[Korean translation] EU란 무엇인가』（나카무라 타미오 지음 | 박덕영, 윤재훈, 정정민 옮김 | 박영사 | 2018년 05월 30일 출간）（Pakyoung Publishing Company、May, 2018）181 pp.

This two year Research Project was formed by Tamio Nakamura who served as the Head Investigator for the financial year 2002. Due to his research commitment in England for the financial year 2003, the Head Investigator was replaced later by Kenji Hirashima. Nakamura is not mentioned as project member of 2003 in this abstract for this technical reason. Since substantial part of the research was completed and published in the first financial year (2002), it is fair to mention and include Nakamura's contribution to this Project.The European Union (EU) of today covers not only economic matters but also broader political matters, while its institutional settings remain those of the European Economic Community (EEC) established in 1957. Our starting point of this research was to examine whether the mismatch does give rise to legitimacy regulation. Those studies revealed that the mismatch did exist and it has produced grave legitimacy crisis in some cases. The legislative process of the Biotechnology products Patent Directive was particularly the case in point. Our investigation then proceeded to find any unofficial, de-facto, practices by the interested parties at the EU level that are intended to supplement the mismatch so that the essential and legitimate concerns were taken into consideration in the EU decision-making, especially in cross-sector policy issues. We have found several de facto networks and semi-official arrangements of such kind, in the areas of environmental policy and chemical industry regulation.Based on these findings, we finally tried to theorize the whole picture of the institutional evolution of the EU governance that tries to meet the new cross-sector policy issues. It is argued that the EU has developed two different kinds of policy input routes: official route and de-facto specialized route closely linked to, but separate from the official route. The latter grows among the repeated participants in the official negotiation. And the incremental practices of the de-facto route may be formally recognized by the Member States to form an official institutional route after several years of practice when the Member States fin that recognition beneficial to the present official EU system to keep the system stable

The problem of "democratic" governance is, since the difficult ratification process of Maastricht Treaty, of crucial importance to the European integration. Our research aimed at analysing the highly complex process of the European integration, particularly with regard to this problematic aspect. We tried to assemble an interdisciplinary team of specialists both in legal and political sciences.We adopted a two-level approach to the subject. On the one hand, we tried to illustrate the complex interaction between European and national levels. On the other hand, we tried to analyse European impact on national laws and politics, especially in the context of arrangement of different policy-making processes as well as in its implementation processes. Such positive analyses clarify why the problem of "democratic" governance has assumed considerable importance in actual constitutional debate.French and Dutch referenda in 2005 have also shown the paramount importance of the problem of "democratic" governance. But there is not always any consensus on these elementary questions : by what criteria should we judge an European institution to be "democratic", or how can we make European institutions more "democratic"? We tried to bring new light upon the subject analysing the constitutional treaty and French debate.We have published our research results under the featured theme "Democratic Governance of European Integration" in a recently published number of the Journal of Social Science (Vol.57, No.2)

The original aim of the project was to analyze the evolving EU polity in the two different perspectives of policy governance and legal order, focusing on the 'Open Method of Co-ordination' (OMC), by means of which a series of European social policies have recently been addressed. Yet, in order to locate the European social policies in the evolution of the EU, their emergence itself needs explanation in the first place ; the European integration started primarily as the economic integration, while social policies remained within the prerogative of the member states. Therefore, introducing an additional aspect of the balance between economic freedoms and social rights, the project advanced the investigation along the following three lines. 1) What are the mechanisms for social rights to be realized in opposition to the predominant principle of four freedoms of movement? Attention was focused thereby on the three elements, namely, 'positive integration' among the member states in contrast to the 'negative integration', judicial rulings by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), and the transformation of national constitutional orders. 2) How have the member states and the ECJ built up the coordination regime between the nationally bounded social schemes and the border-transcending movement of labor and services? 3) How have the European social policies been compromised afterwards with the other existing economic policies, and how has the ECJ adjusted the legal norms to the codification of citizenship rights, the adoption of Charter of fundamental rights as well as to the draft Constitutional Treaty? Investigation was further extended to the implication of the balance between these two norms for the democratic legitimacy of the EU polity

The research objective of this project was, while grasping a chained formation of legal order in the encounter/permeation/transformation of different legal systems as <the creole of law> which is itself subjective and incessant creation of law, to construct an integrated model of <the creole of law> which can articulate the multi-dimensional interaction of the four dimensions in value, action, institution, and integration for the cooperative dynamics of legal problem-solution, with thereby carrying out active theoretical and experiential analyses of the various historical-institutional cases in East Asia, Western Europe, North America, and Japan which hold certain homology in terms of legal formation. After intensive research for five years, a general model of <the creole of law> was shown as the dynamic framework of legal formation which includes on one hand the three creole processes such as legal subjectivization, legal transformation, and legal amalgamation and on the other hand the development of the human drive of interpretive agency ; based on which the change of the mode of legal creole is theoretically and experientially demonstrated as depending the variations of legal problem-contexts such as the oppression from the ruling to the ruled, the pressure from the invading to the invaded, and the flow from the influential to the influenced.This result attains a novel dynamic viewpoint for researching the universal interactive process of different legal systems which has been neglected by existing legal scholarship ; which is to be shortly published in the book entitled as "The Interaction of Different Laws and Its Aspects". Also in the process of this research, the network of relevant scholars in Japan and other parts of the world has been created and the archive of relevant books and articles been constructed for the new world-wide research forum on the creole of law

This research project analyzed the European Union's (EU) changing structure of external relations and its impact on Japan-EU bilateral relations. The Lisbon Treaty which entered force on December 1, 2009, changed the institutional structure of the EU. This research comprehensively analyzed the process of the treaty negotiation and the impact of the institutional reform on the external relations and the Japan-EU relations

The present research project analysed the Euripean Union as a regulatory empire. Its underlying perception was that, in the age of globalization, the politics of global standards and regulations was the key to understanding the economic competitions as well as political influence in the current world. The EU parallels the US in this area of setting global standards and regulations, and this project clarified the conditions with which the EU exerts its influence in the world political economy

Our study has identified two major theoretical perspectives to analyse the current European legal integration. The European "constitutionalism" perspective presupposes the ultimate authority(or the "rule of recognition") that would legitimatise both the European and the national legal orders, and that would combine those legal orders into one hierarchical harmonious legal system. We could draw some lessons from those academic exercises : for example, such traditional concepts as "constitution" and "national sovereignty" would themselves condition, and could prejudice, our understanding on European integration when the method of its legal assessment is still contested, and/or when the question of how we should direct future European integration is being disputed

　本研究は、大規模災害復興の初期から中期の段階（災害発生から最初の1カ月から半年程度）に必要な官民協働のための法的枠組を設計することを目的とした。具体的には、2011年3月11日の東日本大震災から最初の半年間ほどについて、被災地域の自治体と全国・全世界から結集した災害ボランティア団体や個人との連携を効率的かつ効果的に高める一定の体制を標準モデルとして提示することを目標にした。　研究の成果は、２つある。第1は、実証研究を通して、日本社会がもつ災害救援の最善実務を突き止めたこと。第2は、実証研究をもとに、災害復興のための、官民協働・基本ガイドライン案を提示したことである。　第一の実証研究とは、阪神・淡路および東日本の２つの大震災からの復興時に実践された、ボランティアと自治体その他の公共機関との協働復興の事例研究である。とくに2011年9月に、東日本大震災の被災地救援・復興のために、ボランティアが自治体等と連携しながら組織的に効果的な救援活動をうまく行った、石巻、そして遠野の事例を現地調査し、また仙台市の社会福祉協議会についても、比較対象のために面会調査した。この実証研究の結果、既存の日本の官民協働モデルは、改善するほうがより、効果的になることが判明した。ボランティアを被災地の社会福祉協議会が災害ボランティアセンターを立ち上げて、そこに集中的に受け付けや仕事の配分を任せるという、社会福祉協議会中心型のモデルは、大規模で広域の災害の場合、被災者の数もボランティアの数や種類もあまりに多いため、まったく機能不全に陥ることが、仙台市社会福祉協議会への面会調査から判明した。その一方で、石巻や遠野や、かつての阪神・淡路大震災の際の神戸に見られたような、ボランティア団体が中心となって、ボランティア団体や個人の水平的な自主的連携組織を作り、そこに社会福祉協議会や自治体や警察や自衛隊などの公的機関も情報共有のために参加するという、ボランティア・社会福祉協議会・自治体（公共機関）の三者協議会モデルが、初動（最初の1カ月）からきわめて効果的かつ効率的な救援効果を発揮することが分かった。　第二のガイドライン案の提示については、第一の実証研究から得た、三者協議会モデルを災害復興のための初動段階から中期までなめらかに移行できる、基本形として、ガイドラインとして提示するという研究成果である。この第二の成果が、社会的に重要である理由は、３つある。　１つは、日本社会が経験した災害救援の知恵のうちベストのものを文章化し、災害救援の経験の有無をとわず、だれもが共有できる、共有の知恵に転換した点が重要である。事前の経験がまったくない人が自治体の災害担当者であったとしても、このガイドラインに即して、ボランティア団体と協力していけば、初動から実効的に救援ができるからである。東日本大震災での石巻で、三者協議会が初期から出来たのは、神戸の震災を経験したボランティアが救援に来て、当時のノウハウを伝授したからであるが、これは人と人のつながりに限定されてしまう。そのノウハウをガイドラインとして、社会一般に共有できるものとすれば、たとえ神戸や石巻のボランティア経験がない人であっても、有効に被災地で初期から連携を確保できる。　２つは、ボランティアの力を自治体が積極的に活用するためにはどうすればよいかを具体的に示した点だ。多くの自治体は、ボランティアを行政の手足や補助としか捉えていないが、行政にできないことをボランティアは柔軟かつ多様にする力がある。ガイドラインではボランティアを独立の主体として捉えており、自治体に対して、新たな認識を持つように提言する点でも重要である。　３つには、震災・水害・火山噴火など自然災害のほとんどに応用できる、救援体制の基本形を示した最小限のガイドラインであって、各地の地形や災害の規模・種類など、日本各地の多様性に応じて、柔軟に各地で工夫を追加できるように、開かれた形で作られているので、きわめて使いやすく、かつ今後も改善改訂していけるようにできている。この点でも重要である。　　以上が研究成果であるが、社会の経験知・ノウハウをルール化する点で法学の手法を用いたのであり、法学部ならではの社会貢献になったと自負している。

　課題名は、正確には、「EU市民権の再構成－リスボン条約以後のEU憲法理論を探る―」である。 　この研究は、EU法上の権利をもつ主体が、かつて経済活動に携わるEU諸国民に限定されていた時代（1980年代末まで）との対比で、経済活動に携わらないEU諸国民（EU市民）に拡大している2000年代のEUについて、その法の変化を実証的に示し、そのうえで、EUの法秩序をEU各国の憲法秩序と整合的に理解し説明する理論を求めるものである。 2010年度の研究では、とくに実証面に力を入れた。切り口として、①EU域内の移動・居住の自由の享受主体が経済活動をするEU市民（広義の労働者）だけでなく、経済活動をしないEU市民にまで果たして拡がったかどうか。②EU市民の移動先の国（受入国）での内国民待遇の適用対象事項がどれほど拡大したか。この二点を設けて、①と②に関連するEU裁判所の判例を収集し、直近3年間の諸判例のうち、重要な二件について掘り下げた判例評釈を書いた。その二件とは、求職者（経済活動に従事したいができていない人）と学生（これから経済活動に従事するであろう人）の移動・居住権への制約の有無、そして受入国での内国民待遇をとくに社会保障給付や国立大学での教育機会付与について得られるかという点がEU裁判所により検討されたものである。暫定的な結論は、いまだにEU法は、経済活動に従事するEU市民についての移動・居住権と受入国での社会的利益の内国民待遇を広く認めるが、経済活動に従事していないEU市民については、広くは認めず、EU各国の公的規制権限を容認する傾向が強い、というものである。 他方、理論面の研究の端緒をつかむために、2010年6月29日から7月1日まで開催されたロンドン大学高等法学院の研究会（Comparative Perspectives on Constitutions: Theory and Practice）に参加した。この研究会において、オランダ・ライデン大学のウィム・フォールマンス教授から、リスボン条約によるＥＵ条約の改正といった明白な憲法形成だけでなく、EUの機関間での実務慣行（とくに欧州議会と閣僚理事会の間の共同立法手続での早期合意の形成）から「隠れた憲法（Covert Constitutions）」が形成され、これのほうが明文の条約改正よりも実際には大きな意味をもつとの報告を受け、EUの憲法理論を構築するうえで有益な視点を得た。