Since very few sources are available for research into the ancient history of Japan, artifacts with inscriptions that have been archaeologically excavated are indispensable. We have created electronic database of pottery with ink inscriptions and carved characters discovered in Japan, and published it on the homepage of the Meiji University. The database consists of 2180 references of relevant literature as well as pottery discovered from the northeastern mainland Japan to Kyushu. Because our database is available through internet, to which anybody can search and access

We digitally photographed one million documents held by royal and noble archives manuscript collections such as the Higashiyama Obunko, Yomei Bunko, and the Imperial Household Agency Library’s Kujou House and Fushimi no Miya House lineages and made them available for viewing at the University of Tokyo Historiographical Institute Library. By elucidating the transmission processes of the Royal Collection derived from the Takamatsu no Miya House lineageand the Imperial Household Agency Gosho Collection, we carried out reconstructive research on the divided Yanagihara House lineage manuscript collection.We introduced and provided transcriptions of roughly 30 hitherto unknown documents and fair copies held by royal and noble archives by way of Research on Royal and Noble Archives, vol. 5-6 and JSPS Research Bulletins.We published “On Archives”, a survey of the field of Japanese Library Catalog Studies and also “Court Culture via the Konoe House Treasures,”a record of public lectures

Since very few sources are available for research into the ancient history of Japan, artifacts with inscriptions that have been archaeologically excavated are indispensable. We have created electronic database of pottery with ink inscriptions discovered in Japan, and published it on the homepage of the Meiji University. The database consists of 2061 references of relevant literature as well as pottery discovered from the northeastern mainland Japan to Kyushu. In addition, we have for the first time published database of pottery with ink inscriptions discovered in Nanjing, China. This will allow comparative study of ancient cities in China and in Japa

第一に、本研究の日常的な基盤となる定例研究集会を７回おこなった。
第二に、特別研究集会を２回開催した。１回目は、古井龍介・馬場紀寿両氏（東京大東文研）を招いて、インドおよび東南アジアの仏教文明に関する最新の研究状況を学び、意見交換をおこなった。仏教文明の本源と東アジア仏教との差異を知ることができた。２回目は、石見清裕氏（早稲田大）を招いて、中国太原地域の地政学的位置を学んだ。これは、前年度における本研究での太原石窟（仏教・道教）調査を補うものである。
第三に、シンポジウムを早稲田大学で２回開催した。１回目は、９月２８日の「対敵と仏法」である。昨年度の課題を継承して、これまで見失われがちであった仏教の実践的側面、つまり造形物にみられる対敵、調伏、防御の役割を追求した。大島幸代（龍谷大）、三上喜孝（山形大）、長坂一郎（東北芸工大）、黒田智（金沢大）、長岡龍作（東北大）各氏の報告を受けて討論がおこなわれた。２回目は、１２月２１日の「言語・文字の転回からみた『仏教』流伝」である。翻訳を含む言語文字表現の変革と仏教の関係を問題視した。朱慶之（香港教育学院）、吉田豊（京都大）、阿部龍一（ハーバード大）、ジョン・ウイットマン（国立国語研究所）、河野貴美子（早稲田大）各氏による報告および問題提起がなされた。
第四に、研究分担者城倉正祥氏を中心にして、２０１４年２月末から３週間以上、千葉県龍角寺跡の調査をおこなった。かつて多くの文字瓦を出土した本寺院跡は、仏教文明の列島移動において注目されるところであるが、本格的な調査は進んでいなかった。このたびは、最新技術のレーダー探査などを駆使し、廻廊を含む伽藍配置の歴史的変遷などを確認した。また、散布する古代瓦を慎重に回収し、次調査に備えた。

I came to be able to foresee that I could use 31-syllable Japanese poems of the Heian era as materials of the history study by this study. Particularly, as for transport study of the Heian era that is not had left in general historical materials, a traffic course and the point that it is useful for understanding needing it for restoring it to use a 31-syllable Japanese poem of the trip having become clear above all, it will be with big result for a future history study

The principal investigator has been compiling a comprehensive bibliography and data base of ancient Japanese pottery with ink inscriptions. Thus far, the bibliography lists 1,866 pieces of literature, and the number of publication is still increasing. The data base that the principal investigator has published on the web consists of two parts : abridged and full. The abridged version consists of transliteration of inscriptions, site name, location of the site, and reference where published, and covers the entire Japan. The abridged data base lists 108,744 discoveries. The full data base covers the following regions of Japan : all of Shikoku, all of Kyushu except for Kagoshima, Toyama on the Sea of Japan coast of the central Honshu, Shizuoka on the Pacific coast of the central Honshu, and Asuka, Fujiwara, and Nara imperial palace sites. These contributions make it possible to compare pottery with ink inscriptions discovered in the capitals and local regions in eastern Japan, thereby putting local discoveries into the broader historical context. In addition, the principal investigator has launched a regional study focusing on the Ichikawa City, Chiba Prefecture

We devoted most of our effort for investigations into pottery with ink and incised inscriptions discovered in the Kanto region. We first compiled a comprehensive bibliography on this subject. We also compiled a database of pottery with ink and incised inscriptions. For the old provinces of Musashi, Sagami, and Kozuke, as well as the three provinces in the present Chiba Prefecture, we have compiled a detailed database of pottery with ink and incised inscriptions. Each datum consists of inscriptions, drawing of pottery, name of the site of discovery, site location, archaeological feature where the pottery was discovered, archaeological context, time period, firing technology of pottery, function of the pottery, dimension, where inscription is applied, direction of writing, and style of writing. Since this database is far beyond the publishable amount on paper, we will utilize the homepage of the University for publicizing. We are currently working on data from the old provinces of Hitachi, Kai, and Shirotsuke.Along with pottery with ink and inscribed inscriptions, we began to work on a database of rooftiles with inscriptions. While we are still in a preliminary stage, this will be the first database of this kind ever compiled in Japan. In the process, we have looked at every single rooftile excavated at the Gotomaki site, Sakae Town, Chiba Prefecture. Once the Sakae Township Board of Education and we reach agreement, we will publish the results of our investigations into the Gotomaki rooftiles. Publication of the results for other regions is under way.Research and investigations into pottery and rooftiles with inscriptions should closely be tied to other inscribed artifacts, such as wooden tablets. We made every effort to pay attention to possible correlations among different kinds of inscribed artifacts, such as association of inscribed artifacts with other artifacts and archaeological features where inscribed artifacts were discovered, as well as the location of archaeological sites. We also paid attention to the importance of Chinese ink itself. Moreover, we conducted research trips to Korea, in order to gain insight into possible Korean influence on the early writing in Japan, and a paper by Korean scholar is included in this report

Among the archaeologically-discovered artifacts with inscriptions, the present study focuses on pottery with ink and engraved inscriptions. A resultant compendium of pottery with ink inscription is the first attempt of this kind in the fields of ancient Japanese history and archaeology. We have also compiled a database of all the publications on this subject. The results of our study will be published both in a paper-format and CD-ROM. The outline of our study is as follows :1. In order to compile the database of all the publications on pottery with ink inscriptions and drawings as well as with engraved inscriptions, we have conducted research at the Nara Institute for Cultural Properties and various local history-oriented museums and centers for archaeological operations. All the publications in this database are catalogued.2. We have compiled all the data of pottery with ink and engraved inscriptions discovered in the old Province of Musashi (present Tokyo, Kanagawa, and Saitama Prefectures) in a stacked card format. The data have been cited from archaeological publications, especially site reports, up to 2000. The data include : translitarations of inscriptions, measured-drawings of the inscriptions, site names, locations, archaeological features where the pottery with inscriptions were discovered, archaeological context of the discoveries, dates, kinds of the pottery, functional types of the pottery, dimensions of the pottery, positions on the pottery surface where inscribed, directions of the inscriptions, and the type of scripts. The detailed data will be published in a CD-ROM format.3. For inscribed pottery discovered outside the Musashi Province, we have compiled the database with reference to translitarations of inscriptions, site names, locations, and publication sources. This database will also be published in a CD-ROM format.4. We have also investigated into the kinds of ink applied as well as the process of the ink production

The special feature on the archaeology and ancient history in Awa is presumed that they were an important position of the seaborne traffic and a military base of "Tougoku" rule of the "Yamato" government for many years, because the family tradition tale in "Kogo-Syui" "Takahashi-shi-mon" told or Awa under the system of the ritsuryo legal codes having been made into "Shin-gun". However, because of restrictions of historical records and few archaeological data, it is hard to say that the research for the true nature of ancient Awa is pressed has advanced enough.Then, we started excavation of a sea erocion cave group at the Moriya seashore, Katsuura city as the archaeological field and decided that the substance is studied. Distributive investigation of sea erocion caves and survey of the Honjuji cave and the Moriya cave were conducted in the Heisei 10 fiscal year. Based on it, we conducted excavation of the Honju-ji cave and the Tyoube cave in the 11 and 12 fiscal year, and of the Koumori-ana cave in the 13 fiscal year.Life and customs of "Kai-min" in which it lived in this area from the Jomon period to the Kofun period were able to be clarified as a result of investigation. It should mention specially that the point of having solved the actual condition of a ritual of the bones used for divination from the Yayoi period to the Kofun period.Moreover, ancient history-investigation was able to explore the historical formation process as "Kai-min" and the special feature of this area which reaches through in analysis of Awa-related historical records, wooden tablet data, and "Inbe-shi" and investigation of the Izu peninsula as a related place

(1)I did it for historical materials (『続日本紀』『日本後紀』『日本文徳天皇実録』『日本三代実録』『類 聚符宣抄』『別聚符宣抄』 ) and gathered up a complete survey on an act, a list about a mention about a palatial residence and a place.(2)It became clear that a name of 寝殿 and 南殿 said to was renamed to 仁寿殿 and 紫宸殿 till then by having discovered an excellent writing of an article of 日本後紀 in April 弘仁 nine years.(3)thought that there was influence of the document that a Chinese eunuch conveyed intention of the emperor to a prime minister as a formation cause of 上宣制 in the days of the Emperor 光仁.(4)In the direct origin of 陣定, it is found for correspondence of a revolt of 俘囚 lived in 出羽 country of 元慶 two years.(5)I made clear that a prize of building of 平安京was given on 延暦 October 28, 13 and elucidated that it was conferment of a rank and the appointment that was a large scale including a court noble from analysis of the person who became an object

本年度は、研究の総括として、資財帳の基礎的史料調査ならびにこれまでの両年度の研究成果をもとに、論文執筆を行った。論文では、資財帳の記載をもとに、寺院の伽藍構成について検討した。その結果、奈良時代の資財帳は、仏・法・僧、すなわち三宝の順に記載され、仏には仏像、法には経典、僧には聖僧・衆僧が、所属の堂舎に関係なく配列されていること、大衆院も伽藍に含まれること、塔でも中心建築物から離れれば伽藍に含まれない場合があることが判明した。伽藍は、「七堂伽藍」という言葉に惑わされず解釈するべきであるとの結論に達した。一方、平安時代になると、仏の空間を金堂、法の空間を講堂・鐘楼、僧の空間を僧坊・食堂と認識し、建造物ごとに三宝の空間とみなす概念を表す資財帳が出現する。他方、三宝の区別がなくなり、建築物ごとに資財を列記するものも現れ、これが中世の寺院目録へとつながっていくことを明らかにした。ついで、大衆院と政所の関係を検討し、本来、政所は大衆院に含まれていたものの、寺院規模が大きくなればなるほど、また時代が降れば降るほど、政所が大衆院から独立する傾向があることを指摘した。この成果は、従来、大衆院と政所を異なった空間として認識していた研究の再考をせまるものである

1 唐代の「格」とは、「格」として編纂されたもののみを指し(以下、狭義の格と呼ぶ)、単なる詔・勅などの単行法令は(以下、広義の格と呼ぶ)、格とは呼ばない。2 日本には、「弘仁格」編纂まで、狭義の格は存在せず、したがって、奈良時代には「格」という法制用語は存在しても、唐の格とは本質的な相違がある。3 しかしながら、奈良時代初期には、唐に倣い日本でも格編纂が試みられた可能性がある。しかし、唐の格や三代の格のように、編纂時に無効になった箇所を削除したり、格文の書き換え・増補を行った可能性は低く、単に単行法令を集積した形態だったと思われる。したがって、「格」とは言っても広義の格に属したと推定される。4 唐で格が編纂された背景には、漢代以降の法令の蓄積があったことが挙げられるが、奈良時代には律令制の継受以降まだ日が浅く、単行法が十分蓄積されていなかった。これが狭義の格が編纂されなかった理由と考えられる。5 「弘仁格」編纂以降、「貞観格」編纂を画期として、日本にも狭義の格の意識が浸透するが、形式上は広義の格を踏襲し、唐の格の引用法とは大きな相違がある

In this paper the author examines the characteristics of ritsu-ryo (律令) code Regulations (kyaku 格) during the Heian period. In the first chapter, the auther divides the Heian period into three parts : (1)the time after the Engi-regulations (Engi-Kyaku 延喜格) were enforced, (2)the time after the Jogan-regulations (Jogan-Kyaku 貞観格) were enforced, but before the Engi-Kyaku were enforced, and (3)the time after the Konin-regulations (Konin-Kyaku 弘仁格)were enforced. He then examines whether in each time period kyaku compiled previously were differentiated from other laws at the time. As a results of this study, the following facts are clear. In time peridds (1) and (2), kyaku meant regulations compiled previously, but in time period (3)some laws quoted as kyaku were not contained in the Konin-Kyaku and other laws quoted as fu (符 the Document for Communication from superiors to inferiors) were contained in the Konin-Kyaku. The form of the laws is different from that in time periods (1) and (2). Kyaku in the (3)time only meant a law enforced by itself. Consequently the author concludes that the Jogan-Kyaku should be considered more important than Konin-Kyaku in terms of the consciousness of the bureaucrats. In the second chapter, the author investigates reasons why Jogan-Kyaku represents a turning point. He finds that i) it was difficult for bureaucrats to accept the Konin-Kyaku because its complilation was the first project for compiling kyaku in Japan and it involved a complicated process of enforcement; ii) the work of the office of the Regulations for Appointments were (Senkyaku-Sho 撰格所) was more active when the Jogan-Kyaku was compiled than when the Konin-Kyaku were compiled, and the Jogan-Kyaku were not mere imitations of the Konin-Kyaku. Looking further at the perface to the Jogan-Kyaku, we find that it characteristically contains rules about the clothing of the emperors which, we cannot find in the Japanese ritsu-ryo code or the Konin-Kyaku. These facts suggest that although the Jogan-Kyaku contain many rules peculiar to Japan, it is a set of regulations which first included the Chinese-style Rites (rei 礼) and also states that the emperor existed in the Rites order like the rest of the people. In the third chapter, the author estimates missing documents and contents of the present Ruiju-Sandai-Kyaku (類聚三代格). A matter that deserves serious consideration; however, as argued in chapter one; he presumed some document was one of the rule or regulation quoted as a Kyaku after Jogan but not contained in the present Ruiju-Sandai-Kyaku, can be assumed to either have been lost or contained in a related historical source.