2024/12/15 更新

写真a

カモ トオル
加茂 徹
所属
理工学術院 理工学術院総合研究所
職名
上級研究員(研究院教授)

研究分野

  • 環境材料、リサイクル技術
 

論文

  • Thermal decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride) in organic solvents under high pressure

    Tohru Kamo

    POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY   98 ( 2 ) 502 - 507  2013年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In order to study chlorination of the plastics derived liquid products by secondary reaction of hydrogen chloride, thermal decomposition of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was carried out in decalin or tetralin at 300-460 degrees C for 0-90 min under 4.0 MPa of initial nitrogen pressure. Dechlorination of PVC was completed in 30 min at 300 degrees C, and further slight degradation of the dechlorinated PVC was observed in both solvents. Conversion of PVC to its liquid product proceeded with time at 400 degrees C, and much more liquid product was produced in tetralin than in decalin. In the liquid product, 1,4-dichlorobutane was observed as the dominant organic chlorine product at 300 degrees C, and its yield increased with the reaction time in both solvents. We detected 1,3-dichlorobutane, 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, and chlorinated solvents as minor organic chlorine products. These results suggest that 1,4-dichlorobutane is a unique product of the secondary reaction between gaseous hydrogen chloride and the polyene chain derived from the dechlorination of PVC. In decalin, the yield of 1,4-dichlorobutane decreased with temperature, and the maximum yield of chlorodecalin was observed at 400 degrees C. Conversely, yields of all organic chlorine compounds decreased with the reaction time in tetralin, and this hydrogen donorable solvent effectively prevented the production of organic chlorine compounds. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Influence of mixed molten carbonate composition on hydrogen formation by steam gasification

    Tohru Kamo, Beili Wu, Yuriko Egami, Hajime Yasuda, Hideki Nakagome

    JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT   13 ( 1 ) 50 - 55  2011年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Steam gasification in the presence of carbonate compounds is an effective method to recover useful materials from electronic waste streams by converting plastics into gaseous products that can be used for energy production and avoiding the expensive manual disassembly process. We investigated steam gasification of activated carbon in the presence of various mixtures of lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate. The activated carbon was almost completely converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide at 700 degrees C under 0.1 MPa pressure in the presence of carbonate mixtures. Carbon dioxide was also derived from partial decomposition of lithium carbonate. Steam gasification was accelerated in the presence of various carbonate mixtures and at increasing steam partial pressures. These experimental results show that fluidity of carbonates, the potassium content of the carbonate, and the steam partial pressure are important factors in accelerating steam gasification.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Rapid hydropyrolysis of model compounds for epoxy resin oligomers and biomass tar

    Hajime Yasuda, Tohru Kamo, Mariko Adachi, Satoshi Sajima, Hideki Nakagome

    JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT   12 ( 2 ) 123 - 127  2010年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The rapid hydropyrolysis of model compounds for epoxy resin oligomers and biomass tar was carried out in a hydrogen atmosphere at 1073 K and 973 K. The assumed oligomers were partially pyrolyzed epoxy resin with biomass tar as solvent for the resin. The product distributions obtained from rapid hydropyrolysis of phenol and bisphenol-A are shown. We also discuss the effects of reaction temperature and hydrogen partial pressure on the product yield. In particular, more phenol was produced from bisphenol-A at 973 K than at 1073 K. The yield of methane, which was the final hydropyrolysis product, increased with increasing hydrogen partial pressure, whereas benzene and phenol were believed to behave as intermediate products in the hydropyrolysis reaction. The results suggest that phenol could be obtained with high selectivity from tar by optimizing the reaction conditions.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • 1-3-2 石炭、廃プラスチック、バイオマスの急速水素化熱分解による燃料製造(1-3 熱分解・石炭改質,Session 1 石炭・重質油等,研究発表)

    安田 肇, 加茂 徹, 山田 理, 海保 守, 川崎 一彰, 佐島 慧, 中込 秀樹

    日本エネルギー学会大会講演要旨集   19   16 - 17  2010年

     概要を見る

    Hydrogasification of coal has been developed to produce methane directly from coal. Co-feed of waste plastics with coal was considered to diversify feedstock. We had studied the hydrogasification of polyethylene (PE) and coal/PE mixture. Significant synergistic effect on the methane production was observed when coal was mixed with PE. Rapid hydropyrolysis of biomass tar and epoxy oligomers' model compounds was also carried out. Difference in the mixing effect which depended on the samples was discussed.

    DOI CiNii

  • 7-1-4 バイオマスから製造した溶媒中でのプリント基板の可溶化および資源回収(7-1 リサイクル,Session 7 環境対策・リサイクル,研究発表)

    加茂 徹, 安田 肇, 劉 宇峰, 足立 真理子, 中込 秀樹

    日本エネルギー学会大会講演要旨集   18   380 - 381  2009年

     概要を見る

    Liquefaction of epoxy resin board was carried out to recover useful resources from end-of-life electric equipments. The epoxy board was decomposed almost completely at 300℃ under atmospheric pressure in the tar which was derived from a reaction of Japanese cedar and benzyl alcohol. Preparation temperature was important to increase solubilization rate of the epoxy board.

    DOI CiNii

  • 3-2 溶融炭酸塩を用いた建築廃材からの水素製造((1)ガス化1,Session 3 バイオマス等)

    加茂 徹, 安田 肇, 劉 宇峰, 赤石 直也, 足立 真理子, 中込 秀樹

    日本エネルギー学会大会講演要旨集   17   76 - 77  2008年

    DOI CiNii

  • Effect of solvents on the liquid-phase cracking of thermosetting resins

    Y Sato, Y Kodera, T Kamo

    ENERGY & FUELS   13 ( 2 ) 364 - 368  1999年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The effect of solvents on the liquid-phase cracking of thermosetting resins was examined in the presence of tetralin (hydrogen-donor solvent), decalin (nondonor solvent), or petroleum heavy oil with a reaction time of 60 min at 430-450 degrees C in a 200-mL autoclave under 2 MPa of initial nitrogen atmosphere. Epoxy and novolak-type phenol resins, as typical thermosetting resins, showed almost 100 wt % conversion and about an 85 wt % yield of distillable oil when an iron oxide-sulfur catalyst and tetralin solvent were used. With decalin, the oil yield from epoxy resin decreased to 75 wt %; however, the phenol resin gave an extremely low conversion of 30 wt % with an oil yield of 25 wt %. Cracking of a resol-type phenol resin gave only 9 wt % conversion with decalin but increased to 99 wt % with tetralin. ABS and urethane resin also showed high conversions of more than 90 wt % and oil yields of 60-90 wt % with tetralin. In all experimental runs, gas yields were very low at 1-3 wt %, except for the case of urethane foam in which about 20 wt % of carbon dioxide was produced. In the oil produced from epoxy and phenol resins, 40-74 wt % of phenol compounds were detected. This indicates that liquid-phase cracking proceeds through simple bond dissociation followed by quick hydrogen supply from tetralin without any condensation.

  • Low temperature liquid-phase cracking of low rank coal

    Y Sato, Y Kodera, T Kamo, H Yamaguchi, K Tatsumoto

    PROSPECTS FOR COAL SCIENCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS I AND II     705 - 708  1999年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Liquid-phase cracking of low rank coal at 350 similar to 440 degrees C under 2MPa of initial nitrogen atmosphere has been studied to produce upgraded coal with high heating value, reducing the tendency to spontaneous ignition. Liquid-phase cracking of Buckskin (USA subbituminous) coal using iron oxide catalyst in the presence of t-decalin at 440 degrees C gave 11.6 wt% of gas, 8.9 wt% of oil and 74.0 wt% of upgraded coal with small amount of water. Gaseous product consisted of mainly carbon dioxide (62 wt%) and methane. Therefore, cracking of carboxylic function took place effectively in these conditions. Heating value of the upgraded coal increased to 7,440 kcal/kg, as compared with 4,610 kcal/kg of untreated coal and the behavior of spontaneous ignition was greatly improved by the liquid-phase cracking. Taiheiyo (Japanese subbituminous) and Yallourn (Australian brown) coals were also studied to produce solid fuel with high quality and useful oil for chemical use.

  • Effect of oxygen compounds addition on the htdrocracking of alkylphenols

    Y. Sato, Y. Kodera, T. Kamo, S. Kushiyama

    ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints   43 ( 2 ) 340 - 342  1998年

     概要を見る

    To produce and purify useful compounds in tar from coking and from low temperature pyrolysis of coal, hydrocracking of alkylphenol mixture is very important reaction. In this study, the effect of oxygen compounds such as dimethylcarbonate(DMC) addition on the hydrocracking of alkylphenols was investigated to decrease hydrogen loss by the production of water. Hydrocracking of three dimethylphenols(DMP) was carried out using atmospheric flow apparatus with quarts reactor at 700°C, residence time of 3-10 sec and hydrogen to reactant mole ratio of about 10. From the hydrocracking of 3,5-DMP without DMC, m-xylene and m-cresol were produced with the production ratio of 1:1.8. However the dehydroxylation to produce m-xylene was decreased by the addition of 10% DMC with the production ratio of 1:2.7. Similar reaction behavior was observed in the hydrocracking of 2,5-DMP. These are considered due to the strong interaction between DMC and hydroxyl group. Relationship between reaction behavior and molecular structure would be also discussed.

  • Removal of chlorine from waste PVC and conversion to useful chemicals

    T Kamo, JPA Wann, Y Sato

    7TH ISWA INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS, PROCEEDINGS II     II210 - II211  1996年  [査読有り]

  • Effect of enhanced contact between finely pulverized coal and catalyst on liquefaction

    Y Sato, T Kamo, M Shiraishi

    COAL SCIENCE, VOLS I AND II   24   1259 - 1262  1995年  [査読有り]

  • EFFECT OF HYDROTREATMENT OF VARIOUS HEAVY OILS AS SOLVENT FOR COAL-LIQUEFACTION

    Y SATO, Y YAMAMOTO, T KAMO, A INABA, K MIKI, SAITO, I

    ENERGY & FUELS   5 ( 1 ) 98 - 102  1991年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The correlation between the properties of vehicle solvents and the yield of distillable oil products from the liquefaction of Japanese subbituminous coal using tar sand bitumen, shale oil, coal liquid, anthracene oil, and their hydrotreated oils as vehicle oil was investigated. Experiments were carried out in a 500-mL autoclave at 420-450-degrees-C under 160-200 kg/cm2 (gauge) hydrogen pressure using red mud-sulfur as a catalyst. In some cases, hydrotreatment of solvents and liquefied heavy products was also carried out in the same autoclave at 390 or 420-degrees-C using Ni-Mo type catalyst. The yields of distillable oil calculated on a daf feed basis from coal liquefaction using untreated heavy solvents were fairly low at about 65-75 wt % with the exception of tar sand bitumen which showed 55 wt %. The distillable oil yields increased up to 80 wt % with hydrotreatment to a level comparable with coal-derived solvent with the additional hydrotreatment of the liquefied products. To obtain a higher yield of distillable oil, prehydrotreatment of tar sand bitumen is very important. On the other hand, hydrotreatment of the liquefied product is very effective in the case of shale oil and coal-derived solvent. The oil yields calculated on the basis of the reactivity of solvent without coal under the same conditions also improved with hydrotreatment. Distillation characteristics and structural analyses of solvents are discussed in detail with yields of gas, oil, and SRC.

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共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題

  • ネットワークポリマーの可溶化反応の動力学検討

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業

    研究期間:

    2016年04月
    -
    2019年03月
     

    加茂 徹

     概要を見る

    架橋化EVAを1-ヘキサノールや2-エチル-1-ヘキサノール中で加熱すると、可溶化率は水酸化カリウムの濃度に比例して増加し、可溶化率は2-エチル-1-ヘキサノール中184℃では15分で90%以上に達した。初期可溶化速度(v)はv=k[EVA][KOH] (可溶化速度定数(k),架橋化EVA濃度[EVA]、水酸化カリウム濃度[KOH])で表すことができた。可溶化反応の活性化エネルギーから、架橋化EVAの可溶化は1-ヘキサノール中ではエステル交換反応および引き続く水酸化カリウムによる鹸化で、2-エチル-1-ヘキサノール中では主に鹸化で進行すると考えられる。

  • 電気化学的手法を用いた廃棄物系有機物からの高純度水素の製造技術の開発

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業

    研究期間:

    2013年04月
    -
    2016年03月
     

    加茂 徹

     概要を見る

    フェノール樹脂を窒素と水蒸気との混合気流中で加熱すると900℃以上で水蒸気ガス化反応が観測されたが、ニッケル微粒子を添加すると触媒効果によって550℃以上で開始された。混合炭酸塩に微粒化ニッケルを添加した場合、水蒸気ガス化に対する触媒効果は675℃では混合炭酸塩が優勢であるが、温度の低い550℃では同程度で、ニッケル微粒子は低温での水蒸気ガス化反応の促進に効果的であることが分かった。
    固体電解質の両面に金属網を張り付けた反応ユニットを650~800℃に加熱し、水蒸気を導入しながら0~3 Vを印加すると極微量の水素が生成した。しかし混合炭酸塩共存下での水蒸気の電気分解を検証することはできなかった。

Misc

  • Production of hydrogen by steam gasification of dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) or activated carbon in the presence of various alkali compounds

    Tohru Kamo, Kanji Takaoka, Junichiro Otomo, Hiroshi Takahashi

    Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management   8 ( 2 ) 109 - 115  2006年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Steam gasification of dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) or activated carbon was carried out in the presence of various alkali compounds at 3.0∈MPa and 560°C-660°C in a batch reactor or in a semi-batch reactor with a flow of nitrogen and steam. Hydrogen and sodium carbonate were the main products and methane and carbon dioxide were the minor products. Yields of hydrogen were high in the presence of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The acceleration effect of the alkali compounds on the gasification reaction was as follows: KOH &gt
    NaOH &gt
    Ca(OH)2 &gt
    Na 2CO3. The rate of gasification increased with increasing partial steam pressure and NaOH/C molar ratio. However the rate became saturated at a molar ratio of NaOH/C greater than 2.0. © Springer-Verlag Tokyo 2006.

    DOI CiNii

  • Effect of steam and sodium hydroxide for the production of hydrogen on gasification of dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)

    T Kamo, K Takaoka, J Otomo, H Takahashi

    FUEL   85 ( 7-8 ) 1052 - 1059  2006年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and activated carbon were pyrolyzed with sodium hydroxide in a flow of steam and nitrogen at 3.0 MPa and 560-660 degrees C. In both cases, hydrogen and sodium carbonate were the main products, and methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide were minor products. The gasification rate increased with partial steam pressure, and the reaction order with respect to steam partial pressure was 0.69. For both dehydrochlorinated PVC and activated carbon, the gasification rate increased with the NaOH/C molar ratio. However, the rate became saturated at NaOH/C ratios higher than 2.0. The activation energy of gasification of dehydrochlorinated PVC or activated carbon was 178 kJ/mol, assuming first-order reaction rate. These experimental results indicate that hydrogen was produced from the reaction: C+2NaOH+H2O -> Na2CO3+2H(2). (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI CiNii

  • Effect of hydrogen transferred from solvent and gaseous hydrogen on thermal decomposition of dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)

    T Kamo, Y Kodera

    POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY   87 ( 1 ) 95 - 102  2005年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) dehydrochlorinated at 300degreesC was decomposed in tetralin at 440degreesC or 470degreesC for 60min under 7.1 MPa initial pressure of nitrogen or hydrogen or of hydrogen in the presence of a nickel-molybdenum catalyst. A tetrahydrofuran-insoluble fraction, a hexane-insoluble undistilled fraction, a hexane-soluble undistilled fraction, and a liquid product were the main products at both temperatures. At 440 C under nitrogen. the yield of liquid product was 7.1%. but the yield increased to 43.2% under hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst at 470degreesC. Linear relationships were observed between the yieids of the products derived from the dehydrochlorinated PVC and the total amounts of hydrogen transferred from tetralin and gaseous hydrogen. Hydrogen transferred from the solvent and from gaseous hydrogen promoted the degradation of dehydrochlorinated PVC and reduced the amount of residual chlorine in the degradation products. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI CiNii

  • Effects of pressure on the degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)

    T Kamo, Y Kodera, Y Sato, S Kushiyama

    POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY   84 ( 1 ) 79 - 85  2004年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Poly(vinyl chloride) was decomposed for 0-90 min at 300-440 degreesC under 0-6.0 MPa of nitrogen pressure. Hydrogen chloride, liquid products, and residue were the main decomposition products. The yield or liquid products decreased with increasing reaction pressure. whereas the yield of residue increased, reaching maxima at 9.8 MPa (400 degreesC) and 22.4 MPa (440 degreesC). The pressure dependences of the product distribution and atomic ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C) imply that some of the liquid products were polycondensed with the dehydrochlorinated PVC and were retained in the residue under high-pressure. At atmospheric pressure, benzene was the predominant product. The yield of benzene decreased sharply with pressure, whereas the yield of linear paraffins increased significantly. The liquid product distribution suggests that polyene chains in the dehydrochlorinated PVC were converted to benzene and alkylbenzene under atmospheric pressure. However, some of the polyene chains underwent hydrogenation to form linear paraffins under high pressure. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • Effects of solvent on degradation of poly(vinyl chloride)

    T Kamo, Y Kondo, Y Kodera, Y Sato, S Kushiyama

    POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY   81 ( 2 ) 187 - 196  2003年08月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was decomposed in t-decalin and tetralin at 300-460 degreesC under an initial nitrogen pressure of 4.0 MPa. To aid mechanistic discussions, some reactions were also performed in the absence of solvent. In the beginning of the reaction at 300 degreesC, PVC was converted to THF-insoluble dehydrochlorinated PVC (idcPVC) irrespective of the presence of solvent, by liberation of hydrogen chloride. In the reactions without solvent, oil and solid carbon were produced from idcPVC predominantly by degradation and condensation reactions respectively. In the presence of solvent, idcPVC was converted into oil directly or via THF-soluble dehydrochlorinated PVC (sdcPVC). Particularly in tetralin, the decomposition of idcPVC into oil was accelerated significantly over 440 degreesC. A reaction mechanism was discussed using two parameters, atomic ratio of hydrogen and carbon (H/C) and carbon content (C-i). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

    DOI

  • Effect on liquefaction of pulverizing coal and catalyst to fine particles

    Y Sato, T Kamo, M Shiraishi

    ENERGY & FUELS   16 ( 2 ) 388 - 396  2002年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The effect on liquefaction of the pulverization of coal and catalyst to ultrafine particles with the recently developed slurry jet mill was examined. Experiments were conducted in a 200-mL stainless steel autoclave with stirrer at 420, 440, and 450 degreesC under 8.5 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure for 60 min. The conversion calculated from the amount of THFI (THF-insoluble fraction) for thermal liquefaction without catalyst at 440 degreesC were almost the same (90 wt %) for 100 mesh coal (average particle diameter: 80 mum) and finely pulverized coal (average particle diameter: 8 mum). However, the gas yield was low and the HS (n-hexane-soluble fraction) yield was high at 32.6 wt % for finely pulverized coal. In catalytic liquefaction, the HS yield was 2 to 5 wt % higher and the THFS (THF-soluble fraction) yield was 3 to 5 wt % lower for finely pulverized coal compared with the yields for 100 mesh coal. The HS yield reached 45.1 wt % for finely pulverized coal when 4.4 wt % of finely pulverized iron oxide-sulfur catalyst was used. This indicates that the diffusion of the radicals, produced from bond dissociation, to solvent at the first-stage cracking and the rapid hydrogen transfer from solvent to the radicals during the second-stage reaction are enhanced by the larger active surface of the finely pulverized coal. A similar increase in the HS yield to 52.4 wt % by the addition of 0.5 wt % cationic surfactant to the finely pulverized coal slurry was observed, while an HS yield of 45.1 wt % was obtained without surfactant. We conducted additional experiments on liquefaction of a coal-used tire mixture. HS yields were enhanced by the addition of tires, and a positive catalytic effect on coal liquefaction of zinc/carbon black from the used tires was indicated.

    DOI CiNii

  • Pyrolysis of coal with hydrogen atoms

    J Bi, T Kamo, Y Kodera, H Yamaguchi, Y Sato

    ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY   216   U875 - U875  1998年08月

    研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)  

  • Continuous-distribution kinetic model for macromolecular conversion: Asphaltene and polymer.

    Y Kodera, Y Sato, T Kamo

    ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY   216   U869 - U869  1998年08月

    研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)  

  • Effect of oxygen compounds addition on the hydrocracking of alkylphenols.

    Y Sato, Y Kodera, T Kamo, S Kushiyama

    ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY   215   U594 - U594  1998年04月

    研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)  

  • Liquid-phase cracking of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), role of solvent on decomposition of PVC and removal of chlorine

    T Kamo, Y Sato

    ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY   214   17 - FUEL  1997年09月

    研究発表ペーパー・要旨(国際会議)  

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