Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems are used as air conditioning systems in small and medium-sized buildings in Japan. Conventionally, the two most popular types of VRF systems are the Electrical Motor-Driven VRF system (EHP) and the Gas Engine Driven VRF system (GHP). However, in recent years, society has been increasingly demanding energy saving and the best energy mix. This required an air conditioning system that is capable of flexibly using energy according to the application and situation. Consequently, a hybrid air conditioning system (called the Integrated Hybrid VRF system) that satisfies this need was developed. The developed system enables operation in accordance with energy prices and usage situations by connecting a GHP and an EHP in a single refrigerant cycle. Subsequently, in recent years, the Integrated Hybrid VRF system has been utilized in small and medium-sized buildings. However, the actual performance characteristics of this system have not yet been investigated. In this study, measurements were obtained during the actual operation of an Integrated Hybrid VRF system operating in an office building and controlled by a remote monitoring server to enable optimal operation according to the application and situation. In this report, the actual operational status of the Integrated Hybrid VRF system with optimal operational control is presented.

This study was conducted to characterise thermal environmental acceptability for various air-conditioning systems. The authors developed a new thermal comfort index called a P-R chart using the concepts of "provided temperature" and "required temperature" for use in evaluating uniform, high-quality indoor thermal environments and non-uniform, unsteady thermal environments. In this study, first, the authors surveyed the required temperature distribution of workers. Then they surveyed indoor thermal environmental stabilities in the four offices during the summer with different air-conditioning systems to calculate provided temperature distribution. Finally, the indoor thermal acceptability in offices was evaluated using the P-R chart. The results showed that the convective air-conditioning systems caused wide temporal and spatial variations in the thermal environment. Therefore, in buildings with convective air-conditioning systems, even if the planar average thermal environment is categorised as comfortable, it is presumed that workers sensitive to cold or heat will complain of discomfort more frequently than those in buildings with radiant air-conditioning systems and floor-supply displacement HVAC systems, because the probability of workers sitting in cold- or hot-spot areas is higher in the former case.

The authors investigated an office building in Japan incorporating energy-saving features and environmental technology. The building is medium-sized and incorporates two air-conditioning systems: a natural ventilation system and radiation air-conditioning system. The temperature environment of the building and its psychological effects on office workers were surveyed using a questionnaire. The measurements of the natural ventilation system were made in 2016. The natural ventilation system of this building reduces the indoor temperature by first opening the window. The ceiling uses the heat storage capacity of concrete to retain a low temperature in the room during the night. Air flows through the room with the natural ventilation system. Further, various problems occur because of noise, and the building has a constantly fluctuating environment. However, according to the results, even in such a natural ventilation system in which the indoor environment changes, office workers are able to conduct business without much dissatisfaction.

Few case studies have examined the actual operation of variable refrigerant flow systems. The installation conditions for each case, such as the number of indoor units connected, piping length, height difference, and refrigerant filling budget, are not fixed. Therefore, accurately grasping the changes in performance is difficult. Moreover, specifying the performance evaluation method is necessary because of the complex and diverse operating conditions for each case. The system performance intended by the air conditioning designer/builder is not attained because the actual driving situation differs for each property. Therefore, possible complaints of the system being “too hot” or “too cold” raise a concern.

This work clarified the effectiveness and comfort of an air-conditioning system with variable airflow by measurement and questionnaire survey. This air-conditioning system can create horizontal and vertical airflows by a special air outlet. In addition, this system can adjust air volume. Thus, with this system, one can make choices in line with one's airflow preferences, within different air-conditioning zones. Airflow can be set using a five-stage mode, through a user interface that is installed in the room. The measurement results confirmed that air speed difference was attached to each thermal sensation setting, and air volume adjustment functioned effectively. The questionnaire results confirmed that over 90% of officer workers are somewhat comfortable and that the air-conditioning system is extremely comfortable.

Radiant air-conditioning systems and floor-supply displacement heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have recently attracted considerable attention. However, such systems have not yet seen widespread use because the degree to which they increase thermal comfort is not clear. In this study, the authors measured the planar thermal deviation during summer in four offices: two offices employed a radiant air-conditioning system and a floor-supply displacement HVAC system, and the other two offices employed convective air-conditioning systems. The results showed that the convective air-conditioning system caused wide temporal and spatial variations in the thermal environment. Therefore, in buildings with convective air-conditioning systems, even if the planar average thermal environment was categorized as comfortable, it was presumed that workers who were sensitive to cold or heat complained of discomfort more often than those in buildings with radiant air-conditioning systems because the probability of workers sitting in cold or hot spots increased.

<p> 本報では中間期における執務室の温熱環境の実測を行い、自然換気システムの運用実績と換気性能及び、室内の温熱環境を執務者の心理量と併せて評価した。結果、比較的安定した温熱環境が得られ、アンケート調査では自然換気に対して肯定的な回答がほとどであり、多くの執務者に受容されているといえる。</p>

<p>放射空調と全面床吹出し空調，さらに対流空調の温熱受容性をP-Rチャートを用いて検討した。対流空調の建物では，温熱環境の偏在の影響を受けて，環境温度と要求温度の乖離が大きい結果となった。また，実際にアンケート調査から得られた居住者の温熱環境に対する印象と，P-Rチャートにより得られた温熱受容性の傾向は一致していた。</p>

<p>本研究の対象建物は都心部に建つ本部オフィスである。その計画では、働きやすさと環境への優しさを両立する次世代環境志向オフィスの創生を目指した。この実現には、平面計画ではペリメータアイルを、断面計画ではリバーススラブを基本骨格とし、最先端の環境技術により、変動の大きい自然エネルギーを自ら和らげ蓄えながら取り入れ、より少ないエネルギーで安定した内部環境を創り出す「自律安定型ZEB」を構築した。本報では建物概要と導入システムを紹介する。</p>

<p>本施設では放射・床吹き出併用空調システムと自然換気システムを用いた空調設備を利用している。夏期、中間期、冬期における室内温熱環境の実測結果、本施設に対する執務者の評価を、アンケートを用いて示す。</p>

<p>研究対象施設にはマイクロコジェネレーションシステムを用いた冷温水供給系統と空気熱源ヒートポンプによる冷温水供給系統がある。両系統の同時起動が不要な低負荷時に、いずれの系統を優先的に起動すべきかは、外界条件や電力およびガス料金などに依存する。本報では簡単なエネルギーフローモデルを作成し、マイクロコジェネレーションシステムと空気熱源ヒートポンプの起動判定を行う方法を示す。</p>

<p>実際のオフィスでは、各々の執務者の温冷感や受容度は様々である。そこで、個人が瞬間的に抱く温熱感や受容度を的確に記録することができる「オストラコン」を用いて実測を行った。その結果、不快と感じる瞬間には周辺の温熱環境に関わらない、他の様々な要因が絡み合っていることが推測された。本報では「オストラコン」を用いて実測を行い、執務者の属性が温熱環境受容に及ぼす影響を調査した。</p>

<p> This study aims to assess the thermal conditions of an indoor environment deemed unacceptable by workers. For this purpose, Ostracon, a voting device, was developed to record the physical environment at the time a worker presses a button to express a complaint. Ostracon was used to record the opinions of 90 workers about their thermal environment in six offices during the summer.</p>

<p>本報では,「暑すぎる」・「寒すぎる」を分けて申告を行う非受容申告装置2ch型オストラコンを用いて,中間期における空調機器の運転切り替え時の非受容申告の調査を行った。また,執務者の在席を判断するため在席検知装置を同時に使用した。調査結果より非受容申告の発生因子を推察し,運転切り替えに伴う申告の特性について考察を行う。</p>

<p>Experiments of the isothermal task unit by subjective votes and a thermal manikin were carried out. This task unit is mounted a nozzle and a fan on a chair. A nozzle is located behind the neck. The experiments results showed that convective heat transfer of the neck and the arm of thermal manikin was promoted by task unit. A subject shifted his evaluation from neutral to cool by task unit.</p>

<p>本研究では、2030年のオフィスを想定した空調システムに関して検討を行う。そのシステムは、置換換気と壁型の放射冷暖房とタスク空調を合わせたものである。本報では、置換換気と壁型の放射冷暖房を合わせたアンビエント空調システムの実験結果を示す。静穏な環境下で温度成層が形成され、居住域を効率的に冷房することができたことを示している。</p>

<p>S社本社における執務者の快適性の把握を目的とし,2012年,2013年に実施された夏期アンケート調査,本年度夏期に実施されたオストラコンによる受容度申告調査について報告する。結果として2013年のアンケート調査にあたり,室内設定温湿度が2012年の調査時から変更があったため各項目における回答の変化が認められた。オストラコン調査では温冷感申告,受容申告は快適範囲内外に見られたが,受容申告「受け入れられる」の申告は快適範囲外における申告割合の方が多い結果となった。</p>

<p>排熱投入型冷温水機のガス消費量について，実績データをもとに特性を調べた．夏期の排熱利用時においてガスの着火・消火の工程が頻繁に発生することを確認した． ガスの着火・消火の工程を発生させる要因の一つは，機器の出口側温度制御のオーバーシュートによるものであることが分かった．もう一つの要因は，要求量を賄う最適なガス消費量が機器の仕様上の下限値以下であることが原因であることが分かった．</p>

<p>本報はマルチパッケージ型空調機の新しい簡易なオンサイト測定法に関する研究です。著者らはこの新しい測定法をWA法と名付けました。この測定法は吸込み面の重み付け平均温度によって熱量分布を測定できます。また、この方法は従来のプローブ挿入法と比べて計測機器の設置が簡略化されています。</p>

This study aims to establish a new thermal comfort index for evaluating air-conditioning systems, and introduces a new thermal comfort index for the provided and required temperatures. The authors performed comparison verification experiments on the temperature distribution of radiant air-conditioning and convective air-conditioning systems. The results showed the temperature provided by the convective air-conditioning system to have a wide distribution, unlike that of the radiant air-conditioning system. Based on these results, the authors propose a probabilistic thermal acceptability evaluation using the concepts of "provided temperature" and "required temperature". The authors consider this evaluation method to be applicable for non-steady thermal environments as well as uniform high quality indoor thermal environments using radiant air-conditioning systems, and personalized air-conditioning systems.

&nbsp;Radiant air-conditioning systems and floor-supply displacement heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have recently attracted considerable attention. However, such systems have not yet seen widespread use because the degree to which they increase thermal comfort is not clear. In this study, the authors measured the planar thermal deviation during summer in four offices: two offices employed a radiant air-conditioning system and a floor-supply displacement HVAC system, and the other two offices employed convective air-conditioning systems.<br>&nbsp;No noticeable difference is observed in the average air speed among the offices. However, for the convective air-conditioning system in offices, the air speed had a wide distribution. In contrast, for the floor-supply displacement HVAC system and the radiant air-conditioning system, the air speed was highly consistent with minimal variation (<0.1 m/s). This minimal variation in the air speed was therefore perceived as being calm compared to the air speed variation for the convective air-conditioning system. Moreover, for the convective air-conditioning system, the local air turbulence tended to be higher than that for the radiant air-conditioning system and the floor-supply displacement HVAC system.<br>&nbsp;For the convective air-conditioning system (multi air-conditioning system), the equivalent temperature repeatedly rose and fell during operational hours. On the other hand, for the floor-supply displacement HVAC system and the radiant air-conditioning system, the air temperature was very stable during operational hours.<br>&nbsp;The authors characterized both the temporal and spatial thermal environmental variations for various air-conditioning systems. In all the cases, the planar standard deviation was concentrated at low values during air-conditioning operation downtimes such as midnight and early morning. In convective air-conditioning system (multi air-conditioning system) and floor-supply displacement HVAC system, the equivalent temperature tended to be high during air-conditioning operation downtimes, especially early morning. During operational hours, according to the characteristics of the convective air-conditioning system (multi air-conditioning system), the equivalent temperature tended to fluctuate wildly and attain high planar standard deviations. On the other hand, in TABS, the equivalent temperature was concentrated at low values during air-conditioning operation downtimes such as midnight and early morning. In addition, the equivalent temperature did not fluctuate because the temperature in TABS is considered to be a typical example of a TABS that uses the thermal capacity of slabs to provide a stable thermal environment.

&nbsp;This paper reports the summertime measurement results of the indoor thermal environment at the head office of S Company. On the subject of air conditioning system, the perimeter zone supplies cold water to a perimeter chilled beam and it processes the perimeter cooling load. The interior zone adopts a task and ambient air conditioning system. Ambient air conditioning supplies cold water to an interior radiation ceiling panel and processes the internal heat generated by human bodies, lighting, OA equipment, and so on. In addition, the air carried out during latent heat processing with the desiccant air conditioning system is supplied from the personal floor outlet installed under the desk. The current from a personal floor air outlet provides air conditioning and it can be adjusted to an individual&rsquo;s preference.<br>&nbsp;This study aims to evaluate the thermal comfort of an indoor environment in office from physical quantity and psychological state. Moreover, this study aims to assess the thermal conditions of an indoor environment deemed unacceptable by workers that it is impossibility to evaluate from conventional method. For this purpose, the acceptability voting device &ldquo;Ostracon&rdquo; was developed, which can record the physical environment when workers express a complaint. Workers can push a button on Ostracon to vote when they feel that the thermal environment is unacceptable. In this study, Ostracon was used to measure whether 25 workers felt that the thermal environment was acceptable in the office S during the summer.<br>&nbsp;The results showed that the mean radiant temperature was lower than room temperature. Moreover, up-and-down temperature distribution was very small. In addition, the temperature difference to every time is smaller during the up-and-down temperature distribution. Distribution stability throughout the day should be confirmed. For this reason, it was determined that the radiation ceiling panel was effective. Regarding questionnaire about satisfaction with the room environment, the many of respondents said they were "comfort" overall. The result showed a very high level of satisfaction. Regarding the survey of Ostracon, subjects expressed that the environment was unacceptable even when the temperature and humidity were within an acceptable range. Therefore, the authors consider that thermal environmental acceptability is not determined simply by temperature and humidity. However, it was observed that the workers' complaints were often expressed moments after returning from tasks performed outside the office, suggesting that their complaints were influenced by factors other than the office environment, such as changes in metabolic rate and the individual's thermal history.

<p>Tミュージアムにおいて、「水、熱、電力、素材、緑、長もち、空気」の7つの視点から、１００の環境手法を取り入れ、環境と共生する建築を計画し、自然換気システム、ダブルスキン、ソーラーチムニー（多機能集熱塔）などの環境技術を計画した。 通年を通してソーラーチムニーを利用する計画とし、そのシステムを構築した。 本論文では、建物概要と多機能集熱塔の概要について報告する。</p>

<p>本論文では、多機能集熱塔（ソーラーチムニー）を利用した固体蓄熱を計画し、蓄熱材となる陶片の蓄熱性能の把握、適切な寸法、及び充填方法の検証実験の結果を報告する。 蓄熱性能は、従来蓄熱材と同程度の性能を持ち、蓄熱材の適切な寸法は、等価直径40mm以上となることが分かった。充填方法は、蓄熱性能及び資源の有効活用より、縦横配置が最適な結果となった。最後に、得られた知見を踏まえ現地で施工した内容を列記する。</p>

<p>本論文ではソーラーチムニーを通年で利用するという計画において、冬期の運用である陶片蓄熱システムの実測調査を行った結果を報告する。調査結果より、蓄熱運転は外部環境の影響を大きく受けるが、取出し運転は大きな影響は受けないことを確認した。蓄熱効率は約74%であった。顕熱交換器を通すことにより、外気の予熱が行われていることを確認したが、予熱効果の検証は未だ曖昧である。今後さらなる調査を重ね、より精緻な解析を行っていく。</p>

本研究では実際のオフィスへの導入を目的として開発した椅子型タスクユニットの実用機であるクールチェアA型の熱的な特性を,座面と背板に通気性素材を用いたメッシュチェアと併せて評価した。サーマルマネキンによる全身等価温度はクールチェアA型と比べてメッシュチェアがわずかに低い結果となり,通気性素材の着席時における熱抵抗の低さが全身の等価温度に与える影響は非常に大きいことを確認した。次にメッシュチェアに温冷感調整機能を付加することで,送風機を用いた噴流による人体からの熱放散量の調整の依存を少なくしたクールチェアB型を新たに開発した。クールチェアB型の全身等価温度はクールチェアA型と比べて顕著に低いことから,通気性素材と気流を併用した冷却効果はクールチェアA型を大きく上回ると思われる。