提案し計算機による提案手法の評価結果を報告する.CAM (Content Addressable Memory) can operate word-parallel equivalence search and word-parallel writing. Fault simulation time can be reduced by using a CAM-based hardware engine compared with using a serial computer, since fault circuits can be simulated in parallel on CAM. However, if the size of circuits is larger, we cannot simulate all fault circuits because of limited CAM capacity. In such a case, we can divide the parallel-fault simulation. This simulation needs communication between the hardware engine and host computer, which is a bottleneck of the parallel-fault simulation and decreases fault simulation speed. In this paper, we propose a fast parallel-fault simulation algorithm using a CAM-based hardware engine which has communication RAM. Communication RAM reduces a delay caused by communication between the hardware engine and host computer. Experimental results demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness.

    CiNii

  • Fast scheduling and allocation algorithms for entropy CODEC

    K Suzuki, N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS   E80D ( 10 ) 982 - 992  1997年10月

     概要を見る

    Entropy coding/decoding are implemented on FPGAs as a fast and flexible system in which high-level synthesis technologies are key issues. In this paper, we propose scheduling and allocation algorithms for behavioral descriptions of entropy CODEC. The scheduling algorithm employs a control-flow graph as input and finds a solution with minimal hardware cost and execution time by merging nodes in the control-flow graph. The allocation algorithm assigns operations to operators with various bit lengths. As a result, register-transfer level descriptions are efficiently obtained from behavioral descriptions of entropy CODEC with complicated control flow and variable bit lengths. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithms synthesize the same circuits as manually designed within one second.

  • A performance-oriented simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for transport-processing FPGAs

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E80A ( 10 ) 1795 - 1806  1997年10月

     概要を見る

    In layout design of transport-processing FPGAs, it is required that not only routing congestion is kept small but also circuits implemented on them operate with higher operation frequency. This paper extends the proposed simultaneous placement and glob al routing algorithm for transport-processing FPGAs whose objective is to minimize routing congestion and proposes a new algorithm in which the length of each critical signal path (path length) is limited within a specified upper bound imposed on it (path length constraint). The algorithm is based on hierarchical bipartitioning of layout regions and LUT (LookUp Table) sets to be placed. In each bipartitioning, the algorithm first searches the paths with tighter path length constraints by estimating their path lengths. Second the algorithm proceeds the bipartitioning so that the path lengths of critical paths can be reduced. The algorithm is applied to transport-processing circuits and compared with conventional approaches. The results demonstrate that the algorithm satisfies the path length constraints for 11 out of 13 circuits, though it increases routing congestion by an average of 20%. After detailed routing, it achieves 100% routing for all the circuits and decreases a circuit delay by an average of 23%.

  • 機能メモリを使用したプロセッサを対象とするハードウェア/ソフトウェア協調合成システム

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   CPSY98;85  1997年09月

  • ディジタル信号処理を対象とした高位合成システムにおける高速なスケジューリングアルゴリズム

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム'97論文集    1997年07月

  • スケッチレイアウトシステムにおけるBGAパッケージ配線手法

    回路実装学会誌   12;4   241 - 246  1997年07月

    DOI

  • FPGAを対象とした低消費電力指向配置・概略配線同時処理手法

    鵜飼 薫, 戸川 望, 佐藤 政生, 大附 辰夫

    電子情報通信学会技術研究報告   VLD97;42 ( 141 ) 191 - 198  1997年06月

     概要を見る

    FPGAをコアチップと周辺LSIをつなぐインタフェースに用いることにより, システムLSIの汎用性を増す試みが注目されている. しかしながら, FPGAはゲートアレイ等と比べ消費電力が高く, システムLSI全体の消費電力を削減するにはFPGAを対象に低消費電力化設計手法を構築する必要がある. 本稿ではFPGAを対象とし, 低消費電力化を目的とした配置・概略配線同時処理手法を提案する. 提案手法は, レイアウト領域および配置すべき論理ブロック集合の階層的2分割を基本とする. 分割された領域間に接続要求がある場合, 仮想ブロックを生成することによりブロック間の接続を保持する. 配線を仮想ブロックにより表現することで論理ブロックと同等に扱い, 配置と概略配線とを同時に処理する. スイッチング確率の高いネットに重みを付加し, そのネットに接続されたブロックを同じ領域に割り当てることにより, スイッチング確率の高いネットの配線長を短くし回路全体の消費電力を削減する. 計算機実験により手法の有効性を評価した結果を報告する.

    CiNii

  • システム設計仕様部分的変更を実現する概略配線径路を考慮したFPGA向けレイアウト再構成手法

    電子情報通信学会第10回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ論文集    1997年04月

  • A circuit partitioning algorithm with path delay constraints for multi-FPGA systems

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E80A ( 3 ) 494 - 505  1997年03月

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we extend the circuit partitioning algorithm which we have proposed for multi-FPGA systems and present a new algorithm in which the delay of each critical signal path is within a specified upper bound imposed on it. The core of the presented algorithm is recursive bipartitioning of a circuit. The bipartitioning procedure consists of three stages: 0) detection of critical paths; 1) bipartitioning of a set of primary inputs and outputs; and 2) bipartitioning of a set of logic-blocks. In 0), the algorithm computes the lower bounds of delays for paths with path delay constraints and detects the critical paths based on the difference between the lower and upper bound dynamically in every bipartitioning procedure. The delays of the critical paths are reduced with higher priority. In 1), the algorithm attempts to assign the primary inputs and outputs on each critical path to one chip so that the critical path does not cross between chips. Finally in 2), the algorithm not only decreases the number of crossings between chips but also assigns the logic-blocks on each critical path to one chip by exploiting a network flow technique. The algorithm has been implemented and applied to MCNC PARTITIONING 93 benchmark circuits. The experimental results demonstrate that it resolves almost all path delay constraints with maintaining the maximum number of required I/O blocks per chip small compared with conventional algorithms.

  • A circuit partitioning algorithm with path delay constraints for multi-FPGA systems

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E80A ( 3 ) 494 - 505  1997年03月

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we extend the circuit partitioning algorithm which we have proposed for multi-FPGA systems and present a new algorithm in which the delay of each critical signal path is within a specified upper bound imposed on it. The core of the presented algorithm is recursive bipartitioning of a circuit. The bipartitioning procedure consists of three stages: 0) detection of critical paths; 1) bipartitioning of a set of primary inputs and outputs; and 2) bipartitioning of a set of logic-blocks. In 0), the algorithm computes the lower bounds of delays for paths with path delay constraints and detects the critical paths based on the difference between the lower and upper bound dynamically in every bipartitioning procedure. The delays of the critical paths are reduced with higher priority. In 1), the algorithm attempts to assign the primary inputs and outputs on each critical path to one chip so that the critical path does not cross between chips. Finally in 2), the algorithm not only decreases the number of crossings between chips but also assigns the logic-blocks on each critical path to one chip by exploiting a network flow technique. The algorithm has been implemented and applied to MCNC PARTITIONING 93 benchmark circuits. The experimental results demonstrate that it resolves almost all path delay constraints with maintaining the maximum number of required I/O blocks per chip small compared with conventional algorithms.

  • スケッチレイアウトシステムにおけるBGAパッケージ配線手法

    電子情報通信学会VLSI設計技術研究会   VLD96;96  1997年03月

  • 接続コストの最小化を目的とした高速アロケーション手法

    加藤 健吉, 戸川 望, 佐藤 政生, 大附 辰夫

    電子情報通信学会VLSI設計技術研究会   VLD96;96 ( 556 ) 1 - 8  1997年03月

     概要を見る

    ディジタル信号処理ハードウェアのデータパス設計を対象とした高速なアロケーション手法を提案する.提案手法はレジスタトランスファレベルのアーキテクチャにおける接続コストの最小化を目的とし,(1)2部グラフの最小重みマッチングによるレジスタ割当て,(2)接続確率による演算器割当て,(3)接続確率によるレジスタ再割当てを基本とする.(1),(2),(3)において,常に接続コストの最小化を目的とすることで,比較的高速にしかも最適解に近い解を算出することができる.提案手法を計算機上に実装し評価した結果を報告する.

    CiNii

  • A Circuit Partitioning Alglrithm with Replication Capability for Multi-FPGA Systems

    IEICE Trans,on Fundementals of Eledtronics,Communications and Computer Sciences   E78-A/13   1118 - 1123  1997年

  • A performance-oriented circuit partitioning algorithm with logic-block replication for multi-FPGA systems

    Nozomu Togawa, Masao Sato, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers   7 ( 5 ) 373 - 393  1997年

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we extend the circuit partitioning algorithm which we had proposed for multi-FPGA systems and present a new algorithm in which the delay of each critical signal path is within a specified upper bound imposed on it. The core of the presented algorithm is recursive bipartitioning of a circuit. The bipartitioning procedure consists of three stages: (0) detection of critical paths
    (1) bipartitioning of a set of primary inputs and outputs
    and (2) bipartitioning of a set of logic-blocks. In (0), the algorithm computes the lower bounds of delays for paths with path delay constraints and detects the critical paths based on the difference between the lower and upper bounds dynamically in every bipartitioning procedure. The delays of the critical paths are reduced with higher priority. In (1), the algorithm attempts to assign the primary inputs and outputs on each critical path to one chip so that the critical path does not cross between chips. Finally in (2), the algorithm not only decreases the number of crossings between chips but also assigns the logic-blocks on each critical path to one chip by exploiting a network flow technique. The algorithm has been implemented and applied to MCNC PARTITIONING 93 benchmark circuits. The experimental results demonstrate that it resolves almost all path delay constraints while maintaining the maximum number of required I/O blocks per chip small compared with conventional algorithms.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Simultaneous placement and global routing for transport-processing FPGA layout

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E79A ( 12 ) 2140 - 2150  1996年12月

     概要を見る

    Transport-processing FPGAs have been proposed for flexible telecommunication systems. Since those FPGAs have finer granularity of logic functions to implement circuits on them the amount of routing resources tends to increase. Tn order to keep routing congestion small, it is necessary to execute placement and routing simultaneously. This paper proposes a simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for transport-processing FPGAs whose primary objective is minimizing routing congestion. The algorithm is based on hierarchical bipartition of layout regions and sets of LUTs (LookUp Tables) to be placed. It achieves bipartitioning which leads to small routing congestion by applying a network Bow technique to it and computing a maximum Bow and a minimum cut. If there exist connections between bipartitioned LUT sets, pairs of pseudo-terminals are introduced to preserve the connections. A sequence of pseudo-terminals represents a global route of each net. As a result, both placement of LUTs and global routing are determined when hierarchical bipartitioning procedures are finished. The proposed algorithm has been implemented and applied to practical transport-processing circuits. The experimental results demonstrate that it decreases routing congestion bq an average of 37% compared with a conventional algorithm and achieves 100% routing for the circuits for which the conventional algorithm causes unrouted nets.

  • Dharmaアーキテクチャに基づくFPGAチップの試作

    マイクロエレクトロニクス研究開発機構第15回研究交流会    1996年12月

  • Scheduling and Allocation Algorithms for Entropy CODEC

    SUZUKI K.

    Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Synthesis and System Integration of Mixed Technologies (SASIMI'96)     149 - 154  1996年11月

    CiNii

  • パス長制約を考慮した通信処理用FPGA向け配置・概略配線同時処理手法

    戸川 望, 佐藤 政生, 大附 辰夫

    情報処理学会設計自動化研究会   DA96;81 ( 299 ) 9 - 16  1996年10月

     概要を見る

    通信処理用FPGAを対象としたレイアウト合成では, 配線混雑度を小さく抑えると共に高速動作を可能とした回路設計が要求される. 本稿では, 通信処理用FPGAを対象に配線混雑度最小化を目的として提案された配置・概略配線同時処理手法を拡張し, タイミングがクリティカルな信号パスの長さ (パス長) の最大値を制約として与え, パス長を最大値以内に抑えることを可能とした手法を提案する. 提案手法は階層的2分割に基づく. 各2分割処理は, (0) パス長制約の評価. (1) 端子集合の2分割, (2) LUT集合の2分割, の3段階より構成される. (0)により, パス長制約がより厳しいパスを探索し, (1), (2) でそのようなパスのパス長が優先的に短くなる処理を実行することでパス長制約の満足を目指す. 提案手法をいくつかの通信処理用回路に適用し評価実験した結果を報告する.

    CiNii

  • 高位合成システムを用いた画像符号化アルゴリズムのハードウェア合成法

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム'96論文集    1996年08月

  • データパス設計を対象とした高位合成システム

    戸川望

    情報処理学会DAシンポジウム'96論文集    1996年08月

    CiNii

  • 安藤研究所第9回安藤博記念学術奨励賞

       1996年06月

  • 通信処理用FPGAを対象とした配置・概略配線同時処理手法

    戸川望, 佐藤 政生, 大附 辰夫

    情報処理学会設計自動化研究会   DA96;80   15 - 22  1996年05月

     概要を見る

    本稿では, 通信処理用FPGAを対象に配線混雑度の最小化を目的とした配置・概略配線同時処理手法を提案する. 提案手法は, レイアウト領域および配置すべきLUT(LookUp Table) 集合の階層的2分割を基本とする. ネットワークフローの考えを適用し最大フローによる最小カットを算出することで配線混雑度の小さくなる分割を実現する. この際, 分割されたLUT集合間の結線要求は, 仮想端子と呼ばれる仮想的に導入した端子によって保持される. 仮想端子の並びによって概略配線径路が表される. その結果, 階層分割の終了と共に配置と概略配線とが決定する. 計算機実験により, 提案手法の有効性を評価する.

    CiNii

  • プリント配線板を対象とした二層均等化スペーシング手法

    金井 宏和, 戸川 望, 佐藤政生, 大附 辰夫

    情報処理学会設計自動化研究会   DA96;80 ( 51 ) 9 - 14  1996年05月

     概要を見る

    プリント配線板の設計では,部品を配置した後,部品間を配線する.そのため,必ずしも配置された部品間をすべて配線できるとは限らない.配線設計に先だって,配線が可能になるように配置された部品を移動する処理をスペーシングと呼ぶ.本稿では,基板の両面に部品を配置配線する表面実装技術を用いた二層のプリント配線板を対象としたスペーシング手法を提案する.本手法は,部品間の配線本数に応じて配線に必要な間隔を配線領域に与えるように部品を再配置する.配置された部品同士に重なりなどの設計規則違反がある場合には,配線に必要な間隔を配線領域の確保し,同時に部品の重なりを除去することで,違反を解決する.提案手法を計算機上に実装し,手法の有効性を確認した.In design of printed wiring boards, after parts are placed on them, wires are routed among the parts. Thus all wires cannot always be routed among the placed parts. Spacing is the process to move the preplaced parts so that all wires can be routed. In this paper, we propose a spacing algorithm for double-sided printed wiring boards, on both sides of which parts are placed and wires are routed. The algorithm moves the preplaced parts so as to take the space in proportion to the number of wires among the parts. If the initial layout has violations of the design rules such as overlaps of the preplaced parts, the algorithm resolves the violations, Experimental show that the algorithm is effective.

    CiNii

  • 電子情報通信学会第8回回路とシステム軽井沢ワークショップ研究奨励賞

       1996年04月

  • A simultaneous technology mapping, placement, and global routing algorithm for FPGAs with path delay constraints

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E79A ( 3 ) 321 - 329  1996年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we propose a new FPGA design algorithm, Maple-opt, in which technology mapping, placement, and global routing are executed so that the delay of each critical signal path in an input circuit is within a specified upper bound imposed on it. The basic algorithm of Maple-opt is top-down hierarchical bi-partitioning of regions. Technology mapping onto logic-blocks of FPGAs, their placement, and global routing are determined simultaneously in each hierarchical process. This simultaneity leads to less congested layout For routing. In addition to that, Maple-opt computes a lower bound of delay for each path with a constraint value and determines critical paths based on the difference between the lower bound and the constraint value dynamically in each hierarchical process. Two delay reduction processes are executed for the critical paths; one is routing delay reduction and the other is logic-block delay reduction. Routing delay reduction is realized such that, when bi-partitioning a region, each constrained path is assigned to one subregion. Logic-block delay reduction is realized such that each constrained path is mapped onto fewer logic-blocks. Experimental results for some benchmark circuits show its efficiency and effectiveness.

  • A simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm with path length constraints for transport-processing FPGAs

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASP-DAC '97 - ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE 1997     569 - 578  1996年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In layout design of transport-processing FPGAs, it is required that not only routing congestion is kept small but also circuits implemented on them operate with higher operation frequency. This paper extends the proposed simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for transport-processing FPGAs whose objective is to minimize routing congestion and proposes a new algorithm in which the length of each critical signal path (path length) is limited within a specified upper bound imposed on it (path length constraint). The algorithm is based on hierarchical bipartitioning of layout regions and LUT (LookUp Table) sets to be placed. Each bipartitioning procedure consists of three phases: (0) estimation of path lengths, (1) bipartitioning of a set of terminals, and (2) bipartitioning of a set of LUTs. After searching the paths with tighter path length constraints by estimating path lengths in (0), (1) and (2) are executed so that their path lengths are reduced with higher priority and thus path length constraints are not violated. The algorithm has been implemented and applied to transport-processing circuits compared with conventional approaches. The results demonstrate that the algorithm resolves path length constraints for 11 out of 13 circuits, though it increases routing congestion by an average of 20%. After detailed routing, it achieves 100% routing for all the circuits and decreases a circuit delay by an average of 23%.

    DOI

  • A simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm with path length constraints for transport-processing FPGAs

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASP-DAC '97 - ASIA AND SOUTH PACIFIC DESIGN AUTOMATION CONFERENCE 1997     569 - 578  1996年

     概要を見る

    In layout design of transport-processing FPGAs, it is required that not only routing congestion is kept small but also circuits implemented on them operate with higher operation frequency. This paper extends the proposed simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for transport-processing FPGAs whose objective is to minimize routing congestion and proposes a new algorithm in which the length of each critical signal path (path length) is limited within a specified upper bound imposed on it (path length constraint). The algorithm is based on hierarchical bipartitioning of layout regions and LUT (LookUp Table) sets to be placed. Each bipartitioning procedure consists of three phases: (0) estimation of path lengths, (1) bipartitioning of a set of terminals, and (2) bipartitioning of a set of LUTs. After searching the paths with tighter path length constraints by estimating path lengths in (0), (1) and (2) are executed so that their path lengths are reduced with higher priority and thus path length constraints are not violated. The algorithm has been implemented and applied to transport-processing circuits compared with conventional approaches. The results demonstrate that the algorithm resolves path length constraints for 11 out of 13 circuits, though it increases routing congestion by an average of 20%. After detailed routing, it achieves 100% routing for all the circuits and decreases a circuit delay by an average of 23%.

  • A performance-oriented circuit partitioning algorithm with logic-block replication for multi-FPGA systems

    N Togawa, M Sato, T Ohtsuki

    APCCAS '96 - IEEE ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS '96     294 - 297  1996年

     概要を見る

    This paper proposes a circuit partitioning algorithm in which the delay of each critical signal path is within a specified upper bound. Its core is recursive bipartitioning of a circuit which consists of three stages: 0) detection of critical paths; 1) bipartitioning of a set of primary inputs and outputs; and 2) bipartitioning of a set of logic-blocks. In 0), the algorithm detects the critical paths based on their lower bounds of delays. The delays of the critical paths are reduced with higher priority In 1), the algorithm attempts to assign the primary input and output on each critical path to one chip. In 2), the algorithm not only decreases the number of crossings between chips but also assigns the logic-blocks on each critical path to one chip by exploiting a network flow technique with logic-block replication. The experimental results demonstrate that it resolves almost all path delay constraints with maintaining the maximum number of required I/O blocks per chip small compared with conventional algorithms.

  • Maple-opt: a simultaneous technology mapping, placement, and global routing algorithm FPGAs with performance optimization.

    Nozomu Togawa, Masao Sato, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    Proceedings of the 1995 Conference on Asia Pacific Design Automation, Makuhari, Massa, Chiba, Japan, August 29 - September 1, 1995     319 - 327  1995年  [査読有り]

    DOI CiNii

  • MAPLE - A SIMULTANEOUS TECHNOLOGY MAPPING, PLACEMENT, AND GLOBAL ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAYS

    N TOGAWA, M SATO, T OHTSUKI

    IEICE TRANSACTIONS ON FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER SCIENCES   E77A ( 12 ) 2028 - 2038  1994年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Technology mapping algorithms for LUT (Look Up Table) based FPGAs have been proposed to transfer a Boolean network into logic-blocks. However, since those algorithms take no layout information into account, they do not always lead to excellent results. In this paper, a simultaneous technology mapping, placement and global routing algorithm for FPGAs, Maple, is presented. Maple is an extended version of a simultaneous placement and global routing algorithm for FPGAs, which is based on recursive partition of layout regions and block sets. Maple inherits its basic process and executes the technology mapping simultaneously in each recursive process. Therefore, the mapping can be done with the placement and global routing information. Experimental results for some benchmark circuits demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness.

  • MAPLE - A SIMULTANEOUS TECHNOLOGY MAPPING, PLACEMENT, AND GLOBAL ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR FPGAS

    N TOGAWA, M SATO, T OHTSUKI

    APCCAS '94 - 1994 IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS     554 - 559  1994年  [査読有り]

  • A SIMULTANEOUS PLACEMENT AND GLOBAL ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR FPGAS

    N TOGAWA, M SATO, T OHTSUKI

    1994 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 1     A483 - A486  1994年  [査読有り]

    DOI

  • A simultaneous technology mapping, placement, and global routing algorithm for field-programmable gate arrays.

    Nozomu Togawa, Masao Sato, Tatsuo Ohtsuki

    Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, ICCAD 1994, San Jose, California, USA, November 6-10, 1994     156 - 163  1994年  [査読有り]

    DOI CiNii

▼全件表示

書籍等出版物

  • ハードウェアトロイ検知 ―半導体設計情報に潜むハードウェア版マルウェアの見つけ方―

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    オーム社  2024年11月 ISBN: 9784274232688

  • CMOS VLSI 回路設計 応用編

    ウェスト,ハリス著, 宇佐美公良, 池田誠, 小林和淑監訳, 戸川望他分担共訳( 担当: 共訳)

    丸善出版  2014年01月 ISBN: 9784621087206

  • 組込みシステム概論

    戸川望編著

    CQ出版  2008年02月 ISBN: 9784789845502

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    戦略的イノベーション創造プログラム(SIP)第三期

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  • 量子計算及びイジング計算システムの統合型研究開発

    NEDO 高効率・高速処理を可能とするAIチップ・次世代コンピューティングの技術開発

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  • 攻撃に耐性を持つ機械学習モデルによる設計工程ハードウェアトロイ検知

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