The 11th Basic Plan for Traffic Safety in Japan promotes policing on traffic aimed at deterring traffic accidents by applying the PDCA concept, which involves analyzing traffic accident data and using that information effectively. A situation like this, previous research has developed a bayes model which predicts the daily risk of traffic accidents and an artificial intelligence model which calculates the optimal location time for policing on traffic to maximize the reduction of daily accident risks. In this study, a one-month trial operation was conducted in October 2023 at the Shinjuku Police Station of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department. This trial aimed to verify the validity of the model developed in the previous research and its practical usability. Following the trial, the effects of street enforcement on accident reduction, as well as the model's validity and usability, were assessed, and issues to be addressed for the full-scale social implementation of the model were summarized.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of intrinsic demand for riding the LRT, to develop a method to distinguish it, and to clarify its trends over time. The analysis revealed the following. First, compared to derived demand, intrinsic demand tends to be used less frequently and have shorter stay times. Second, we clarified the changes in intrinsic demand over time. Approximately one year after the start of operations, the percentage of users due to intrinsic demand was 6.0% on weekdays and 22.9% on weekends. Additionally, the number of users driven by intrinsic demand decreased to 43.6% of the level immediately after opening on weekdays and 34.0% of the level immediately after opening on weekends one year after opening.

Recently, the next-generation light rail transit (LRT) has been considered as a regional public transport that supports the formation of sustainable, networked compact cities. However, very few projects have reached implementation. While a medium-capacity transport system like LRT is a highly valuable infrastructure that generates various indirect benefits, the benefits categorised in the evaluation alone do not make it financially viable. Therefore, this research compares the Japanese project evaluation system with the UK’s Transport Analysis guidance TAG, where the introduction of trams is more advanced, focusing on the indirect benefits. It was found that regional economic spillovers were gradually incorporated into cost-benefit analysis in TAG. By adding these extensive economic benefits, the cost-benefit ratio of the Haga-Utsunomiya LRT project partially increased.

Utsunomiya Light Rail was introduced as the first all-new LRT line in Japan against a background of demand for a sustainable city. Since the Utsunomiya Light Rail was introduced in a city where no streetcars had existed before, demand was estimated using the four-stage estimation method based on the existing public transportation usage. However, the actual number of users has exceeded the projection, so there is a large possibility that there is a demand that was not considered in the existing estimation.

 Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in usage characteristics between LRT and existing means of transportation by reproducing the demand forecasting method used at the time of planning and comparing it with actual usage conditions, in order to help forecast LRT demand in the future. Comparison of demand forecasts and actual usage showed that the demand estimates were highly accurate and the demand for personal use greatly exceeded the forecasts. The reasons for this are assumed to be the increase in the population along the LRT line and the development of commercial facilities integrated with the LRT.

In recent years, there has been a call for the reorganization of road space from a car-centered space to a bustling space where pedestrians can safely and comfortably circulate and stay as a measure to revitalize urban areas. On the other hand, realignment of roadway space changes the traffic flow in the entire road network, which may cause not only positive effects such as the creation of liveliness, but also negative effects such as traffic congestion and reduced traffic safety. Therefore, this study quantitatively evaluates the impact of road space realignment on the entire road network from the view of traffic smoothness and safety by using traffic simulation. The results of the analysis show that there is a trade-off between the positive effect of improving the pedestrian environment on roads and the negative effect of reducing the safety and smoothness of the entire road network from the viewpoint of automobile traffic.

Amid the problem of declining public transportation in rural areas, the “Compact + Network” initiative is being promoted. Toyama City in Toyama Prefecture, which introduced the LRT, has seen an increase in the number of public transportation users and the rate of outings by residents along its rail line. On the other hand, a quantitative evaluation from a more microscopic viewpoint is required for the impact of the LRT on the liveliness along its rail line. In this study, inverse reinforcement learning, a type of machine learning, was used to generate action trajectories from smartphone location data, and estimated the behavior of people staying along LRT lines. The model was able to evaluate the characteristics of location data with high accuracy, and the model showed that there are more staying behaviors along LRT lines than along non-lines, and that the staying behaviors decay over time. The analysis suggests the importance of environmental improvement along LRT lines in urban development utilizing LRT.

In Japan, the compact city policy, in which urban functions are concentrated in a certain area, is being promoted. In order to promote this policy, Location Normalization Plans are formulated, and static data such as population density and land price fluctuation rates are mainly used to evaluate the policy. However, such static data are not updated frequently, and it is difficult to evaluate the actual situation of a region appropriately. In this study, we proposed an evaluation index for compact cities that reflects the viewpoint of living behavior, using mobile phone GPS data. As a result, it was possible to clarify new aspects of urban compactness based on actual living behavior. This will be useful for improving the effectiveness of policies and revising plans according to actual conditions.

The purpose of this study is to compare the purposes of office work between high frequency remote workers and other workers. There are three purposes of working in an office: the characteristics of work activities themselves, such as paper-based work and face-to-face meetings, the characteristics of workers themselves regarding productivity and communication issues, and their personal activities within the general area where they work. From the survey, high frequency telecommuters tend to be less willing to commute to the office for work activities that can be completed at home and addressing the telework issues related to productivity and communication. Considering that job description and characteristics of workers, this study will contribute to examining commuting and office demand when work activities are conducted at the ideal frequency as the online shift of work activities progresses.

Some rural areas in Japan are facing the challenge of maintaining their municipalities due to population decline. In order to solve this problem, local communities are promoting the development of attractive cities to be chosen as a destination for immigration. In terms of the logic model, the effects of LRT and other projects can be divided into outputs (effects that are certain to occur) and outcomes (effects that are uncertain). The revitalization of attractive cities and regions is categorized as an outcome of LRT development. In this study, the effects of LRT development are classified into outputs and outcomes, and the effects of LRT development on the change in migration intention and its factors are clarified, in order to show the importance of LRT development as a policy measure and to obtain suggestions on the promotion of migration by LRT development.

The recent spread of the coronavirus has increased attention to the use of Metaverse, a virtual space in which multiple people can interact via avatars. Metaverse has functions that combine conventional online services, and enables free activities, creating a wide range of action in the cyberspace. In this study, we have examined the expansion of living space on Metaverse by organizing the concept of Metaverse. We also have discussed the use of Metaverse in urban planning. Furthermore, we conducted a questionnaire survey focusing on shopping behavior, to understand the intention of Metaverse and the awareness of changes in going-out behavior. The results suggest that Metaverse might be a substitute for going out for shopping, and that going-out behavior may decrease.

In order to achieve improved human well-being and sustainable urban management, there is a growing need for a planning process that shares the importance of the desired urban structure and the effects of different policies among different stakeholders. In this study, we constructed an urban structure simulation that combines sub-models estimating individual building replacement, personal relocation and residential choice, and zone-level land prices, using inputs such as 3D urban models. We analyzed the impact of policies such as the Location Optimization Plan and LRT on land use and population distribution in Utsunomiya City. As a result, we understand the effects of changes in the use of individual buildings and the increase in population due to policies such as the opening of the LRT, the improvement of bus convenience, and the guidance of residential choices and urban functions.

The occurrence of traffic accidents in Japan has continued to decrease, but in recent years it has bottomed out. This trend is more pronounced on community roads. Compared to highway, it has been difficult to obtain data on traffic volume and other data on community roads, limiting the analysis of safety measures. In recent years, however, the availability of data on community roads has been increasing due to the widespread use of ETC2.0. On the other hand, in terms of analysis methods for traffic accident prediction, multivariate analysis methods are expected to be applied to AI (Artificial Intelligence) for effective traffic accident analysis. Therefore, this study utilized ETC data and inverse reinforcement learning, a type of AI, to estimate the factors of potential hazards on community roads. We can obtaine knowledge on the possibility of using inverse reinforcement learning to estimate the effect of safety measures.

Bicycles are expected to play a significant role on urban transportation for their various advantages, such as reducing environmental load and improving users’ health. However, road space for cycling in Japan is still insufficient and needs to be improved urgently. In addition, it will be essential for cycling to coexist with automated vehicles, which are expected to be realized in the future. Particularly, efficient curbside management is required to meet the demand for on-street parking. In this study, we focused on the space for picking up and dropping off from automated vehicles and the space for bicycles in an automated society and examined the road space where they can coexist. Traffic simulations were conducted for the organized road design patterns by changing the amount of vehicle traffic and stopping frequency. the smoothness and safety of traffic flow were evaluated to propose road spaces which are sufficient to various road characteristics based on quantitative evidence.

The introduction of self-driving cars, electric vehicles, and the spread of sharing services is expected to significantly change the automobile usage environment. In order to facilitate smooth transfers between various modes of transportation, it will be necessary to develop transportation hubs that have multiple functions such as transfers and EV charging, in addition to the development of transportation systems that include terminal transportation connecting stations to residential areas. In this study, examples of mobility hubs were organized in order to understand the current status of transportation hubs. And the purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the impact of the placement of transportation hubs on society. As the result of the simulation, it was quantitatively showed that the more transportation hubs are located, the greater the impact of carpooling becomes, and that there is the trade-off relationship among the indicators such as the distance traveled and the cost of installing vehicles.

Currently, on-street parking is considered a problem because of its negative impact on the smoothness of traffic. In the future, on-street parking is expected to further increase due to the spread of e-commerce, ride-sharing, and autonomous vehicles. Therefore, flexible curbside utilization methods are required to accommodate a variety of uses in a limited space. The purpose of this study is to examine the future vision of curbside and to propose a planning and evaluation procedure for curbside to cope with a society in which autonomous vehicles, etc. have become widespread. As a result of the analysis, it was quantitatively clarified from the case study that the smoothness of traffic and the effective use of space can be improved by restricting parking. On the other hand, it was shown that in order to maintain smoothness, parking demand cannot be addressed in some locations, and off-street facilities are necessary.

In the past, the police have conducted traffic enforcement activities as a countermeasure against traffic accidents, and have achieved a certain degree of success. However, the relationship between traffic accidents and traffic enforcement activities is still unclear, and traffic enforcement activities based on clear evidence have not yet been implemented. In this context, there is a movement toward the use of artificial intelligence to predict the occurrence of traffic accidents and to implement traffic effective enforcement activities. In this study, we developed an accident prediction model that takes into account traffic enforcement activities, and evaluated the relationship between traffic accidents and traffic enforcement activities. In addition, we developed a model to estimate effective methods of traffic enforcement activities using Deep Q-Network, a type of artificial intelligence. As a result, we were able to quantitatively understand the deterrent effect of traffic enforcement activities on traffic accidents, and we were able to specifically propose appropriate traffic enforcement activity methods according to traffic conditions.

In Japan, telework is becoming a normal aspect of people's lifestyles. In specific, Tokyo metropolitan area has a high rate of telework. An original questionnaire survey was conducted to clarify people's characteristics of outings focusing on attitudes toward telework. As a result, it was revealed that the frequency of exercise outside the home on telework days is higher for those who try to go out as much as possible. Furthermore, the result showed that people who are active in online entertainment are also active in entertainment outside the home and tend to make days not to go out intentionally. However, all the results were not independent of individual attributes such as gender and age, and further analysis is required.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been encouraged in the world to realize a carbon-neutral society. However, since Japan relies on thermal power generation, only encouraging EVs cannot reduce environmental loads. This research presupposes that EVs are widespread completely, and aims at quantitatively evaluating environmental loads in the traffic environment, encouraging sharing services, and reviewing the power supply composition ratio which deals with EV problems while considering the entire life cycle. Specifically, this research runs traffic simulation while changing the percentage of ride-sharing users, and calculates the environmental loads while changing the power supply composition ratio percentage. Consequently, the traffic environment combining EVs and ride-sharing is the most suitable to achieve the target for reducing CO2 emissions by 2030 in Japan.

Local cities in Japan are facing the challenges of a declining population due to a falling birthrate and aging population, and the accompanying increase in the burden of infrastructure maintenance costs and reduction in public transportation. To efficiently promote the “Compact plus Network” policy, it is desirable to encourage residents to voluntarily reside in the centralized areas through urban policies such as improved public transportation services and subsidies, but it is still unclear how urban policies affect population aggregation. Therefore, this study uses an applied urban economic model to predict future population distribution for urban policy scenarios centered on the introduction of LRT. Based on the triple bottom line, we aim to quantify the impact of urban policies on cities.

It is imperative as a society to clarify the medium and long-term vision of the future, which aims and builds a consensus without being caught with a momentary viewpoint in the administrative plan. Methods to materialize the uncertain vision of the future have been proposed so far, and it is desirable to share a particular future image among stakeholders to form a consensus with diverse people. As a means of promoting this particular future image, visualization of urban space using 3-Dimension Virtual Reality (3DVR) is focused. This research first selects actively debated future plans, government goals, and more of 2050 for the future city visualization. Next, the PDCA cycle is conducted through the repeated process of presentation, evaluation, and improvement of 3DVR. This process allows the 3DVR to reflect the vision of the future city of a wide range of people. From this approach, this study proposes a method of visualization of the future city using 3DVR.

In our nation, the population decline started in 2005 and the difficulty in suburban city management is unavoidable. In such circumstance, the transition to efficient city management is underway and the concept of compact city has come under the spotlight. In 2014, the act on Special Measures Concerning Urban Regeneration was amended and founded the rational site location plan aiming for compact city accordingly. This research aims to determine the urban character influencing financial administration from the angle on persistent economy, and analyses the site location plan instituting cities. Consequently, outlines that cities with financial difficulties are addressing formulation, and identifies that DID population density and length of road per capita influences financial administration.

The number of traffic accidents and trafficcasualties have decreased over the last 21 years due to many law amendments androad improvements. However, it has not been lowering to a remarkable degree these few years and hence new ways of approaching should be considered. In this study, the relationship between traffic enforcement and traffic accidents will be investigated in order to find out the effective way of road policing. Moreover, by using a questionnaire, this study will also examine what the drivers think when committing traffic violations. As a result, it was found out that some drivers tend to commit parking, speed and seatbelt violations repeatedly. Furthermore, it was revealed that traffic enforcement has different effects depending on places, and safety measures other than police enforcements should be considered in places where enforcements have already been focused on.

In recent years, many serious car accidents involved in children are occurred in Japan. Although the emergency joint inspection was conducted to cope with the accidents, these responsive safety measures is hard to reach the satisfactory results. Therefore, this research will clarify the actual commuting roads and further investigate the accidents within and outside of the school zones. According to the comparative study, it was shown that there were no great differences in the details of accidents within and outside. Moreover, it was revealed that children's traffic violation depended on the road shape and many of the accidents on school roads occurred with drivers at low speed.

When downsizing of cities is promoted, there are some concerns in the areas where functions of cities will be reduced (shrinking areas) such as the decline of the traffic convenience and the increase of the car dependence. In addition, there are some actions on utilizing large lands of shrinking areas in special parts. Hence, this research intends to grasp the reality of traffic in the outside of urbanization promotion areas, classify and compare shrinking areas which have low rate of car using (non-motorization areas) in the aspect of traffic sharing rate with the purpose of securing good access to shrinking areas. As the result, non-motorization areas were classified into four patterns and the ways of traffic equipment in non-motorization areas ware shown.

Utsunomiya-city is planning to introduce Light Rail Transit (LRT). However, there are skeptical or indifferent citizens towards the LRT plan. It is important to make these people get interested in LRT. Under the background, we developed three types of public relations (PR) tools to promote citizens' interest in machizukuri with LRT, which are virtual reality (VR), websites and augmented reality (AR). We conducted experiments of using the three tools for PR and analyzed changes in public awareness and effects of the tools before and after experiencing the PR. It was found that the PR using each tool was useful in promoting citizens' interest in machizukuri with LRT. Especially, AR had an advantage in building visual images of LRT and future travel behavior. Also we found that the effective PR tool was different depending on socio-economic characteristics.

Recently, the rapid increase of vacant houses has been serious urban problem especially in local city in Japan. However, the occurrence pattern of vacant houses is still ambiguous due to the lack of the information. Therefore, this study focus on the data from the waterworks in the local hub city and examine the period of closing hydrant. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between transition pattern of vacant houses and regional characteristics. As the result of this study, the transition pattern could be represented by logistic curve. Additionally, it was revealed that the vacant houses were generated early from the city center and the area around the station where land readjustment projects have been carried out.

Car sharing is considered as one of the ways to familiarize the electric vehicle (EV) when popularization is not progressed. However, EV has the demerits such as a long time to charge and travel distance per charge is shorter than gasoline vehicle. Therefore, the possibility of car sharing using EV is unclear compared with gasoline vehicle. This research develops a car sharing system suitable for small businesses by a pilot study. We investigated operational procedure taking into account of the characteristics of EV by Monte Carlo simulation analysis. Analysing appropriate number of members according to different operating hours and travel distances, It was found that the frequency and operating time of a shared EV increased by limiting distance and time.

On the term of decrease in population in Japan, the compact city , where people can travel by NMT such as walk and bicycle and public transportation, is being promoted in local cities. In Toyama city, the plan of compact city based on public transportation such as a LRT is being promoted recently. The government recommends the residents to live around the stations of LRT. Therefore we focus on the population shift in the cities which have LRT systems, then clarify the necessity of LRT system on future compact city's plans, considering from the population of the city and the area along the LRT line. This research examined 27 cities throughout Europe by performing a detailed analysis of a particular reference to the each city's population distribution. Moreover we picked up particular cities to analyze the population of the area along the LRT line in detail. Then our results showed that how the introduction of LRT affects the population shift.

&nbsp;The aim of this paper is to propose a support system for overall evaluation bidding method to small and medium-sized regional local governments. The act on progress to ensure quality of public works in 2004 requests to introduce smoothly the bidding system with transparency and fairness for public procurement.<br>&nbsp;However, approximate 70% of the local government introduced the bidding method in 2012. Especially, many small and medium-sized governments are in a trial level of the system. The reason is why the system has unavoidably long-term procedure and heavily administrative load rather than other bidding methods. In a few results of the bidding in local government, we conducted a questionnaire survey to local governments. In according to the result of analysis, we would like to propose the following things.<br>&nbsp;1. The Japanese government should show applicable criteria for overall evaluation bidding method and<br>&nbsp;2. Pool people of experience or academic standing for third party committee of the bidding system,<br>&nbsp;3. Apply a "regional cooperation system" in public procurement.

A certain period of time has been passed since started to discuss "Compact City". However the effects of Compact City have ever been researched in developed countries, the method, process, feasibility hasn't been clarified in Japan. Therefore it is important to seek how to realize Compact City. The purpose of this study is to propose concept of "Mobility Residue Value (MRV)" from a viewpoint of citizens. MRV is defined as the summation of utility about mobility, which one would receive during a lifetime. People have to recognize and consider MRV when choosing residence for realizing Compact City. Authors tried to establish the concept of MRV, and estimate by using traffic mode choice model. In consequence, it was verified that people in local city Utsunomiya would not decide residential choice in consideration of MRV.

This paper presents effects of the promotion of public transport by introducing the MM and implementing the large event in city center of Utsunomiya in 2006. The results of this study show that the obvious con-elation was observed between the frequency of visiting to city center and the frequency of using the bus. In addition, the improvement of attractiveness has much good effect on both a motivation to go to city center and promotion of public transport.

In recently, the problem of the traffic accident worsens by various factors. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effects of traffic enforcement on traffic accident in terms of district level. As a result of statistical analysis, it is found that the traffic enforcement for persons ignoring a traffic light would contribute the reduction of traffic accidents around the enforcement point. In addition, the effects of traffic enforcement appear the road where congestion degree is relatively low as drivers can control their travel speed.

In this paper, we focus on the change of the electric power consumption and automobile energy consumption in residential sector in case of implementing a compact-city policy. We could check the reduction effectiveness of the both energy consumption was possible in the case. In particular, the migration to collective housing from the individual house of singleness and a husband-and-wife household is effective. On the other hand, in national life section, control of nuclear family and promotion of three-generation habitation is very important. And, in a transportation section, automobile energy consumption decreases, and much more energy consumption reduction is expected by maintenance of public transportation.

Disorderly urban sprawl in developed countries was aggravated by the progress of motorization. City planners in developing countries can avoid similar mistakes to be repeated. Since personal income level and car ownership seems to have a positive relationship, the objective of this study is to clarify the influence of rising income level on traffic behavior in developing countries. It was found that the car usage rate will rise with increasing income levels for cities with income levels above a certain value. One of the reasons is the relocation of high income people to the peripheral area of a city and this has been proven. Solutions to this imminent problem include development of a pleasant living environment in the city center so as to attract more people from high income level groups to reside in the city center area, and the compound use of city land in order to reduce trip length.

In leant years, the decline of public transportation and the deterioration of motorization caused many urban problem. For those problems, effectuation of LRT and Transitmall are examined gradually in Japan. However, thete ate many ambiguous effect about LRT and Transitmall. In this study, we simulate the impact of LRT and Transitmall on large area and small area. As a result, it became clear that a spreading effect changed by each transport policy. And, this study clarified a problem such as road maintenance point and importance ofmodal shift

The purpose of this study is to review the factor of varying Trip Generation Rate per Day and to propose Trip Generation Rate per Time. In consequence, Trip Generation Rate per Day varies depending on some freedom degrees and it needs detail analysis to use this model. In this paper, Trip Generation Rate per Time is proposed. This model makes it possible to upgrade coefficient of determination and to express the difference of peak time of day by land use.

The traffic accident increases because of an increase in the number of the car. The traffic safety measure on a soft side will become important in the future. Then, it focuses attention on traffic management as a traffic safety measure on a soft side in this research. It is thought that consideration to traffic of driver action influences the traffic accident. Then, the mechanism to taking a traffic action is clarified in this research. And, the purpose of a study is to understand the factor of the safe driving.

Disorderly sprawled land use in developed countries was aggravated by the progress of motorization. City planners in developing countries can avoid similar mistakes to be repeated. In view of the fact that personal income level and car usage have a positive relationship, the objective of this research was to elucidate the influence of rising income level on car use. First, it was found that the share of automobile mode will rise with increasing income levels for cities with income levels above a certain value. Next, it was found that average trip length for high income level groups tends to be longer and this could be attributed to the increase in car usage. In addition, in Chengdu, one of the reasons why trip length of high income level groups has risen has been hypothesized to be that people from high income level groups are moving to the city's peripherals and this has been quantitatively proven.

Recently, excessive automobile dependence in local cities in Japan exemplifies the importance to compare the convenience between automobile and public transit. The purpose of this study is to develop a model that takes time of day into consideration in such a way to express bus travel time as a function of departure time. By using this concept, the regions where bus transit is equally competitive with automobile transportation were found based on the travel time standpoint. Moreover, comparing poorly-served area identified using the above model and public transport modal split, we would like to visualize the fluctuation of bus transit service area using GIS, and examine the relationship between bus transit service area and modal choice. In addition, the adaptability of this concept and model is discussed.

In order to achieve the target of carbon dioxide emission reduction stipulated in the Kyoto Accord, it is necessary to reduce the number of moving vehicles in addition to the innovation of automotive technology. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to focus attention on bus transport that can substitute automobiles, and to estimate the decreasing effect of environmental load by improving the local bus running conditions using a microscopic traffic flow simulator. The result of the estimation revealed that the effect a bus set on the traffic flow is generated when a bus stops at a bus stop. Measures to improve bus running environment such as the removal of parked vehicles and provision of exclusive bus lanes, proved effective to decrease environmental load. Additionally, these measures have a bigger effect if they are combined with the modal shift from cars to buses.

In this paper, we analyzed the result of survey carried out in Utsunomiya-city and examined the relationship between daily activity of senior citizen and behavior activation of them in the situation of LRT introduction. As a result. it was founded that senior citizen had intention to use LRT at the time of LRT introduction, and their going out activity remain latent. The result shows that, these activities are much more likely to be latent behavior especi ally in private purpose trip. This means the latent going out behavior of senior citizen are activated when LRT is introduced in Utsunomiya.

This paper discusses the Integrated Database System for Traffic Impact Assessment. Traffic impact assessment requires various data for analysis. However, data are widely scattered and a large amount of time is needed to execute analysis. In order to solve these problems, we developed a system which consists of Web GIS Server and Web DB server. These servers use the Java Server Side Technology. As a result, information retrieval by accessing the system became possible, and the traffic impact assessment can be executed more efficiently. A case study to apply this system to large-scale suburban shopping malls proved the effectiveness of the system.

The Large-Scale Retail Stores Location Law enacted in 2000 is uniform across the nation and does not reflect the characteristics unique to local cities. Therefore, many local cities have traffic problems attributed to large-scale retail stores. Thus, this paper discussed about the local standard for calculation of parking capacity in local cities as the solution. The local standard is obtained from the field surveys in 2002 and 2004 in Tochigi prefecture. From the result of the survey, this paper proposes the method t to establish unique standard in local region. Using this methodology, it is possible to set the local standard for other cities reflecting the different parameters of parking capacity.

The Large-Scale Retail Stores Location Law enacted in 2000 is uniform across the nation and does not reflect the characteristics unique to local cities. Therefore, many local cities have traffic problems attributed to large-scale retail stores. Thus, this paper discussed about the local standard for calculation of parking capacity in local cities as the solution. The local standard is obtained from the field surveys in 2002 and 2004 in Tochigi prefecture. From the result of the survey, this paper proposes the method t to establish unique standard in local region. Using this methodology, it is possible to set the local standard for other cities reflecting the different parameters of parking capacity.

In this paper, authors proposed a systematic method of traffic impact assessment using integrated database system. Integrated database system is composed of Web-GIS, traffic flow simulator, and database system. This system solves two problems in data collection. One is difficulty to data collect and the other is to secure data reliability. Using this system, the traffic impact assessment based on traffic flow simulator can reflect the reality in the region. In addition, the visually representation of traffic flow simulator and GIS helps citizens to understand the potential traffic impact.

It is important to understand the change of population and land use by transportation facility. However, the mechanism of residential location behavior is so complex and variable. So, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of transportation facility improvement on residential location behavior, by analyzing with actual data such as the records of land price and transportation condition in Utsunomiya City. And it is analyzed in terms of an contribution of commuting cost and housing cost. As a result, it can be confirmed that the residential location in the place where the location utility is high can attract more population than other places because of residential location maximizing behavior.

The guideline stipulated in the Large-Scale Retail Stores Location Law enacted in 2000 is uniform across the nation and does not reflect the characteristics unique to local cities. Therefore, this paper examined the actual situations in Tochigi Prefecture, and proposed improvement of measures that conform well to local city environments. Basic unit of daily visitors was analyzed using the result of customer satisfaction level survey. The analysis revealed cause of fluctuation of basic unit of daily visitors that takes attribute and behavioral pattern of individual customer into consideration. In addition, a proposal was made with regard to the establishment of basic unit of visitors to other facilities such as furniture stores.

In this paper, comparison was made between electricity consumption in residential sector and automobile energy consumption in terms of urban form and life style. An extensive survey in Utsunomiya City revealed the following findings. The electricity consumption per capita shows a tendency that is higher in city center and lower in suburbs. This is due to the fact that the density of electric appliances per floor space tends to be higher in a small size house in city center. On the other hand, the amount of automobile energy consumption for resident is lower in city center than suburbs. But, little difference was found in the total of these two kinds of energy consumption between city center and suburbs.

Abandoned or illegally parked bicycles are very serious problems in many places. One of the important countermeasures to deal with this problem is to cultivate consciousness not to park illegally. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey to high school students who frequently use bicycle, and tried to find factors that make them refrain from illegal parking. Two factors are found to be relevant, namely, a good manner and a law-abiding mind. Especially, in order to increase law-abiding mind, it is important to have an experience of enforced rules such as wearing bicycle helmet or restricting the range of commuting by bicycle, as well as the traffic safety education in elementary and secondary schools. Those who have these experiences in their childhood are less likely to commit illegal parking when they grow up.

The recent enactment of the transportation barrier-free law in Japan emphasizes the importance of incorporating a barrier-free approach for any new road facility construction and for improvements to existing road facilities in urban areas. The purpose of this study is to develop barrier-free maps for people with various types of disabilities to help public agencies plan a barrier-free transportation system environment. Statistics show that technological progress and the explosive proliferation of cellular phone use in Japan has reached the level of two phones for every three people. In particular, new advanced cellular phones equipped with additional features such as a Global Positioning System (GPS) and digital cameras are gaining in popularity. The focus is on GPS cellular phones with digital cameras as a tool to collect barrier-free information on the streets. The digital photos and location information generated by the GPS are sent to a personal computer by e-mail. The gathered information is then stored in a geographic information system (GIS) database to display hazardous barrier locations with pictures and messages on a map. Actual field surveys were conducted in the central business district of Utsunomiya City using this method, and information was collected about various barriers for people with different types of disabilities. Barrier-free maps for different types of disabilities were then developed using the multilayer feature of GIS. By comparing hazardous locations for each group of disabilities, both common and differential characteristics were found and summarized in the form of a barrier-free map. Such barrier-free maps are expected to be useful to public agencies for providing a barrier-free transportation environment for people with all types of disabilities.

It is important to understand the change of population and land use by transportation facility. However, the mechanism of the residential location behavior is so complex and variable. So, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of transportation facility improvement on the residential location behavior, by analyzing with actual data such as the records of land price and transportation condition in Utsunomiya City. And it is analyzed in terms of an equation of commuting cost and housing cost. As a result, it can be confirmed that the residential location in the place where the location utility is high can attract more population than other places because of the residential location maximizing behavior.

Recently, the declines of central business district (CBD) have become serious problems in many local cities in Japan. One of the main causes of this decline is the progress of motorization, which resulted in the sprawl of residential areas in suburbs and the proliferation of suburban shopping centers and malls. The purpose of this study is to understand the effect of transportation mode on the satisfaction level of customers who visited CBD. Recently the City of Utsunomiya conducted an extensive customer satisfaction survey (CS survey). As the result of this study, it was found that improvement of pedestrian space is necessary because pedestrian's customer satisfaction level is high. In addition, it becomes clear that it is necessary to provide alternative access modes to automobile users, such as public transport and bicycles.

Many researchers have advocated transit oriented development or compact city concept. However,it is necessary to obtain the rational reason on the urban policy by quantitatively grasping a part of effect of transportation mode on the city growth engineeringly. In this reason, we developed a simple simulation model that can compare the differences between automobile-oriented and transit-oriented cities, and clarify the difference between city forms by transportation modes. Following a theoretical model development, a series of simulation runs are tried. The model allocates people who commute to CBD from residential zones along a transportation corridor. As a result of many simulation analyses, it is shown that automobiles need much more traffic space in comparison with the transit as is shown by the proposed traffic space ratio both in CBD and along the corridor. In this paper, the improvement on the model is proposed using LP. It is the improvement for the purpose of would be able to apply for the more general city. Through the trial, we confirm that the solution exists.

In this study, the effectiveness of measure and transition phenomenon of traffic congestion were analyzed with a series of data from model development to ex post evaluation of traffic congestion.<BR>As the result, it was found that considering the range and factor of reproducing traffic congestion in the traffic simulation model was important. The study also identified the importance of acquiring knowledge from ex post evaluation of congestion measures based on local characteristics and other restrictions.<BR>As the future work, it is necessary to analysis the relation of congestion transition amount and congestion measures by inquiring real examples.

A traffic safety measure is decided from the results of the traffic accident data. Therefore, it is difficult for us to decide the traffic safety measures and to do the previous evaluation for the traffic safety measures before a traffic accident occurs. In addition to this, we have the problem for implementing the suitable traffic safety measures when the traffic flow changed by modifying the road network and developing the new interchange. To solve this subject, we examined the micro-traffic simulation method (NETSIM and Simr) which is used the verification of traffic processing against the traffic safety evaluation. In consequence, we applied our past research results to the micro-traffic simulation and carried out developing the new safety evaluation technics of intersection.

Recently, it seems that the countermeasures to provide safety equipment and infrastructure is not effective enough to reduce traffic accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a new approach to cope with the increasing traffic accident. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between locations where accidents occurred and the factor that people feels dangerous. A hazardous factor was analyzed by using the Conjoint analysis. From these results, it became apparent that the hazardous perception differs by the user according to the character in the district.

This research aims to understand traffic behaviors in a central urban area by investigating the pedestrian travel patterns of each city and district with in a city. Although the number of steps of movement between facilities varies with the representative means of transport even in the city, when comparison is made among different cities, the level of public transportation infrastructure is highly relevant to differentiate the distance traveled on foot It was found that, even for the same pedestrian behavior patterns, the energy consumption of those in a central urban area is larger than those in suburban shopping center.

Bicycles are environmentally friendly and easy to operate. However, the bicycling environment in Japan is inadequate compared with many developed countries. Bicycle accidents have been increasing in recent years, and safety measures are needed to improve the bicycling environment. Although road surface conditions have improved, as reflected in the recent barrier-free policy for elderly and disabled pedestrians, an uneven surface between the road and the crosswalk can help to reduce accidents by reducing running speed.-Because the most frequent type of bicycle accident is a collision with a car at an intersection, the accident-prevention potential of an uneven surface at an intersection crosswalk was examined. Students were asked to run along specific routes, and speed and vibration changes when they passed through intersections were measured. On the basis of the results, an analysis was made of what road environments would benefit from an uneven crossing surface. An uneven surface was found to reduce speeds at intersections with limited sight distance. However, other appropriate safety measures must be applied to reduce bicycle speed when an uneven crossing surface cannot be used because of the barrier-free policy.

Due to parallel infrastructure developments in both automobile and alternative transport systems, a modal shift from the automobile to alternative modes has not occurred at its expected level, because of people's affection for the automobile. In this situation, the necessity of imposing a strategic and appropriate gap between demand and supply of auto-related transportation infrastructure is identified first in this paper. Secondly, several models are developed to calculate demand of auto-related road infrastructure both empirically and theoretically. After that, an index of gap between demand and supply of auto-related road infrastructure is developed, and its relations to travel behavior and land uses are analyzed. In this regard, cities are classified based on their population size and density and level of transit service. Research results show a significant relation of Gap index to modal shares and land uses.

Traffic safety measures are important subjects and it is widely sought for more effective safety measures toward the reduction of traffic accident losses.<br>The conventional method is to deal with accident after they took place at accident-prone intersections.<br>In this study, a new approach was pursued to deal with potential accident before it occurs by observing the traffic characteristics of vehicles at intersections.<br>It became clear through the examination of traffic at intersections that it is possible to extract intersections where frequent accidents are likely to take place by measuring the speed and spacing of vehicles.

Recently, energy consumption by using car has been increasing. So, there are many interests in compact cities from the point of view of environmental preservation. This study aims to show effectiveness of car usage reduction by application of land-use control policy. Surveying ABC policy in Netherlands and PPG13 in England, we found out effects and problems of the co-ordination between Land-use and Transportation planning, and tried to find requirements for implementation of land-use control policy in Japan. Analysis of data from Person-trip Survey in SEIEN-urban area shows relationship between commuters' car usage and location of offices. In addition, the results obtained from simulation show that it is more effective to move office to location well served by public transportation with the amount of parking space is limited.

One of the solutions for energy resources and environmental problems is to promote bicycle transportation. In this study, we investigate the modal shift in the transition period from bicycle users to automobile users. As a result, there were four factors. Physical conditions refer to reasons that influence bicycle usage. Financial Conditions refer to how much one can spend on purchasing a car and on its maintenance. Bicycle Habit is experience of bicycle use in the past Bicycle Favoritism is the preference of bicycle as a transportation mode. Bicycle transportation planning must be based on the policy to enhance these factors.

As motorization spreads worldwide, concern is growing about the adverse effect of automobiles on energy resources and global environmental problems. A way to alleviate excessive dependency on automobiles is to promote bicycle transportation. However, it is difficult to increase bicycle usage except in some European countries, such as the Netherlands. In Japan the bicycle is commonly used from childhood through high school, but a rapid shift to the automobile takes place at college age. College students were surveyed by questionnaire on their bicycle use patterns and automobile ownership, along with bicycle use in their hometowns. The statistical analysis shows various relationships among population size of hometowns, regional characteristics, individual favoritism toward bicycles, financial condition, and so on. A clear difference was found between two groups of hometown regions for present bicycle usage patterns: those from large metropolitan areas and those from smaller regions. The transportation systems in cities and different population sizes influence bicycle use and favoritism toward bicycles, which in turn affects the present bicycle use level. Finally, the study reveals four factors that affect the modal shift froth-bicycle user to automobile user during the college-age period: physical environment, financial aspects, past experience, and favoritism toward bicycle use. These factors should be incorporated in designing bicycle transportation policy in urban areas.

Recently, thecompact city has been espoused as a concept for sustainability.Although higher density development increases the effectiveness of public transport, a densely built city may cause the hard road congestion, which induces more energy consumption for urban travel. This paper focuses on the environmental impact caused by compactness in terms of the interrelation between Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and traffic flow. Asincreasing FAR in city center give rise to road congestion as well as promotion of transit, there would be some different ways in auto dependent city and transit-oriented city. Especially, where density of the city is categorized in 20-50persons perhectare, traffic strategies should be fully considered to realize the compact city.

The purpose of this study is to make clear the interaction between urban structures of the Capital Function City and its transportation load, distinctively dealing with forecasting future travel behavior in the Capital Function City in Japan as well as analyzing the Capital Function City by the two-step method of urban model and urban-area model. The result of our research makes it evident that the concentrated city has less environmental load than dispersed city in terms of the urban model but energy consumption of both city is comparatively lower than other existing city in Japan. It is also concluded that annular urban area takes less environmental load in urban area model.

The purpose of this paper to examine the method of data collection using pedometer and clarify the pedestrian characters which have not been surveyed by existing method in detail. First, the comparative study between pedometer and existing survey is conducted through the analysis of actual condition on pedestrian mobility. Second, from the deference of pedestrian mobility between metropolitan city and local city, some behavioral patterns in various type of area are investigated by using normal and high performance pedometer. A result obtained for these analysis shows amount of walking in large shopping center is no less than in centerdistrict.

In this paper, the model was applied to the actual city area with the existing road network. After constructing network of wider city area in computer model, we simulate the traffic impact generated by new development in the CBD. It was found that road congestion due to the new development is observed not only on immediately surrounding road but also in much wider area in the city, because of the change of the shortest path demanded by other traffic flows.

In order to reduce traffic accidents, it is important to know where traffic accidents occur and how people perceive hazard that is related to traffic. In this study an attempt was made to examine the relationship between actual traffic accident location and people's perception of hazardous location using geographic information system. An extensive questionnaire survey was conducted with regard to the perceived location of traffic hazard. Three types of accident-hazard relationship were identified. Finally potential application of hazard map is discussed. © 2004 ASCE.

The equilibrium between land use and transportation system has been an important issue in the city planning. Transportation Impact Assessment is a measure to make the equilibrium by balancing the relationship between urban development and transport facilities. First, this paper discusses about the development patterns which do not cause the road congestion in a hypothetical city with grid type network structure. By using a traffic simulation model, NETSIM, maximum value of floor area ratio (FAR) to avoid congestion is calculated in various situations. The result shows allowable level of FAR is much underestimated than the current legal limitation level considering the existing road capacity. Next, the model was applied to the actual city area with the existing road network. After constructing network of wider city area in computer model, we simulate the traffic impact generated by new development in the CBD. It was found that road congestion due to the new development is observed not only on immediately surrounding road but also in much wider area in the city, because of the change of the shortest path demanded by other traffic flows. © 2004 ASCE.

In Tokyo Metropolitan Area, the rapid increase of automobile traffic far surpasses the provision of road facilities. and the traffic congestion is worsening. One method to cope with this problem is the control of land use, especially the regulation of floor area ratio (FAR). In this study we examine if land use planning in Tokyo, which has the goal of the multi-nucleus urban structure. have corresponded with the road capacity. After the simulation study, although there are considerable gap between current FAR and permissible FAR, the planning urban structure is considered almost the same as a desirable structure alleviating the road congestion.

There are mainly two types of push button signal settings provided for pedestrian crossing at minor road between two adjacent signalised intersections. One, coordinated with the adjacent signalised intersection and two, completely isolated or non-coordinated. Previous studies showed that pedestrian waiting time and signal ignoring rate after pushing the push button are much less in the isolated push button signalised intersection than in the coordinated one. In this study, the effects of these two types of push button signal settings on traffic flow has been studied in view of stopped delay for both pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

Recently, transportation energy consumption became an important issue from the view-point of environmental problem. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between urban structure andtransportation energy in Tokyo metropolitan area.<BR>After the calculation by using PT data, energy consumption in Tokyo is lower than average of nationwide area, but it tends to be increasing lately at especially suburban area. And the simulations showed that the policy of state where one's residence and place of work are near each other is more effective to reduce the transportation energy.

The problem regarding townscape has come to occupy an important position to make the originality in a district. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an evaluation of district-scape with computer graphics.<BR>This paper includes three contains; One is to select characteristic of district-scape with SD method. The second is to compare the district-scape photograph with the same scene by using the 3D-computer graphics. The third is to examine the good pattern of district-scape.

The purpose of this study is to examine a suitable urban structure by considering the road capacity.<br>This paper includes two contains; One is to establish an appropriate location model of floor-area ratio with the aim of dissolution of road congestion. The other is to apply the model in a hypothetical city and TOKYO central district.<br>From the results of the models' application, We propose that one of suitable urban form is the poly-nucleated city and control of the urban capacity is necessary in TOKYO to solve the road congestion problem.