Weak Crossover (WCO) has been characterized by the degradation of the sentence in (1) with the interpretation paraphrased as: for any boy x, x’s mother loves x. The degradation is particularly remarkable given the availability of the inverse scope reading in (2), in which “every boy” takes scope over “every girl”. Given the syntax of first-order logic that allows quantifiers to bind any variables in its scope, the unavailability of the binding reading in (1), which would be translated as (3), calls for an explanation. His mover loves every boy.Some girl loves every boy.(3) For all x: boy(x) -> love(x's mother, x) The aim of this project was to shed a new light on this phenomenon by investigating a WCO without an apparent binding. The target configuration is exemplified in (4). Uttered after (4a), (4b) allows the reading paraphrased as: for each linguist x, x submitted the paper x wrote to a journal. The corresponding interpretation is absent in (4c). The sentence cannot be interpreted as: for each linguist x, the publication of x's paper pleased x. (4) a. Every linguist wrote a new paper.   b. Each of them submitted it to a journal.   c. Its publication pleased each of them. The contrast between (4b) and (4c) resembles that between (1) and (2). However, they differ in a significant respect, namely that (4b)/(4c) do not involve any apparent binding. There is no obvious variable bound by the quantifier "each" in (4b)/(4c).  Any theory that has attributed the degradation of WCO to binding misses the analysis of (4c). Therefore, the configuration provides a challenging testing ground for the existing theories. This project thus has aimed at examining and comparing the existing theories against (4c) to draw a theorical implication. The project has involved critically assessing a few fundamental theoretical assumptions in formal semantics: the interpretation of "movements", the way composition proceeds, and the nature of "binding". On an empirical side, the project reassessed the universality of the WCO phenomenon, by questioning its reality outside English, especially Japanese. While the project has not reached a full-fledged analysis of (4), the aforementioned assessments reassessments lead to the following outputs.Oral presentation in Sinn und Bedeutung 2025 (Germany) A talk in東海関西意味論研究会 (Nagoya)An invited talk in Fukuoka Linguistics Circle (Fukuoka) I am also now preparing a manuscript for journal submission.