Updated on 2024/03/28

写真a

 
FUKUNAGA, Tetsuo
 
Affiliation
Faculty of Sport Sciences
Job title
Professor Emeritus
Degree
(BLANK)
教育学博士 ( 東京大学 )

Education Background

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    1971

    The University of Tokyo  

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    1971

    The University of Tokyo   Graduate School, Division of Education  

  •  
    -
    1964

    The University of Tokushima  

  •  
    -
    1964

    The University of Tokushima   Faculty of Arts and Science  

Committee Memberships

  • 2000
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    NSCAジャパン 日本ストレングス&コンディショニング協会  理事長

  • 1996
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    日本バイオメカニクス学会  会長

  • 1996
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    日本体力医学会  理事

  • 1980
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    日本体育学会  理事

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    トレーニング科学会  顧問

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    日本バイオメカニズム学会  評議員

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    日本運動生理学会  理事

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    日本体育協会スポーツ科学委員会

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    大学設置審議委員会

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    日本学術振興会議

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    国立スポーツ科学センター評議員

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    鹿屋体育大学外部評価委員会

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Professional Memberships

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    アメリカスポーツ医学会(ACSM)

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    国際バイオメカニクス学会

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    トレーニング科学会

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    日本バイオメカニズム学会

  •  
     
     

    日本運動生理学会

  •  
     
     

    日本バイオメカニクス学会

  •  
     
     

    日本体力医学会

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    日本体育学会

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    NSCAジャパン 日本ストレングス&コンディショニング協会

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    American College of Sports Medicine

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    International Society of Biomechanics(ISB)

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    Japan Society of Training Science for Exercise and Sport

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    Society of Biomechanisms(SOBIM) Japan

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    Japan Society of Exercise and Sports Physiology

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    Japan Society of Biomechanics

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    The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

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    Health and Sport Sciences

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    Japan Society of Physical Education

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    National Strength and Conditioning Association Japan

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Research Interests

  • トレーニング科学

  • 体力科学

  • バイオメカニクス

  • 体育学

  • Training science

  • Exercise physiology

  • Biomechanics

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Awards

  • 国際バイオメカニクス学会 マイブリッジ賞

    2003  

  • Muybridge Award (International Society of Biomechanics XIXth ISB Congress)

    2003  

 

Books and Other Publications

  • NSCAパーソナルトレーナーのための基礎知識

    森永製菓健康事業部  2005

  • バイオメカニクス 身体運動の科学的基礎

    杏林書院  2004

  • 生化学・生理学からみた骨格筋に対するトレーニング効果(第二版)

    ナップ  2003

  • 筋の科学事典 構造・機能・運動-

    朝倉書店  2002

  • 貯筋通帳 1日15分の簡単な運動で筋肉が貯まる!

    ワニマガジン社  2002

  • 地域における高齢者の健康づくりハンドブック

    ナップ  2001

  • 自分でできる健康づくり 生活習慣病を防ぐ 体を動かす話

    東京法規出版  2001

  • 体力づくりのためのスポーツ科学

    朝倉書店  2001

  • The length-force characteristics of human gastrocnemius and soleus muscles in vivo

    Skeletal Muscle Mechanics from mechanisms to function (Ed. Herzog W)WILEY  2000

  • Effect of Elastic Properties on the Performance of Stretch-shortening Cycles

    Skeletal Muscle Mechanics from mechanisms to function (Ed. Herzog W)WILEY  2000

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Works

  • エビデンスに基づいた新しい身体・健康評価基準の開発

    2005
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  • 高齢者(要介護認定者)に対する貯筋運動の効果について

    2005
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Research Projects

  • 人体筋の構造と機能の相互連関

  • 競技力向上に関する研究

  • 現代日本人の生活遂行能力に関する研究

  • 筋腱複合体の動態に関する研究

  • Interaction between architecture and function of human muscle-tendon complex

  • Study on Sports Performance

  • Study on Life Fitness in Japanese.

  • Study on Muscle Tendon Complex in Human

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Misc

  • In vivo behavior of muscle fascicles and tendinous tissues of human gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during twitch contraction

    Toshiaki Oda, Hiroaki Kanehisa, Kentaro Chino, Toshiyuki Kurihara, Toshihiko Nagayoshi, Tetsuo Fukunaga, Yasuo Kawakami

    JOURNAL OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND KINESIOLOGY   17 ( 5 ) 587 - 595  2007.10

     View Summary

    The present study investigated the differences between the human medial gastrocnemius (MG) and soleus (SOL) muscles in length changes of muscle fascicles and tendinous tissues during twitch contraction induced by an electrical nerve stimulus. Also, the time-course characteristics of twitch torque were related with changes in the length of muscle fascicles and tendinous tissues. No significant difference was observed between MG and SOL in contraction and half relaxation times of the changes in lengths and velocities of both muscle fascicles and tendinous tissues. The time-course of changes in twitch torque was nearly identical to that of the length of muscle fascicles and tendinous tissues. It was suggested that the behavior of MG and SOL during twitch contraction is practically similar in spite of their known physiological and architectural differences, and that the time-course of twitch torque is greatly influenced by the changes in the length of muscle fascicles and tendinous tissues. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • Effects of 20-day bed rest with and without strength training on postural sway during quiet standing

    M. Kouzaki, K. Masani, H. Akima, H. Shirasawa, H. Fukuoka, H. Kanehisa, T. Fukunaga

    ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA   189 ( 3 ) 279 - 292  2007.03

     View Summary

    Aim: To examine the effect of unweighting as a possible contributory factor to a reduced calf muscle volume on postural sway during quiet standing, changes in postural sway following bed rest with or without strength training were investigated.
    Methods: Twelve young men participated in a 20-day bed-rest study. Subjects were divided into a non-training group (BR-Con) and a strength training group (BR-Tr). For the BR-Tr group, training was comprised of dynamic calf-raise and leg-press exercises to maintain the muscle volume of the plantar flexors. Before and after bed rest, subjects maintained quiet standing in a barefoot position on a force platform with their eyes open or closed. During the quiet stance, foot centre-of-pressure (CoP) and the mean velocity of CoP was calculated. Muscle volume of the plantar flexors was computed using axial magnetic resonance images of the leg.
    Results: After the bed-rest period, the muscle volume decreased in the BR-Con group but not in the BR-Tr group. The mean velocity of CoP as an assessment of postural sway, however, increased in both groups. These results indicate that the strength training during bed rest cannot counteract the increase in postural sway.
    Conclusion: We concluded that postural sway increases following 20 days of bed rest despite maintenance of the muscle volume of plantar flexors as the main working muscles for the human postural standing.

    DOI

  • Influences of tendon stiffness, joint stiffness, and electromyographic activity on jump performances using single joint

    Keitaro Kubo, Masanori Morimoto, Teruaki Komuro, Naoya Tsunoda, Hiroaki Kanehisa, Tetsuo Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   99 ( 3 ) 235 - 243  2007.02

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to examine the influences of tendon stiffness, joint stiffness, and electromyographic activity on jump performances consisting of a single-joint movement. Twenty-four men performed three kinds of unilateral maximal jump using only the ankle joint (squat jump: SJ; countermovement jump: CMJ; drop jump: DJ) on the sledge apparatus. The relative differences in the jump height of CMJ and DJ compared to SJ were defined as pre-stretch augmentation. During jumping exercises, electromyographic activities (mEMG) were recorded from the plantar flexors. Ankle joint stiffness was calculated as the change in the joint torque divided by the change in ankle joint angle during the eccentric phase of DJ. Achilles tendon stiffness was measured using ultrasonography during isometric plantar flexion. No significant correlations were found between joint stiffness and pre-stretch augmentation in both CMJ and DJ. On the contrary, tendon stiffness was significantly correlated with pre-stretch augmentation in both CMJ (r = -0.471) and DJ (r = -0.502). The relative mEMG value of CMJ (to that of SJ) during the concentric phase was significantly correlated with pre-stretch augmentation (r = 0.481), although this relationship was not found in DJ. These results suggested that (1) the greater jump height in CMJ could be explained by both the tendon elasticity and the increased activation level of muscle, (2) tendon elasticity played a more significant role in the enhancement of jump height during DJ, and (3) joint stiffness was not related to either pre-stretch augmentation or tendon stiffness.

    DOI

  • Fascicle behavior of medial gastrocnemius muscle in extended and flexed knee positions

    Taku Wakahara, Hiroaki Kanehisa, Yasuo Kawakami, Tetsuo Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS   40 ( 10 ) 2291 - 2298  2007

     View Summary

    The present study tested the hypotheses that Achilles tendon forces during fast concentric actions do not differ between extended and flexed knee positions, and this phenomenon is attributable to the force-length characteristics and electromyograms (EMGs) of gastrocnemius muscle. Seven healthy men performed static and concentric plantarflexions at fully extended (K0) and 0.785 rad (45 degrees) Flexed (K45) knee positions with the maximal effort. In concentric actions, the angular velocities were set at 0.524 (slow) and 6.109 rad s(-1) (fast). Fascicle length of medial gastrocnemius (MG) was determined with ultrasonography. Surface EMGs of the MG were recorded luring each action. Achilles tendon force was calculated from the torque and moment arm of the tendon. Peak tendon forces in fast concentric actions were similar in KO and in K45, but those in static and slow concentric actions significantly (P < 0.05) differed between :he two positions. When the tendon force peaked, the fascicle lengths in each action and fascicle velocities in both concentric actions were significantly (P<0.05) greater in KO than in K45. The EMGs were significantly (P<0.05) higher in KO than K45 during each action. The results suggest that (1) the difference in the tendon forces between the two positions can be explained by the force-length and -velocity Characteristics and the EMGs of the MG, and (2) the contribution of the MG to the tendon force in flexed knee positions is greater in concentric actions than expected from the results in static actions. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • Effects of series elasticity on the human knee extension torque-angle relationship in vivo

    Keitaro Kubo, Kazuya Ohgo, Ryuichi Takeishi, Kazunari Yoshinaga, Naoya Tsunoda, Hiroaki Kanehisa, Tetsuo Fukunaga

    RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT   77 ( 4 ) 408 - 416  2006.12

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of series elasticity on the torque-angle relationship of the knee extensors in vivo. Forty-two men volunteered to take part in the present study. The Participants performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions at eight knee-joint angles (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110 degrees). The elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of the vastus lateralis muscle was directly measured by ultrasonography, while the participants performed ramp isometric knee extensions to the voluntary maximum at 80 degrees of knee angle. There was no significant difference in the torque value between 50 degrees and 100 degrees, although there was variation in the shape of the "torque-angle" relationship. The variability in the torque-angle curve was not affected by the activation Level of agonist and antagonist muscles and the moment arm length. The ratio of torque at 100 degrees compared to that at 50 degrees was significantly (r(2) = 18-23%) correlated to the maximal elongation and strain (to initial length) of the tendon structures. These results suggest that increased compliance of tendon structures of the knee extensors may contribute to variations in the torque-angle curves of the knee extensors.

    DOI

  • Mapping activation levels of skeletal muscle in healthy volunteers: An MRI study

    Ryuta Kinugasa, Yasuo Kawakami, Tetsuo Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING   24 ( 6 ) 1420 - 1425  2006.12

     View Summary

    Purpose: To use muscle functional MRI (mfMRI) to compare activation levels within and among triceps surae (TS) muscles.
    Materials and Methods: Seven healthy males performed five sets of 10 repetitions of a unilateral heel-raise exercise. T2-weighted images were obtained before and immediately after the exercise. Pixels that showed T2 greater than the mean + 1 SD of the region of interest (ROI) in pre-exercise images and lower than the mean + 1 SD of the ROI in post-exercise images were identified. The remaining T2 values in the post-exercise images were assigned to five categories indicated by color: red (highest level of activation), yellow, green, sky blue, and blue (lowest level of activation). The images were then used to construct three-dimensional (3D) images from which the volumes at each level of activation were determined.
    Results: Within each of the TS muscles the % activated volumes with low and moderate levels of activation were larger than those with a high level of activation (P < 0.05). The % activated volumes with a high level of activation were larger in the medial gastrocnemius than the soleus (Sol; P < 0.05). The Sol had a larger % activated volume with a low level of activation than the lateral gastrocnemius (P < 0.05). Each activation level was nonuniformly distributed along the length within each TS muscle.
    Conclusion: There is substantial variation in the level of activation within and among the TS muscles; however. the activation level is mainly in the moderate to low range in all three muscles.

    DOI

  • Influence of the psoas major and thigh muscularity on 100-m times in junior sprinters

    Yoshihiro Hoshikawa, Masataka Muramatsu, Tomomi Iida, Akiko Uchiyama, Yoshiharu Nakajima, Hiroaki Kanehisa, Tetsuo Fukunaga

    MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE   38 ( 12 ) 2138 - 2143  2006.12

     View Summary

    Purpose: This study aimed to investigate how the cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris (QF)3, hamstrings (Ham), and psoas major (PM) in junior sprinters are related to mean running velocity (MV100m) calculated from official records of 100-m races. Methods: In 44 sprinters (22 boys and 22 girls) aged 14-17 yr, cross-sectional images were taken at the upper thigh and midthigh and midway between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae using magnetic resonance imaging. CSA of the three muscles located in both sides were analyzed. For each muscle, the mean values of the CSA of the right and left sides were calculated and used for regression analyses of the relationships between CSA variables and MV100m. Results: Stepwise multiple-regression analyses produced prediction equations of MV100m with independent variables of QF CSA at the midthigh and PM-to-QF CSA ratio at the upper thigh for boys (R-2 = 0.38) and PM-to-QF CSA ratio at the midthigh for girls (R-2 = 0.33). In the regression model for boys, QF CSA at the midthigh had a negative regression coefficient. Conclusion: For junior sprinters of both genders, the higher development of PM relative to QF, rather than absolute muscle size, is a factor in achieving a better performance in 100-m race performance.

    DOI

  • Human skeletal muscle size and architecture: Variability and interdependence

    Y. Kawakami, T. Abe, H. Kanehisa, T. Fukunaga

    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY   18 ( 6 ) 845 - 848  2006.11

     View Summary

    Seven hundred and eleven women and men (aged 3-94 years, including normal individuals and highly trained bodybuilders) were tested for the thickness and pennation angles of their triceps brachii (TB), vastus lateralis (VL), and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles. The variations of muscle thickness and pennation angles were largest in TB (6-66 mm and 5-55 degrees), followed by VL (8-45 mm and 7-33 degrees) and GM (11-36mm and 12-33 degrees), and women showed smaller variations than men. These results suggest the existence of muscle- and gender-specificity in the variability of muscle dimensions. Significant positive correlations were observed between muscle thickness and pennation angles (r = 0.81, 0.61, and 0.56, for TB, VL, and GM, respectively), indicating that the size-dependence of the pennation angle is a general feature of pennate muscles.

    DOI PubMed CiNii

  • Ubiquitin ligase gene expression in healthy volunteers with 20-day bedrest

    Takayuki Ogawa, Harumi Furochi, Mai Mameoka, Katsuya Hirasaka, Yuko Onishi, Naoto Suzue, Motoko Oarada, Motoki Akamatsu, Hiroshi Akima, Tetsuo Fukunaga, Kyoichi Kishi, Natsuo Yasui, Kazumi Ishidoh, Hideoki Fukuoka, Takeshi Nikawa

    MUSCLE & NERVE   34 ( 4 ) 463 - 469  2006.10

     View Summary

    In animal models, several ubiquitin ligases play an important role in skeletal muscle atrophy caused by unloading. In this study we examined protein ubiquitination and ubiquitin ligase gene expression in quadriceps femoris muscle from healthy volunteers after 20-day bedrest to clarify ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in human muscles after unloading. During bedrest, thickness and cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris muscle decreased significantly by 4.6% and 3.7%, respectively. Ubiquitinated proteins accumulated in these atrophied human muscles. A real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction system showed that bedrest significantly upregulated expression of two ubiquitin ligase genes, Cbl-b and atrogin-1. We also performed DNA microarray analysis to examine comprehensive gene expression in the atrophied muscle. Bedrest mainly suppressed the expression of muscle genes associated with control of gene expression in skeletal muscle. Our results suggest that, in humans, Cbl-b-or atrogin-1-mediated ubiquitination plays an important role in unloading-induced muscle atrophy, and that unloading stress may preferentially inhibit transcriptional responses in skeletal muscle.

    DOI

  • In vivo measurements of subacromial impingement: Substantial compression develops in abduction with large internal rotation

    Toshimasa Yanai, Franz K. Fuss, Tetsuo Fukunaga

    CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS   21 ( 7 ) 692 - 700  2006.08

     View Summary

    Background. Subacromial impingement is a widely recognized mechanism of chronic shoulder pain. The magnitudes of the compressive forces that impinge the subacromial structures were often measured from cadaveric specimens, but it is questionable to use this data as a sole basis to determine the shoulder motions and/or shoulder configurations that induce impingement in live subjects performing active motion. The purpose of the present study was to determine in vivo the magnitude of the compressive force at selected shoulder configurations.
    Methods. The subacromial structures may be impinged by the downward-directed forces exerted by the coraco-acromial ligament. The reactions of these forces push the ligament upwards and deform it into a curved shape. A single resultant of these reaction forces was determined with an inverse approach to quantify the magnitude of the impingement force. An ultrasound unit was used to visualize the deformed shape of the coraco-acromial ligament for thirteen subjects with no symptomatic shoulder problem actively holding their shoulders in five configurations.
    Findings. The impingement force in 90 degrees abduction + maximum internal rotation (mean = 21.3 N) and that in the Hawkins test position (mean = 18.3 N) were significantly greater than those in 90' abduction + neutral and external rotation (means <= 3 N).
    Interpretation. For young asympt6matic shoulders, the motions that induce impingement are not any arm abduction, but the arm abduction with a large internal rotation. Further study is indicated to examine the impingement force among various age groups. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • Effects of isometric training at different knee angles on the muscle-tendon complex in vivo

    K Kubo, K Ohgo, R Takeishi, K Yoshinaga, N Tsunoda, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS   16 ( 3 ) 159 - 167  2006.06

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of isometric training at different joint angles on the muscle size and function of the human muscle-tendon complex in vivo. Furthermore, we tried to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in angle specificity after isometric training from the aspect of neuromuscular adaptation and the changes in the properties of the muscle-tendon complex. Nine males completed 12-week unilateral training program (70% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) x 15s x six sets) on the knee extensors at 50 degrees (shorter muscle length: ST) and 100 degrees (longer muscle length: LT). The internal muscle force (mechanical stress) is higher at 100 degrees than at 50 degrees because of the difference in the moment arm length, although there were no difference in the relative torque level, contraction and relaxation times, and repetition between ST and LT. Before and after training, isometric strength at eight angles and muscle volume were determined. Tendon elongation of knee extensors was measured by ultrasonography. There was no significant difference in the rate of increment of muscle volume between the protocols. Tendon stiffness increased significantly for LT, but not for ST. Although significant gain was limited to angles at or near the training angle for ST, increases in MVC at all angles were found for LT. These results suggest that only mechanical stress (internal muscle force imposed on muscle and tendon) contributes to adaptation in the tendon stiffness, although metabolic (relative torque level, etc.) and mechanical stress relate to muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore, increment of tendon stiffness for LT might contribute to increase torque output at smaller angles other than the training angle.

    DOI

  • Quantitative assessment of skeletal muscle activation using muscle functional MRI

    R Kinugasa, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING   24 ( 5 ) 639 - 644  2006.06

     View Summary

    The purpose of the present study is to determine whether muscle functional MRI (mfMRI) can be used to obtain three-dimensional (3-D) images useful for evaluating muscle activity, and if so, to measure the distribution of muscle activity within a medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle. Seven men performed 5 sets of 10 repetitions of a calf-raise exercise with additional 15% of body-weight load. Magnetic resonance images were obtained before and immediately after the exercise. To threshold images, only those pixels showing transverse relaxation time (T2) greater than the mean+1 S.D. of the entire regions of interest (ROIs) in the preexercise image and T2 lower than the mean+1 S.D. of the entire ROIs in the postexercise image were identified. The survived pixels showing T2 are defined as active muscle. Those thresholded images were 3-D reconstructed, and this was used to determine area of active muscle along transverse, longitudinal and vertical axes. At the exercise level used in the present study, the percentage volume of activated muscle in the MG was 62.8 +/- 4.5%. There was a significant correlation between percentage volume of activated muscle and integrated electromyography (r=.78, P<.05). Percentage areas of activated muscle were significantly larger in the medial than in the lateral region, in the anterior than in the posterior region and in the distal than in the proximal region (P<.05). These results suggest that mfMRI can be used to evaluate the muscle activity and to determine intramuscular variations of activity within skeletal muscle. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • Effects of low-load resistance training with vascular occlusion on the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon

    K Kubo, T Komuro, N Ishiguro, N Tsunoda, Y Sato, N Ishii, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMECHANICS   22 ( 2 ) 112 - 119  2006.05

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low-load resistance training with vascular occlusion on the specific tension and tendon properties by comparing with those of high-load training. Nine participants completed 12 weeks (3 days/week) of a unilateral isotonic training program on knee extensors. One leg was trained using low load (20% of 1 RM) with vascular occlusion (LLO) and other leg using high load (80% of 1 RM) without vascular occlusion (HL). Before and after training, maximal isometric knee extension torque (MVC) and muscle volume were measured. Specific tension of vastus lateralis muscle (VL) was calculated from MVC, muscle volume, and muscle architecture measurements. Stiffness of tendon-aponeurosis complex in VL was measured using ultrasonography during isometric knee extension. Both protocols significantly increased MVC and muscle volume of quadriceps femoris muscle. Specific tension of VL increased significantly 5.5% for HL, but not for LLO. The LLO protocol did not alter the stiffness of tendon-aponeurosis complex in knee extensors, while the HL protocol increased it significantly. The present study demonstrated that the specific tension and tendon properties were found to remain following low-load resistance training with vascular occlusion, whereas they increased significantly after high-load training.

  • A 2-year follow-up study on muscle size and dynamic strength in teenage tennis players

    H Kanehisa, S Kuno, S Katsuta, T Fukunaga

    SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS   16 ( 2 ) 93 - 101  2006.04

     View Summary

    Growth trends in the cross-sectional area of the quadriceps femoris (CSA(QF)) and its dynamic strength in 12 teenage tennis players (six boys and six girls), aged from 10.7 to 13.2 years at the onset of the study, were investigated through a 2-year follow-up survey. CSA(QF) values at the three levels (proximal, mid, and distal to the knee joint) and dynamic torques during knee extensions at three pre-set velocities (1.05, 3.14, and 5.24 rad/s) were determined year by year, i.e., three times (T1, T2, and T3), using magnetic resonance imaging and an isokinetic dynamometer, respectively. In both genders, the CSA(QF) values at the three levels tended to increase across the measurement times, with greater gains in the boys than in the girls at the levels mid and distal to the knee joint. Among these changes, only the CSA(QF) at the level proximal to the knee joint significantly increased regardless of changes in both skeletal age and body height. The ratios of torque to the sum of CSA(QF) at the three levels (T/CSA) at 3.14 and 5.24 rad/s for the boys and at 5.24 rad/s for the girls were significantly higher in T2 and T3 than T1. Further, the relative increases in torque and T/CSA values at 3.14 and 5.24 rad/s were greater in the boys than the girls. The findings presented here indicate that young tennis players who are in the earlier stage of adolescence increase the CSA of the QF muscle beyond normally expected growth change at the level proximal to the knee joint and show a predominant development in torque generation capability during high-velocity knee extensions, with a greater gain in boys compared with girls.

    DOI

  • The medial gastrocnemius muscle attenuates force fluctuations during plantar flexion

    M Shinohara, Y Yoshitake, M Kouzaki, T Fukunaga

    EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH   169 ( 1 ) 15 - 23  2006.02

     View Summary

    Force fluctuations during steady contractions of multiple agonist muscles may be influenced by the relative contribution of force by each muscle. The purpose of the study was to compare force fluctuations during steady contractions performed with the plantar flexor muscles in different knee positions. Nine men (25.8 +/- 5.1 years) performed steady contractions of the plantar flexor muscles in the knee-flexed and knee-extended (greater involvement of the gastrocnemii muscles) positions. The maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force was 32% greater in the knee-extended position compared with the knee-flexed position. The target forces were 2.5-10% MVC force in the respective position. The amplitude of electromyogram in the medial gastrocnemius muscle was greater in the knee-extended position (10.50 +/- 9.80%) compared with the knee-flexed position (1.26 +/- 1.15%, P < 0.01). The amplitude of electromyogram in the soleus muscle was not influenced by the knee position. The amplitude of electromyogram in the lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles was marginal and unaltered with knee position. At the same force (in Newtons), the standard deviation of force was lower in the knee-extended position compared with the knee-flexed position. These results indicate that force fluctuations during plantar flexion are attenuated with greater involvement of the medial gastrocnemius muscle.

    DOI

  • Effects of isometric squat training on the tendon stiffness and jump performance

    K Kubo, H Yata, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   96 ( 3 ) 305 - 314  2006.02

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to investigate the effect of isometric squat training on human tendon stiffness and jump performances. Eight subjects completed 12 weeks (4 days/week) of isometric squat training, which consisted of bilateral leg extension at 70% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for 15 s per set (10 sets/day). Before and after training, the elongations of the tendon-aponeurosis complex in the vastus lateralis muscle and patella tendon were directly measured using ultrasonography while the subjects performed ramp isometric knee extension up to MVC. The relationship between the estimated muscle force and tendon elongation was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. In addition, performances in two kinds of maximal vertical jumps, i.e. squatting (SJ) and counter-movement jumps (CMJ), were measured. The training significantly increased the volume (P < 0.01) and MVC torque (P < 0.01) of the quadriceps femoris muscle. The stiffness of the tendon-aponeurosis complex increased significantly from 51 +/- 22 (mean +/- SD) to 59 +/- 24 N/mm (P=0.04), although that of the patella tendon did not change (P=0.48). The SJ height increased significantly after training (P=0.03), although the CMJ height did not (P=0.45). In addition, the relative difference in jump height between SJ and CMJ decreased significantly after training (P=0.02). These results suggest that isometric squat training changes the stiffness of human tendon-aponeurosis complex in knee extensors to act negatively on the effects of pre-stretch during stretch-shortening cycle exercises.

    DOI

  • Applicability of segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis for predicting trunk skeletal muscle volume

    N Ishiguro, H Kanehisa, M Miyatani, Y Masuo, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   100 ( 2 ) 572 - 578  2006.02

     View Summary

    This study aimed to investigate the validity of using segmental bioelectrical impedance (BI) analysis for estimating skeletal muscle volume (MV) in the trunk, defined as the body segment from the acromion process to the greater trochanter. Using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method, the trunk MV was determined in 28 men (19 similar to 34 yr), divided into validation (n similar to 20) and cross-validation (n similar to 8) groups, and used as a reference (MVMRI). For BI measurements of the trunk, the source electrodes were placed at the dorsal surface of the third metacarpal bone of both hands and the dorsal surface of the third metatarsal bone of both feet, and the detector electrodes were placed at the acromion process of both shoulders and the greater trochanter of both femurs. Using this arrangement, the BI values of five parts of the trunk, both sides of the upper region, the middle region, and both sides of the lower region, were obtained and then used to calculate the whole trunk BI value and BI index (BI index(TR)). In the validation group, a simple regression analysis of the relationship between BI index(TR) and MVMRI showed a significant correlation between the two variables (r similar to 0.884, P similar to 0.05) and produced a prediction equation with a SE of estimation of 1,020.3 cm(3) (8.5%). In the validation and cross-validation groups, there were no significant differences between the measured and estimated MV without systematic errors. These findings indicate that the segmental BI analysis employed in the present study can be used to estimate trunk MV.

    DOI PubMed CiNii

  • 腱の弾性と筋活動が反動効果に与える影響

    平山邦明, 加藤えみか, 永吉俊彦, 杉崎範英, 光川眞壽, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 前頭前野の活動水準と筋活動水準の関係

    福田誠, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 生体内部の画像化に関する最新情報 -バイオメカニクス領域における超音波法,MRI法の利用方法-

    福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 生体電気インピーダンス(BI)法を用いた筋形状変化推定に関する検討

    美濃羽弘樹, 赤木亮太, 太田めぐみ, 増尾善久, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 生体電気インピーダンス(BI)法を用いた筋量推定に関する検討

    美濃羽弘樹, 赤木亮太, 太田めぐみ, 増尾善久, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 生体電気インピーダンス法による肘関節角度変化に伴う筋形状変化の推定

    美濃羽弘樹, 赤木亮太, 太田めぐみ, 増尾善久, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第136回日本体力医学会関東地方会    2006

  • EMG解析による体位変換動作時の介助者側の身体負担度評価

    沢井史穂, 高井洋平, 吉岡多美子, 三枝清美, 福永哲夫

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 予備緊張による短縮性トルク増加の要因

    千野謙太郎, 小田俊明, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 超音波法を用いたヒラメ筋の力-速度関係の生体計測

    千野謙太郎, 小田俊明, 栗原俊之, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 深代千之, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • Body Line Scanner(BLS)による身体セグメント別体積測定

    設楽佳世, 永島 秀彦, 近藤 隆, 谷本 広志, 山本 百合, 守屋 有佳里, 小野寺 正道, 福渡 靖, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 安静時および最大等尺性筋活動時の肘関節屈筋群筋厚および上腕周径囲:測定位置の影響

    赤木亮太, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 肘関節屈曲における筋張力と筋断面積指標の関係:安静時と最大等尺性筋活動時の比較

    赤木亮太, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 長時間最大下運動時のVO2 driftにおけるトレーニングの影響

    石島寿道, 福永哲夫, 坂本静男, 樋口満

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • セグメント別生体電気インピーダンス法による全身骨格筋体積の推定:他の推定法との比較

    石黒憲子, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 大腿四頭筋モーメントアーム長の推定方法間比較

    杉崎範英, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 活動交替発現時における協働筋間の活動の時間的関係

    神崎素樹, 福永哲夫

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 一流短距離選手にみられる加速局面の脚スティフネスおよび関節スティフネスの変化

    小林海, 土江寛裕, 松尾彰文, 彼末一之, 礒繁雄, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • ヒトアキレス腱の形状と力発揮時の応力分布および局所変形との関係

    小田俊明, 姫野龍太郎, 栗原俊之, 金久博昭, 加藤えみか, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • レジスタンストレーニングによる筋線維および腱組織の適応と筋腱複合体の力発揮特性との関係

    小田俊明, 長野明紀, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 大学野球投手と未経験者における投球動作中の床反力の比較

    勝亦陽一, 丸山洋輔, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 膝関節角度が伸張性足底屈トルクに与える影響

    若原卓, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • ボート競技におけるローイング動作の特徴 -熟練者と未熟練者のキネマティクスおよびキネティクスの比較-

    四谷高広, 三好裕介, 光川眞壽, 小林海, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 漕運動の機械的効率とローイング動作との関係

    三好裕介, 四谷高広, 小林海, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 静的立位姿勢制御における下腿三頭筋の貢献

    笹川俊, 牛山潤一, 栗原俊之, 神崎素樹, 福永哲夫, 金久博昭

    日本体育学会東京支部第33回学会大会    2006

  • 足関節底屈動作における下腿三頭筋の収縮動態

    佐久間淳, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 日常生活動作を利用したトレーニング動作の有用性

    高井洋平, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 最大等尺性足底屈反復時の筋疲労と筋束動態

    光川眞壽, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 等尺性収縮中の腓腹筋および前脛骨筋の筋形状の部位差

    栗原俊之, 金久博昭, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 筋疲労回復手段としてのスタティック・ストレッチングの効果

    金子潤, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 3ヶ月の自重負荷トレーニングが後期高齢者の身体機能に及ぼす影響

    境健吾, 設楽佳世, 伊原恵美子, 佐久間澄枝, 竹下香寿美, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第136回日本体力医学会関東地方会    2006

  • プライオメトリックトレーニングによる筋腱の力学的特性および神経筋活動特性の変化からみた跳躍能増加の機序について

    久保啓太郎, 矢田秀昭, 角田直也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 伸張-短縮サイクル運動の反動効果と腱スティッフネス,関節スティッフネスおよび筋活動水準の相互関係

    久保啓太郎, 角田直也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 肩回旋腱板筋群(ローテーターカフ)の3次元形態特性

    吉村達彦, 岩沼聡一郎, 光川眞壽, 村田浩一郎, 小田俊明, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 下腿後面の筋厚とアキレス腱の横断面積の関係

    岩沼聡一朗, 永吉俊彦, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 野球経験者と未経験者における投球の正確性の比較

    丸山洋輔, 勝亦陽一, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 異なる強度の等尺性底屈トルク発揮が下腿三頭筋・腱の伸長性に及ぼす影響

    加藤えみか, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • 足関節可動域の性差および年代差とアキレス腱伸長の関係

    加藤えみか, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第61回日本体力医学会大会    2006

  • 和弓射術のパフォーマンス評価のためのパラメータの検討

    井出敦夫, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 光川眞壽, 小林海, 三好裕介, 栗原俊之, 千野謙太郎, 小田俊明, 彼末一之, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第19回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2006

  • A kinematic factor that risks subacromial structures to impingement

    Yanai T, Fukunaga T

    5th World Congress of Biomechanics    2006

  • Feasibility of resistance training employing daily physical actions for improvement of muscle strength

    Takai Y, Sugisaki N, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    5th World Congress of Biomechanics    2006

  • Effect of muscle-tendon interaction on torque development of isometric tetanic contraction.

    Oda T, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y

    5th World Congress of Biomechanics    2006

  • Passive mechanical properties of the human muscle-tendon complex at different temperatures.

    Muraoka T, Omuro K, Wakahara T, Fukunaga T, Kanosue K

    5th World Congress of Biomechanics    2006

  • Differences in age-related changes in the plantar flexor muscles and Achilles tendon in men

    Kubo K, Morimoto M, Komuro T, Tsunoda N, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    5th World Congress of Biomechanics    2006

  • Load-specific distribution of muscle activity in human triceps surae muscles.

    Kinugasa R, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    American College of Sports Medicine 53rd Annual Meeting    2006

  • Behavior of Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius aponeurosis during concentric and eccentric plantar flexions

    Kawakami Y, Sugisaki N, Chino K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    11th Annual Congress of the European College Of Sports Science    2006

  • Relationships between throwing velocity and muscle strength measures in Japanese baseball players

    Katsumata Y, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    National Conference & Exhibition of National Strength & Conditioning Association 2006    2006

  • Changes in mechanical properties of Achilles tendon resulting from muscle contraction and stretching.

    Kato E, Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y

    5th World Congress of Biomechanics    2006

  • Effect of fascicle behavior on voluntary and electrically evoked eccentric torques.

    Chino K, Mitsukawa N, Kobayashi K, Miyoshi Y, Oda T, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T, Fukashiro S, Kawakami Y

    5th World Congress of Biomechanics    2006

  • Plasticity of human tendon

    Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y

    5th World Congress of Biomechanics    2006

  • 基本的日常生活動作中の体幹および下肢の筋活動水準の男女差

    沢井志穂, 実松寛之, 金久博昭, 角田直也, 福永哲夫

    体力科学   55 ( 2 ) 247 - 258  2006

    DOI

  • 投球速度と筋力および筋量の関係

    勝亦陽一, 長谷川伸, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    スポーツ科学研究   3   1 - 7  2006

  • 運動間のアイシングが骨格筋の循環動態および筋力に与える影響

    光川眞壽, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    トレーニング科学   in press  2006

  • Effects of Age and Gender on the Power Generation Capabilities of Lower Limb Muscles in the Elderly

    Yanagiya Toshio, Kanehisa Hiroaki, Tachi Masanobu, Takeshita Kazumi, Sugisaki Norihide, Wakahara Taku, Murata Koichiro, Takata Yusuke, Kawakami Yasuo, Fukunaga Tetsuo, Kuno Shinya

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   4   435 - 443  2006

     View Summary

    This study aimed to investigate the effects of age and gender on the power generation capabilities of lower limb muscles in the elderly aged from 65 to 79 yrs. In addition to isometric knee extension torque (KT) and leg extension power (LP), mechanical power during movements specific to maximal walking (WP) and running (RP) without arm movements were determined using a non-motorized treadmill in 140 men (71.3±4.0 yrs, mean±SD) and 172 women (70.2±3.7 yrs). The measured variables were expressed as relative to body mass and then their percentages to mean values for the subjects aged 65 to 69 yrs of men and women, respectively, were calculated. The percentages of all measured variables except for KT in the women were negatively correlated to age in both men (r=-0.207 to -0.375, p<0.05) and women (r=-0.228 to -0.263, p<0.05). In the slope of regression line for the relationship between age and the percentage for each of LP, WP, and RP, no significant differences were found between the men and women and between the variables. In the sub-sample of the subjects, adjusted by their body height and mass, the men (n=31) showed significantly higher values than the women (n=34) in all variables except for WP, with a greater relative difference in LP and RP than in KT. The findings obtained here indicate that, at least in the elderly aged from 65 to 79 yrs, 1) the rate of age-related loss in the power generation capability of lower limb muscles is independent of gender and movement patterns, and 2) power development in the movement form of maximal walking is less influenced by gender as compared to that of maximal running as well as knee extension torque and leg extension power.

    DOI CiNii

  • Resonance in the human medial gastrocnemius muscle during cyclic ankle bending exercise

    Takeshita D, Shibayama A, Muraoka T, Muramatsu T, Nagano A, Fukunaga T, Fukashiro S

    J Appl Physiol.   101 ( 1 ) 111 - 118  2006

    DOI PubMed

  • New insights into in vivo human skeletal muscle function

    Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES REVIEWS   34 ( 1 ) 16 - 21  2006.01

    Book review, literature introduction, etc.  

     View Summary

    Approaches to understanding human muscle function through measuring in vivo muscle fiber behavior in humans are described briefly. Experimental results show the discrepancy between joint actions and muscle fiber behavior in many occasions, which complicates prediction of muscle mechanics from sole observations of joint actions. This is the result of muscle-tendon interaction during contraction, which is efficiently used during human movements.

    DOI

  • Effects of Gender on Age-related Changes in Muscle Thickness in the Elderly

    Kanehisa Hiroaki, Ishiguro Noriko, Takeshita Kazumi, Kawakami Yasuo, Kuno Shinya, Miyatani Masae, Fukunaga Tetsuo

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   4   427 - 434  2006

     View Summary

    This study investigated the effect of gender on age-related changes in muscle thickness (Mt) in the elderly, with relation to the differences due to the location of muscle groups. Mt values at the forearm, upper arm anterior and posterior, abdomen, subscapular, thigh anterior and posterior, and lower leg anterior and posterior were determined using ultrasonography in 188 men and 204 women aged 65 to 79 yrs. The men had thicker muscles than the women, with a greater relative difference in the upper limb and trunk compared to the lower limb muscles. For the men, Mt values at the upper limb, thigh and abdomen were negatively correlated to age (r =-0.330 to -0.214, p<0.05). For the women, only the Mt at the thigh anterior showed a significant negative correlation with age (r =-0.346, p<0.05). At the thigh anterior, there was no significant difference between both genders in the slope of the regression line for the relationship between age and percentages of Mt to the mean value for the subjects aged 65 to 69 yrs of men and women, respectively, suggesting that the rate of the age-related loss of Mt at this site was independent of gender. These results were the same even when Mt was expressed as the value relative to (body mass)1/3, calculated to normalize the influence of the difference in body mass. The findings obtained here indicated that, in an age span from 65 to 79 yrs, 1) gender difference in muscle thickness was more apparent in the upper limb and trunk than in the lower limb muscles, and 2) men showed significant age-related losses in muscle thickness at more body sites as compared to women, especially at the upper limb and abdomen.

    DOI CiNii

  • In vivo fascicle behavior of synergistic muscles in concentric and eccentric plantar flexions in humans.

    Chino K, Oda T, Kurihara T, Nagayoshi T, Yoshikawa K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T, Fukashiro S, Kawakami Y

    J Electromyogr Kinesiol   in press  2006

  • Influences of repetitive drop jump and isometric leg press exercises on tendon properties in knee extensors

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH   19 ( 4 ) 864 - 870  2005.11

     View Summary

    Kubo, K., H. Kanehisa, and T. Fukunaga. Influences of repetitive drop jump and isometric leg press exercises on tendon properties in knee extensors. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(4): 864-870. 2005.-The present study aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive drop jumps (DJ) and isometric leg presses (LP) on the tendon properties in knee extensors. Before and after each endurance test, the elongation (L) of the tendon and aponeurosis of the vastus lateralis muscle was measured directly by ultrasonography while the subjects performed ramp isometric knee extensions up to maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Eight men performed 100 repetitions of the DJ and 50 repetitions of the LP for 10 seconds with 10 seconds relaxation. In the DJ, there were no significant differences in L values at any force production levels before and after each endurance test. In LP, however, the L values above 500 N were significantly greater after the endurance test than before. These results suggest that the tendon properties in knee extensors change to become more compliant after the repeated longer-duration contractions, but not after repeated ballistic exercises.

    DOI

  • Influences of repetitive drop jump and isometric leg press exercises on tendon properties in knee extensors

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH   19 ( 4 ) 864 - 870  2005.11

     View Summary

    Kubo, K., H. Kanehisa, and T. Fukunaga. Influences of repetitive drop jump and isometric leg press exercises on tendon properties in knee extensors. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(4): 864-870. 2005.-The present study aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive drop jumps (DJ) and isometric leg presses (LP) on the tendon properties in knee extensors. Before and after each endurance test, the elongation (L) of the tendon and aponeurosis of the vastus lateralis muscle was measured directly by ultrasonography while the subjects performed ramp isometric knee extensions up to maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Eight men performed 100 repetitions of the DJ and 50 repetitions of the LP for 10 seconds with 10 seconds relaxation. In the DJ, there were no significant differences in L values at any force production levels before and after each endurance test. In LP, however, the L values above 500 N were significantly greater after the endurance test than before. These results suggest that the tendon properties in knee extensors change to become more compliant after the repeated longer-duration contractions, but not after repeated ballistic exercises.

    DOI

  • Muscle activation and its distribution within human triceps surae muscles

    R Kinugasa, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   99 ( 3 ) 1149 - 1156  2005.09

     View Summary

    The purposes of this study were 1) to quantify the volume of activated parts within a whole muscle and 2) to examine activated area distributions along the length of muscle. Seven male subjects performed five sets of 10 repetitions of a single-leg calf-raise exercise with the knee fully extended. Transverse relaxation time (T2)-weighted spin echo images were acquired before and immediately after the exercise. A range of pixels with a T2 greater than the mean + 1 SD of the region of interest (ROI) from the preexercise image and pixels with a T2 lower than the mean + SD of the ROI from the postexercise image were defined as "active" muscle. The active muscle images were three dimensionally reconstructed, from which the volume of the activated muscle was determined for individual triceps surae (TS) muscles. Our data indicate that similar to 46% of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle was activated during the exercise, with activation of the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and soleus (Sol) muscles being similar to 35%. In the MG, distal portions had a greater percentage area of activated muscle than the proximal portions (P &lt; 0.05), which was consistent with the results regarding electromyogram, activity. In contrast, regional activation differences were not observed in the LG and Sol. These findings suggest that the amounts of activated muscle and its distribution would be different among TS muscles.

    DOI

  • Elastic properties of human Achilles tendon are correlated to muscle strength

    T Muraoka, T Muramatsu, T Fukunaga, H Kanehisa

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   99 ( 2 ) 665 - 669  2005.08

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon were correlated to muscle strength in the triceps surae in humans. Twenty-four men and twelve women exerted maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion (MVIP) torque. The elongation (Delta X) and strain of the Achilles tendon (epsilon), the proximal part of which is the composite of the gastrocnemius tendon and the soleus aponeurosis, at MVIP were determined from the displacement of the distal myotendinous junction of the medial gastrocnemius using ultrasonography. The Achilles tendon force at MVIP (F) was calculated from the MVIP torque and the Achilles tendon moment arm. There were no significant differences in either the F-Delta X or F-epsilon relationships between men and women. Delta X and epsilon were 9.8 +/- 2.6 mm and 5.3 +/- 1.6%, respectively, and were positively correlated to F (r = 0.39, P &lt; 0.05; r = 0.39, P &lt; 0.05), which meant that subjects with greater muscle strength could store more elastic energy in the tendon. The regression gamma-intercepts for the F-Delta X (P &lt; 0.01) and F-epsilon (P &lt; 0.05) relationship were significantly positive. These results might indicate that the Achilles tendon was stiffer in subjects with greater muscle strength, which may play a role in reducing the probability of tendon strain injuries. It was suggested that the Achilles tendon of subjects with greater muscle strength did not impair the potential for storing elastic energy in tendons and may be able to deliver the greater force supplied from a stronger muscle more efficiently. Furthermore, the difference in the Achilles tendon mechanical properties between men and women seemed to be correlated to the difference in muscle strength rather than gender.

    DOI

  • Effects of viscoelastic properties of tendon structures on stretch shortening cycle exercise in vivo

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES   23 ( 8 ) 851 - 860  2005.08

     View Summary

    The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures during stretch-shortening cycle exercise. The elongation of tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of 26 participants was measured by ultrasonography while they performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between estimated muscle force and tendon elongation during the ascending phase was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The percentage of the area within the muscle force-tendon elongation loop relative to the area beneath the curve during the ascending phase was defined as hysteresis. In addition, maximal voluntary concentric contractions at 2.09 and 3.14 rad center dot s(-1) with and without prior eccentric contractions were performed. The difference in the concentric torque at equivalent joint angles with and without prior eccentric contractions (i.e. pre-stretch augmentation) was negatively correlated with stiffiness (P &lt; 0.05) and hysteresis (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, there was a higher correlation between the pre-stretch augmentation and the viscoelastic properties index - that is, the sum of normalized score values of stiffness and hysteresis (P &lt; 0.01) - than with either stiffness or hysteresis alone. The results of this study suggest that performance during stretch-shortening cycle exercise is significantly affected by the viscoelastic properties of the tendon structures.

    DOI

  • Effects of viscoelastic properties of tendon structures on stretch shortening cycle exercise in vivo

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES   23 ( 8 ) 851 - 860  2005.08

     View Summary

    The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures during stretch-shortening cycle exercise. The elongation of tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of 26 participants was measured by ultrasonography while they performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between estimated muscle force and tendon elongation during the ascending phase was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The percentage of the area within the muscle force-tendon elongation loop relative to the area beneath the curve during the ascending phase was defined as hysteresis. In addition, maximal voluntary concentric contractions at 2.09 and 3.14 rad center dot s(-1) with and without prior eccentric contractions were performed. The difference in the concentric torque at equivalent joint angles with and without prior eccentric contractions (i.e. pre-stretch augmentation) was negatively correlated with stiffiness (P &lt; 0.05) and hysteresis (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, there was a higher correlation between the pre-stretch augmentation and the viscoelastic properties index - that is, the sum of normalized score values of stiffness and hysteresis (P &lt; 0.01) - than with either stiffness or hysteresis alone. The results of this study suggest that performance during stretch-shortening cycle exercise is significantly affected by the viscoelastic properties of the tendon structures.

    DOI

  • In vivo passive mechanical properties of the human gastrocnemius muscle belly

    T Muraoka, K Chino, T Muramatsu, T Fukunaga, H Kanehisa

    JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS   38 ( 6 ) 1213 - 1219  2005.06

     View Summary

    The purpose of the present study was to determine the in vivo passive mechanical properties, including the length below the slack length, of the gastrocnemius muscle (GAS) belly in humans. Transverse ultrasound images of the medial head of the GAS were taken in 11 subjects during passive knee extension from 80 degrees to 5 degrees with a constant ankle joint angle of 10 degrees (0 degrees is the neutral ankle position: positive values for dorsiflexion). The change in passive ankle joint moment (Mp), which is produced only by the GAS length change, was also measured during passive knee extension. The onset of Mp during passive knee extension was found to be 43 +/- 8 degrees (mean +/- SD) when the baseline of the Mp was set at the average Mp in the range of 55-60 degrees where the Mp was almost constant (SD &lt; 0.03 Nm). At this onset, the muscle fascicle length of the GAS (Lf) was 46 +/- 7 mm (slack length; Lfs). Lf at 80 degrees was 6 4 mm (13 +/- 6%) less than the Lfs, and Lf at 5 degrees was 12 5 mm (27 +/- 11%) greater than the Lfs. The passive force-resisting compression of the GAS did not produce a dorsiflexion moment in the joint angle range adopted. The passive ankle joint moment increased linearly with Lf (coefficient of determination (R-2) = 0.85-0.96), and the slopes of the relationships between Lf and Mp, and between the relative Lf to Us and Mp were 0.093 +/- 0.038 Nm/mrn and 0.043 +/- 0.021 Nm/%Lfs. The findings of the present study can be implemented in musculoskeletal modeling, which would provide a more accurate evaluation of the passive mechanical properties of muscle during movement. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI PubMed CiNii

  • Comparison of elasticity of human tendon and aponeurosis in knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors in vivo

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMECHANICS   21 ( 2 ) 129 - 142  2005.05

     View Summary

    The purposes of this study were to compare the elasticity of tendon and aponeurosis in human knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors in vivo and to examine whether the maximal strain of tendon was correlated to that of aponeurosis. The elongation of tendon and aponeurosis during isometric knee extension (n = 23) and ankle plantar flexion (n = 22), respectively, were determined using a real-time ultrasonic apparatus, while the participants performed ramp isometric contractions up to voluntary maximum. To calculate the strain values from the measured elongation, we measured the respective length of tendon and aponeurosis. For the knee extensors, the maximal strain of aponeurosis (12.1 &PLUSMN; 2.8%) was significantly greater than that of the patella tendon (8.3 &PLUSMN; 2.4%), p &LT; 0.001. On the contrary, the maximal strain of Achilles tendon (5.9 &PLUSMN; 1.4%) was significantly greater than that of aponeurosis in ankle plantar flexors (2.7 &PLUSMN; 1.4%), p &LT; 0.001. Furthermore, for both knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors there was no significant correlation between maximal strain of tendon and aponeurosis. These results would be important for understanding the different roles of tendon and aponeurosis during human movements and for more accurate muscle modeling.

  • A comparison of three bioelectrical impedance analyses for predicting lean body mass in a population with a large difference in muscularity

    N Ishiguro, H Kanehisa, M Miyatani, Y Masuo, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   94 ( 1-2 ) 25 - 35  2005.05

     View Summary

    This study tested the hypothesis that, as compared to whole-body bioelectrical impedance (BI) analysis, segmental BI analysis can estimate lean body mass (LBM) more accurately in a population with a large difference in muscularity. In addition to whole-body BI, which determines impedance (Z) between the wrist and ankle, two segmental BI analyses which determine the Z value of every body segment in each of (1) the arms, legs and trunk (distal BI) and (2) the upper arms, upper legs and trunk (proximal BI) were applied to a group of 125 male athletes and 75 non-athletes. The subjects were divided into validation and cross-validation groups. Simple and multiple regression analyses were applied to (length)(2)/Z (BI index) values for the whole-body and each body segment, to develop the prediction equations of LBM measured using air-displacement plethysmography. In the validation group, the SE of estimation was similar in the whole-body (3.4 kg, 5.4%), distal (3.4 kg, 5.5%) and proximal BI (3.3 kg, 5.2%) analyses. However, the whole-body and distal BI analyses produced systematical errors in the estimates of LBM. Moreover, the residuals in the two methods significantly (P &lt; 0.05) correlated with the ratios of BI indices of the upper arms and upper legs to those of the arms and legs, respectively, calculated as variables approximating the relative development of lean tissues at the proximal area of limbs. On the other hand, the proximal BI analysis was validated and cross-validated. Thus, the accuracy of estimating LBM was similar in the whole-body and the two segmental BI analyses. However, the prediction equations derived from the use of the whole-body BI index and a combination of the arms, legs and trunk BI indices produced a systematical error relating to the difference between the limb segments in lean tissue development.

    DOI

  • Difference in aftereffects following prolonged Achilles tendon vibration on muscle activity during maximal voluntary contraction among plantar flexor synergists

    J Ushiyama, K Masani, M Kouzaki, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   98 ( 4 ) 1427 - 1433  2005.04

     View Summary

    It has been suggested that a suppression of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) induced by prolonged vibration is due to an attenuation of Ia afferent activity. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that aftereffects following prolonged vibration on muscle activity during MVC differ among plantar flexor synergists owing to a supposed difference in muscle fiber composition. The plantar flexion MVC torque and surface electromyogram (EMG) of the medial head of gastrocnemius (MG), the lateral head of gastrocnemius (LG), and the soleus ( Sol) were recorded in 13 subjects before and after prolonged vibration applied to the Achilles tendon at 100 Hz for 30 min. The maximal H reflexes and M waves were also determined from the three muscles, and the ratio between H reflexes and M waves (H/Mmax) was calculated before and after the vibration. The MVC torque was decreased by 16.6 +/- 3.7% after the vibration ( P &lt; 0.05; ANOVA). The H/Mmax also decreased for all three muscles, indicating that Ia afferent activity was successfully attenuated by the vibration in all plantar flexors. However, a reduction of EMG during MVC was observed only in MG (12.7 +/- 4.0%) and LG (11.4 +/- 3.9%) ( P &lt; 0.05; ANOVA), not in Sol (3.4 +/- 3.0%). These results demonstrated that prolonged vibration-induced MVC suppression was attributable mainly to the reduction of muscle activity in MG and LG, both of which have a larger proportion of fast-twitch muscle fibers than Sol. This finding suggests that Ia-afferent activity that reinforces the recruitment of high-threshold motor units is necessary to enhance force exertion during MVC.

    DOI

  • Effects of cold and hot water immersion on the mechanical properties of human muscle and tendon in vivo

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS   20 ( 3 ) 291 - 300  2005.03

     View Summary

    Background Cooling and heating have been shown to affect the contractile properties of muscles. However, the reasons for these changes remain unclear. The present study aimed to quantify the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon during passive stretch and active contraction, and to investigate the effects of cooling and heating on the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon.
    Methods. Before and after these conditions, the elongation of the muscle fascicle, tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was directly measured by ultrasonography, while the ankle joint was passively moved within the joint range of + 15 to -30 deg (0 deg = neutral anatomic position; positive values for plantar flexion) and subjects performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum.
    Findings. While the muscle fascicle, tendon and aponeurosis stretched during passive dorsi-flexion, the elongation of the tendon was significantly greater than that of the aponeurosis. During isometric contraction, the maximal elongation of the tendon was significantly greater than that of the aponeurosis. After cooling and heating, no significant changes in the elongation of muscle fascicle, tendon and aponeurosis were found during passive stretch. Similarly, after both the immersions there were no changes in the relationship between the estimated muscle force and elongation of each structure (tendon-aponeurosis complex, tendon) during isometric contraction.
    Interpretation. These results implied that the general application of icing and hot pack did not change the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • Proriles of muscularity in junior Olympic weight lifters

    H Kanehisa, K Funato, T Abe, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS   45 ( 1 ) 77 - 83  2005.03

     View Summary

    Aim. This study aimed to investigate the muscularity of strength-trained junior athletes.
    Methods. Muscle thickness (Mt) values at 10 sites (anterior forearm, anterior upper arm, posterior upper arm, chest, abdomen, back, anterior thigh, posterior thigh, anterior lower leg, and posterior lower leg) were determined in junior Olympic weight lifters (OWL, n=7,15.1 +/- 0.3 y, mean +/- SD) and non-athletes (CON, n=13,15.1 +/- 0.3 y) using a brightness mode ultrasonography. Skeletal age assessed with the Tanner-Whitehouse 11 method (20 hand-wrist bones) was similar in OWL (16.4 +/- 0.7 y) and CON (16.3 +/- 0.6 y).
    Results. At the 6 sites (anterior forearm, anterior upper arm, posterior upper arm, chest, back and anterior thigh), OWL showed significantly greater Mt values than CON even in terms of Mt relative to (body mass)(1/3) (Mt(.)BM(-1/3)). On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the Mt ratios of the anterior to posterior site in the upper arm, thigh and lower leg and those of the back to either the chest or abdomen in the trunk. For OWL only, skeletal age was significantly correlated to Mt(.)BM(-1/3) at the abdomen (r=0.869, p &lt; 0.05) and anterior thigh (r=0.883, p &lt; 0.05).
    Conclusion. The findings here indicate that 1) as compared to adolescent non-athletes, junior Olympic weight lifters show a greater muscularity in the upper body and anterior thigh without predominant development in either of anterior and posterior sites within the same body segment, 2) for junior Olympic weight lifters, the muscularity of abdominal and knee extensor muscles is influenced by the biological maturation.

  • Estimation of passive ankle joint moment during standing and walking

    T Muraoka, T Muramatsu, D Takeshita, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMECHANICS   21 ( 1 ) 72 - 84  2005.02

     View Summary

    This study estimated the passive ankle joint moment during standing and walking initiation and its contribution to total ankle joint moment during that time. The decrement of passive joint moment due to muscle fascicle shortening upon contraction was taken into account. Muscle fascicle length in the medial gastrocnemius, which was assumed to represent muscle fascicle length in plantarflexors, was measured using ultrasonography during standing, walking initiation, and cyclical slow passive ankle joint motion. Total ankle joint moment during standing and walking initiation was calculated from ground reaction forces and joint kinematics. Passive anklejoint moment during the cyclical ankle joint motion was measured via a dynamometer. Passive ankle joint moment during standing and at the time (Tp) when the MG muscle-tendon complex length was longest in the stance phase during walking initiation were 2.3 and 5.4 Nm, respectively. The muscle fascicle shortened by 2.9 mm during standing compared with the length at rest, which decreased the contribution of passive joint moment from 19.9% to 17.4%. The muscle fascicle shortened by 4.3 mm at Tp compared with the length at rest, which decreased the contribution of passive joint moment from 8.0% to 5.8%. These findings suggest that (a) passive ankle joint moment plays an important role during standing and walking initiation even in view of the decrement of passive joint moment due to muscle fascicle shortening upon muscle contraction, and (b) muscle fascicle shortening upon muscle contraction must be taken into account when estimating passive joint moment during movements.

  • 高齢社会における運動支援実践ガイド

    福永哲夫

    臨床スポーツ医学   22   36 - 43  2005

  • 骨格筋および骨密度の加齢変化

    福永哲夫

    日本抗加齢医学会雑誌   2 ( 1 ) 21 - 26  2005

  • Aging maleにおける筋の問題点 -筋の形態と機能の性年齢別変化-

    福永哲夫

    Geriat. Med.   43 ( 2 ) 209 - 214  2005

  • 貯筋のすすめ:健康スポーツ医学研修会

    福永哲夫

    福山市医師会    2005

  • 自重での介護予防筋力つくり

    福永哲夫

    日本化薬    2005

  • 健康で文化的な生活を保障する貯筋術

    福永哲夫

    徳島城南高校同窓会渦の音クラブ    2005

  • 身体運動における筋と腱の働き

    福永哲夫

    徳島スポーツ整形外科講演    2005

  • 健康つくりの科学

    福永哲夫

    中央労働防止協会    2005

  • ヒト筋腱複合体の粘弾性特性の評価方法の開発と,腱の弾性特性が運動のパフォーマンスに及ぼす効果

    福永哲夫

    第31回日本整形外科スポーツ医学会    2005

  • 神経筋の運動生理

    福永哲夫

    体育協会スポーツドクター養成講習会    2005

  • らくらく貯筋術

    福永哲夫

    早稲田大学オープンカレッジ    2005

  • ゴルフの科学

    福永哲夫

    早稲田大学エクステンションセンター    2005

  • ゴルフの科学

    福永哲夫

    早稲田大学エクステンションセンター    2005

  • ゴルフの科学

    福永哲夫

    早稲田大学エクステンションセンター    2005

  • みんなで貯筋しよう

    福永哲夫

    川崎市看護協会    2005

  • 自宅で出来る貯筋運動のススメ

    福永哲夫

    整形外科スポーツ医学会ランチョンセミナー    2005

  • 介護予防のための筋力向上プログラム

    福永哲夫

    新宿区健康つくり課    2005

  • 介護予防のための貯筋術

    福永哲夫

    山梨県河口湖保健課    2005

  • 誰でも出来る筋トレ;ホーム貯筋術

    福永哲夫

    三重県国保連    2005

  • 肥満判定の手技;超音波法

    福永哲夫

    健康運動指導士協会    2005

  • 肥満判定の手技;超音波法

    福永哲夫

    健康運動指導士協会    2005

  • 肥満判定の手技;超音波法

    福永哲夫

    健康運動指導士協会    2005

  • 肥満判定の手技;超音波法

    福永哲夫

    健康運動指導士協会    2005

  • 中高年のスポーツ活動

    福永哲夫

    岐阜県広域スポーツセンター    2005

  • 介護予防に貯筋術

    福永哲夫

    介護予防フォーラム    2005

  • 貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    横浜保健活動推進部    2005

  • 身体運動における筋腱複合体の機能的役割

    福永哲夫

    ライフサイエンス協会    2005

  • 貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    ボストンスポーツクラブ    2005

  • 足尾町筋力トレーニング事業の推進とその医療経済効果 -SATプロジェクト181-

    片柳美智子, 永井健介, 深澤美智子, 上野桂, 神山吉輝, 白澤貴子, 小出昭太郎, 川口毅, 福永哲夫, 久野譜也

    第14回日本健康教育学会    2005

  • 高齢者の生き生きとした身体を獲得するための踊りの活用研究 -筋電図法を用いた阿波踊りと沖縄エイサーの筋活動量計測とその応用-

    平瀬正典, 福永哲夫, 高井洋平, 高田佑輔, 杉崎範英, 境健吾

    第5回日本抗加齢医学会総会    2005

  • 日常生活時および身体不活動時の筋活動量の比較

    白澤葉月, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部第32回学会大会    2005

  • 地域高齢者のための筋力トレーニングを主とした運動教室事業の医療経済効果 -都市部を対象として- -SATプロジェクト180-

    白澤貴子, 仲村智子, 沼田美惠子, 渡辺裕司, 神山吉輝, 川口毅, 神崎史, 福永哲夫, 久野譜也

    第14回日本健康教育学会    2005

  • 陸上競技短距離選手に見られる加速走中の下肢スティフネスの変化

    土江寛裕, 松尾彰文, 礒繁雄, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部第32回学会大会    2005

  • 要介護度別にみた虚弱高齢者の筋厚と筋力

    中村好男, 福永哲夫, 太田めぐみ, 太田暁美, 村岡功

    第60回日本体力医学会大会    2005

  • 基本的介護動作における身体各部の筋活動水準の評価

    沢井志穂, 高井洋平, 吉岡多美子, 三枝清美, 福永哲夫

    第60回日本体力医学会大会    2005

  • 高齢者筋力向上トレーニング修了者に対するアフターケアプログラムの開発と評価

    太田暁美, 太田めぐみ, 福永哲夫, 村岡功, 中村好男

    第60回日本体力医学会大会    2005

  • 自重を利用した筋力トレーニングが身体機能に与える影響-高齢者のホーム貯筋術プロジェクト-

    太田めぐみ, 赤木亮太, 竹下香寿美, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第56回大会    2005

  • 上肢反動動作パフォーマンスは上腕三頭筋腱の伸長特性を反映するか

    村田浩一郎, 太田めぐみ, 川上泰雄, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第60回日本体力医学会大会    2005

  • 筋への加温が筋腱複合体の粘性及び弾性に及ぼす影響

    村岡哲郎, 大室康平, 若原卓, 福永哲夫, 彼末一之

    日本体育学会第56回大会    2005

  • 冷却およびストレッチが筋腱複合体の受動的力学特性に及ぼす影響

    村岡哲郎, 大室康平, 若原卓, 福永哲夫, 彼末一之

    第60回日本体力医学会大会    2005

  • アメリカンフットボールクォーターバックの投球動作の3次元解析

    川上泰雄, 金井健斗, 栗原俊之, 福永哲夫

    第18回日本トレーニング科学会    2005

  • 筋厚と形態計測値の組み合わせによる筋形状指標と肘関節屈曲トルクとの関係

    赤木亮太, 勝亦陽一, 美濃羽弘樹, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第60回日本体力医学会大会    2005

  • 生体電気インピーダンス法による除脂肪体重の推定 -縦断的検討-

    石黒憲子, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部第32回学会大会    2005

  • 大腿直筋のIa群線維の機能低下が大腿四頭筋の不随意的活動交替に及ぼす影響

    神崎素樹, 福永哲夫

    第13回日本運動生理学会大会    2005

  • トップスプリンターの疾走中に股関節へ作用する力と骨盤の動きについて

    松尾彰文, 土江寛裕, 福永哲夫

    第18回日本トレーニング科学会    2005

  • 自重負荷トレーニングの効果が筋力及び関節トルクに与える影響 -高齢者のホーム貯筋術プロジェクト-

    小林寛, 山下耕平, 竹下香寿美, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第56回大会    2005

  • 陸上競技選手と野球選手の100m疾走の特徴

    小林海, 土江寛裕, 勝亦陽一, 磯繁雄, 彼末一之, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第18回日本トレーニング科学会    2005

  • 野球選手における肘関節力発揮にみられる投手と野手の比較

    勝亦陽一, 赤木亮太, 美濃羽弘樹, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第60回日本体力医学会大会    2005

  • 短縮性筋活動中の筋線維速度と筋速度の比較

    若原卓, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第56回大会    2005

  • 下肢の自重負荷トレーニングが歩行・走行パワーに及ぼす影響 -高齢者のホーム貯筋術プロジェクト-

    高田佑輔, 赤木亮太, 竹下香寿美, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第56回大会    2005

  • アイシングがその後の運動中の筋酸素化動態と血流量に与える影響

    光川眞壽, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第18回日本トレーニング科学会    2005

  • 発育期における腓腹筋およびアキレス腱の形状

    栗原俊之, 金久博昭, 安部孝, 加藤えみか, 永吉俊彦, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    発育発達・測定評価合同学会 日本発育発達学会第3回大会,日本体育測定評価学会第4回大会    2005

  • アキレス腱への長時間振動刺激後にみられる随意最大収縮力低下の回復過程とその要因に関する考察

    牛山潤一, 政二慶, 神崎素樹, 福永哲夫, 金久博昭

    第60回日本体力医学会大会    2005

  • 高齢者におけるウオーキングトレーニングが下肢筋群の筋及び腱組織の形態と機能に及ぼす影響

    久保啓太郎, 石田良恵, 鈴木志保子, 小室輝明, 白澤葉月, 石黒憲子, 角田直也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第60回日本体力医学会大会    2005

  • 高齢女性におけるウオーキングが下肢筋群の形態と機能に及ぼす影響

    久保啓太郎, 石田良恵, 鈴木志保子, 小室輝明, 白澤葉月, 石黒憲子, 角田直也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第135回日本体力医学会関東地方会    2005

  • 血流制限下の低負荷筋力トレーニングが神経筋活動および腱特性に及ぼす影響

    久保啓太郎, 小室輝明, 角田直也, 佐藤義昭, 金久博昭, 石井直方, 福永哲夫

    第13回日本運動生理学会大会    2005

  • 伸張性収縮の繰り返しが腱組織の弾性特性に及ぼす影響

    久保啓太郎, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第56回大会    2005

  • 中高年者の下肢筋量と歩行中の下肢キネティクスの関係 -SATプロジェクト186-

    岡田英孝, 金久博昭, 竹下香寿美, 福永哲夫, 久野譜也, 阿江通良

    日本体育学会第56回大会    2005

  • アキレス腱のどこが伸びるのか?

    永吉俊彦, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第18回日本トレーニング科学会    2005

  • 下肢の自重負荷トレーニングが高齢者の脚伸展パワーに与える効果-高齢者のホーム貯筋術プロジェクト-

    永吉俊彦, 赤木亮太, 竹下香寿美, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    日本体育学会第56回大会    2005

  • 和弓における矢の飛翔エネルギーに関する研究

    井出敦夫, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 下田学, 光川眞壽, 小林海, 三好裕介, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 依田玉枝, 彼末一之, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第18回日本トレーニング科学会    2005

  • 腓腹筋内側頭の筋活動分布の特性

    衣笠竜太, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第13回日本運動生理学会大会    2005

  • スポーツにおける筋腱相互作用

    福永哲夫

    臨床バイオメカニクス学会ランチョンセミナ-    2005

  • 私のスポーツ科学研究への取り組み

    福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第56回大会    2005

  • ゴルフで貯筋

    福永哲夫

    日本ゴルフ学会    2005

  • 筋肉量・筋力の低下防止と運動 -貯筋のすすめ-

    福永哲夫

    第5回日本抗加齢医学会総会    2005

  • 宇宙飛行による筋機能の低下

    福永哲夫

    第1回日本加圧トレーニング学会総会    2005

  • 家庭でできるホーム貯筋術のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    第134回日本体力医学会関東地方会    2005

  • ゴルフで貯筋

    福永哲夫

    大学体育連合    2005

  • 高齢者のためのホーム貯筋術のEBM

    福永哲夫

    心臓リハビリテーション学会    2005

  • 高齢者の貯筋運動

    福永哲夫

    女性のための抗加齢医学会    2005

  • 自宅でホーム貯筋術

    福永哲夫

    岡山体育学会講演    2005

  • スポーツにおける筋腱相互作用

    福永哲夫

    横幹連合シンポジウム    2005

  • 身体組成とトレーニング

    福永哲夫

    スポーツ栄養研究会    2005

  • スポーツ科学最前線

    福永哲夫

    NSCAジャパン    2005

  • Low-frequency modulation of muscle activity in the medial gastrocnemius muscle after bed rest during steady plantar flexion in the knee-extended position.

    Yoshitake Y, Shinohara M, Kouzaki M, Fukunaga T

    The 35th Annual Meeting Society for Neuroscience    2005

  • Effects of knee joint angle on the force-length and velocity characteristics of gastrocnemius muscle.

    Wakahara T, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics    2005

  • Recovery time course of muscle activity after prolonged Achilles tendon vibration differs between medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle.

    Ushiyama J, Masani K, Kouzaki M, Fukunaga T, Kanehisa H

    The 35th Annual Meeting Society for Neuroscience    2005

  • Behavior of aponeurosis and external tendon of medial gastrocnemius muscle during dynamic plantar flexion exercise.

    Sugisaki N, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics    2005

  • Isometric training alters mechanical properties of tendon structures.

    Ohta M, Katsumata Y, Murata K, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics    2005

  • In vivo muscle fiber kinetics during tetanic contraction.

    Oda T, Kurihara T, Chino K, Kanehisa H, Nagayoshi T, Kato E, Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y

    XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics    2005

  • Effect of 20 days of bed rest on passive mechanical properties of human gastrocnemius muscle belly.

    Muraoka T, Tachi M, Ushiyama J, Muramatsu T, Fukuoka H, Fukunaga T, Kanehisa H

    XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics    2005

    DOI

  • Influence of muscle cooling on the passive mechanical properties of the human gastrocnemius muscle.

    Muraoka T, Omuro K, Wakahara T, Fukunaga T, Kanosue K

    The 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society    2005

  • Three-dimensional architecture of human gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles during isometric actions.

    Kurihara T, Oda T, Chino K, Nagayoshi T, Kato E, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y

    XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics    2005

  • Repetitive muscle contractions induce mechanical changes of Achilles tendon.

    Kato E, Oda T, Chino K, Kurihara T, Nagayoshi T, Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y

    XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics    2005

  • Neuromuscular adaptation in human calf after disuse evaluated by muscle fMRI and EMG.

    Akima H, Kinugasa R, Yanagiya T, Kanehisa H, Fukuoka H, Fukunaga T

    XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics    2005

  • Effect of elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex on sport performance.

    Fukunaga T

    NSCA National Conference and Exhibition 2005    2005

  • Muscle and tendon interaction during human movements.

    Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y

    4th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology    2005

  • 筋厚と形態計測値の組み合わせによる筋形状指標の有効性

    赤木亮太, 東香寿美, 太田めぐみ, 高田佑輔, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    スポーツ科学研究   2   1 - 8  2005

  • INVESTIGATION OF EVALUATION OF MEDICAL ECONOMY EFFECTS OF EXERCISE INTERVENTION

    KAMIYAMA Yoshiki, SHIRASAWA Takako, NAGAI Naoki, USAMI Chieko, SUZUKI Akifusa, FUKUDA Yusuke, KAWAGUCHI Takeshi, KUNO Shinya, FUKUNAGA Tetsuo

    Journal of The Showa University Society   65 ( 4 ) 374 - 383  2005

     View Summary

    We tested the possible usefulness of new evaluation methods of the effects of exercise intervention on the medical economy, focusing on medical costs of the elderly who participated in the exercise group compared with control subjects (or estimated values) in four local self-governing bodies. In village A we compared the yearly medical costs between 20 participants of the exercise group (aerobics and muscle exercise using a weight machine) and 20 control subjects. We compared not only yearly medical costs but also cumulative medical costs from the entry year. In city B, we compared the medical costs of May of each year between 74 participants of the exercise group (aerobics and muscle exercise using their own body weights) and 210 control subjects. We compared not only the medical costs of each May but also the cumulative medical costs from the previous periods. In town C we compared the medical costs of each May between 16 participants of an exercise group (muscle exercise using their own body weights), 23 participants of another exercise group (exercise using exercise balls), 8 quoits players, and 46 control subjects, using cumulative costs. In ward D we tried estimating values of the controls calculated from the entire medical costs of the national health insurance system, and compared the medical costs of 13 participants of the exercise group (muscle exercise using their own body weights) and the estimated values, using cumulative costs. Results show that the cumulative medical costs of the control subjects increased more than the exercise groups in village A. Similar tendencies were shown in cumulative medical costs of May of each year in city B, town C, and ward D. In conclusion cumulative medical costs might be useful for evaluating the effects of exercise on the medical economy.

    DOI CiNii

  • 自重によるシットアップ及びスクワット動作における筋活動水準.

    高井洋平, 杉崎範英, 竹下香寿美, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    スポーツ科学研究   2   9 - 19  2005

  • Surface Mechanomyogram Reflects Length Changes in Fascicles of Human Skeletal muscles

    Yoshitake Yasuhide, Kawakami Yasuo, Kanehisa Hiroaki, Fukunaga Tetsuo

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   3 ( Special Issue ) 280 - 285  2005

     View Summary

    To examine the origin of mechanomyogram (MMG), we compared the responses of surface MMG with the changes in the fascicle length determined by ultrasonography during electrically induced contractions of human skeletal muscles. The posterior tibial nerve of subjects (n=5) was stimulated with a stimulus pattern in which the frequency rose up from 1Hz to 20Hz linearly. The MMG amplitude decreased with increasing stimulation frequency. Reduction of MMG amplitude was in parallel with the decrease in fluctuation of the changes in fascicle length, and these values had a significant positive correlation (r=0.94, P<0.001). The observed direct relation between MMG and architectural change of muscle indicates that surface MMG is generated by the pressure wave produced by the expansion of a number of muscle fibers during contractions.

    DOI CiNii

  • Effects of Passive Ankle and Knee Joint Motions on the Length of Fascicle and Tendon of the Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle

    Wakahara Taku, Ushiyama Junichi, Kanehisa Hiroaki, Kawakami Yasuo, Fukunaga Tetsuo

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   3   75 - 82  2005

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of passive ankle and knee joint motions on the length of fascicle and tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle. The ankle joint was passively moved from maximal dorsiflexed position to maximal plantar flexed position, while the knee joint was fixed at 0° (fully extended position). Also, the knee joint was passively extended from 90° to 0°, while the ankle joint was fixed at 0° (neutral position). In each test condition, lengths of fascicle and external tendon of the medial gastrocnemius were measured by ultrasonography. The length of external tendon was significantly changed by the ankle joint motion, but not by the knee joint motion. This demonstrates that the length of the external tendon distal to the muscle belly is influenced only by the angle changes of the joint distal to the gastrocnemius muscle. The change in fascicle length during the knee joint motion was significantly larger than during the ankle joint motion in spite of a similar length change of total muscle-tendon complex between the two motions. This demonstrates that fascicles located proximally to the external tendon are more influenced by the angle changes of the joint proximal to the gastrocnemius muscle. These results reveal that angle changes of each joint located in the proximal and distal parts of a biarticular muscle have different effects on the length of fascicle and external tendon.

    DOI CiNii

  • Behavior of Fascicle and Tendinous Tissue of Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle during Rebound Exercise of Ankle Joint

    Sugisaki Norihide, Kanehisa Hiroaki, Kawakami Yasuo, Fukunaga Tetsuo

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   3   100 - 109  2005

     View Summary

    This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of mechanical work and power enhancement of muscle-tendon complex (MTC) in rebound exercise by quantifying in vivo behavior of fascicle and tendinous tissue of human medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG). Subjects jumped on a sledge apparatus using only ankle joint with the following two conditions: plantar flexion without counter movement (PFJ) and rebound jumping from a height of 26 cm (RJ). The behavior of fascicle and tendinous tissue of MG in vivo was determined using ultrasonography. The relative contribution of tendinous tissue to the mechanical work of MTC during plantar flexion phase (PF phase) was 85% in RJ. The maximal mechanical power of tendinous tissue during the PF phase in RJ was about three times greater compared to that in PFJ. There was no significant difference in the mechanical power of fascicle during PF phase between the two conditions, while the mechanical work of fascicle in PFJ was less than that in the PF phase of RJ. In RJ, fascicle was stretched during the dorsiflexion phase. These findings indicated that, in rebound exercise using ankle joint, (1) the enhancement of mechanical work and power of MTC was due to the reuse of elastic energy stored in tendinous tissue during dorsiflexion phase, and (2) fascicles were stretched during dorsiflexion phase.

    DOI CiNii

  • Behavior of Aponeurosis and External Tendon of the Gastrocnemius Muscle During Dynamic Plantar Flexion Exercise

    Sugisaki Norihide, Kanehisa Hiroaki, Kawakami Yasuo, Fukunaga Tetsuo

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   3 ( Special Issue ) 235 - 244  2005

     View Summary

    This study aimed to investigate the behavior of the aponeurosis and external tendon of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) in dynamic actions. Seven males performed maximal and submaximal concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) plantar flexion exercises preceded by an isometric action (Pre-iso) on an isokinetic dynamometer at a pre-set velocity of 5°/s. In addition, the subjects performed static ramp actions with the ankle positioned at dorsi-and plantar flexed positions. During the exercises, the length changes of the aponeurosis and external tendon of MG were determined using ultrasound apparatuses. In CON, the length of external tendon significantly shortened from the level of Pre-iso in all test conditions. However, the change of aponeurosis was significant only in the maximal exercises. In ECC, the external tendon was elongated in all test conditions, while the aponeurosis was not elongated even in the maximal effort. In static action, the lengths of both aponerurosis and external tendon increased with increasing force levels. The present results indicate that the behavior of aponeurosis of MG depends on the type of action and that the aponeurosis of MG plays a simple role of muscle force transmission in eccentric actions, while external tendon functions to store elastic energy.

    DOI CiNii

  • Study on the Application of Bio-Electrical Impedance Method for Estimating Tendon Elongation.

    Ohta M, Masuo Y, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    Int J Sport Health Sci   3 ( Special Issue ) 296 - 303  2005

  • In Vivo Length-Force Relationships on Muscle Fiber and Muscle Tendon Complex in the Tibialis Anterior Muscle

    Oda Toshiaki, Kanehisa Hiroaki, Chino Kentaro, Kurihara Toshiyuki, Nagayoshi Toshihiko, Kato Emika, Fukunaga Tetsuo, Kawakami Yasuo

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   3 ( Special Issue ) 245 - 252  2005

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to determine the differences in the length-force relationship between muscle fiber and muscle tendon complex (MTC) and to relate the shape of the length-force relationship to the architectural changes in MTC (the elongation of tendon structures and pennation angle changes). In six male subjects, tetanic contractions (2s at 50Hz) of the tibialis anterior muscle were induced electrically. At a steady state of tetanic contraction, the muscle fiber length and pennation angle were measured from ultrasonic images, and the muscle fiber force, tendon force, MTC length and elongation of tendon structures were calculated. The measured and normalized length-force relationships were clearly different between muscle fiber and MTC, especially on the length axis. The differences could be attributed to the existence of compliant tendon structures and increment of pennation angles related to elongation of tendon structures, suggesting that compliant tendon structures in human muscles influence the length-dependent force generation in both muscle fiber and MTC.

    DOI CiNii

  • Influence of Long-Term Kendo Training on the Geometric and Mechanical Properties of the Achilles Tendon

    Muraoka Tetsuro, Muramatsu Tadashi, Kanosue Kazuyuki, Fukunaga Tetsuo, Kanehisa Hiroaki

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   3 ( Special Issue ) 304 - 310  2005

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the geometric and elastic properties of the Achilles tendon between right and left ankles in kendo (japanese fencing) athletes, who engaged in kendo training for years, and matched controls. The subjects were twelve kendo athletes and nine controls (21 and 20 yrs, 65 and 60 kg, and 172 and 171 cm, respectively). While the subjects developed maximum voluntary isometric plantarflexion (MVIP) torque (TQ), the tendon displacement and ankle joint rotation was determined using a B-mode ultrasonograph and a goniometer, respectively. The tendon force (F) was calculated from TQ and the moment arm of the Achilles tendon. The elongation of the Achilles tendon (ΔX) was obtained from the tendon displacement and ankle joint rotation. The cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon (CSA) was measured using a B-mode ultrasonography. The Achilles tendon stiffness (k) was defined as F divided by ΔX, stress (σ) as F divided by CSA, strain (ε) at MVIP as ΔX divided by the Achilles tendon length at rest (Lr), and Young's modulus (E) as σ divided by ε. The results showed that there were no significant differences in TQ, F, σ, Lr, ΔX, ε, k, and E between right and left ankles for both control and kendo athlete subjects, and between control and kendo athlete subjects. CSA of kendo athletes' right ankles was significantly greater than that of kendo athletes' left ankles (p=0.03). It was suggested that a long-term kendo training did not affect the elastic properties of the Achilles tendon and resulted in smaller Achilles tendon CSA in left ankles.

    DOI CiNii

  • Use of Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography for the Analysis of the Fascicle Length of Human Gastrocnemius Muscle During Contractions

    Kurihara Toshiyuki, Oda Toshiaki, Chino Kentaro, Kanehisa Hiroaki, Fukunaga Tetsuo, Kawakami Yasuo

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   3 ( Special Issue ) 226 - 234  2005

     View Summary

    The fascicle lengths of the human gastrocnemius muscle during isometric plantar flexions were analyzed using a three-dimensional ultrasound system (3D-US). Prior to measurements in vivo, the accuracy and reproducibility of the 3D-US were examined by taking images of a phantom. The horizontal errors were 0.3-1.0%, and the vertical errors were 1.2-1.6%. In addition, the coefficients of variance for the repeated measurements were 3.3% and 1.7% for horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. Second, both at rest and each of five intensities {20, 40, 60, 80, 100% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)}, at a fixed ankle joint angle of 90deg, the 3D-US images of gastrocnemius muscles were obtained and used to determine fascicle length. The fascicle length was also measured using two-dimensional ultrasound system (2D-US), and the values obtained by 2D-US were used to make comparisons with those by 3D-US. From rest to MVC, the fascicle length decreased as a function of relative torque levels from 6.0 (± 0.5) cm to 3.1 (± 0.4) cm with 3D-US, and, in a similar manner, from 5.6 (± 0.5) cm to 3.0 (± 0.4) cm with 2D-US. Thus the present study indicated the accuracy and reproducibility of the 3D-US measurements and its usefulness for determining the fascicle lengths of human muscles in three-dimensional space. The fascicle length measurements determined by 3D-US were, however, significantly longer than those of 2D-US.

    DOI CiNii

  • Musculotendinous Factors Influencing Difference in Ankle Joint Flexibility between Women and Men

    Kato Emika, Oda Toshiaki, Chino Kentaro, Kurihara Toshiyuki, Nagayoshi Toshihiko, Fukunaga Tetsuo, Kawakami Yasuo

    Int. J. Sport Health Sci.   3 ( Special Issue ) 218 - 225  2005

     View Summary

    Flexibility is often evaluated from the joint range of motion (ROM), but the mechanisms underlying gender differences in joint ROM have not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the difference in ankle joint ROM between men and women with respect to the extensibility of muscle-tendon complex. Eighteen men (21-26 yr, 66.4±6.0kg, 173.7±7.4cm mean±SD) and 12 women (19-27yr, 52.9±4.8kg, 163.4±4.3cm) participated in this study. Each subject was seated with the knee extended, and the ankle joint was attached to a foot plate, by which the ankle joint was passively dorsiflexed with torque gradually increasing from zero to a value at which the passive loading to the ankle joint was just tolerable for each subject. During the passive loading, real-time ultrasonogram was taken to track the movement of MTJ (muscle-tendon junction of the gastrocnemius medialis and Achilles tendon) as the elongation of muscle belly (dMus). The change of MTC (muscle-tendon complex) length (dMTC) during the passive dorsiflexion was estimated from changes in ankle joint angle. Tendon elongation (dTen) was calculated by subtracting dMus from dMTC. There was no significant difference in normalized passive torque during passive dorsiflexion between men and women. Women were more flexible, i.e., they demonstrated greater dMTC, which was accompanied by greater dTen at lower torque levels. However, dMus was not different between men and women. It was concluded that gender difference in the joint ROM at the ankle reflects more compliant Achilles tendon in women than in men.

    DOI CiNii

  • Fluctuations in plantar flexion force are reduced after prolonged tendon vibration

    Y Yoshitake, M Shinohara, M Kouzaki, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   97 ( 6 ) 2090 - 2097  2004.12

     View Summary

    The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of prolonged vibration on the force fluctuations during a force-matching task performed at low-force levels. Fourteen young healthy men performed a submaximal force-matching task of isometric plantar flexion before and after Achilles tendon vibration (n = 8, vibration subjects) or lying without vibration (n = 6, control subjects) for 30 min. The target forces were 2.5-10% of the previbration maximal voluntary contraction force. The standard deviation of force decreased by a mean of 29 +/- 20% across target forces after vibration, whereas it did not decrease significantly in control subjects (-5 +/- 12%). This change was significantly greater compared with control subjects (P &lt; 0.01 for both). Power spectral density of the force was predominantly composed of signals of low-frequency bandwidth (&LE;5 Hz) with few higher frequency components. In vibration subjects, there was a significant decrease in power in the frequency range &LE;2 Hz after vibration. The decrease in power at this frequency range was linearly related to the decrease in the force fluctuations (r = 0.96, P &lt; 0.001). The results indicate that prolonged Achilles tendon vibration reduces the fluctuations in plantar flexion force in the frequency range less than or equal to2 Hz during low-level contractions. It suggests that Ia afferent inputs contribute to the low-frequency force fluctuations in plantar flexion.

    DOI

  • Force fluctuations are modulated by alternate muscle activity of knee extensor synergists during low-level sustained contraction

    M Kouzaki, M Shinohara, K Masani, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   97 ( 6 ) 2121 - 2131  2004.12

     View Summary

    The study examined the hypothesis that altered synergistic activation of the knee extensors leads to cyclic modulation of the force fluctuations. To test this hypothesis, the force fluctuations were investigated during sustained knee extension at 2.5% of maximal voluntary contraction force for 60 min in 11 men. Surface electromyograms (EMG) were recorded from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. The SD of force and average EMG (AEMG) of each muscle were calculated for 30-s periods during alternate muscle activity. Power spectrum of force was calculated for the low- (less than or equal to3 Hz), middle- (4-6 Hz), and high-frequency (8-12 Hz) components. Alternate muscle activity was observed between RF and the set of VL and VM muscles. The SD of force was not constant but variable due to the alternate muscle activity. The SD was significantly greater during high RF activity compared with high VL and VM activity (P &lt; 0.05), and the correlation coefficient between the SD and AEMG was significantly greater in RF [0.736 (SD 0.095), P &lt; 0.05] compared with VL and VM. Large changes were found in the high-frequency component. During high RF activity, the correlation coefficient between the SD and high-frequency component [0.832 (SD 0.087)] was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) greater compared with other frequency components. It is suggested that modulations in knee extension force fluctuations are caused by the unique muscle activity in RF during the alternate muscle activity, which augments the high-frequency component of the fluctuations.

    DOI

  • Effects of resistance training during bed rest on the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in the lower limb

    K Kubo, H Akima, J Ushiyama, Tabata, I, H Fukuoka, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS   14 ( 5 ) 296 - 302  2004.10

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on the tendon properties in knee extensors during 20 days of bed rest. Sixteen men were assigned to the resistance training group (BR-Tr) or the non-training, control group (BR-Con). Leg-press exercises were performed as five sets of 10 repetitions at 90% of maximum load daily for 20 days during bed rest. Before and after bed rest, the elongation of the tendon structures of the vastus lateralis muscle during isometric knee extension was determined using ultrasonography, while subjects performed ramp isometric contraction up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between estimated muscle force (F-m) and tendon elongation (L) was fitted to a linear regression curve, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The hysteresis was calculated as the ratio of the area within the F-m-L loop to the area beneath the load portion of the curve. The stiffness decreased significantly after bed rest for BR-Con, but not for BR-Tr. Similarly, the hysteresis increased significantly after bed rest for BR-Con, but not for BR-Tr. These results suggested that the bed rest caused the stiffness of tendon structures to decrease and their hysteresis to increase, and that leg-press training prevents the deconditioning of the tendon structures in knee extensors.

    DOI

  • Human adductor muscles atrophy after short duration of unweighting

    S Kawashima, H Akima, S Kuno, A Gunji, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   92 ( 4-5 ) 602 - 605  2004.08

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 20 days of bed rest (BR) on the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of the adductor (AD) muscle group. Five healthy men and five healthy women were kept on a horizontal bed for 20 days. To calculate the PCSA of the AD muscle group, transaxial magnetic resonance imaging of the right thigh was acquired four times for each of the subjects: (1) pre BR, (2) on the tenth day of BR, (3) post BR, and (4) 1 month after BR. Overall, the PCSA measurements of the AD muscle group and its individual muscles were significantly decreased on the tenth day of BR and at post BR; however, they had recovered to the baseline within 1 month of the reambulation period. The amount and pattern of relative change in the PCSA measurements of the AD muscle group were similar to those of the knee extensor (KE) and knee flexor (KF) muscle groups studied previously. These results suggested that the AD muscle group showed an atrophic response that was similar to the KE and KF muscle groups after unweighting; therefore, we should pay much more attention to the AD muscle group when considering countermeasures for future human spaceflight projects.

    DOI

  • Mechanical power during maximal treadmill walking and running in young and elderly men

    T Yanagiya, H Kanehisa, M Tachi, S Kuno, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   92 ( 1-2 ) 33 - 38  2004.06

     View Summary

    This study determined mechanical power during movements specific to maximal walking and running using a non-motorized treadmill in 38 elderly [69.4 (5.0) years] and 50 young [24.3 (3.4) years] men. The mean mechanical power over a period of time covering six steps, during which the belt velocity peaked and then kept almost plateau, was determined as a performance score in each of maximal walking (WP) and running (RP). In terms of the value relative to body mass, the relative difference between the two age groups was greater for RP (61.7%) than for WP (21.4%) or isometric knee extension (34.1%) and flexion torque (43.8%). In the two groups, WP was significantly (P&lt;0.05) correlated to knee extension (r=0.582 for the elderly and r=0.392 for the young) and flexion torque (r=0.524 for the elderly and r=0.574 for the young). Similarly, RP was also significantly (P&lt;0.05) correlated to knee extension (r=0.627 for the elderly and r=0.478 for the young) and flexion torque (r=0.500 for the elderly and r=0.281 for the young). In these relationships, the WP adjusted statistically by thigh muscle torque was similar in the two age groups. However, the corresponding value for RP was significantly higher in the young than in the elderly. The findings here indicate that: (1) the difference between the young and elderly men in mechanical power is greater during maximal running than maximal walking, and (2) although the thigh muscle torque contributes to the power production during the two maximal exercise modes in the two age groups, the RP is greater in the young than in the elderly regardless of the difference in the thigh muscle torque.

    DOI

  • Effects of 20 days of bed rest on the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in lower limb muscles

    K Kubo, H Akima, J Ushiyama, Tabata, I, H Fukuoka, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE   38 ( 3 ) 324 - 330  2004.06

     View Summary

    Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 20 days' bed rest on the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in knee extensor and plantar flexor muscles in vivo.
    Methods: Eight healthy men ( age: 24 4 years, height: 172 9 m, body mass: 69 13 kg) carried out a 6 head-down bed rest for 20 days. Before and after bed rest, elongation ( L) of the tendon and aponeurosis of vastus lateralis (VL) and medial gastrocnemius muscles (MG) during isometric knee extension and plantar flexion, respectively, were determined using real-time ultrasonic apparatus, while the subjects performed ramp isometric contraction up to the voluntary maximum, followed by ramp relaxation. The relationship between estimated muscle force (Fm) and tendon elongation ( L) was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The hysteresis was calculated as the ratio of the area within the Fm-L loop to the area beneath the load portion of the curve.
    Results: L values above 100 N were significantly greater after bed rest for VL, while there were no significant differences in L values between before and after for MG. The stiffness decreased after bed rest for VL (70.3 +/- 27.4 v 50.1 +/- 24.8 N/mm, before and after bed rest, respectively; p = 0.003) and MG (29.4 +/- 7.5 v 25.6 +/- 7.8 N/mm, before and after bed rest, respectively; p = 0.054). In addition, hysteresis increased after bed rest for VL (16.5 +/- 7.1% v 28.2 +/- 12.9%, before and after bed rest, respectively; p = 0.017), but not for MG (17.4 +/- 4.4% v 17.7 +/- 6.1%, before and after bed rest, respectively; p = 0.925).
    Conclusions: These results suggested that bed rest decreased the stiffness of human tendon structures and increased their hysteresis, and that these changes were found in knee extensors, but not the plantar flexors.

    DOI

  • The influence of circulatory difference on muscle oxygenation and fatigue during intermittent static dorsiflexion

    M Tachi, M Kouzaki, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   91 ( 5-6 ) 682 - 688  2004.05

     View Summary

    This study aimed to examine the influences of circulatory difference on the utilization of O-2 and the progression of fatigue in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle during dorsiflexion exercise, with reference to different body postures. The subjects performed intermittent static dorsiflexion at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) up to exhaustion with the right leg either up or down relative to the heart. These exercises were performed with and without occluding muscle blood flow. Simultaneously with the surface electromyogram (EMG) measurement, total hemoglobin volume change and tissue oxygenation (StO2) of TA were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). When the subjects performed an exhaustive intermittent dorsiflexion exercise at 50% MVC, the endurance time decreased in the leg up position. Also, the progression of fatigue in TA detected using EMG signals (i.e. integrated EMG and mean power frequency of EMG) was faster with the leg elevated. The NIRS data indicated a lower blood volume and StO2 with the leg up than with the leg down during the exercise, which suggests that the deficit in the O-2 supply to exercising muscle's demand was more apparent in the leg up position. However, these differences in EMG and NIRS data disappeared when the blood flow was restricted in both positions. From these results it is concluded that the difference in exercising muscle oxygenation between two different body postures influenced the progression of muscle fatigue and caused the difference in endurance performance.

    DOI

  • Influences of age and sex on abdominal muscle and subcutaneous fat thickness

    H Kanehisa, M Miyatani, K Azuma, S Kuno, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   91 ( 5-6 ) 534 - 537  2004.05

     View Summary

    This study aimed to investigate the influences of age and sex on the thickness of the rectus abdominis muscle and subcutaneous fat at the abdomen. The two tissue thickness values were determined using ultrasonography in a total of 194 young (20-29 years) and elderly (70-79 years) persons of both genders. In both sexes, the elderly groups showed significantly thinner muscle and thicker fat than the younger groups. The percentage of the mean value of subcutaneous fat thickness in the elderly group compared to that in the younger group was higher in the women (176%) than in the men (128%), but the corresponding value of muscle thickness was similar between men (68%) and women (65%). In both generations, the women had significantly thinner muscle and thicker fat than the men. The percentage of the mean value of subcutaneous fat thickness in the women compared to that in the men was higher in the elderly group (169%) than in the younger group (123%), but the corresponding value of muscle thickness was similar between the younger (80%) and elderly (77%) groups. In every group, subcutaneous fat thickness significantly correlated with waist circumference, but muscle thickness did not. The findings here indicated that: (1) aging was associated with a decrease of muscle thickness and an increase of subcutaneous fat at the abdomen in men and women, with a similar relative loss of muscle thickness in both genders and a greater increase of subcutaneous fat thickness in women than in men, and (2) subcutaneous fat rather than muscle thickness reflected waist circumference, regardless of age and gender.

    DOI

  • Ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to hypercapnia after 20 days of head-down bed rest

    K Katayama, K Sato, H Akima, K Ishida, T Yanagiya, H Kanehisa, H Fukuoka, T Fukunaga, M Miyamura

    AVIATION SPACE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE   75 ( 4 ) 312 - 316  2004.04

     View Summary

    Introduction: Few studies have attempted to investigate the influence of prolonged head-down bed rest (HDBR) on hypercapnic ventilatory chemosensitivity, and there are no data available regarding associated changes in arterial BP and heart rate (HR). The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of Prolonged HDBR on ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to hypercapnia. Methods: There were five healthy men who participated in this study. Resting ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to hypercapnia were measured by means of Read's CO2 rebreathing method 4 d before and on the 19th day of HDBR. Measured variables included systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP, respectively), inspired minute ventilation V-t, and end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (PETCO2). Results: Ventilatory response to hyperoxic hypercapnia (DeltaV(t)/ DeltaPETCO(2)) decreased significantly on the 19th day of HDBR (1.42 +/- 0.65 to 0.90 +/- 0.41 L . min(-1) . torr(-1), p &lt; 0.05). On the other hand, SBP, DBP, and HR responses (DeltaSBP/DeltaPETCO(2), DeltaDBP/DeltaPETCO(2), and DeltaHR/ DeltaPETCO(2)) were unchanged. Discussion: The results from this study suggest that prolonged HDBR leads to diminished central hypercapnic ventilatory chemosensitivity.

  • The accuracy of volume estimates using ultrasound muscle thickness measurements in different muscle groups

    M Miyatani, H Kanehisa, M Ito, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   91 ( 2-3 ) 264 - 272  2004.03

     View Summary

    This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of estimating the volume of limb muscles (MV) using ultrasonographic muscle thickness (MT) measurements. The MT and MV of each of elbow flexors and extensors, knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors were determined from a single ultrasonographic image and multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, respectively, in 27 healthy men (23-40 years of age) who were allocated to validation (n=14) and cross-validation groups (n=13). In the validation group, simple and multiple regression equations using MT and a set of MT and limb length, respectively, as independent variables were derived to estimate the MV measured by MRI. However, only the multiple regression equations were cross-validated, and so the prediction equations with r(2) of 0.787-0.884 and the standard error of estimate of 22.1 cm(3) (7.3%) for the elbow flexors to 198.5 cm(3) (11.1%) for the knee extensors were developed using the pooled data. This approach did not induce significant systematic error in any muscle group, with no significant difference in the accuracy of estimating MV between muscle groups. In the multiple regression equations, the relative contribution of MT for predicting MV varied from 41.9% for the knee extensors to 70.4% for the elbow flexors. Thus, ultrasonographic MT measurement was a good predictor of MV when combined with limb length. For predicting MV, however, the unsuitability of a simple equation using MT only and the difference between muscle groups in the relative contribution of MT in multiple regression equations indicated a need for further research on the limb site selected and muscle analyzed for MT measurement.

    DOI

  • Activation of agonist and antagonist muscles at different joint angles during maximal isometric efforts

    K Kubo, N Tsunoda, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   91 ( 2-3 ) 349 - 352  2004.03

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of different angles of the knee joint on the activation level of an agonist (quadriceps femoris muscle) and antagonist (biceps femoris muscle) from electromyographic activities and activation levels (twitch interpolation). Isometric torque measurements were performed on 23 healthy subjects at 10degrees intervals between 40degrees and 110degrees of knee joint flexion. Superimposed twitches at maximal voluntary contraction were applied and the voluntary activation estimated. To quantify the antagonist muscle activity, we normalized its integrated EMG (iEMG) value at each joint angle with respect to its iEMG value at the same angle when acting as an agonist at maximal effort. The activation levels at the knee-flexed position (80-110degrees) were higher than that at the knee-extended position (40-70degrees). The co-activation levels at 90, 100, and 110degrees were significantly higher than that the other knee angle. These results suggest that the activation level of an agonist (quadriceps femoris) muscle and the co-activation level of an antagonist (biceps femoris) muscle were higher in longer muscles than in shorter muscles. It was also concluded that the risk of knee injuries could be reduced by applying these mutual relationships between activation levels of agonist and antagonist muscles.

    DOI

  • Influence of tendon slack on electromechanical delay in the human medial gastrocnemius in vivo

    T Muraoka, T Muramatsu, T Fukunaga, H Kanehisa

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   96 ( 2 ) 540 - 544  2004.02

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of muscle-tendon complex stretch on electromechanical delay (EMD) in terms of the extent of tendon slack in the human medial gastrocnemius (MG). EMD and MG tendon length were measured at each of five ankle joint angles ( - 30, - 20, - 10, 0, and 5degrees: positive values for dorsiflexion) using percutaneous electrical stimulation and ultrasonography, respectively. The extent of MG tendon slack was calculated as MG tendon length shortening, standardized with MG tendon slack length obtained at the joint angle (-16degrees +/- 5degrees) where the passive ankle joint torque was zero. EMD at - 30degrees (19.2 +/- 2.2 ms) and - 20degrees (17.2 +/- 1.3 ms) was significantly greater than that at - 10degrees (16.0 +/- 2.3 ms), 0degrees (15.0 +/- 1.4 ms), and 5degrees (14.8 +/- 1.4 ms), and at 0 and 5degrees, respectively. The relative EMD, normalized with the maximal EMD for each subject, decreased dependent on the extent of decrease in MG tendon slack. There were no significant differences in EMD among the joint angles (-10, 0, and 5degrees) where MG tendon slack was taken up. These results suggest that the extent of tendon slack is an important factor for determining EMD.

    DOI

  • 高齢者の筋の老化と運動

    福永哲夫

    理療   34 ( 3 ) 30 - 39  2004

  • 貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    日本臨床スポーツ医学会誌   12 ( 3 ) 377 - 383  2004

  • 体力測定最前線

    福永哲夫

    日本体育協会スポーツドクター講習会    2004

  • 高齢者の貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    奈良県福祉協会    2004

  • 高齢者の貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    東海村健康福祉課    2004

  • 使ってためよう筋肉貯筋

    福永哲夫

    長野県教育委員会    2004

  • THP実務講習会

    福永哲夫

    中災防    2004

  • 神経筋の運動生理

    福永哲夫

    中災防    2004

  • THP実務講習会

    福永哲夫

    中災防    2004

  • 神経筋の運動生理とトレーニング効果

    福永哲夫

    体協スポーツドクター講習会    2004

  • 発育期のトレーニング

    福永哲夫

    体協コーチ講習会    2004

  • 高齢者の貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    世田谷区保健課    2004

  • 貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    新潟県医師会    2004

  • 貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    広島県医師会    2004

  • 肥満判定の手技;超音波法

    福永哲夫

    健康運動指導士会    2004

  • 肥満判定の手技;超音波法

    福永哲夫

    健康運動指導士会    2004

  • 肥満判定の手技;超音波法

    福永哲夫

    健康運動指導士会    2004

  • 肥満判定の手技;超音波法

    福永哲夫

    健康運動指導士会    2004

  • 高齢者に至適な運動

    福永哲夫

    健康スポーツ連盟    2004

  • 加齢と運動

    福永哲夫

    宮城県スポーツ医学会    2004

  • 生活フィットネス

    福永哲夫

    愛知県THP    2004

  • 中高年の体力つくり

    福永哲夫

    ワコール    2004

  • 機能解剖学

    福永哲夫

    ボディビル協会    2004

  • フィットネスを測り向上させるためのトレーニング

    福永哲夫

    ヘルスフィットネスジャパン    2004

  • ボウリングのトレーニング科学

    福永哲夫

    プロボウリング協会    2004

  • 生活フィットネスの加齢変化

    福永哲夫

    トヨタ自動車    2004

  • 筋活動状態との関連か らみたベッドレスト中の筋厚変化における筋群差

    白澤葉月, 石黒憲子, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部第31回学会大会    2004

  • 6週間の等尺性筋力発揮トレーニングに伴う肘屈曲トルク及び上腕屈筋群筋厚の変化

    東香寿美, 勝亦陽一, 高井洋平, 赤木亮太, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • 大腿部の筋量推定方法に関する検討

    太田めぐみ, 宮谷昌枝, 東香寿美, 石黒憲子, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • 大学剣道選手におけるアキレス腱の力学特性の左右差

    村岡哲郎, 村松憲, 福永哲夫, 金久博昭

    日本体育学会第55回大会    2004

  • ヒト生体における筋線維の受動的力学特性

    村岡哲郎, 千野謙太郎, 村松憲, 福永哲夫, 金久博昭

    第43回日本エム・イー学会大会    2004

  • 強縮後の単収縮増強と筋線維動態の関連性

    川上泰雄, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第18回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2004

  • 高齢者にみられる足関節可動域の性差

    川上泰雄, 小田俊明, 永吉俊彦, 久野譜也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第55回大会    2004

  • トッププロとアマチュアのゴルフスィングの比較

    川上泰雄, 井出敦夫, 野澤むつこ, 永吉俊彦, 小林海, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 加藤えみか, 福永哲夫

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • ヒラメ筋の力?速度関係の生体計測

    千野謙太郎, 小田俊明, 金久博昭, 深代千之, 永吉俊彦, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第18回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2004

  • 肘関節トルクに影響する筋の形態的要因

    赤木亮太, 東香寿美, 太田めぐみ, 高田佑輔, 福永哲夫

    第59回日本体力医学会    2004

  • 腹部における骨格筋および皮下脂肪断面積と 形態との関係

    石黒憲子, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部第31回学会大会    2004

  • 体幹骨格筋横断面積の加齢変化-若年齢者と中年齢者の比較

    石黒憲子, 金久博昭, 山田正文, 田中康弘, 福永哲夫

    第59回日本体力医学会    2004

  • 生体電気インピーダンス法による体幹骨格筋量の推定.

    石黒憲子, 宮谷昌枝, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部会第1回研究会    2004

  • 四肢・体幹における骨格筋の横断面積と体積との関係

    石黒憲子, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第12回日本運動生理学会大会    2004

  • 動的筋力発揮における腓腹筋の腱膜および外部腱の動態

    杉崎範英, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • 刺激から関節トルク発揮に至るまでの人体筋の収縮様相の実測

    小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 金久博昭, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    日本体育学会東京支部第31回学会大会    2004

  • ヒト前脛骨筋における単収縮中の張力および筋線維長の経時変化

    小田俊明, 栗原俊之, 千野謙太郎, 金久博昭, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第18回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2004

  • 力の立ち上がり局面の筋線維張力を決定する因子の経時変化

    小田俊明, 栗原俊之, 千野謙太郎, 金久博昭, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • ヒト前脛骨筋における強縮/単収縮比と腱組織の力学特性との関連

    小田俊明, 栗原俊之, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 金久博明, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第59回日本体力医学会    2004

  • 6週間の等尺性筋力発揮トレーニングに伴うトルクと筋電図の変化

    勝亦陽一, 東香寿美, 高井洋平, 赤木亮太, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • 高齢者の歩行テストの尺度構成:SATプロジェクト156

    山田庸, 松本徹, 中野貴博, 高橋信二, 大塚慶輔, 鈴木宏哉, 福永哲夫, 柳谷登志雄, 松田光生, 久野譜也, 西嶋尚彦

    第59回日本体力医学会    2004

  • 上肢の反動効果利用時の力発揮能力と投球速度の関係

    山下耕平, 東香寿美, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • 自重によるシットアップ及びスクワット動作における筋活動水準

    高井洋平, 杉崎範英, 東香寿美, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • アメリカンフットボールのファンダメンタルヒットに関するバイオメカニクス的研究

    栗原俊之, 村井雄太, 金井建斗, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 井出敦夫, 小田俊明, 川上泰雄

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • 収縮中の腓腹筋および前脛骨筋の羽状角の3次元計測

    栗原俊之, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 金久博明, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第59回日本体力医学会    2004

  • 垂直跳びにおいて重りを持つことが跳躍動作に及ぼす影響

    金子潤, 杉崎範英, 東香寿美, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • 腓腹筋の筋活動ならびに筋線維長変化がヒラメ筋運動ニューロンプールの興奮性に与える影響

    牛山潤一, 若原卓, 神崎素樹, 村岡哲郎, 政二慶, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部第31回学会大会    2004

  • 膝伸筋群および足底屈筋群における外部腱および腱膜の弾性特性の比較

    久保啓太郎, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第59回日本体力医学会    2004

  • アイソメトリックトレーニングはジャンプパフォーマンスに有効か?

    久保啓太郎, 矢田秀昭, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第12回日本運動生理学会大会    2004

  • 筋音図解析によるCatchlike property発生機序の解明

    吉武康栄, 川上泰雄, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第59回日本体力医学会    2004

  • 長時間の静的ストレッチングが下腿三頭筋の伸長に及ぼす急性効果

    加藤えみか, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 永吉俊彦, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第59回日本体力医学会    2004

  • 足関節の静的ストレッチング中にアキレス腱が伸長する

    加藤えみか, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 永吉俊彦, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • 筋力発揮時におけるアキレス腱長の実測

    永吉俊彦, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第18回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2004

  • 和弓の「離れ」における射手の押し手の挙動に関する研究

    井出敦夫, 下田 学, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 小西あき, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第17回 トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • 3D-muscle functional MRIを用いた収縮様式の違いによる下腿三頭筋の筋活動特性の比較

    衣笠竜太, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第59回日本体力医学会    2004

  • Muscle functional MRIによる筋活動の3次元可視化

    衣笠竜太, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第12回日本運動生理学会大会    2004

  • 筋の3Dイメージング

    福永哲夫, 衣笠竜太

    第12回日本運動生理学会大会    2004

  • 筋と腱の相互作用

    福永哲夫

    日本バイオメカニクス学会学会賞特別講演    2004

  • 筋の形状と機能

    福永哲夫

    体力医学会ランチョンセミナー    2004

  • 中高年の筋トレ最新情報

    福永哲夫

    循環負荷学会    2004

  • 生活習慣と運動

    福永哲夫

    抗加齢医学会    2004

  • 高齢者の筋力トレーニング

    福永哲夫

    トレーニング科学研究会    2004

  • Muscle-tendon interaction during human movements

    福永哲夫

    ECSSシンポジウム    2004

  • Activation of gastrocnemii influences steadiness in plantarflexion force.

    Yoshitake Y, Shinohara M, Kouzaki M, Fukunaga T

    51st American College of Sports Medicine annual meeting.    2004

  • Catchlike property decreases the amplitude of mechanomyogram in humans

    Yoshitake Y, Shinohara M, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    XVth Congress of the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology    2004

  • Bio-electrical impedance method is useful for estimating tendon elasticity in human

    Ohta M, Masuo Y, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    9th Annual Congress of the European College Of Sports Science    2004

  • Effect of short period of unweighting on muscle tissue oxygenation and EMG activity profiles during exercise in human calf.

    Masuda K, Akima H, Kinugasa R, Taga K, Kanehisa H, Fukuoka H, Yanagiya T, Fukunaga T

    XVth Congress of the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology    2004

  • Localization of three-dimensional distribution of muscle activation using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging

    Kinugasa R, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    XVth Congress of the International Society of Electrophysiology and Kinesiology    2004

  • In vivo myofascial force transmission between passive EDL segments in humans

    Kawakami Y, Huijing, P. A. J. B. M, Ito M, Muraoka Y, Kubo K, Fukunaga T

    14th European Society of Biomechanics Conference    2004

  • Musculotendious factors influencing difference in ankle joint flexibility between men and women.

    Kato E, Kurihara T, Oda T, Chino K, Nagayoshi T, Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y

    9th Annual Congress of the European College Of Sports Science    2004

  • 鉄棒運動におけるけ上がりの運動技術に関する研究.

    土屋純, 村田浩一郎, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    トレーニング科学   16 ( 1 ) 15 - 21  2004

  • EVALUATION OF MUSCULAR ACTIVITY LEVEL IN DAILY ACTIONS

    SAWAI SHIHO, SANEMATSU HIROYUKI, KANEHISA HIROAKI, TSUNODA NAOYA, FUKUNAGA TETSUO

    Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine   53 ( 1 ) 93 - 105  2004

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to investigate the level of muscular activities such as postural maintenance and change, and body weight transfer during daily physical activities, through electromyogram (EMG) recordings. In each of 27 prescribed movements, EMGs of a total of 8 muscles located in the upper arms, trunk and lower limbs were recorded in 12 young adult men and women using a portable surface electromyograph apparatus. The percentage of integrated EMG per time (mEMG) to that during isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was calculated as an index by assessing the muscular activity level in each of the prescribed movements. In most of the prescribed movements, the muscular activity level of every muscle corresponded to about 20〜30% of MVC, and tended to be higher in women than men. However, some actions induced an activity level of 40% and more of MVC in the soleus muscle. The activity levels of the lower limb muscles in going up and down stairs and a slope at a fast speed, and jogging were higher compared to other prescribed movements. Thus, the results indicate that body weight transfer actions in daily life raise the activities of the lower limb muscles to a level sufficient for maintaining and increasing their function.

    DOI CiNii

  • 超音波法による上腕二頭筋腱コンプライアンスの計測.

    太田めぐみ, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    体力科学   53 ( 3 ) 337 - 345  2004

    DOI CiNii

  • 腹部における骨格筋および皮下脂肪断面積と形態との関係

    石黒憲子, 金久博昭, 山田正文, 田中康弘, 福永哲夫, 西嶋尚彦

    東京体育学研究2004年度報告     61 - 63  2004

  • 測定変量の定常性と再現性の観点から見た重心動揺指標の検討

    政二 慶, 神崎素樹, 白澤葉月, 久野譜也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    バイオメカニクス研究   8 ( 3 ) 150 - 162  2004

  • Effect of elastic energy on the mechanical work and power enhancement in counter movement exercise of ankle joint

    SUGISAKI Norihide, OKADA Junichi, KANEHISA Hiroaki, FUKUNAGA Tetsuo

    The Japanese journal of ergonomics   40 ( 2 ) 82 - 89  2004

    DOI CiNii

  • 刺激から関節トルク発揮に至るまでの人体筋の収縮様相

    小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 金久博昭, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    東京体育学研究2004年度報告     57 - 60  2004

  • 腓腹筋の筋活動ならびに筋線維長変化がヒラメ筋運動ニューロンプールの興奮性に与える影響.

    牛山潤一, 若原卓, 神崎素樹, 村岡哲郎, 政二慶, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    東京体育学研究2004年度報告     69 - 72  2004

  • Kinetic analysis Backward Giant Swing on Parallel Bars

    Tsuchiya J, Murata K, Fukunaga T

    Int J Sport Health Sci   2   205 - 215  2004

  • The effects of squat training, using body weight, on the stiffness of tendon structures of the vastus lateralis muscle in middle-aged and older women.

    Kanehisa H, Kubo K, Fukunaga T

    Int SportMed J   5   277 - 297  2004

  • Geometric and elastic properties of in vivo human Achilles tendon in young adults

    T Muraoka, T Muramatsu, T Fukunaga, H Kanehisa

    CELLS TISSUES ORGANS   178 ( 4 ) 197 - 203  2004

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to clarify whether the major determinant of the extendibility of the Achilles tendon in young adults was the geometric properties of the tendon. The subjects were 38 healthy young adults (26 male, 12 female; 26 5 years). The subjects developed maximum voluntary isometric plantar flexion (MVIP) torque while the displacement of the distal myotendinous junction of the medial gastrocnemius and ankle joint rotation was determined using a B-mode ultrasonograph and a goniometer, respectively. The tendon force (F) was calculated from MVIP torque and the moment arm of Achilles tendon. The elongation of the Achilles tendon (Delta X) was obtained from the tendon displacements and ankle joint rotation. Achilles tendon stiffness W was calculated by dividing F by Delta X The specific stiffness of the Achilles tendon (k(s)) was obtained from k normalized to the Achilles tendon length at rest. The cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon (CSA) was measured at 5, 10, and 15% of the lower leg length proximal to the insertion of the Achilles tendon using a B-mode ultrasonography. The results showed that more distal portion of the Achilles tendon had a larger CSA, and that there was a strong correlation between the average and minimum Achilles tendon CSA. Delta X was 9.9 +/- 2.5 mm. k and k(s) were 330 +/- 77 N/mm and 63 +/- 20 kN, respectively. No significant correlation was seen between CSA and k(s) (r = 0.15, p &gt; 0.05). It was suggested that a stiffer Achilles tendon did not necessarily have a thicker shape, which might indicate that the major determinant of the extendibility of the Achilles tendon was not its geometric properties in young adults. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.

    DOI

  • Interaction between fascicles and tendinous structures during counter movement jumping investigated in vivo

    S Kurokawa, T Fukunaga, A Nagano, S Fukashiro

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   95 ( 6 ) 2306 - 2314  2003.12

     View Summary

    Behavior of fascicles and tendinous structures of the in. gastrocnemius medialis (MG) was quantitatively examined during human jumping in vivo. Eight male subjects performed maximal-effort counter movement jumping (CMJ) motions. Kinematic and kinetic data were obtained using a high-speed camera and a force platform. Behavior of fascicles and tendinous structures was determined using ultrasonography and electromyography. Although the muscle-tendon complex (MTC) shortened by only 1.6% during the downward phase of the counter movement, fascicles shortened as much as 10.4%. This shortening of fascicles caused elongation of tendinous structures by 2.2%. Although the MTC remained at almost constant length during the upward-I phase (-250 to - 100 ms before toe-off), fascicles shortened by 19.2% of the initial length with an elongation of tendinous structures by 4.4%. The MTC shortened rapidly by 5.3% of the initial length during the upward-II phase (-100 to 0 ms), whereas fascicles shortened slightly during the first half of this phase and contracted in a quasi-isometric manner during the latter half of this phase. These findings implied that elastic energy was stored in tendinous structures throughout the latter half of the downward phase (1.0 J) and upward-I phase (5.6 J), which was thereafter rapidly released during the upward-II phase (3.8 J). It was found that muscle fibers of the MG were not stretched during counter movement; therefore, stretch reflex and potentiation of the contractile component of the MG might not contribute to the work enhancement in CMJ. It was suggested that the interaction between fascicles and tendinous structures was essential in a generation of higher joint power during the late push-off phase. This behavior of the MTC of the MG in CMJ was quite similar to what was observed in squat jumping performed without counter movement.

    DOI

  • Strength training counteracts motor performance losses during bed rest

    M Shinohara, Y Yoshitake, M Kouzaki, H Fukuoka, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   95 ( 4 ) 1485 - 1492  2003.10

     View Summary

    The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of bed rest with or without strength training on torque fluctuations and activation strategy of the muscles. Twelve young men participated in a 20-day bed rest study. Subjects were divided into a non-training group (BRCon) and a strength-training group (BRTr). The training comprised dynamic calf-raise and leg-press exercises. Before and after bed rest, subjects performed maximal contractions and steady submaximal isometric contractions of the ankle extensor muscles and of the knee extensor muscles (2.5-10% of maximal torque). Maximal torque decreased for both the ankle extensors (9%, P &lt; 0.05) and knee extensors (16%, P &lt; 0.05) in BRCon but not in BRTr. For the ankle extensors, the coefficient of variation ( CV) for torque increased in both groups (P &lt; 0.05), with a greater amount (P &lt; 0.05) in BRCon (88%) compared with BRTr (41%). For the knee extensors, an increase in the CV for torque was observed only in BRCon (22%). The increase in the CV for torque in BRCon accompanied the greater changes in electromyogram amplitude of medial gastrocnemius (122%) and vastus lateralis (59%) compared with BRTr (P &lt; 0.05). The results indicate that fluctuations in torque during submaximal contractions of the extensor muscles in the leg increase after bed rest and that strength training counteracted the decline in performance. The response varied across muscle groups. Alterations in muscle activation may lead to an increase in fluctuations in motor output after bed rest.

    DOI

  • Sex differences in whole body skeletal muscle mass measured by magnetic resonance imaging and its distribution in young Japanese adults

    T Abe, CF Kearns, T Fukunaga

    BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE   37 ( 5 ) 436 - 440  2003.10

     View Summary

    Objectives: To determine sex differences in the distribution of regional and total skeletal muscle (SM) using contiguous whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, and to examine the relations between fat free mass (FFM) and total and regional SM masses.
    Methods: A total of 20 Japanese college students (10 women and 10 men) volunteered for the study. FFM was measured by two compartment densitometry. Whole body MRI images were prepared using a 1.5 T scanner. Contiguous transverse images with 1.0 cm slice thickness were obtained from the first cervical vertebra to the ankle joints. All MRI scans were segmented into four components ( SM, subcutaneous adipose tissue, bone, and residual tissues). In each slice, the SM tissue cross sectional areas (CSAs) were digitised, and the muscle tissue volume per slice was calculated by multiplying muscle CSA by slice thickness. SM volume units (litres) were converted into mass units (kg) by multiplying the volumes by the assumed constant density (1.041 mg/ml) for SM.
    Results: The SM distribution pattern (shape of curve) from the contiguous whole body slices was essentially similar for the two sexes, with two large peaks and three smaller peaks (arms excluded). However, the largest peak was observed at the upper portion of the thigh for women and at the level of the shoulder for men. Men had larger (p&lt;0.01) total and regional SM mass than women. All regional SM masses correlated highly (r = 0.90-0.99, p&lt;0.01) with total SM mass. A strong positive correlation was observed between FFM and total and regional SM masses in both sexes (women, r = 0.95; men, r = 0.90; all p&lt;0.01). As FFM increased, there was a corresponding increase in SM/FFM ratio for all subjects (r = 0.86, p&lt;0.01).
    Conclusions: Sex differences in total SM/FFM ratio and regional SM distributions are associated with the degree of absolute FFM accumulation in men and women.

    DOI

  • Response to the letter of Quaresima and Ferrari "More on the use of near-infrared spectroscopy to measure muscle oxygenation in humans"

    M Shinohara, M Kouzaki, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   90 ( 1-2 ) 226 - 227  2003.09

    Rapid communication, short report, research note, etc. (scientific journal)  

    DOI

  • Local blood circulation among knee extensor synergists in relation to alternate muscle activity during low-level sustained contraction

    M Kouzaki, M Shinohara, K Masani, M Tachi, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   95 ( 1 ) 49 - 56  2003.07

     View Summary

    The relation between local circulation and alternate muscle activity among knee extensor synergists was determined during low-level sustained knee extension at 2.5% of maximal voluntary contraction for 60 min in seven subjects. Blood volume of rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed by using near-infrared spectroscopy. Surface electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from RF, VL, and vastus medialis (VM). Alternate muscle activity was observed between RF and either VL or VM. Cross-correlation analysis was used to investigate the relation between blood volume and integrated EMG (iEMG) sequences throughout the task. One negative peak in the cross-correlation function was seen between the iEMG and blood volume with time lag of 30-60 s, indicating that muscle activity increases (or decreases) with the decrease (or increase) in local circulation with the corresponding time lag. Two cases in the emergence of alternate muscle activities, i.e., an increase in the EMG of RF accompanied by a decline of EMG in VL (case I) and vice versa (case II) were further analyzed. The time lag between iEMG and blood volume was longer in case I than that in case II. These results were statistically significant in the RF but not in the VL. It is concluded that even during low-level sustained contraction, local circulation is modulated by the alternate muscle activity of knee extensor synergists, and a negative correlation between the muscle activity and blood volume sequences was found in only RF but not in VL.

    DOI

  • Effect of gender on mechanical power output during repeated bouts of maximal running in trained teenagers

    T Yanagiya, H Kanehisa, M Kouzaki, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE   24 ( 4 ) 304 - 310  2003.05

     View Summary

    Seven high school boys (16.4 +/- 0.5y, mean +/- SD) and 7 girls (16.4 +/- 0.5y), who specialized in track and field events, performed ten 5-s maximal sprint runs with an interval of 10s between each sprint on a non-motorized running ergometer. In each sprint, the mean mechanical power (MP) from the start until the belt velocity of the ergometer (i.e., running velocity) peaked was calculated. The boys showed significantly higher MP than the girls in all sprints. However, when MP was expressed as the ratio to the total volume of muscles located in the right lower limb (MP x MV-1), estimated using a bioelectrical impedance analysis, significant gender effect was limited to the values at the 1(st) and 2(nd) sprints. The decline of MP over the ten sprints, expressed as a relative value to that at the 1(st) sprint, was greater in boys (46.2 +/- 7.6%) than in girls (33.9 +/- 8.6%), and significantly correlated with MP x MV-1 at the 1(st) sprint (r = 0.568, p &lt; 0.05). However, no significant difference between the boys and girls Was found in the relative difference between NIP values at the 3(rd) and 10(th) sprints, where the gender difference in MP x MV-1 at every sprint was insignificant. The findings here indicate that, for trained teenage boys and girls, 1) significant gender difference in mechanical power developed during repeated bouts of maximal running exists only in the initial phase of the task, when the difference in the volume of the lower limb muscles is normalized, and 2) it may be a reason for a greater decline of mechanical power developed during the bout in boys compared to girls.

    DOI

  • Effect of low-load resistance training on the tendon properties in middle-aged and elderly women

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, M Miyatani, M Tachi, T Fukunaga

    ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA   178 ( 1 ) 25 - 32  2003.05

     View Summary

    Aim: The purposes of this study were to determine the age-related changes in the tendon-aponeurosis structures and to investigate the effects of low-load resistance training on the tendon-aponeurosis structures in middle-aged and elderly women.
    Methods: Fifty-one women (55.8 +/- 13.7 years, range: 21-77 years) volunteered to take part in the present study. Furthermore, 11 middle-aged and elderly women (49.7 +/- 9.2 years) performed the low-load resistance training, i.e. squat using body weight, for 6 months. The elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of the vastus lateralis muscle was directly measured by ultrasonography, while the subjects performed ramp isometric knee extension up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between the estimated muscle force (F (m) ) and tendon elongation (L ) during the ascending phase was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The percentage of the area within the F (m) -L loop to the area beneath the curve during the ascending phase was calculated as hysteresis.
    Results: Maximal strain (L /initial tendon length) and stiffness of the tendon-aponeurosis structures decreased significantly with ageing. In contrast, the hysteresis increased significantly with ageing. In addition, low-load resistance training produced no significant change in stiffness and hysteresis, but significantly increased the maximal elongation of tendon-aponeurosis structures from 23.3 +/- 2.1 mm to 24.8 +/- 2.2 mm (P = 0.045).
    Conclusion: These results suggest that increasing age results in a decrease in the elasticity of tendon-aponeurosis structures and an increase in their viscosity. Furthermore, the low-load resistance training made the elasticity of tendon-aponeurosis structures increase.

    DOI

  • Growth trend of the quadriceps femoris muscle in junior Olympic weight lifters: an 18-month follow-up survey

    H Kanehisa, K Funato, S Kuno, T Fukunaga, S Katsuta

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   89 ( 3-4 ) 238 - 242  2003.05

     View Summary

    Isometric torque and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris muscle (QF) were measured twice at an interval of 18 months in seven junior Olympic weight lifters (aged 15.5-17.1 years at the start of the study) to investigate the growth trend of this muscle group in junior athletes specializing in strength and power events. The CSAs of the QF and its four constituent muscles were determined at 30% (proximal to the knee), 50%, and 70% of femur length (F1) using a magnetic resonance imaging method. Only at 30% F1 were significant increases found in the CSAs of the QF and all constituent muscles, except for the rectus femoris. At this level, the CSA of the vastus medialis relative to the QF decreased significantly, suggesting a predominant hypertrophy in the vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis muscles. Isometric torque during knee extension increased significantly compared, to the CSA for the QF measured at the three levels. Thus, the present results indicate that, at least at high school age, the QF for junior Olympic weight lifters is characterized by a preferential hypertrophy at the level proximal to the knee joint, with an increase in knee extension torque relative to the CSA.

    DOI

  • Resistance training during unweighting maintains muscle size and function in human calf

    H Akima, J Ushiyama, J Kubo, S Tonosaki, M Itoh, Y Kawakami, H Fukuoka, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE   35 ( 4 ) 655 - 662  2003.04

     View Summary

    Purpose: A 20-d 6degrees head-down tilt bed rest project was conducted to evaluate the effect of dynamic leg press and plantar flexion resistance training on muscle size and function in human plantar flexors (PF) throughout the prolonged bed rest. Methods: Twelve healthy men participated in this study and were divided two groups: resistance training (BR-Tr group: N=6, age: 23+/-2 yr, height: 170+/-3 cm, weight: 66+/-7 kg) and nontraining (BR-Cont group: N=6, age: 23+/-1 yr, height: 170+/-3 cm, weight: 67+/-6 kg) during the bed rest. Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and peak torque of the PF muscle group was determined. Spin-spin relaxation times (T2) of the medial (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and soleus (Sol) muscle was measured at rest and immediately after unilateral calf-raising exercise (5 sets of 10 reps). Results: PCSA of the PF muscle group did not show any significant change in BR-Tr group; however, for the BR-Cont group, PCSA decreased by 13% after bed rest (P&lt;0.05). There was no significant change in exercise-induced T2 change of the MG, LG, or Sol muscles between before and after the bed rest in BR-Tr group; however, in the BR-Cont group, significant increases in T2 were found in these three muscles after the bed rest (P&lt;0.05 to 0.01). Conclusion: We conclude that dynamic leg press and plantar flexion resistance training during bed rest maintains muscle size and function (torque and T2), and that this training could be useful for prevention of progressive muscle deconditioning during spaceflight.

    DOI

  • Transverse strain of aponeurosis in human tibialis anterior muscle at rest and during contraction at different joint angles

    T Muraoka, T Muramatsu, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMECHANICS   19 ( 1 ) 39 - 48  2003.02

     View Summary

    The aim of the present study was to determine the transverse strain of aponeuroses in human tibialis anterior muscle (TA) in vivo and to clarify the influence of muscle fiber length and state of contraction on the transverse strain. Sagittal and horizontal images of TA were taken in seven men and one woman at ankle angles of -20degrees (dorsiflexed direction), 0degrees (neutral anatomic position), and 45degrees (plantar-flexed direction) both at rest and during submaximal dorsiflexion contraction (20 Nm: 0degrees and 45degrees; 10 Nm: -20degrees) using B-mode ultrasonography. The width of the TA central aponeurosis changed from 21.7 +/- 1.0 (mean +/- SE) to 25.5 +/- 1.1 mm when muscle fiber length changed from 91.0 +/- 3.5 (45degrees in the resting state) to 55.1 +/- 3.2 mm (-20degrees in the active state). The transverse strain of the TA central aponeurosis, which was change in relative width compared with the width at 45degrees in the resting state, increased when the muscle fiber length decreased. The transverse strain of the TA central aponeurosis was directly proportional to the muscle fiber length to the -1/2 power in both resting and active states (R = 0.81 and 0.74, p &lt; 0.05 for both), and there was no significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) between correlation coefficients and regression slopes for resting and active states. The findings suggest that the transverse strain of the TA central aponeurosis was closely related to muscle fiber length and that the transverse strain of the aponeurosis should be considered for accurate 3-D muscle modeling.

  • Gender differences in the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   88 ( 6 ) 520 - 526  2003.02

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures (tendon and aponeurosis) in the medial gastrocnemius muscle between men (n = 16) and women (n = 13). The elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was measured directly by ultrasonography, while the subjects performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between the estimated muscle force (Fm) and tendon elongation (L) during the ascending phase was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The percentage of the area within the Fm-L loop to the area beneath the curve during the ascending phase was calculated as hysteresis. The L values at force production levels beyond 50 N were significantly greater for women than for men. The maximum strain (100xDeltaL/initial tendon length) was significantly greater in women [9.5 (1.1)%] than in men [8.1 (1.6)%]. The stiffness and Young's modulus were significantly lower in women [16.5 (3.4) N/mm, 277 (25) MPa] than in men [25.9 (7.0) N/mm, 356 (32) MPa]. Furthermore, the hysteresis was significantly lower in women [11.1 (5.9)%] than in men [18.7 (8.5)%, P = 0.048]. These results suggest that there are gender differences in the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures and that these might in part account for previously observed performance differences between the genders.

    DOI

  • Muscle architectural characteristics in young and elderly men and women

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, K Azuma, M Ishizu, SY Kuno, M Okada, T Fukunaga

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE   24 ( 2 ) 125 - 130  2003.02

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle architectural characteristics, i.e., muscle thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length, of four different groups comprising a total of 121 men and 190 women, divided according to sex and age (i.e., 20-39 yrs and 60-85 yrs). Muscle thickness and pennation angles of the vastus lateralis (VL), medial gastrocnemius (MG), long head of triceps brachii (TB) muscles were measured by B-mode ultrasonography, and fascicle length was estimated. Men had significantly greater relative muscle thickness (to limb length) than women, but not for MG. Relative muscle thickness of VL was significantly greater in younger subjects than in elderly (men; p &lt; 0.001, women; p &lt; 0.001), although there were no significant differences in relative muscle thickness of MG and TB between younger and elderly subjects. Men had significantly greater pennation angles than women, but not for MG in elderly subjects. The pennation angle of VL was significantly greater in younger subjects than in elderly (men; p &lt; 0.001, women; p &lt; 0.001), although there were no significant differences in pennation angles of MG and TB between younger and elderly subjects. Women had longer relative fascicle lengths (to limb length) of VL than men (p = 0.048 for younger, p = 0.028 for elderly). These results suggest that the decrease of thickness of the vastus lateralis muscle with aging is significant, and that there is the gender difference in the fascicle length of the vastus lateralis muscle.

    DOI

  • 貯筋運動

    福永哲夫

    臨床スポーツ医学   20 ( 4 ) 476 - 478  2003

  • 「生活フィットネス」の性年齢別変化

    福永哲夫

    体力科学   52 ( Suppl ) 9 - 16  2003

  • 子どもの筋の発達

    福永哲夫

    子どもと発育発達   1 ( 2 ) 78 - 84  2003

  • 宇宙環境が筋の形状と機能に及ぼす影響

    福永哲夫

    バイオメカニクス研究   6 ( 4 ) 296 - 301  2003

  • 漸増負荷の足底屈運動における協働筋の酸素利用動態.

    立正伸, 吉武康栄, 神崎素樹, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第11回日本運動生理学会    2003

  • 下腿におけるSSC運動と腱組織の粘弾性

    武石隆一, 久保啓太郎, 金久博昭, 角田直也, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部第30回記念大会    2003

  • 異なる膝関節角度における筋放電量の部位差

    大胡和也, 久保啓太郎, 金久博昭, 角田直也, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部第30回記念大会    2003

  • 生体電気インピーダンス(BI)法を用いたヒト生体内における腱の弾性特性の推定

    太田めぐみ, 川本伸一, 増尾善久, 福永哲夫

    第58回日本体力医学会大会    2003

  • ヒトアキレス腱の力学的特性 -硬いもので出来ているから硬く、エネルギーコストが増大しようとも障害を予防したい-.

    村岡哲郎, 村松憲, 飛田英樹, 小川元誓, 福永哲夫, 金久博昭

    日本体育学会第54回大会    2003

  • 生体電気インピーダンス(BI)法による下腿筋形状変化の定量

    川本伸一, 太田めぐみ, 増尾善久, 福永哲夫

    第58回日本体力医学会大会    2003

  • アキレス腱モーメントアームの新たな推定方の提案

    川上泰雄, 中井敬子, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 福永哲夫

    東京体育学会賞(平成13年度)    2003

  • ベッドレストによる足関節可動域および筋腱複合体の受動伸長性の変化.

    川上泰雄, 加藤えみか, 栗原俊之, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第54回大会    2003

  • 等速性運動中の下腿三頭筋の筋線維動態には筋腱相互作用が多大な影響を及ぼす.

    千野謙太郎, 小田俊明, 栗原俊之, 永吉俊彦, 金久博昭, 深代千之, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第54回大会    2003

  • 生体電気インピーダンス法による全身骨格筋量の推定

    石黒憲子, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第58回日本体力医学会大会    2003

  • 生体電気インピーダンス法による全身骨格筋量の推定.

    石黒憲子, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第58回日本体力医学会大会    2003

  • 生体電気インピーダンス法による体幹部の除脂肪組織量および骨格筋量の推定.

    石黒憲子, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第11回日本運動生理学会    2003

  • ヒト骨格筋線維の長さ?力特性は収縮強度によって変化する

    小田俊明, 栗原俊之, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    第58回日本体力医学会大会    2003

  • ヒト下腿三頭筋の単収縮加重による発揮張力と筋線維長変化との関係

    小田俊明, 栗原俊之, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 金久博昭, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第54回大会    2003

  • 3次元超音波法を用いたヒト前脛骨筋体積の生体内計測

    栗原俊之, 川上泰雄, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 加藤えみか, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第54回大会    2003

  • 腓腹筋の筋活動ならびに筋線維長変化がヒラメ筋H反射に与える影響

    牛山潤一, 若原卓, 神崎素樹, 村岡哲郎, 政二慶, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第54回大会    2003

  • 異なる関節角度でのトレーニングが筋・腱の力学的特性に及ぼす影響.

    久保啓太郎, 角田直也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第54回大会    2003

  • バレエダンサーの足関節の特徴 ―足関節可動域と下腿三頭筋・腱の伸長に着目して―.

    加藤えみか, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 永吉俊彦, 川上泰雄

    第16回トレーニング科学研究会    2003

  • Effect of prolonged vibration applied to the Achilles tendon on muscle activity of ankle plantar flexor synergists during maximal voluntary contraction in humans.

    Ushiyama J, Kouzaki M, Masani K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    33rd The Society For Neuroscience Annual Meeting    2003

  • Mechanical properties of Achilles tendon in young males and females.

    Muraoka T, Muramatsu T, Fukunaga T, Kanehisa H

    XIXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics    2003

  • In vivo measurement of human tibialis anterior muscle volume using three dimensional ultrasonography、

    Kurihara T, Kawakami Y, Nagayoshi T, Oda T, Chino K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    XIXth Congress of International Society of Biomechanics    2003

  • In vivo measurement of human tibialis anterior muscle volume using three dimentional ultrasonography

    Kurihara T, Kawakami Y, Nagayoshi T, Oda T, Chino K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    XIX ISB Congress in Dunedin、 New Zealand of the International Society of Biomechanics.    2003

  • In Vivo Muscle Fiber Behavior of the Gastocnemius and Soleus during Twitch and Twitch Summation in Humans.

    Kawakami Y, Oda T, Chino K, Kurihara T, Nagayoshi T, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering.    2003

  • In vivo force-velocity relationship of the human triceps brachii muscles.

    Kawakami Y, Kurihara T, Oda T, Chino K, Nagayoshi T, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T, Toji H, Kaneko M

    XIX ISB Congress in Dunedin、 New Zealand of the International Society of Biomechanics.    2003

  • Velocity of Shortening and Lengthening of Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscle Fibers During Concentric and Eccentric Plantar Flexions in Humans.

    Chino K, Oda T, Kurihara T, Nagayoshi T, Kato E, Kawakami Y, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering.    2003

  • 膝関節伸展トルクおよび脚伸展パワーにおける年齢差および性差

    立正伸, 牛山潤一, 宮谷昌枝, 久野譜也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    体力科学   52 ( Suppl ) 141 - 148  2003

  • 下腿三頭筋の短縮性、伸張性運動中の筋線維動態

    千野謙太郎, 小田俊明, 栗原俊之, 永吉俊彦, 金久博昭, 深代千之, 福永哲夫, 川上泰雄

    バイオメカニクス研究   7 ( 3 ) 206 - 213  2003

  • 高齢者における日常生活中の歩行数と踵骨強度および下腿筋厚との関係

    石黒憲子, 宮谷昌枝, 金久博昭, 久野譜也, 福永哲夫

    体力科学   52 ( Suppl ) 127 - 132  2003

  • 地域在住中高齢者における筋機能,運動機能,生活機能間の因果構造

    西嶋尚彦, 鈴木宏哉, 大塚慶輔, 田中秀典, 中野貴博, 高橋信二, 田渕裕崇, 山田庸, 加賀谷淳子, 福永哲夫, 久野譜也, 松田光生

    体力科学   52 ( Suppl ) 213 - 224  2003

  • 長期トレーニングによる高齢者の平衡機能減退の抑制

    神崎素樹, 政二慶, 宮谷昌枝, 村岡哲郎, 白澤葉月, 久野譜也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    体力科学   52 ( Suppl ) 157 - 166  2003

  • 大脳運動関連領域野における脳血流・ヘモダイナミクスと筋出力との関係

    秋間広, 神崎素樹, 政二慶, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    デサントスポーツ科学   24   114 - 121  2003

  • 重力を利用したアキレス腱モーメントアーム計測の試み

    若原卓, 東香寿美, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    バイオメカニクス研究   7 ( 2 ) 109 - 115  2003

    CiNii

  • 下肢筋厚における加齢変化の部位差および性差 -20歳代と70歳代の比較-

    宮谷昌枝, 東香寿美, 金久博昭, 久野譜也, 福永哲夫

    体力科学   52 ( Suppl ) 133 - 140  2003

  • CHANGES IN MUSCLE THICKNESS, PENNATION ANGLE AND FASCILE LENGTH WITH AGING

    KUBO KEITARO, AZUMA KAZUMI, KANEHISA HIROAKI, KUNO SHINYA, FUKUNAGA TETSUO

    Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine   52 ( Suppl ) 119 - 126  2003

     View Summary

    The influences of age on muscle architectural characteristics, i. e., muscle thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length, were studied in 121 men and 229 women aged 17 to 85 yrs. The subjects were divided into three age groups (younger : 17-39 yrs, middle-aged : 40-59 yrs, elderly : 60-85 yrs) for both genders. Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the vastus lateralis (VL), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and long head of triceps brachii (TB) muscles were measured using B-mode ultraso-nography, and fascicle length was estimated. In all age groups, men had significantly greater relative muscle thickness (to limb length) in VI, and TB than women, but not in MG. Relative muscle thickness of VL was significantly lower in elderly than in younger and middle-aged subjects. Ilowever, the corresponding differences in MG and TB were insignificant. The pennation angle of VL was significantly lower in elderly than in younger and middle-aged subjects, although there were no significant differences in pennation angles of MG and TB among the three groups. These results suggest that the decrease in thickness of vastus lateralis muscle with aging is significant, but not significant for medial gastrocnemius and triceps hrachii muscles.

    DOI CiNii

  • Non-invasive estimation of the joint torque of the vastus lateralis during pedaling based on tendon elongation

    Muraoka T, Muramatsu T, Tachi M, Kawakami Y, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    バイオメカニクス研究   7 ( 3 ) 214 - 221  2003

  • Muscle architectural characteristics in women aged 20-79 years

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, K Azuma, M Ishizu, SY Kuno, M Okada, T Fukunaga

    MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE   35 ( 1 ) 39 - 44  2003.01

     View Summary

    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle architectural characteristics, i.e., muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length, in women aged 20-79 yr. Methods: A total of 224 sedentary healthy women participated in this study. Muscle thickness and pennation angle of the vastus lateralis (VL), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and triceps brachii (TB) muscles were measured by B-mode ultrasonography, and the fascicle length was estimated. Results: Relative muscle thickness of VL and MG decreased significantly with advanced age (VL: P &lt; 0.01, MG: P &lt; 0.05). In addition, the ratio of muscle thickness of VL to that of MG decreased significantly with advanced age (r = -0.206, P &lt; 0.05). The pennation angle decreased significantly with aging for VL (P &lt; 0.001) but not for MG. For TB, no significant age-related changes in relative muscle thickness or pennation angle were observed. There were no significant correlations between age and relative fascicle length (to limb length) in any of the studied muscles. Conclusion: These results suggested that the declines in muscle thickness and pennation angle with aging were remarkable in the vastus lateralis muscle and slight in the medial gastrocnemius muscle. For the triceps brachii muscle, the muscle thickness and pennation angle did not decrease with advanced age. Furthermore, no significant age-related changes in relative fascicle length (to limb length) were observed in any of the studied muscles.

    DOI

  • Fascicle arrangements of vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscles in highly trained soccer players and swimmers of both genders.

    Kanehisa H, Muraoka Y, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    Int J Sports Med. 2003   24 ( 2 ) 90 - 95  2003

    DOI

  • Alternate muscle activity observed between knee extensor synergists during low-level sustained contractions

    M Kouzaki, M Shinohara, K Masani, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   93 ( 2 ) 675 - 684  2002.08

     View Summary

    To determine quantitatively the features of alternate muscle activity between knee extensor synergists during low-level prolonged contraction, a surface electromyogram (EMG) was recorded from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) in 11 subjects during isometric knee extension exercise at 2.5% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 60 min (experiment 1). Furthermore, to examine the relation between alternate muscle activity and contraction levels, six of the subjects also performed sustained knee extension at 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% of MVC (experiment 2). Alternate muscle activity among the three muscles was assessed by quantitative analysis on the basis of the rate of integrated EMG sequences. In experiment 1, the number of alternations was significantly higher between RF and either VL or VM than between VL and VM. Moreover, the frequency of alternate muscle activity increased with time. In experiment 2, alternating muscle activity was found during contractions at 2.5 and 5.0% of MVC, although not at 7.5 and 10.0% of MVC, and the number of alternations was higher at 2.5 than at 5.0% of MVC. Thus the findings of the present study demonstrated that alternate muscle activity in the quadriceps muscle 1) appears only between biarticular RF muscle and monoarticular vasti muscles (VL and VM), and its frequency of alternations progressively increases with time, and 2) emerges under sustained contraction with force production levels less than or equal to5.0% of MVC.

    DOI

  • Effect of series elasticity on isokinetic torque-angle relationship in humans

    Y Kawakami, K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   87 ( 4-5 ) 381 - 387  2002.08

     View Summary

    The influence of muscle series elasticity on the relationship between torque and joint angle during dynamic contractions was studied. The torque-angle relationship during the maximal isokinetic knee extension was determined for six male subjects (25-45 years) at 0.52, 1.05, 1.57, 2.09, 2.62, 3.49 rad/s. The knee joint angle at which peak torque was observed showed a systematic shift to more extended positions, i.e., the quadriceps muscle-tendon unit length became shorter as the velocity increased [from 1.01 (0.12) rad (0.52 rad/s) to 0.75 (0.14) rad (3.49 rad/s), mean (SD)]. The corresponding difference in muscle-tendon unit length between 0.52 and 3.49 rad/s, estimated from the angle shift at peak torque and the moment arm length change of the quadriceps muscles, was 9 (4) mm. The relationship between estimated changes in muscle-tendon unit length and muscle force of the vastus lateralis and intermedius (VLI) over the seven velocities (including isometric contraction, 0 rad/s) coincided with the load-elongation properties of the series elastic component of VLI, determined separately in vivo by ultrasonography when the same subjects performed a ramp isometric knee extension. The results suggest that the torque-angle relationship is affected by the interaction between contractile and elastic components, and that peak torque angle shift is attributable to the elongation of tendinous tissues as a function of force applied to them.

    DOI

  • Muscle and tendon interaction during human movements

    T Fukunaga, Y Kawakami, K Kubo, H Kanehisa

    EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES REVIEWS   30 ( 3 ) 106 - 110  2002.07

    Book review, literature introduction, etc.  

     View Summary

    Muscle and tendon interaction was estimated in vivo by real-time ultrasonography. Differences between muscles in internal muscle-fiber shortening during isometric actions are due to the elastic properties of tendon. Compliant human tendons allow muscles to contract isometrically during many human movements for efficient force generation.

  • Effects of transient muscle contractions and stretching on the tendon structures in vivo

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA   175 ( 2 ) 157 - 164  2002.06

     View Summary

    This study compared the effects of static stretching (ST) and repeated muscle contractions (CON) on the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in vivo . Eight male subjects performed ST (passively flexed to 35 of dorsiflexion) for 5 min and 50 repetitions of isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for 3 s each with 3 s relaxation. Before and after each task, the elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) was directly measured by ultrasonography, while the subjects performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to MVC, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between the estimated muscle force (F (m) ) and tendon elongation (L ) during the ascending phase was applied to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness of the tendon structures. The percentage of the area within the F (m) -L loop to the area beneath the curve during the ascending phase was calculated as an index representing hysteresis. The ST protocol significantly decreased the stiffness (-8%) and hysteresis (29%)., respectively. In contrast, the CON protocol significantly decreased the stiffness, but not the hysteresis. These results suggested that the stretching and repeated contractions would make the tendon structures more complaint, and further decreased the hysteresis of the tendon structures.

    DOI

  • Effects of equivolume isometric training programs comprising medium or high resistance on muscle size and strength

    H Kanehisa, H Nagareda, Y Kawakami, H Akima, K Masani, M Kouzaki, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   87 ( 2 ) 112 - 119  2002.06

     View Summary

    Isometric unilateral elbow extension training was conducted for 10 weeks (3 times per week) on 12 young adult men to investigate the effects of equivolume exercise programs with different combinations of intensity and duration on the morphological and functional aspects of the triceps brachii muscle. One group of 6 subjects trained by developing maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 6 s per set with, 12 sets per session (100%G), while the other group of 15 subjects trained at 60% of MVC for 30 s per set with 4 sets per session (60%G). Training significantly increased the muscle volume (V-m), fascicle pennation angle of the triceps brachii, and torque output during concentric and eccentric elbow extensions at three constant velocities of 0.52, 1.57, and 3.14 rad.s(-1) as well as under the training condition, with no significant differences in the relative gains between the two programs. However, 100%G showed significantly greater V-m than 60%G after training, when V-m before training was normalized. Thus, only 60%G significantly increased the ratio of torque to V-m developed in the eccentric actions at the three velocities and concentric action at 1.57 rad.s(-1). The present results indicate that isometric training programs of medium resistance/long duration and high resistance/short duration produce different effects on V-m, and dynamic strength relative to V-m even if the training volume is equalized between the two protocols.

    DOI

  • Variability of ground reaction forces during treadmill walking

    K Masani, M Kouzaki, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   92 ( 5 ) 1885 - 1890  2002.05

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the neuromuscular locomotor system is optimized at a unique speed by examining the variability of the ground reaction force (GRF) pattern during walking in relation to different constant speeds. Ten healthy male subjects were required to walk on a treadmill at 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 km/h. Three components [vertical (F-x), anteroposterior (F-y), and mediolateral (F-x) force] of the GRF were independently measured for similar to35 steps consecutively for each leg. To quantify the GRIP pattern, five indexes (first and second peaks of F-z, first and second peaks of F-y, and F-x peak) were defined. Coefficients of variation were calculated for these five indexes to evaluate the GRF variability for each walking speed. It became clear for first and second peaks of F-z and F-x peak that index variabilities increased in relation to increments in walking speed, whereas there was a speed (5.5-5.8 km/h) at which variability was minimum for first and second peaks of F-y, which were related to forward propulsion of the body. These results suggest that there is "an optimum speed" for the neuromuscular locomotor system but only for the propulsion control mechanism.

    DOI

  • Measurement of viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in vivo

    K Kubo, Y Kawakami, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS   12 ( 1 ) 3 - 8  2002.02

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in humans. Elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) was directly measured by ultrasonography, while subjects (n=19) performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between tendon elongation (L) and estimated muscle force (Fm) was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as compliance of the tendon structures. The hysteresis was calculated as the ratio of the area within the L-Fm loop (elastic energy dissipated) to the area beneath the load portion of the curve (elastic energy input). The resulting L-Fm relationship was non-linear in form, as previously reported on animal and human tendons in vitro. The mean compliance was 4.5+/-1.1 . 10(-2) mm/N. However, there was a considerable inter-subject variability (2.9 to 7.2 . 10(-2) mm/N). The Young's modulus, i.e., the slope of the stress-strain curve, was 280 MPa, which tended to be lower than the previously reported values for human tendons. It was also found that the strain of the tendon structures was homogeneously distributed along their length. The mean hysteresis (energy dissipation) was 22.2+/-8.8%. However, again there was a considerable inter-subject variability (9.7 to 37.2%). The present results indicated that the tendon structures of human MG were considerably compliant and their hysteresis was in accordance with previously reported values.

  • 貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    成人病と生活習慣病   32 ( 5 ) 597 - 602  2002

  • 歩行中の筋と腱の働き:腱のバネ効果により筋は楽に力を出すことが出来る

    福永哲夫

    Walking Research   6   39 - 43  2002

  • 身体教養と貯筋のすすめ

    福永哲夫

    BME   16 ( 11 ) 19 - 27  2002

    DOI

  • スプリント走パワー発揮能力の性・年齢差

    柳谷登志雄, 田中さくら, 岡田純一, 福永哲夫, 金久博昭

    第125回日本体力医学会関東地方会    2002

  • 日常生活中の筋活動量の定量-下肢筋群間の比較-

    白澤葉月, 神崎素樹, 政二 慶, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第17回日本バイオメカニクス学会    2002

  • 膝関節角度が腓腹筋内側頭の酸素化動態に及ぼす影響

    東香寿美, 福永哲夫

    第125回日本体力医学会関東地方会    2002

  • Bioelectrical Impedance(BI)法を用いた上腕部筋長変化の評価

    太田めぐみ, 増尾善久, 中村好男, 福永哲夫

    第57回日本体力医学会大会    2002

  • 腱コンプライアンス評価へのBioelectrical Impedance(BI)法の応用-電極位置の影響-

    太田めぐみ, 増尾善久, 宮谷昌枝, 福永哲夫

    第125回日本体力医学会関東地方会    2002

  • ヒト生態における筋収縮時の腓腹筋・前脛骨筋の腱膜伸長特性

    村松憲, 村岡哲郎, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第125回日本体力医学会関東地方会    2002

  • 筋収縮に伴うアキレス腱の配列変化は筋腱接合部をどの程度移動させるのか?

    村松 憲, 村岡哲郎, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第17回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2002

  • ヒト生体における筋収縮時のアキレス腱伸張率の算出

    村松 憲, 村岡哲郎, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第10回日本運動生理学会大会    2002

  • 安静時アキレス腱モーメントアームの推定法.

    村岡哲郎, 村松憲, 福永哲夫, 金久博昭

    第17回日本バイオメカニクス学会大会    2002

  • ヒトアキレス腱横断面積の決定要因

    村岡哲郎, 村松憲, 福永哲夫, 金久博昭

    第57回日本体力医学会大会    2002

  • 筋収縮に伴う筋線維短縮が立位時,歩行時の足関節受動関節トルクに及ぼす影響.

    村岡哲郎, 村松憲, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第18回日本義肢装具学会学術大会    2002

  • 関節角度変化に伴う腱長変化がElectromechanical Delayに及ぼす影響.

    村岡哲郎, 村松憲, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第10回日本運動生理学会大会    2002

  • Bio-electrical Impedance法を用いた下腿三頭筋の形状変化の推定

    川本伸一, 太田めぐみ, 増尾善久, 福永哲夫

    第9回ボディ・コンポジションと代謝研究会    2002

  • アキレス腱モーメントアームの新たな推定法の提案

    川上泰雄, 中井敬子, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会東京支部第29回大会    2002

  • 伸張性筋活動の繰り返しによる骨格筋の力発揮特性の変化

    川上泰雄, 栗原俊之, 千野謙太郎, 小田俊明, 野坂和則, 福永哲夫

    日本体育学会第53回大会    2002

  • 上腕三頭筋の力?速度関係のin vivo計測の試み

    川上泰雄, 栗原俊之, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 中井敬子, 金久博昭, 田路秀樹, 金子公宥, 福永哲夫

    第17回日本バイオメカニクス学会    2002

  • 下腿三頭筋の短縮性, 伸張性筋活動中の筋線維動態

    千野謙太郎, 小田俊明, 栗原俊之, 中井敬子, 永吉俊彦, 川上泰雄, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第17回日本バイオメカニクス学会    2002

  • 生体電気インピーダンス法による体幹骨格筋量推定の検討

    石黒憲子, 宮谷昌枝, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第57回日本体力医学会大会    2002

  • 単収縮および単収縮加算時におけるヒト生体内の腓腹筋・ヒラメ筋の筋線維動態

    小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 永吉俊彦, 中井敬子, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫

    第17回日本バイオメカニクス学会    2002

  • 収縮中のヒト腓腹筋形状:超音波法による三次元構築

    栗原俊之, 川上泰雄, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 福永哲夫

    第125回日本体力医学会関東地方会    2002

  • 三次元超音波法を利用した筋体積推定法の検討

    栗原俊之, 川上泰雄, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 永吉俊彦, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第17回日本バイオメカニクス学会    2002

  • 随意最大筋力発揮におけるガンマ環の貢献およびその協働筋間での比較

    牛山潤一, 神崎素樹, 政二慶, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第57回日本体力医学会大会    2002

  • 皮下脂肪組織が生体電気インピーダンス法による下肢筋体積指標に及ぼす影響

    宮谷昌枝, 石黒憲子, 増尾善久, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第57回日本体力医学会大会    2002

  • 筋厚による大腿四頭筋の筋体積推定-筋厚測定部位の影響-SAT76-.

    宮谷昌枝, 石黒憲子, 久野譜也, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第10回日本運動生理学会大会    2002

  • 電気刺激誘発の筋収縮における刺激パターンと張力および筋腱複合体の関係.

    吉武康栄, 川上泰雄, 栗原俊之, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    第57回日本体力医学会大会    2002

  • 筋力を推定する際の生理学的筋横断面積の有効性について

    永吉俊彦, 小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 中井敬子, 川上泰雄, 福永哲夫, 前田雅人, 丸山敦夫

    第17回日本バイオメカニクス学会    2002

  • MRI法のよる骨格筋の総量とその分布

    安部孝, 児島康介, 福永哲夫

    第57回日本体力医学会大会    2002

  • Behaviours of muscle-tendon complex during electrical stimulation with trains of linearly varying frequency in humans.

    Yoshitake Y, Kawakami Y, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    4th World Congress of Biomechanics    2002

  • In vivo measurement of tendon elongation and fascicle length change during tensional summation.

    Oda T, Chino K, Kurihara T, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    Banff Symposium on Skeletal Muscle    2002

  • In vivo measurement of tendon elongation and fascicle length change during tensional summation.

    Oda T, Chino K, Kurihara T, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    4th World Congress of Biomechanics    2002

  • Application of bio-electroical impedance method for estimating the ration of extensors to flexors in the muscle of the upper arm.

    Miyatani M, Ishiguro N, Masuo Y, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    4th World Congress of Biomechanics    2002

  • Comparison between 2D and 3D ultrasonography for determining human skeletal muscle architecture.

    Kurihara T, Kawakami Y, Oda T, Chino K, Fukunaga T

    Banff Symposium on Skeletal Muscle    2002

  • Architecture of contracting human gastrocnemius muscle: an approach from three-dimensional ultrasound imaging.

    Kurihara T, Kawakami Y, Oda T, Chino K, Fukunaga T

    4th World Congress of Biomechanics    2002

  • Different fatigue responses of triceps surae muscles to repeated isometric contractions revealed by in vivo fascicle length changes.

    Kawakami Y, Shimoda M, Oishi Y, Oda T, Chino K, Kurihara T, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    Banff Symposium on Skeletal Muscle    2002

  • Changes in mechanical properties of human tibialis anterior muscle following repeated eccentric contractions.

    Kawakami Y, Kurihara T, Chino K, Oda T, Nosaka K, Fukunaga T

    4th World Congress of Biomechanics    2002

  • In vivo muscle fiber behavior of the triceps surae muscles during isokinetic concentric plantar flexions.

    Chino K, Oda T, Kurihara T, Kawakami Y, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    Banff Symposium on Skeletal Muscle    2002

  • In vivo muscle fiber behavior of the triceps surae muscles during concentric and eccentric plantar flexions.

    Chino K, Oda T, Kawakami Y, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    4th World Congress of Biomechanics    2002

  • Effect of knee joint angle on oxygenation of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in humans

    Azuma K, Fukunaga T

    Banff Symposium on Skeletal Muscle    2002

  • In vivo estimation of behavior of muscle fiber and tendon during human movements.

    Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y, Kubo K, Kanehisa H

    Banff Symposium on Skeletal Muscle    2002

  • スプリント走パワーにおける競技種目差

    柳谷登志雄, 宮谷昌枝, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    トレーニング科学   14 ( 2 ) 101 - 110  2002

  • 足関節における柔軟性と下腿三頭筋の機能的・形態的特性との関係

    小田俊明, 千野謙太郎, 栗原俊之, 川上泰雄, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    トレーニング科学   13 ( 3 ) 157 - 166  2002

  • Length change of human gastrocnemius aponeurosis and tendon during passive joint motion

    T Muraoka, T Muramatsu, D Takeshita, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    CELLS TISSUES ORGANS   171 ( 4 ) 260 - 268  2002

     View Summary

    The extent of elongation and slackness of aponeurosis and tendon, and muscle fiber length of human medial gastrocnemius muscle are determined in vivo using ultrasonography. The ankle joint is passively moved at 50/s within the joint range of -36 to 7degrees (0degrees = neutral anatomic position; positive values for dorsiflexion) by a dynamometer while the length change of the aponeurosis and tendon is determined using ultrasonography (n = 8 men), Strain is calculated as the length change relative to the reference length of aponeurosis and tendon when the passive joint moment is 0. Elongation (positive strain Accepted after revision: February 10, 2002 values) of aponeurosis and tendon at 7degrees are 2.1 +/- 1.1 and 2.4 +/- 1.0%, respectively. The extent of slackness (negative strain values) of aponeurosis and tendon at -36degrees are -1.8 +/- 1.1 and -3.5 +/- 1.6%, respectively, and there is a significant difference between them (p &lt; 0.05). This may be related to the existence of muscle fibers that attach to the aponeurosis over its whole length and do not allow it to fold. The results indicate that the length change of aponeurosis and tendon of medial gastrocnemius muscle occurs over the range of ankle joint positions even during passive joint motions. Copyright (C) 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel.

    DOI

  • In vivo mechanical properties of proximal and distal aponeuroses in human tibialis anterior muscle

    T Muramatsu, T Muraoka, D Takeshita, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    CELLS TISSUES ORGANS   170 ( 2-3 ) 162 - 169  2002

     View Summary

    Load-strain characteristics of distal (deep) and proximal (superficial) aponeuroses were determined in vivo for human tibialis anterior muscle (TA). Seven male subjects exerted isometric dorsiflexion torque from relaxation to voluntary maximum while elongation of both aponeuroses of TA was determined by ultrasonography. Two positions (end of the muscle belly and a proximal part) and one position (distal part) were scanned for the deep and superficial aponeuroses, respectively, and tendinous movements of the respective positions were determined. Based on the tendinous movements, elongation of each aponeurosis was determined. Both aponeuroses were elongated significantly, and there was no significant difference in strain between the deep (3.3 +/- 0.8%) and superficial (3.0 +/- 0.5%) aponeuroses. In addition, there was a significant linear relationship between strain of deep and superficial aponeuroses. It was suggested that both aponeuroses similarly act as an elastic component in pennate muscles. Copyright (C) 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel.

    DOI

  • Validity of ultrasonograph muscle thickness measurements for estimating muscle volume of knee extensors in humans

    M Miyatani, H Kanehisa, S Kuno, T Nishijima, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   86 ( 3 ) 203 - 208  2002.01

     View Summary

    This study aimed to investigate the suitability of using ultrasonograph muscle thickness (MT) measurements to estimate the muscle volume (MV) of the quadriceps femoris as an alternative approach to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The subjects were 46 men aged from 20 to 70 years who were randomly allocated to either a validation or a cross-validation group, In the validation group, multiple and simple regression equations, which used a set of MT values determined at mid-thigh and thigh length (1) and the product of pi. (MT/2)(2). and 1 [pi.(MT/2)(2).1]. respectively, as independent variables, were derived to estimate the MV measured by MRI. Because the two equations were cross-validated, the data from the two groups were pooled to generate the final prediction equations: MV (cm(3))=(MT x 311.732)+(1 x 53,346) -2058.529 as the multiple regression equation and MV (cm(3)) = [pi.(MT/ 2)(2).1] x 1.1176 663.040 as the simple regression equation. In the multiple regression equation, NIT explained 75% of the variation in the MV measured by MRI. The r(2) and the standard error of the estimate (SEE) of the equations were 0.824 and 175.6 cm(3) (10.6%), respectively. for the multiple regression equation and 0.829 and 173.7 cm(3) (10.5%), respectively, for the simple regression equation. Thus. the present results indicate that ultrasonograph NIT measurements at mid-thigh are useful for estimating the MV of knee extensors. However, the observed SEE values suggest that the prediction equation obtained in this study may be limited to population studies rather than individual assessments in longitudinal studies.

    DOI

  • Effect of stretching training on the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo

    Keitaro Kubo, Hiroaki Kanehisa, Tetsuo Fukunaga

    Journal of Applied Physiology   92 ( 2 ) 595 - 601  2002

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to examine whether stretching training altered the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo. Eight men performed the stretching training for 3 wk. Before and after the stretching training, the elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of medial gastrocnemius muscle was directly measured by ultrasonography while the subjects performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between the estimated muscle force (Fm) and tendon elongation (L) during the ascending phase was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness of tendon structures. The percentage of the area within the Fm-L loop to the area beneath the curve during ascending phase was calculated as an index representing hysteresis. To assess the flexibility, the passive torque of the plantar flexor muscles was measured during the passive stretch from 0° (anatomic position) to 25° of dorsiflexion with a constant velocity of 5°/s. The slope of the linear portion of the passive torque-angle curve during stretching was defined as flexibility index. Flexibility index decreased significantly after stretching training (-13.4 ± 4.6%). On the other hand, the stretching training produced no significant change in stiffness but significantly decreased hysteresis from 19.9 ± 11.7 to 12.5 ± 9.5%. The present results suggested that stretching training affected the viscosity of tendon structures but not the elasticity.

    DOI PubMed

  • Effects of resistance and stretching training programmes on the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON   538 ( 1 ) 219 - 226  2002.01

     View Summary

    The present study examined whether resistance and stretching training programmes altered the viscoelastic properties of human tendon structures in vivo. Eight subjects completed 8 weeks (4 days per week) of resistance training which consisted of unilateral plantar flexion at 70% of one repetition maximum with 10 repetitions per set (5 sets per day). They performed resistance training (RT) on one side and resistance training and static stretching training (RST; 10 min per day, 7 days per week) on the other side. Before and after training, the elongation of the tendon structures in the medial gastrocnemius muscle was directly measured using ultrasonography, while the subjects performed ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum, followed by a ramp relaxation. The relationship between estimated muscle force (F-m) and tendon elongation (L) was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness. The hysteresis was calculated as the ratio of the area within the F-m-L loop to the area beneath the load portion of the curve. The stiffness increased significantly by 18.8 +/- 10.4% for RT and 15.3 +/- 9.3% for RST. There was no significant difference in the relative increase of stiffness between RT and RST. The hysteresis, on the other hand, decreased 17 +/- 20% for RST, but was unchanged for RT. These results suggested that the resistance training increased the stiffness of tendon structures as well as muscle strength and size, and the stretching training affected the viscosity of tendon structures but not the elasticity.

    DOI

  • In vivo muscle fibre behaviour during counter-movement exercise in humans reveals a significant role for tendon elasticity.

    Kawakami Y, Muraoka T, Ito S, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T

    J Physiol.   15   635 - 646  2002

    DOI

  • Muscle and tendon relations in humans: power enhancement in counter-movement exercise.

    Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y, Muraoka T, Kanehisa H

    Adv Exp Med Biol.   508   501 - 505  2002

  • Effect of local blood circulation and absolute torque on muscle endurance at two different knee-joint angles in humans

    HO Hisaeda, M Shinohara, M Kouzaki, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   86 ( 1 ) 17 - 23  2001.11

     View Summary

    The effects of the local blood circulation and absolute torque on muscle endurance at different knee-joint angles were determined. The rate of muscle deoxygenation (using near-infrared spectroscopy), and the rate of muscle fatigue (using the slope of integrated electromyography. iEMG) were evaluated concurrently. Nine healthy subjects performed submaximal (50% maximal voluntary contraction. MVC) static knee extension at 50 degrees (extended position, EXT) and 90 degrees (flexed position, FLEX) joint angles until the target torque could no longer be maintained: that time was measured as the endurance time. They exercised with the circulation occluded (OCCL), and without (FREE) to study the possible effects of the local circulation. Although MVC torque was independent of joint angle [mean (SID) FLEX 250.6 (51.7) N(.)m and EXT 246.5 (46.6) N(.)m], significantly shorter (P &lt; 0.01) endurance time in FLEX [FREE 71.1 (10) s and OCCL 63.1 (8.8) s] than at EXT [FREE 115.3 (30) s and OCCL 106.7 (29.1) s] were obtained in both circulatory conditions. The iEMG-time slope was significantly greater in FLEX at the proximal and distal portion (P &lt; 0.05) in both circulatory conditions. Muscle deoxygenation rate in OCCL was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) at FLEX [20.8 (8.0)%] than EXT [10.9 (4.0)%]. The results would suggest that different knee-joint angle affects muscle endurance even if the local circulation is controlled. Circulatory disturbance would further reduce muscle endurance in EXT, but not in FLEX. Because of the greater muscle internal force in FLEX. local blood flow might be already limited even with a free circulation. The greater muscle deoxygenation and muscle fatigability would be related to the shorter muscle endurance in FLEX.

    DOI

  • Changes in aponeurotic dimensions upon muscle shortening: in vivo observations in man

    CN Maganaris, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF ANATOMY   199   449 - 456  2001.10

     View Summary

    Aponeurotic deformation measurements have traditionally been taken by loading dissected muscles; thus the values obtained may not reflect in vivo function. In the present study, we estimated dimensional changes in the central aponeurosis of the intact human tibialis anterior muscle upon loading induced by muscle contraction. Measurements were taken in seven males, and involved real-time ultrasound scanning of the tibialis anterior muscle at 30 degrees of plantarflexion at rest and during isometric dorsiflexion maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). At each contraction state, the length of the aponeurosis, the width along its length, and its area were estimated from sagittal-plane and axial-plane sonographs. In the transition from rest to MVC, the length of the aponeurosis increased by 7% (P &lt; 0.05), its width increased by up to 21% (P &lt; 0.05), and its area increased by 17% (P &lt; 0.05). These results indicate that the in vivo tibialis anterior aponeurosis behaves as a compliant material upon active muscle shortening. The methodology employed allows cross-sectional and longitudinal design investigations, circumventing the problems associated with epimysial removal under in vitro experimental conditions.

  • Effects of different duration isometric contractions on tendon elasticity in human quadriceps muscles

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON   536 ( 2 ) 649 - 655  2001.10

     View Summary

    1. The present study aimed to investigate the influence of isometric training protocols with long- and short-duration contractions on the elasticity of human tendon structures in vivo. The elasticity was assessed through in vivo determination of the elongation (L) of the tendons and aponeuroses using ultrasonography, while the subjects performed ramp isometric exercise up to maximum voluntary contraction (MVC).
    2. Eight young males completed 12 weeks (4 days per week) of a unilateral isometric training programme on knee extensors, which consisted of two different combinations of contraction and relaxation times at 70% MVC: one leg was trained using a short-duration protocol (3 sets of 50 repetitions of contraction for I s and relaxation for 2 s), and the other leg was trained using a long-duration protocol (4 sets of a combination of contraction for 20 s and relaxation for I min). The training volume per session, expressed as the integrated torque, was the same for the two protocols.
    3. Both protocols resulted in a significant increase in MVC: 31.8 +/- 17.2% for the short-duration protocol and 33.9 +/- 14.4% for the long-duration protocol. Moreover, the training produced significant increases in the muscle volume of the constituents of the quadriceps femoris, with similar relative gains for the two protocols: 7.4 +/- 3.9% for the short-duration protocol and 7.6 +/- 4.3% for the long-duration protocol.
    4. The short-duration protocol produced no significant change in L values at any of the force production levels. For the long-duration protocol, however, the L values above 550 N were significantly shorter after training, Analysis revealed that the group x test time interaction effect on tendon stiffness was significant. Stiffness increased significantly for the long-duration protocol, but not for the short-duration protocol.
    5. The present study demonstrates a greater increase in stiffness of human tendon structures following isometric training using longer duration contractions compared to shorter contractions. This suggests that the changes in the elasticity of the tendon structures after resistance training may be affected by the duration of muscle contraction.

    DOI

  • Neural control: novel evaluation of stretch reflex sensitivity

    K Nakazawa, SI Yamamoto, T Ohtsuki, H Yano, T Fukunaga

    ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA   172 ( 4 ) 257 - 268  2001.08

     View Summary

    We evaluated the stretch reflex activities of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles considering the relationship between the reflex electromyographic (EMG) responses and their corresponding standardized muscle stretch velocities. Specifically, muscular stretch velocity was estimated by using ultrasonograms. Stretch reflex EMG responses were elicited in the biceps brachii, brachioradialis and triceps brachii with a ramp-and-hold rotation at the elbow joint, which consisted of various angular velocities for the extension- or flexion-direction. The whole muscle stretch velocity induced by each ramp-and-hold rotation was calculated on the basis of fibre length changes associated with the elbow joint angle. A linear regression equation was fitted to the relation between the whole muscle stretch velocity and the reflex EMG responses, and the variables from the equation were used to quantify sensitivity of each reflex EMG component. The reflex EMG responses were increased as the ramp-and-hold rotational velocity increased. There were no significant differences in the recorded magnitudes of reflex EMG responses with equivalent joint rotational velocity between the brachioradialis and the triceps brachii medial head. These muscles showed the highest reflex responses in the flexor and extensor muscles, respectively. To the contrary, the reflex EMG response elicited by the standardized muscle stretches was significantly greater in the extensor muscles, indicating a higher reflex sensitivity. This was because of the lower muscle stretch velocity of the triceps brachii with an equivalent elbow joint rotation. The stretch reflex sensitivity in both the elbow flexor and extensor muscles might be regulated so as to make the reflex responses the same when the equivalent joint rotational velocity is applied to these muscles.

    DOI

  • Is passive stiffness in human muscles related to the elasticity of tendon structures?

    K Kubo, H Kanchisa, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   85 ( 3-4 ) 226 - 232  2001.08

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to examine in vivo whether passive stiffness in human muscles was related to the elasticity of tendon structures and to performance during stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Passive torque of plantar flexor muscles was measured during passive stretch from 90 degrees (anatomical position) to 65 degrees of dorsiflexion at a constant velocity of 5 degrees .s(-1). The slope of the linear portion of the passive torque-angle curve during stretching was defined as the passive stiffness of the muscle. The elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) was directly measured using ultrasonography during ramp isometric plantar flexion up to the voluntary maximum. The relationship between the estimated muscle force of MG and tendon elongation was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as the stiffness of the tendon. In addition, the dynamic torques during maximal voluntary concentric plantar flexion with and without prior eccentric contraction were determined at a constant velocity of 120 degrees .s(-1). There were no significant correlations between passive stiffness and either the tendon stiffness (r=0.19, P&gt;0.05) or the relative increase in torque with prior eccentric contraction (r=-0.19, P&gt;0.05). However, tendon stiffness was negatively correlated to the relative increase in torque output (r=-0.42, P&lt;0.05). The present results suggested that passive stiffness was independent of the elasticity of tendon structures, and had no favourable effect on the muscle performance during stretch-shortening cycle exercise.

    DOI

  • Muscle volume is a major determinant of joint torque in humans

    T Fukunaga, M Miyatani, M Tachi, M Kouzaki, Y Kawakami, H Kanehisa

    ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA   172 ( 4 ) 249 - 255  2001.08

     View Summary

    Muscle force (MF) is linearly related to physiological cross-sectional area (CSA), which is obtained from muscle volume (MV) divided by fibre length. Taking into account the fact that joint torque (TO) is determined by MF multiplied by the moment arm, the maximal TO would be a function of MV. This proposition was tested in the present study by investigating the relationship between MV and TO for elbow flexor (EF) and extensor (EE) muscles of 26 males. The MVs of EF and EE were determined from a series of muscle CSA by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and pennation angle (theta) and FL by ultrasonography (US). Maximal isometric TO was measured at right angle of elbow joint for EF and EE, There was a highly significant correlation between MV and TO both for EF and EE (r = 0.95 and 0.96 respectively) compared with that between muscle CSA and TO, suggesting the dependence of TO on MV. Furthermore, prediction equations for MV (MVULT) from muscle thickness (MT) measured by US was developed with reference to MVMRI, by the MRI on 26 subjects, and the equations were applied to estimate MV of healthy university students (CON; 160 males) and sports athletes (ATH; 99 males), There were significant linear relationships between MVULT and TO both for EF (r = 0.783) and EE (r = 0.695) for all subjects (n = 259). The MVULT was significantly higher in ATH (by 32% for EF and 33% for EE, respectively) than in CON. Similarly, significantly greater TO was observed in ATH (by 35% for EF, 37% for EE, respectively). The theta for EE showed no difference between both groups (17.8 degrees for CON and 17.5 degrees for ATH). On the other hand, the TO to MV ratio were identical for CON and ATH. The results reveal that the muscle volume of the upper arm is a major determinant of joint torque (TQ), regardless of athletic training.

    DOI

  • Inactivity and muscle: effect of resistance training during bed rest on muscle size in the lower limb

    H Akima, K Kubo, M Imai, H Kanehisa, Y Suzuki, A Gunji, T Fukunaga

    ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA   172 ( 4 ) 269 - 278  2001.08

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dynamic leg press training on the physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs) of human lower limb muscles during 20 days of 6 degrees head-down tilt bed rest. Five healthy men comprised the resistance training group (BR-Tr) and data from two previous studies were used to derive a 10-man control group (BR-Cont). The BR-Tr performed two sessions (morning and afternoon session) of dynamic leg press action including knee extension and plantar flexion daily for the bed rest period: (1) three sets of 10 repetitions at 90% of maximum load and (2) 40% of maximum load to exhaustion. The PCSAs of the knee extensor (KE), knee flexor (KF), plantar flexor (PF), and dorsiflexor muscle groups were estimated using serial axial magnetic resonance (MR) images of the right-thigh and leg. After the bed rest period, the BR-Tr showed a significant increase in the PCSA of the KE. Although PCSA of the KF in two groups significantly decreased after bed rest, percentage of change in PCSA of the biceps femoris (long head) and semitendinosus muscles in the BR-Tr, which occupied approximately 70% of the KF, was significantly higher than those in the BR-Cont. Both the BR-Tr and BR-Cont groups showed significant decreases in the PCSA of PF with similar magnitude of 11.6% (P &lt; 0.001) and 11.9% (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. These results suggest that dynamic leg press training during bed rest can prevent deteriorating of the KE and a part of KF, but not the calf muscles.

    DOI

  • Validity of estimating limb muscle volume by bioelectrical impedance

    M Miyatani, H Kanehisa, Y Masuo, M Ito, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   91 ( 1 ) 386 - 394  2001.07

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to investigate the validity of estimating muscle volume by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Bioelectrical impedance and series cross-sectional images of the forearm, upper arm, lower leg, and thigh on the right side were determined in 22 healthy young adult men using a specially designed bioelectrical impedance acquisition system and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method, respectively. The impedance index (L-2/Z) for every segment, calculated as the ratio of segment length squared to the impedance, was significantly correlated to the muscle volume measured by MRI, with r = 0.902-0.976 (P &lt; 0.05). In these relationships, the SE of estimation was 38.4 cm(3) for the forearm, 40.9 cm(3) for the upper arm, 107.2 cm(3) for the lower leg, and 362.3 cm(3) for the thigh. Moreover, isometric torque developed in elbow flexion or extension and knee flexion or extension was significantly correlated to the L-2/Z values of the upper arm and thigh, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.770-0.937 (P &lt; 0.05), which differed insignificantly from those (0.799-0.958; P &lt; 0.05) in the corresponding relationships with the muscle volume measured by MRI of elbow flexors or extensors and knee flexors or extensors. Thus the present study indicates that bioelectrical impedance analysis may be useful to predict the muscle volume and to investigate possible relations between muscle size and strength capability in a limited segment of the upper and lower limbs.

  • Effects of isometric training on the elasticity of human tendon structures in vivo

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, M Ito, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   91 ( 1 ) 26 - 32  2001.07

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to investigate the effect of isometric training on the elasticity of human tendon structures. Eight subjects completed 12 wk (4 days/wk) of isometric training that consisted of unilateral knee extension at 70% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 20 s per set (4 sets/day). Before and after training, the elongation of the tendon structures in the vastus lateralis muscle was directly measured using ultrasonography while the subjects performed ramp isometric knee extension up to MVC. The relationship between the estimated muscle force and tendon elongation (L) was fitted to a linear regression, the slope of which was defined as stiffness of the tendon structures. The training increased significantly the volume (7.6 +/- 4.3%) and MVC torque (33.9 +/- 14.4%) of quadriceps femoris muscle. The L values at force production levels beyond 550 N were significantly shorter after training. The stiffness increased significantly from 67.5 +/- 21.3 to 106.2 +/- 33.4 N/mm. Furthermore, the training significantly increased the rate of torque development (35.8 +/- 20.4%) and decreased electromechanical delay (-18.4 +/- 3.8%). Thus the present results indicate that isometric training increases the stiffness and Young's modulus of human tendon structures as well as muscle strength and size. This change in the tendon structures would be assumed to be an advantage for increasing the rate of torque development and shortening the electromechanical delay.

  • Influences of repetitive muscle contractions with different modes on tendon elasticity in vivo

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   91 ( 1 ) 277 - 282  2001.07

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive muscle contractions on the elasticity of human tendon structures in vivo. Before and after each endurance test, the elongation of the tendon and aponeurosis of vastus lateralis muscle (L) was directly measured by ultrasonography while the subjects performed ramp isometric knee extension up to maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC). Six male subjects performed muscle endurance tests that consisted of knee extension tasks with four different contraction modes: 1) 50 repetitions of maximal voluntary eccentric action for 3 s with 3 s of relaxation (ET1), 2) three sets of 50 repetitions of MVC for 1 s with 3 s of relaxation (ET2), 3) 50 repetitions of MVC for 3 s with 3 s of relaxation (ET3), and 4) 50 repetitions of 50% MVC for 6 s with 6 s of relaxation (ET4). In ET1 and ET2, there were no significant differences in L values at any force production levels between before and after endurance tests. In the cases of ET3 and ET4, however, the extent of elongation after the completion of the tests tended to be greater. The L values above 330 N in ET3 and 440 N in ET4, respectively, were significantly greater after endurance tests than before. These results suggested that the repeated longer duration contractions would make the tendon structures more compliant and that the changes in the elasticity might be not be affected by either muscle action mode or force production level but by the duration of action.

  • Mechanical properties of tendon and aponeurosis of human gastrocnemius muscle in vivo

    T Muramatsu, T Muraoka, D Takeshita, Y Kawakami, Y Hirano, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   90 ( 5 ) 1671 - 1678  2001.05

     View Summary

    Load-strain characteristics of tendinous tissues (Achilles tendon and aponeurosis) were determined in vivo for human medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle. Seven male subjects exerted isometric plantar flexion torque while the elongation of tendinous tissues of MG was determined from the tendinous movements by using ultrasonography. The maximal strain of the Achilles tendon and aponeurosis, estimated separately from the elongation data, was 5.1 +/- 1.1 and 5.9 +/- 1.6%, respectively. There was no significant difference in strain between the Achilles tendon and aponeurosis. In addition, no significant difference in strain was observed between the proximal and distal regions of the aponeurosis. The results indicate that tendinous tissues of the MG are homogenously stretched along their lengths by muscle contraction, which has functional implications for the operation of the human MG muscle-tendon unit in vivo.

  • Behavior of fascicles and tendinous structures of human gastrocnemius during vertical jumping

    S Kurokawa, T Fukunaga, S Fukashiro

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   90 ( 4 ) 1349 - 1358  2001.04

     View Summary

    Behavior of fascicles and tendinous structures of human gastrocnemius medialis (MG) was determined by use of ultrasonography in vivo during jumping. Eight male subjects jumped vertically without countermovement (squat jump, SQJ). Simultaneously, kinematics, kinetics, and electromyography from lower leg muscles were recorded during SQJ. During phase 1 (-350 to -100 ms before toe-off, muscle-tendon complex (MTC) length was almost constant. Fascicles, however, shortened by 26%, and tendinous structures were stretched by 6%, storing elastic energy of 4.9 J during phase I. During phase II(-100 ms to toe-off), although fascicles generated force quasi-isometrically, MTC shortened rapidly by 5.3%, releasing prestored elastic energy with a higher peak positive power than that of fascicles. Also, the compliance of tendinous structures in vivo was somewhat higher than that of external tendon used in the simulation studies. The results demonstrate that the compliance of tendinous structures, together with no yielding of muscle fibers, allows MTC to effectively generate relatively large power at a high joint angular velocity region during the last part of push-off.

  • Strength capabilities of knee extensor muscles in junior speed skaters

    H Kanehisa, T Nemoto, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS   41 ( 1 ) 46 - 53  2001.03

     View Summary

    Background. The present study aimed to investigate the gender- and age-related profiles of junior speed skaters in strength capabilities during both single and repetitive maximal contractions.
    Methods. The subjects were 19 male (age= 17.1+/-0.2 years, X+/-SE) and 13 female skaters (16.9+/-0.2 years). Isokinetic knee extension torque (T) developed concentrically in a single contraction at three constant velocities of 1.05, 3.14 and 5.24 rad/sec and 50 repetitive maximal contractions at 3.14 rad/sec was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer, in addition, a B-mode ultrasound apparatus was used to determine the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris muscle at mid-thigh.
    Results, For the junior skaters, T values at three velocities of 1.05, 3.14 and 5.24 rad/sec and the mean value of isokinetic torque (MT) for every five consecutive trials in the first 25 maximal contractions were similar in both genders when they were expressed relative to the product of the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the quadriceps femoris muscle and lower limb Length, T/CSAL and MT/CSAL, respectively. However, the males showed significantly higher MT/CSAL values than the females in the last 25 repetitions of the endurance test. In the comparisons between junior and reference senior skaters, T/CSAL for both genders and MT/CSAL for the females showed little age-related difference, For the males, however, MT/CSAL values in the first 15 repetitions of the endurance test were significantly lower in the junior skaters than in the senior ones,
    Conclusions, The present results indicate that the strength capabilities of junior speed skaters in a single maximal contraction will be similar in both genders when the difference in muscle size is normalized. However, the junior male skaters may be less fatiguable than the junior female ones in repetitive maximal contractions. Moreover, the comparison between junior and senior skaters suggests that, in postadolescence, males might be more trainable than females to improve torque output during short-term repetitive maximal contractions beyond that achieved during adolescence.

  • Ergometry for estimation of mechanical power output in sprinting in humans using a newly developed self-driven treadmill

    K Funato, T Yanagiya, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   84 ( 3 ) 169 - 173  2001.03

     View Summary

    An evaluation of mechanical power during walking and running in humans was undertaken after developing a specially designed running ergometer (RE) in which the subjects gripped the handlebar in front of them keeping both arms straight and in a horizontal position. Ten subjects participated in comparisons of the mean horizontal pushing force (MFam) on the handlebar with the mean horizontal ground reaction force (MFfp) recorded by force platform under the RE during five different constant speeds of walking or running and sprint running with maximal effort. Mechanical power developed during sprint running on the RE was compared with a 50 m sprint. Mean linear velocity (M nu) of the RE belt was recorded by the rotary encoder attached to the axis of the belt. Mean mechanical power calculated from the handlebar setting (MPam = MFam x M nu) was compared to that calculated from force platform recordings (MPfp = MFfp x M nu). A high test-retest reproducibility was observed for both MFfp (r = 0.889) and MFam (r = 0.783). Larger values for the coefficient of variation for MFam (11.3%-15.8%) were observed than for MFfp (3.3%-8.2%). The MPam, which were obtained from five different constant speeds of walking, running and sprint running were closely correlated to those of MPfp (y = 0.98x - 19.10, r = 0.982, P &lt; 0.001). In sprint running, MPam was 521.7 W (7.67 W (.) kg(-1)) and was correlated to the 50 m sprint time (r = -0.683, P &lt; 0.01). It is concluded that the newly developed RE was useful in the estimation of mechanical power output during human locomotion such as when walking, jogging and sprinting.

  • Growth changes in the elastic properties of human tendon structures

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, Y Kawakami, T Fukanaga

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE   22 ( 2 ) 138 - 143  2001.02

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth changes in the elastic properties of human tendon structures. 9 younger boys (age 10.8 +/- 0.9 years, YBG), 9 elder boys (14.8 +/- 0.3 years, EBG), and 14 young adult men (24.7 +/- 1.6 years, ADG) volunteered to take part in the present study. Using a B-mode ultrasonic apparatus, the elongation of tendon and aponeurosis of vastus lateralis muscle (VL) was noninvasively measured in vivo, while subjects performed the extension of knee joint isometrically with force production levels from zero (relax) to maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) within 5 seconds. A curvilinear relationship was found between elongation of tendon structures (dL) and muscle force (Fm). This relationship consisted of two components, a steep initial change in length followed by a linear-region. The relationship between dL and Fm was fitted to a linear regression, and then the dL and dFm within 50 to 100% MVC was defined as compliance of tendon structures. The MVC force was the greatest in ADC and the lowest in YBG among the three groups. Significant age-related differences were found in compliance; 4.1 +/- 0.9(.)10(-2) mm/N for YBG, 2.9 +/- 1.1(.)10(-2) mm/N for EBG and 1.8 +/- 0.3(.)10(-2) mm/N for ADG. The dL/thigh length (TL) was significantly greater in YBG than in the other two groups above 0.35 MPa of Fm per muscle cross-sectional area (muscle stress). However, there was no significant difference between EBG and ADG in the relationship between dL/TL and muscle stress. The ratio of fascicle length to TL in YBG was significantly lower than those in the other two groups. These results suggest that the tendon structures in younger boys are more compliant than those in older boys and young men. The observed properties of tendon structures in the younger boys may play a role in protecting younger boys from athletic injuries associated with immature muscle-tendon complex.

    DOI

  • In vivo behaviour of human muscle tendon during walking

    T Fukunaga, K Kubo, Y Kawakami, S Fukashiro, H Kanehisa, CN Maganaris

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES   268 ( 1464 ) 229 - 233  2001.02

     View Summary

    In the present study we investigated in vivo length changes in the fascicles and tendon of the human gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle during walking. The experimental protocol involved real-time ultrasound scanning of the GM muscle, recording of the electrical activity of the muscle, measurement of knee- and ankle-joint rotations, and measurement of ground reaction forces in six men during walking at 3 km h(-1) on a treadmill. Fascicular lengths Were measured from the sonographs recorded, Musculotendon complex length changes were estimated from anatomical and joint kinematic data. Tendon length changes were obtained combining the musculotendon complex and fascicular length-change data. The fascicles followed a different length-change pattern from those of the musculotendon complex and tendon throughout, the step cycle. Two important features emerged: (i) the muscle contracted near-isometrically in the stance phase, with the fascicles operating at ca. 50 mm; and (ii) the tendon stretched by ca. 7 mm during single support and recoiled in push-off. The behaviour of the muscle in our experiment indicates consumption of minimal metabolic energy for eliciting the contractile forces required to support and displace the body On the other hand, the spring-like behaviour of the tendon indicates storage and release of elastic-strain energy. Either of the two mechanisms would favour locomotor economy.

    DOI

  • 身体運動の成績に影響する筋腱複合体の振る舞い ~21世紀のバイオメカニクス研究の方向を探る~

    福永哲夫

    体育の科学   51 ( 1 ) 12 - 20  2001

  • 表面筋電図法による日常生活の身体活動量の計測

    神崎素樹, 政二慶, 白澤葉月, 金久博昭, 福永哲夫

    体育の科学   51 ( 8 ) 582 - 588  2001

  • ボート競技の競技力向上を目的とした艇の力学量測定システムの開発

    川上泰雄, 下田学, 福永哲夫

    トレーニング科学   13 ( 1 ) 21 - 30  2001

    CiNii

  • 体ほぐしの授業をとりいれた教育の実践的研究

    小沢治夫, 福永哲夫

    体育科学   30   33 - 44  2001

  • Muscle fiber and tendon length changes in the human vastus lateralis during slow pedaling

    T Muraoka, Y Kawakami, M Tachi, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   91 ( 5 ) 2035 - 2040  2001

     View Summary

    Muscle fascicle lengths of vastus lateralis (VL) muscle were measured in five healthy men during slow pedaling to investigate the interaction between muscle fibers and tendon. Subjects cycled at a pedaling rate of 40 rpm (98 W). During exercise, fascicle lengths changed from 91 +/- 7 (SE) to 127 +/- 5 mm. It was suggested that fascicles were on the descending limb of their force-length relationship. The average shortening velocity of fascicle was greater than that of muscle-tendon complex in the first half of the knee extension phase and was less in the second half. The maximum shortening velocity of fascicle in the knee extension phase was less than that of muscle-tendon complex by 22 +/- 9%. These discrepancies in velocities were mainly caused by the elongation of the tendinous tissue. It was suggested that the elasticity of VL tendinous tissue enabled VL fascicles to develop force at closer length to their optimal length and kept the maximum shortening velocity of VL fascicles low during slow pedaling.

  • Influences of repetitive muscle contractions with different modes on tendon elasticity in vivo

    Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T

    J Appl Physiol   90   520 - 527  2001

  • Effects of repeated muscle contractions on the tendon structures in humans

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   84 ( 1-2 ) 162 - 166  2001.01

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the elastic properties of tendons in humans in relation to fatigue of knee extensor muscles. The muscle fatigue test (MFT) consisted of maximal isometric contractions performed 50 times. The decline in peak moment was 43.6 (SD 19.5)%. After MFT, the muscle thickness and pennation angle of the vastus lateralis muscle (VL) significantly increased 1.5 (SD 0.7) mm (5%) and 1.7 (SD 1.8)degrees (11%), respectively. Before and after MFT, the elongation (I) of the tendon and aponeurosis of VL was directly measured by ultrasonography, while the subjects performed ramp isometric knee extensions up to maximal voluntary contraction. The I tended to be greater after MFT than before MFT. This difference in the I was statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05) at force developments beyond 220 N. Furthermore, the compliance increased significantly from 2.0 (SD 0.6) . 10(-2) mm . N-1 before MFT to 2.6 (SB 0.7) . 10(-2) mm . N-1 after MFT (22.7%). In addition, the electromechanical delay was significantly increased from 60.6 (SD 5.9)ms before to 70.0 (SD 4.4) ms after MFT. These results suggested that the repeated muscle contractions made the tendon structures more compliant.

    DOI

  • Changes in muscle size, architecture, and neural activation after 20 days of bed rest with and without resistance exercise

    Y Kawakami, H Akima, K Kubo, Y Muraoka, H Hasegawa, M Kouzaki, M Imai, Y Suzuki, A Gunji, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   84 ( 1-2 ) 7 - 12  2001.01

     View Summary

    Nine healthy men carried out head-down bed rest (BR) for 20 days. Five subjects (TR) performed isometric, bilateral leg extension exercise every day, while the other four (NT) did not. Before and after BR, maximal isometric knee extension force was measured. Neural activation was assessed using a supramaximal twitch interpolated over voluntary contraction. From a series cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging scans of the thigh, physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSA) of the quadriceps muscles were estimated (uncorrected PCSA, volume/estimated fibre length). Decrease in mean muscle force after BR was greater in NT [-10.9 (SD 6.9)%, P &lt; 0.05] than in TR [0.5 (SD 7.9)%, not significant]. Neural activation did not differ between the two groups before BR, but after BR NT showed smaller activation levels. Pennation angles of the vastus lateralis muscle, determined by ultrasonography, showed no significant changes in either group. The PCSA decreased in NT by -7.8 (SD 0.8)% (P &lt; 0.05) while in TR PCSA showed only an insignificant tendency to decrease [-3.8 (SD 3.8)%]. Changes in force were related more to changes in neural activation levels than to those in PCSA. The results suggest that reduction of muscle strength by BR is affected by a decreased ability to activate motor units, and that the exercise used in the present experiment is effective as a countermeasure.

    DOI

  • Changes in the elastic properties of tendon structures following 20 days bed-rest in humans

    K Kubo, H Akima, M Kouzaki, M Ito, Y Kawakami, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   83 ( 6 ) 463 - 468  2000.12

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 20 days bed-rest on the elastic properties of tendon structures of the human knee extensor muscles in vivo. Six healthy men carried out a 60 head-down bed-rest for 20 days. Muscle volume and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the quadriceps femoris muscle significantly decreased by an average of 7.8 (SD 2.7)% and 14.9 (SD 6.9)%, respectively. Before and after bed-rest, the elongation (l) of the tendon and aponeurosis of vastus lateralis muscle was measured directly by ultrasonography, while the subjects performed ramp isometric knee extension up to MVC. The extent of l tended to be greater after bed-rest. The I above 110 N was significantly greater after bed-rest. Furthermore, the mean stiffness after bed-rest [35.5 (SD 7.8)N(.)mm(-1)] was significantly lower than that before bed-rest [52.6 (SD 19.2) N(.)mm(-1)]. The rate of torque development significantly reduced after bedrest by an average of 47%, and the bed-rest induced a lengthening in the electromechanical delay (mean 21%). These results suggest that bed-rest results in a decrease in the stiffness of tendon structures with a reduction of muscle strength and volume. These adaptations of the tendon structures to bed-rest would bring about the changes in electromechanical delay and rate of torque development.

    DOI

  • Differences in muscle cross-sectional area and strength between elite senior and college Olympic weight lifters

    K Funato, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS   40 ( 4 ) 312 - 318  2000.12

     View Summary

    Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate the profiles of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and strength capability in relation to lifting ability in Olympic weight lifters.
    Methods. The subjects were 8 elite senior lifters (ESL, age=25.2+/-1.3 years, height=1.64+/-0.03 m, mass=68.6+/-4.2, kg, mean+/-SEM) and 9 college lifters (CL, 20.8+/-0.3 years, 1.67+/-0.03 m, 70.53.4 kg) whose predetermined weight classes were within the same range. The CSAs of elbow or knee extensor and elbow or knee flexor muscles were measured using a B-mode ultrasound apparatus. Concentric and eccentric maximal voluntary forces were determined with an isokinetic dynamometer at a constant velocity of 1.05 rad/sec.
    Results. The best score of the total mass lifted in the snatch and the clean and jerk lifts was significantly higher in ESL than in CL even in terms of per unit of fat-free mass. There were no significant differences between the tno groups in fat-free mass, muscle CSA and force values with the exception that ESL compared to CL showed significantly greater force in concentric knee flexion. However, the ratios of force to muscle CSA (F/CSAs) in concentric and eccentric elbow extensions, eccentric knee extension and concentric knee flexion were significantly higher in ESL than in CL.
    Conclusions. The present results indicated that the magnitude of muscular development in limbs was similar in elite senior and college lifters whose predetermined weight classes were within the same range. As compared to college lifters, however, elite senior lifters had a higher F/CSA in specific muscle action modes, which might relate to the optimal execution of the Olympic lifts.

  • The use of magnetic resonance images to investigate the influence of recruitment on the relationship between torque and cross-sectional area in human muscle

    H Akima, S Kuno, H Takahashi, T Fukunaga, S Katsuta

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   83 ( 6 ) 475 - 480  2000.12

     View Summary

    The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of recruitment on the relationship between peak torque and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) in human muscle. A group of 11 healthy men participated in this study. Isokinetic knee extension torques at seven (0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 degrees (.)s(-1)) velocities were determined. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to calculate PCSA of right quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle. Exercise-induced contrast shifts in spin-spin relaxation time (T2)-weighted MRI were taken at rest and immediately after repetitive knee-extension exercise and T2 of QF were calculated. The MRI pixels with T2 values more than 1 SD greater than the means at rest were considered to represent QF muscle that had contracted. The area of activated PCSA within the total in QF was expressed as percentage activated PCSA and used as an index of muscle recruitment. The PCSA correlated with peak torque at 0 degrees (.)s(-1) (r = 0.615, P &lt; 0.05); in contrast, activated PCSA correlated with peak torque at 120&lt;degrees&gt;(.)s(-1) (r = 0.603, P &lt; 0.05) and 180&lt;degrees&gt;(.)s(-1) (r = 0.606, P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant difference in correlation coefficients between the activated PCSA-peak torque relationship and the PCSA-torque relationship (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggested that muscle recruitment affects the PCSA-torque relationship.

    DOI

  • Recruitment plasticity of neuromuscular compartments in exercised tibialis anterior using echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging in humans

    H Akima, M Ito, H Yoshikawa, T Fukunaga

    NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS   296 ( 2-3 ) 133 - 136  2000.12

     View Summary

    We investigated the recruitment plasticity of the superficial tibialis anterior (TA-s) and deep tibialis anterior (TA-d) regions of neuromuscular compartments (NMCs) in the m. tibialis anterior (TA) during exercise using echo-planar imaging (EPI). Six healthy men performed dorsiflexion exercise at 60% of maximum voluntary contraction at a frequency of 10 contractions/min inside the magnetic resonance imaging. Transaxial EPIs of the right leg were acquired every 6 s at rest (0.5 min), during exercise (2.5 min) and recovery(5 min). In TA-s, significantly higher signal intensities (SIs) were shown than those in TA-d from immediately after starting the exercise to recovery. It has been demonstrated that SI reflects the degree of recruitment in the activated muscle, thus our result suggest that preferential firing of motor neurons in the superficial region of the NMC occurs during exercise in human TA muscle. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • In vivo dynamics of human medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon complex during stretch-shortening cycle exercise

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, D Takeshita, Y Kawakami, S Fukashiro, T Fukunaga

    ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA   170 ( 2 ) 127 - 135  2000.10

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamics of human muscle-tendon complex (MTC) during stretch-shortening cycle exercises through in vivo observation. A total of seven male subjects performed dorsi flexion followed by plantar flexion at two different frequencies, 0.3 Hz (slow) and 1.0 Hz (fast), in a toe-standing position. The fascicle length (L-F) of the medial gastrocnemius muscle during the movements was determined using a real-time ultrasonography in vivo. The L-F at the switching phase from dorsi to plantar flexion was significantly shorter in the fast exercise (54.4 +/- 5.5 mm) than in the slow one (58.2 +/- 5.4 mm), suggesting that the elongation of tendon structures at that time was significantly greater in the former than in the latter. Furthermore, at the initial stage of plantar flexion during the fast movement, the L-F hardly changed with a rapid shortening of tendon structures at that time. The observed relation between MTC length and force showed that the behaviour of tendon structures contributed to 20.2 and 42.5% of the total amount of work completed during plantar flexion phase in the slow and fast movements, respectively. Thus, the present results suggest that tendon structures make the dynamics of MTC more efficient during stretch-shortening cycle exercises by changing their lengths.

    DOI

  • Decrease in maximal voluntary contraction by tonic vibration applied to a single synergist muscle in humans

    M Kouzaki, M Shinohara, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   89 ( 4 ) 1420 - 1424  2000.10

     View Summary

    The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of prolonged tonic vibration applied to a single synergist muscle on maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and maximal rate of force development (dF/dt(max)). The knee extension MVC force and surface electromyogram (EMG) from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) during MVC were recorded before and after vibration of RF muscle at 30 Hz for 30 min. MVC, dF/dt(max), and the integrated EMG (iEMG) of RF decreased significantly after prolonged tonic vibration in spite of no changes in iEMG of VL and VM. The present results indicate that MVC and dF/dt(max) may be influenced by the attenuated Ia afferent functions of a single synergist muscle.

  • Validity of bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods for estimating the muscle volume of the upper arm

    M Miyatani, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   82 ( 5-6 ) 391 - 396  2000.08

     View Summary

    The present study aimed to investigate the validity of bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods for predicting the muscle volume of the upper arm. Bioelectrical impedance of the right upper arm and the thickness of elbow flexor and extensor muscles were measured from 26 healthy young adult men using a specially designed bioelectrical impedance data acquisition system and brightness-mode ultrasound apparatus, respectively. As reference data, the muscle volume (MVMRI) of the right upper arm was determined using a magnetic resonance imaging method. The impedance index was calculated as L-2/Z, where L is the upper arm length and Z is the impedance of the shoulder to the elbow. The muscle volume (MVULT) was calculated as pi . (d/2)(2) . L, where d is muscle thickness. L-2/Z and MVULT were significantly correlated with MVMRI with correlation coefficients of 0.971 and 0.962, respectively. In these relationships, the standard errors of estimation were 44.2 cm(3) (6.3%) for L-2/Z and 50.7 cm(3) (7.2%) for MVULT. There was no significant difference between the absolute errors of muscle volumes estimated by L-2/Z and MVULT: 36.2 (4.8, SEM) cm(3) for L-2/Z versus 40.3 (5.8) cm for MVULT. The present results suggest that both bioelectrical impedance and ultrasonographic methods may be useful for predicting the muscle volume of the upper arm.

  • Nonlinear time-course of lumbar muscle fatigue using recurrence quantifications

    S Ikegawa, M Shinohara, T Fukunaga, JP Zbilut, CL Webber

    BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS   82 ( 5 ) 373 - 382  2000.05

     View Summary

    Isometric skeletal muscle fatigue is usually assumed to be a linear process based upon the monotonic decrease in spectral frequency of the EMG. Since spectral analysis by fast Fourier transform (FFT) constitutes a linear transformation of the data, the present study was designed to reevaluate the time-course of muscle fatigue with a nonlinear tool, recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). Surface EMG recordings were obtained from the multifidus muscle of 17 human subjects during isometric posture-holding of the upper torso. The process of muscle fatigue was found to be linear for 59% of the subjects by FFT criteria, but nonlinear for 76% by RQA criteria. As a demonstrative control, both slow and fast transients occurring within a nonlinear mathematical process could be accurately depicted by RQA, but not by FFT. It is concluded that assessment of EMG patterns by nonlinear techniques can give insight into the time-course of fatiguing muscles attributed to the summation of several nonlinear and competing processes.

  • Leg-press resistance training during 20 days of 6 degrees head-down-tilt bed rest prevents muscle deconditioning

    H Akima, K Kubo, H Kanehisa, Y Suzuki, A Gunji, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   82 ( 1-2 ) 30 - 38  2000.05

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on the morphological and functional properties of human lower limb muscles during 20 days of 6 degrees head-down-tilt bed rest. Nine men were randomly assigned to the resistance training group (BR-Tr, n = 5) or the non-training, control group (BR-Cont, n = 4). Isometric leg-press exercises were performed: 3 s x 30 repetitions (30 s rest between repetitions) daily for 20 days during the bed-rest period. Serial axial magnetic resonance images were taken from the right thigh and leg muscles, and muscle volume, muscle length, and fibre length were estimated. The physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs) of the knee extensor. knee flexor, ankle plantarflexor, and ankle dorsiflexor (tibialis anterior) muscle groups were determined as muscle volume multiplied by the cosine of the angle of fibre pennation divided by fibre length. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) during knee extension was measured. No significant changes were observed in the PCSA of the knee extensor muscles in BR-Tr group, whereas the PCSA in the BR-Cont group decreased by 7.8%. The PCSA of the knee flexor and plantarflexor muscles in the BR-Tr group and BR-Cont group significantly decreased after bed rest (knee flexors, 10.2% and 11.5%; plantarflexors, 13.0% and 12.8%, respectively). However, in both groups bed rest had no effect on the muscle volume and PCSA of the tibialis anterior. MVC was maintained by resistance training in the BR-Tr group (decreased by 1%). In contrast, a decline of strength was observed in the BR-Cont group (-16%), but this result was not statistically significant. These results suggest that isometric leg-press training prevents the deconditioning (i.e. atrophy and decline of strength) of the knee extensor muscle group.

  • In vivo estimation of contraction velocity of human vastus lateralis muscle during "isokinetic" action

    Y Ichinose, Y Kawakami, M Ito, H Kanehisa, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY   88 ( 3 ) 851 - 856  2000.03

     View Summary

    To determine the shortening velocities of fascicles of the vastus lateralis muscle (VL) during isokinetic knee extension, six male subjects were requested to extend the knee with maximal effort at angular velocities of 30 and 150 degrees/s. By using an ultrasonic apparatus, longitudinal images of the VL were produced every 30 ms during knee extension, and the fascicle length and angle of pennation were obtained from these images. The shortening fascicle length with extension of the knee (from 98 to 13 degrees of knee angle; full extension = 0 degrees) was greater (43 mm) at 30 degrees/s than at 150 degrees/s (35 mm). Even when the angular velocity remained constant during the isokinetic range of motion, the fascicle velocity was found to change from 39 to 77 mm/s at 150 degrees/s and from 6 to 19 mm/s at 30 degrees/s. The force exerted by a fascicle changed with the length of the fascicle at changing angular velocities. The peak values of fascicle force and velocity were observed at similar to 90 mm of fascicle length. In conclusion, even if the angular velocity of knee extension is kept constant, the shortening velocity of a fascicle is dependent on the force applied to the muscle-tendon complex, and the phenomenon is considered to be caused mainly by the elongation of the elastic element (tendinous tissue).

  • Introduction: Specificity and plasticity of skeletal muscle architecture

    Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMECHANICS   16 ( 1 ) 68 - 69  2000.02

    Other  

  • Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY   81 ( 3 ) 181 - 187  2000.02

     View Summary

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex (MTC) in knee extensor muscles and the capacity for elastic energy utilization in long-distance runners (LDR) by comparing with data obtained from untrained individuals (CON). The elongation (L) of the tendon and aponeurosis of vastus lateralis muscle during isometric knee extension was determined by real-time brightness mode ultrasonography, while the subjects developed a gradually increasing torque from 0 (relaxed) to maximal effort (MVC) within 7 s. In addition, performances in two kinds of maximal vertical jumps, i.e. squatting (SJ) and counter-movement jumps (CMJ), were measured. The relationship between L muscle and force (F) was curvilinear and consisted of an initial region (toe region), characterized by a large increase in L with increasing F, immediately followed by a linear region. The slope of the regression equation for the L-F relationship in the range 50%-100%, of MVC was defined as an index of MTC compliance, where the rate of the changes in L to that in muscle Fat every 10% of MVC became almost constant. The maximal L (L-max) and MTC compliance were significantly lower in LDR than in CON: 29.9 (SD 3.9) mm in LDR compared to 33.3 (SD 5.5) mm in CON for L-max and 1.55 (SD 0.25) x 10(-2) mm . N-1 in LDR compared to 1.88 (SD 0.82) x 10(-2) mm . N-1 in CON for MTC compliance. Also, LDR showed significantly less elastic energy absorption (E-e) than CON, defined as the area below the L-F relationship curve from 0 to 100% of MVC. Not only jump heights but also the differences between the heights in SJ and CMJ, expressed as the percentage of the height in SJ, were significantly lower in LDR than in CON. The augmentation with countermovement was significantly correlated to either MTC compliance (r = 0.554, P &lt; 0.05) or E-e (r = 0.563, P &lt; 0.05). Thus, the present results would indicate that MTC of vastus lateralis muscle is less compliant and its potential for energy storage during MTS lengthening is lower in LDR than untrained individuals. These elastic profiles of vastus lateralis muscle in LDR may be associated with their lower performances during CMJ.

  • Elasticity of tendon structures of the lower limbs in sprinters

    K Kubo, H Kanehisa, Y Kawakami, T Fukunaga

    ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA   168 ( 2 ) 327 - 335  2000.02

     View Summary

    The present study aims to investigate the elasticity of tendon structures of the lower limbs in sprinters and its relation with sprint performance. Subjects were 10 male sprinters and 14 controls whose anthropometric variables and isometric maximum strength were similar. The elongation iii of the tendon and aponeurosis of vastus lateralis (VL) and medial gastrocnemius muscles (MG) during isometric knee extension and planter flexion, respectively, were determined using a real-time ultrasonic apparatus in vivo, while the subjects developed a gradually increasing torque from zero (relax) to maximal effort (MVC) within 5 s. While sprinters compared with controls showed significantly greater L above 500 N (about 50% of MVC) and higher dL/dF for VL at less than 20% of MVC during knee extension, there were no significant differences between the two groups in L and dL/dF for MG at every 10% of MVC during planter flexion. Moreover, the average value of dL/dF above 50% of MVC, proposed as the compliance of tendon structures, did not significantly differ between sprinters and controls in either VL or MG. In a regression analysis within sprinters, the compliance of VL was negatively correlated to 100-m sprint time, r= -0.757 (P &lt; 0.05), but that of MG was not, r= 0.228 (P &gt; 0.05). Thus the present results indicate that the elasticity of tendon structures of VL and MG at high force production levels, which might be assumed to associate with the storage and subsequent release of energy during exercises involving the stretch-shortening cycle, are similar in both sprinters and controls. For sprinters, however, the tendon structures of VL are more compliant than that for controls at low force production levels, and its elasticity at high force production levels may influence sprint performance.

    DOI

  • 身体運動とエネルギーを生み出す筋肉 -加齢と運動の影響

    福永哲夫

    臨床栄養   97 ( 5 ) 565 - 572  2000

  • 運動の種目特性と体脂肪 -スポーツパフォーマンスに及ぼす身体組成-

    福永哲夫

    臨床スポーツ医学   17 ( 1 ) 35 - 44  2000

    CiNii

  • 身体活動と生活習慣病 新しい体力テスト -生活フィットネスチェックシステムの構築-

    福永哲夫

    日本臨床   58   151 - 156  2000

  • 筋萎縮の予防とリハビリテーション

    福永哲夫

    医学のあゆみ   193 ( 7 ) 617 - 624  2000

  • 20世紀のトレーニング科学の成果

    福永哲夫

    トレーニング科学   12 ( 2 ) 53 - 60  2000

  • 筋のかたちと力からヒトの行動体力をとらえる 「形は力を産み,力は形を造る」:筋力研究今昔

    福永哲夫

    J Exerc Sci   10   50 - 53  2000

  • 最近の中学生・高校生の健康と体力における問題点

    小沢治夫, 入江友生, 岡崎勝博, 合田浩二, 加藤勇之助, 根元節子, 池田千代子, 高橋伸行, 野井真吾, 正木健雄, 福永哲夫, 西嶋尚彦, 曽根睦子

    筑波大学付属駒場中・高等学校研究報告   39   132 - 143  2000

  • MUSCLE FIBER BEHAVIOR IN HUMAN WALKING

    KUBO Keitaro, KAWAKAMI Yasuo, FUKUNAGA Tetsuo

    Biomechanisms   15   97 - 105  2000

     View Summary

    During human walking, the body accelerates during the second half of the phase in which the foot touches the ground, before it decelerates. Recently developed real-time ultrasound imaging makes it possible to observe the behavior of the muscle-tendon complex during walking. Muscle fiber (MF) of the m. gastrocnemius medialis (MG), which acts as one of the main agonist muscles, contracted isometrically during the body acceleration phase, whereas the MG tendinous tissue (TT) was lengthened. Before toe clearance, both the MF and TT shortened drastically without MG activation. No mechanical power exerted by the MF contraction was observed while the foot was on the ground, but the TT provided mechanical power in lengthening (negative) following the shortening (positive) during the body acceleration phase. It was observed that during walking the MG fiber contracts isometrically whereas the tendinous tissue is stretched, causing the storage of elastic energy in tendinous tissue. Before toe clearance, the abrupt shortening of tendinous tissue and total muscle-tendon complex is caused by release of the elastic energy stored in tendinous tissue.

    DOI CiNii

  • 超音波断層法を用いたヒト外側広筋のモーメントアーム

    伊藤雅充, 村岡慈歩, 福永哲夫

    日本体育大学紀要   30 ( 1 ) 111 - 115  2000

  • Anthropometric and physiological factors predicting 2000 m rowing ergometer performance time

    Yoshiga C, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T, Okamura K, Higuchi M

    Adv Exrc Sports Physiol   6 ( 2 ) 51 - 57  2000

  • Changes in muscle size and architecture following 20 days of bed rest.

    Kawakami Y, Muraoka Y, Kubo K, Suzuki Y, Fukunaga T

    J.Gravitat.Physiol.   7 ( 3 ) 53 - 60  2000

  • Architecture of Contracting Human Muscles and Its Functional Significance

    Kawakami Y, Ichinose Y, Kubo K, Ito M, Imai M, Fukunaga T

    J Appl Biomech   16   88 - 98  2000

  • Fatigue responses of human triceps surae muscles during repetitive maximal isometric contraction

    Kawakami Y, Amemiya K, Kanehisa H, Ikegawa S, Fukunaga T

    J. Appl. Physiol.   88   1969 - 1975  2000

  • In vivo moment arm determination using B-mode ultrasonography

    Ito M, Akima H, Fukunaga T

    J Biomech   33 ( 2 ) 215 - 218  2000

    DOI PubMed CiNii

  • Measurement of specific movement power application: evaluation of weight lifters

    K Funato, A Matsuo, T Fukunaga

    ERGONOMICS   43 ( 1 ) 40 - 54  2000.01

     View Summary

    A new dynamometer was developed for the measurement of specific movement power (SMP) exerted by mono- or multi-articular movements. To determine the reproducibility of SMP, two identical test protocols were carried out on separate days for six movement types on seven adult males. The movement types were arm pull (AP), leg rise (LR), knee extension (KE), elbow flexion (EF), hip extension (HE) and squat movement (SQ). Variations in peak power obtained in two tests ranged from 0.7% (AP) to 9.6% (SQ). Coefficients of the test-re-test correlation in peak power ranged from 0.805 (SQ) to 0.961 (AP) and standard errors ranged from 4 W (EF) to 14 W (SQ). SMP in upper extremities increased from 166 TV (EF) to 307 W (AP) resulting from the increase in velocity. However, in the movements of lower extremities, SMP increased from 586 W (KE) to 1351 W (SQ) as a result of the increase in force. To evaluate the validity of the SMP, a pull movement in weightlifting was tested and related to the athletic performance on weightlifters. Positive linear correlation (r = 0.862, p&lt;0.001) was observed between SMP and the total weight best records. It is concluded that this newly developed dynamometer has enough reproducibility and validity for evaluating the SMP, which is developed by various joint movement patterns related to the sport. The feasibility of applying this measuring protocol to the testing and training programmes for improving the daily living activities and athletic performances should now be assessed.

    DOI PubMed CiNii

  • Effect of short-duration spaceflight on thigh and leg muscle volum

    Akima H, Kawakami Y, Kubo K, Sekiguchi C, Ohshima H, Miyamoto A, Fukunaga T

    Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.   32 ( 10 ) 1743 - 1747  2000

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Internal Special Research Projects

  • 「家庭で出来る年齢別体力別筋力向上プログラム」の作成:ホーム貯筋術の提案

    2005   川上泰雄, 竹下香寿美

     View Summary

    本研究は,日常生活において簡単に実施可能な自体重を用いた筋力トレーニングに着目した.自体重を用いたトレーニング動作を行っているときの各筋の筋活動水準を表面筋電図法により定量することを目的とした.被検者は,66歳から73歳の男性2名及び女性8名であった.被検者には,腹直筋,大腿前部および下腿後部を鍛えることを目的としたトレーニング動作を行わせた.また,体幹筋群及び下肢筋群の最大努力による静的最大随意収縮を行った.トレーニング動作中,8chの携帯型筋電計(Muscle Tester ME-6000,MEGA Electronics Ltd,Finland)を用いて,双極誘導により表面筋電図を導出した.被検筋は,腹直筋(RA),脊柱起立筋(ES),内側広筋(VM),大腿直筋(RF),外側広筋(VL),大腿二頭筋(BF),前脛骨筋(TA),腓腹筋内側頭(MG)の8筋とした.筋電図データは,MVC時の筋活動水準を100%として正規化した.膝伸展・屈曲動作を除くトレーニング動作において,被検筋の活動水準は40%MVCEMG以上であった.このことから,本研究で実施した各トレーニング動作は,加齢の影響を受けやすいとされる腹部,大腿前部の筋に対し,有効なトレーニング刺激となることが推察された.特に,上体起こし動作,椅子の座り立ち及び股関節屈曲動作は,日常生活に密接に関連する動作であり,これらの動作を用いたトレーニングの実施によって,日常生活をより容易に行うことができる可能性が考えられる.

  • 張力発揮時の協働筋における各筋の貢献度推定に関する研究

    2002  

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    本研究では,張力発揮時の協働筋における各筋の貢献度を推定するために,異なる膝関節角度での足底屈筋力発揮を行わせ,張力発揮中の筋酸素化動態を腓腹筋内側頭(MG)及びヒラメ筋(SOL)について比較した.また,腓腹筋内側頭の筋酸素化動態と筋形状(筋束長)の関係も検討した.健常男性7名(平均23.3歳)を対象とした.被検者は椅座位姿勢で,膝関節角度90°(K90)あるいは0°(K0)で静的足底屈運動を実施した.足関節角度はすべて90°とした.運動は,各膝関節角度で測定した最大足底屈筋力(MVC)の25%及び50%の静的足底屈筋力発揮を30秒間維持するものとした.測定項目は,近赤外分光法(浜松ホトニクス社製;NIRO-300)によりMGとSOLの組織酸素化指標(TOI),双極誘導法により表面筋電図(MG,SOL,腓腹筋外側頭;LG)を導出した.また,超音波B-モード法(アロカ社製;SSD-900)により筋形状(筋束長及び羽状角)を測定した.運動中のTOIの経時的変化をみると,MGでは,K0条件で運動の持続に伴い緩やかに低下するのに対し,K90ではほぼ一定であった.一方,SOLでは,K0,K90両条件共にほぼ一定であった.各筋の筋電図積分値(K0におけるMVCの値で標準化)は,MG及びLG共にK0に比べてK90で低くなるのに対し,SOLでは両条件においてほぼ同値を示した. MGの筋束長は,安静時,25% 及び50% MVC発揮時,いずれにおいてもK90よりK0で高い値を示した.筋束長とTOIの関係を見ると,K0条件においては,筋力発揮に伴う筋束長の短縮に伴いTOIが低下する傾向が見られたのに対し,K90条件では筋束長及びTOIの変化はいずれも小さかった.以上の結果より,異なる膝関節角度での足底屈筋力発揮において,同じ相対強度であってもMG及びSOLの筋酸素化動態は異なる様相が見られた.それは筋の活動水準の違いが関与することが示唆され,MGにおいては,筋酸素化動態の違いは筋形状と関連することが推察された.また,足底屈筋力発揮に対して,SOLでは両条件で同等の貢献であったことが示唆された.