This paper proposes a Hybrid Access Scheme (HAS) aiming to convert a future robot's backend communication system by a finite number of sensors instead of using a lot of wires. To replace this communication, the HAS needs to assure higher reliability within stringent low latency packet transmission. In this paper, the HAS utilizes the packet diversity principle and forward multiple copies of the same packet over the massive number of subcarrier channels. The HAS assigns the random accessing to select a subcarrier channel for general packet transmitting sensors. The audio and video sensors transmit packets over the dedicated channels to avoid collisions. The HAS system allows transmitting audio, video and general sensors simultaneously. The minimum number of subcarriers to satisfy the URLLC reliability requirement of 99.999% is evaluated for different packet duplications over different arrival condition. The HAS system's reliability and collision probability are evaluated in MATLAB simulator for different packet duplication over different arrival condition. Moreover, the signal propagation expressions are captured using ANSYS HFSS software for rectangular and circular transmission medium over the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 24 GHz, and 55 GHz frequency bands for different structural configurations.

In device-to-device (D2D) communication under a cell with resource sharing mode the spectrum resource utilization of the system will be improved. However, if the interference generated by the D2D user is not controlled, the performance of the entire system and the quality of service (QOS) of the cellular user may be degraded. Power control is important because it helps to reduce interference in the system. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning algorithm for adaptive power control that helps reduce interference to increase system throughput. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm has better performance than traditional algorithm in LTE (Long Term Evolution).

The dynamic phase control system for the stable long distance high frequency (HF) communication is evaluated in this paper by the ionospheric propagation simulations. The radio wave in HF band reaches to the very far side on the Earth by ionospheric propagation. It is efficacious to low latency long distance communication and emergency communication, but the ionospheric propagation is the cause of a phase fluctuation and power attenuation, the affects lead to ionospheric fading that is the sharp drop of the received power. We have reproduced the HF band propagation in a computer simulation and calculated the received power at the receiving station. The results show the improvement of the received power and fading reduction by the appropriate phase control at transmission station.

In this paper, a novel triple-band antenna with reflector surface which has the property of both artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) surface and perfect electric conductor (PEC) for WLAN and Sub-6G 5G applications is proposed. The presented antenna is composed of two parts: the AMC surface and the microstrip-fed printed dipole. Baluns are used to excite the dipoles. This antenna design combines the advantages of AMC and PEC. In lower band and middle band, the inserted board works as AMC surface. This AMC surface can help the antenna to achieve unidirectional radiation pattern and low-profile characteristics. While at upper band the antenna works as PEC surface. PEC surface increases the gain of the antenna in upper band. As a result, the proposed antenna can offer an impedance band from 2.39 GHz to 2.63 GHz and from 3.61 GHz to 3.72 GHz and from 5.61 GHz to 5.84 GHz when the S11 is less than - 10dB. Stable radiation patterns with peak gain of 5.6 dBi, 6.5 dBi and 9.6 dBi are obtained in lower band, middle band and upper band, respectively. The proposed antenna can be used for multiband base stations for WLAN and 5G applications.

Cellular systems are facing the ever-increasing demand for vehicular communication aimed at applications such as advanced driving assistance and ultimately fully autonomous driving. Cellular Vehicle to Anything (C-V2X) has become more applicable with the release of the first sets of 5G (5(th) Generation) system specifications. The highly capable 5G systems will therefore support even a larger number of moving objects. This study aims to present a sophisticated clustering mechanism that enables cellular systems to accommodate a massive number of moving Machine Type Communication (MTC) objects with a minimum set of connections while maintaining system scalability. Specifically, we proposed Normalized Multi Dimension-Affinity Propagation Clustering (NMDP-APC) scheme and applied it for Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) clustering. For VANET clustering formation, our study employed Machine Learning (ML) to determine the granularity, i.e., the size and span of clusters desirable for use in dynamic motion environments. The study achieved a sufficient level of prediction accuracy with fewer training data through a learned prediction function based on the selected key criteria. This paper also proposes a system sequence designed with a series of procedures fully compliant with C-V2X systems. We demonstrated substantial simulations and numerical experiments with theoretical analysis, specifically applying soft-margin-based Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm. The simulation results confirmed that the granularity parameter we applied fairly controls the size of VANET clusters although vehicles are in motion and that the prediction performance has been adjusted through controlling of key SVM parameters.

Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) is challenging due to its extremely higher reliability requirement with stringent short latency packet transmission. In order to overcome this reliability and latency bound, a communication access scheme needs to assure almost error-free and high speed packet transmission. In this paper, a new multiple-access scheme-Orthogonal Frequency-Subcarrier-based Multiple Access (OFSMA)-is proposed with URLLC's high requirement adaptation. In this scheme, the packet diversity concept is incorporated to achieve the expected packet transmission reliability and a diverse number of the duplicated packet are processed with a set of operations and transmitted over randomly selected orthogonal subcarrier frequency channels. Performances of the OFSMA system are measured in terms of applying several numbers of frequency bands, a massive number of subcarrier channels, a different number of packet duplications, and a diverse rate of traffic arrival conditions. We determined the minimum number of subcarrier channels requirement to satisfy the reliability of 99.999% for different packet duplication in presence of different frequency bands. The reliability response for a fixed number of subcarrier channels is evaluated for different frequency band conditions. Finally, the air interface latency of the OFSMA system is measured for single packet uplink transmission and compared with that of a traditional OFDMA system. The performance results in terms of reliability and latency express that the OFSMA scheme can assure the expected reliability and latency defined by URLLC.

This article proposes a novel chunk-based caching scheme known as the Progressive Popularity-Aware Caching Scheme (PPCS) to improve content availability and eliminate the cache redundancy issue of Information-Centric Networking (ICN). Particularly, the proposal considers both entire-object caching and partial-progressive caching for popular and non-popular content objects, respectively. In the case that the content is not popular enough, PPCS first caches initial chunks of the content at the edge node and then progressively continues caching subsequent chunks at upstream Content Nodes (CNs) along the delivery path over time, according to the content popularity and each CN position. Therefore, PPCS efficiently avoids wasting cache space for storing on-path content duplicates and improves cache diversity by allowing no more than one replica of a specified content to be cached. To enable a complete ICN caching solution for communication networks, we also propose an autonomous replacement policy to optimize the cache utilization by maximizing the utility of each CN from caching content items. By simulation, we show that PPCS, utilizing edge-computing for the joint optimization of caching decision and replacement policies, considerably outperforms relevant existing ICN caching strategies in terms of latency (number of hops), cache redundancy, and content availability (hit rate), especially when the CN's cache size is small.

The diverse architectural evolution and intensive data explosion in the forthcoming 5G will have severe impacts on providing seamless and robust mobility management. In this paper, P-persistent energy-aware handover (HO) decision strategies with mobility robustness are proposed both for intra-handover cases while a femto user equipment (FUE) roams into another femto access point (FAP) and for cross-tier handover cases while a macro user equipment (MUE)/FUE roams into/out of the FAP in a dynamic cell sizing involving macro-femto two-tier networks. To approximate the densely deployed small-cells, a unique RF fingerprint (RFF)-based localization is employed to enable efficient small-cell detection by an RFF matching mechanism. The prediction of the HO trigger is jointly determined by a P-persistent decision mechanism that formulates the specific HO behaviors when an MUE/FUE roams into (HO-in) and out of (HO-out) a femtocell in terms of the correlated coverage variance and UE trajectory features, whereas the target selection follows a utility function in consideration of the UE traveling time and the achievable throughput. The closed-form stationary probabilities of the proposed VHO/HHO decisions are analyzed by a Semi-Markov-based framework. In addition, an adjustable sensing mechanism with dynamic intervals is proposed when UE is located far from the RFF matching region, which can have a positive influence on reducing unnecessary UE energy consumption. Numerical results are presented for the decision accuracy analyses (too early, too late, and ping-pong HOs), energy-efficiency, and resource utilization of the two-tier system. The comprehensive evaluations indicate that the proposed scheme can enhance the mobility robustness and enable an optimal trade-off between the energy efficiency (EE) and system capacity while eliminating the architectural impacts caused by the dynamic topology and the dense deployment for the next-generation macro-femto two-tier networks.

This paper studies the emerging wireless energy harvesting algorithm dedicated for machine type communication (MTC) in a typical cellular network where one transmitter (e.g. the base station, a hybrid access point) with constant power supply communicates with a set of users (e.g. wearable devices, sensors). In the downlink direction, the information transmission and power transfer are conducted simultaneously by the base station. Since MTC only transmits several bits control signal in the downlink direction, the received signal power can be split into two parts at the receiver side. One is used for information decoding and the other part is used for energy harvesting. Since we assume that the users are without power supply or battery, the uplink transmission power is totally from the energy harvesting. Then, the users are able to transmit their measured or collected data to the base station in the uplink direction. Game theory is used in this paper to exploit the optimal ratio for energy harvesting of each user since power splitting scheme is adopted. The results show that this proposed algorithm is capable of modifying dynamically to achieve the prescribed target downlink decoding signal-to-noise plus interference ratio (SINR) which ensures the high reliability of MTC while maximizing the uplink throughput.

The ongoing 5G cellular networks are expected to meet the demands posed by the energy and radio resource crises, especially exploiting flexible management for the traffic in idle zone. In this paper, two energy optimizing solutions are proposed for macro-tier with the tradeoff consideration regarding spectrum efficiency and quality of service (QoS), which adapt to the instantaneous traffic variance based upon dynamic cell configuration. To characterize the optimal energy savings for base stations (BSs), an active cell rotation (ACR) scheme is cyclic activated to control the number of active BSs by appropriately scheduling different work patterns in the cell group, and hence, guarantee QoS requirement of the user equipment by a recovery mechanism. An improved cooperative ACR scheme is also proposed, which enables BSs to achieve better spectrum utilization while pursuing energy efficiency in terms of traffic load. In addition, closed-form stationary results as well as asymptotic analysis are also derived for formulating the traffic variance and state transitions by a Markov-based framework. The numerical performances indicate that the proposed methodologies can have positive effects on addressing greenness in both energy and spectrum domains while meeting the upcoming intense traffic and QoS requirements.

Recently, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) proposes to extend the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) to the unlicensed spectrum, named Long Term Evolution Unlicensed (LTE-U), which enables LTE to operate in both the licensed band and the unlicensed band. In this paper, we consider how to make LTE-U get even higher throughput in the high traffic unlicensed band. In order to achieve this target, there is a big challenge to make LTE-U a good neighbor to the existing wireless communication technologies in the unlicensed band, such as WIFI system in the 5 GHz band. In our research, we assume two carriers aggregated, one is from licensed band, and the other is from unlicensed. We also define two kinds of frequency resources in the unlicensed band. One is the normal frequency resource that has not been utilized by the WIFI systems, and the other is the special frequency resource that has been utilized by the WIFI systems already. We propose a novel hybrid resource allocation algorithm by combining two different frequency sharing schemes (Underlay and Interweave) and apply different resource allocation algorithm to achieve higher throughput for all kinds of user equipment (UE) from LTE-U when the WIFI system’s traffic is heavy. We also consider the fairness for all UEs from LTE-U system and guarantee that the interference to the WIFI UEs (WUEs) is acceptable.

By 2020, 5G era will be commercially available. The smart city construction will also make great progress. Compared to current situation, more than thousand times of devices will connect to the cellular networks. For the operators, in order to analyze overall network performance, it is a key factor to estimate the user equipment (UE) radio frequency (RF) condition. However, practical RF estimation scheme is based on UE data log which can only observe UE that is at the top-serving cell with good RF condition. However, according to the comparison of actual UE data log and the scanner data log, potential RF problems may still exist since the UE will not always be served by the top-1 cell. In this paper, we propose a novel estimation scheme by integrating machine learning (ML) algorithm to analyze the scanner data logs from the target estimation zones where the mobility problems may occur. A hypothesis is obtained from learning step by various kinds of RF condition as input features. The numerical results show that the proposed estimation algorithm integrated ML can estimate probability of the potential mobility problems accurately.

This paper studies the emerging wireless power transfer for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) network, where one hybrid access point (H-AP) with constant power supply communicates with a set of IoT devices. This H-AP is assumed to work in a full-duplex mode, which transmits/receives signals to/from these IoT devices simultaneously during the whole frame. The IoT devices are capable of harvesting energy from the received signals broadcast by the H-AP. And the harvested energy is used to support the uplink transmission. Since time-division multiple access is used in uplink transmission, one IoT device keeps harvesting energy till its own uplink time slot. The objective of this paper is to maximize the total surplus energy, which is defined as the gap between available energy and consumed energy for uplink transmissions, by exploiting the optimal time allocation scheme for each device. A distributed non-cooperative and a bargaining cooperative game-based algorithms are proposed to solve this problem. In addition, the well-known KKT condition approach is adopted as a comparison. The numerical results show that the bargaining cooperative algorithm outperforms the distributed non-cooperative algorithm (DNCA) and KKT algorithm (KKTA) in terms of total surplus energy and fairness index. The performance of DNCA is better than that of KKTA in terms of total surplus energy while KKTA is fairer than DNCA.

In this paper, we propose a power control algorithm dedicated for machine type communications (MTC) in future non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks employing game theory. In MTC networks, communication reliability should be considered prior to power consumption or energy efficiency. Once the reliability is satisfied, discussions about power consumption makes sense. We build a cost function for each device based on a non-cooperative game model. The cost function reflects the power consumption as well as received signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) of each device. Since we assume the devices are battery-driven, the objective is to minimize the power consumption as much as possible provided that the received SINR of each device is kept beyond an acceptable level so that the reliability can be guaranteed. We derive the power control algorithm function and prove the convergence of this iteration algorithm and the unique existence of Nash equilibrium as well. The simulation results show that under the same constraints of maximum power consumption and minimum acceptable SINR, the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional algorithms in terms of power consumption and power efficiency.

This paper studies the emerging wireless power transfer for machine type communication (MTC) network, where one hybrid access point (AP) with constant power supply communicates with a set of users (i.e., wearable devices and sensors) without power supply. The information and energy are transferred simultaneously in downlink direction. For MTC networks, most devices only receive several bits control data from AP in downlink transmission. So it is possible to utilize part of the received power to execute energy harvesting provided that the transmission reliability is guaranteed. Since we assume that all devices are without power supply or battery, the power of uplink transmission is entirely from energy harvesting. After converting electromagnetic wave to electricity, the devices are able to transmit their measured and collected data in uplink. Based on these considerations, a non-cooperative game model is formulated and a utility function involving both downlink decoding signal to noise ratio (SNR) and uplink throughput is established. The existence of Nash equilibrium (NE) in the formulated game model is proved. The uniqueness of NE is discussed and the expected NE is selected based on fairness equilibrium selection mechanism. The optimal splitting ratio within the feasible set, which maximizes the utility function, is obtained by an iterative function derived from this utility function. The numerical results show that in addition to ensuring the downlink decoding SNR and maximizing uplink throughput of an individual device, our proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional algorithm in terms of system performance.

In this paper, a cooperative traffic light controlling algorithm for urban road network aiming at reducing traffic congestion is proposed. Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) is applied to detect the real time traffic flow. Based on the traffic flow at the current traffic light cycle and the historical data, we use machine learning technique to predict the variation of the traffic flow at the next traffic light cycle. With the purpose of reducing the road network's average waiting time and balancing the traffic pressure between different intersections, the traffic light control system adjusts the timing plan cooperatively. The genetic algorithm is used to calculate the optimum traffic light timing plan. In addition, a novel state transition model of the road network for dynamic numerical simulation is utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. According to a 4-nodes road network simulation result, the vehicles in the traffic flow with congestion problems will have a shorter waiting time while the vehicle in the other traffic flows will have an increased waiting time. More importantly, the average waiting time of the road network declines.

This paper explores a cooperative partnership and data forwarding model in wireless sensor networks using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with the goal of enhancing the data collection efforts. A UAV-based data acquisition architecture is presented to suppress the limitations of the traditional wireless sensor network. For this, we introduce a flexible and fast approach to collect data by taking into consideration the mobility of the mobile sink (UAV) and sensor nodes in the network. In other words, leveraging the mobility of the UAV and the location of sensor nodes, we adopt a novel frame selection technique that classifies sensor nodes into different frames. Then we present a cooperative partnership model that allows sensor nodes in the network to individually pair with their peers and thus transmitting data simultaneously. We also aim to alleviate the packet loss originated from certain sensor nodes located in the rear edge-side of the UAV's coverage area. This situation happens when the UAV is moving in the forward direction while collecting data. Thus, to alleviate these packet losses while guaranteeing a higher success rate of packet reception ratio, we propose a novel data forwarding scheme to closely integrate with the aforementioned partnership model. We conduct simulations to verify our proposed framework, and results show huge performance gain is obtained over the traditional data collection technique.

This paper proposes a novel data acquisition framework in sensor networks using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with the goal of increasing the efficiency of the data gathering efforts. To maximize the system throughput, we introduce a priority-based frame selection scheme to suppress the number of redundant data transmissions between sensor nodes and the UAV. Toward this goal, we classify the nodes inside the UAV's coverage area into different frames according to their locations. Taking advantage of the mobility of the UAV, we assign different transmission priorities to nodes in different frames. To do that, we introduce an adjustment to the contention window value used in IEEE 802.11 MAC, thereby defining a lower contention window range to the frame with higher priority ( urgent area) and a higher contention window range to the frame with lower priority ( less important area). The proposed framework leads to a reduction in packet collisions and, at the same time, minimizes the packet loss originated from nodes in the rear-side of the UAV when the UAV moves in the forward direction. To optimize the networks' energy consumption, we present a novel routing protocol based on the aforementioned framework. By leveraging the proposed framework and routing algorithm, we aim to reduce the transmission distances between senders and receivers. A shorter distance leads to better channel quality and energy savings, as is verified by our simulation studies and results.

This paper presents a novel ticket gate system employing optical wireless communication used at a train station in Japan. The proposed system needs two optical wireless card readers attached to two inner sides of the gate. According to our study, we found that the proposed system has higher received power compared to the conventional train ticket gate system. It also has higher probability of success as long as the communication distance is less than 0.28 meters. As a result, the proposed system has a better performance compared to the conventional one and its availability is guaranteed.

Satellite clusters have been satisfactorily implemented in a number of applications, such as positioning and sensor networks, with the purpose of improving communication system capabilities. However, because the use of clusters requires good management of the resources, those solutions imply new challenges for communication systems. This paper focuses on improving the data management between network elements by considering a network formed by satellite clusters. Satellite clusters work in cooperation to provide real-time and non-real-time services in different footprint areas. This study proposes the adjustable energy consumption access scheme (AECS) as one possible solution response to particular necessities of communication and at the same time, as a way of decreasing the system energy consumption. Energy consumption is a key issue that concerns green network operations and it is directly linked to the cooperation and coordination between network elements. On the other hand, we support the implementation of Optical Inter-Satellite Links (OISL) for communication between cluster elements. The analysis involves the study of energy consumption, transmission delay, specific link margins, bit error rate (BER) and QoS.

The traditional feedback control method of server-centric M2M system, comprising a massive number of sensors and actuators, faces some issues on control delay and control conflict. In this paper, we propose a rule-based autonomous control method for solving these problems. The proposed method controls the actuator autonomously to avoid the control delay and control conflict based on the control rules composed of the triggers and actions. By employing this method, M2M gateways can be cooperated with each other autonomously, without the server controls. We build a prototype of autonomous distributed cooperative M2M system based on the proposed method. The result shows that the proposed method is effective and practical for the large-scale M2M systems.

The data collection over the traditional server-centric M2M systems face issues on its network load and cost of data storage. Besides, collision of data access to the same sensor among multiple applications must be avoided. To solve above problems, we propose a data collection method based on event driven architecture. This method limits the data uploads which are triggered only by pre-defined events such as overly large values and/or immediate changes detected on M2M gateways. Moreover, the collision of data access is resolved by integrating of data collection rules. The prototype of autonomous distributed system of cooperative M2M has been developed and tested. It is demonstrated that the proposed method is effective and practical for the large-scale M2M systems.

Based on the use of multi-beams, high throughput satellites (HTSs) provide high data rates to a large number of users. In this context, the distribution of frequency resources among multi-beams plays an important role. This is because unsuitable distributions might cause the wastage or the starvation of frequencies and bring about low throughput rates. This paper proposes a solution to mitigate the unsuitable allocations of frequency resources in an HTS. The solution is the priority code scheme (PCS), which seeks to respond to users' demands by dynamically scheduling frequency resources for precise satellite footprint areas. The key is to assign a priority code and an efficiency indicator to every multi-beam deployed on the system. The PCS algorithm involves the association of the efficiency indicator with the bandwidth utilization per beam to detect and correct arbitrary bandwidth allocations among the beams. Due to the PCS's cyclical repetition of its algorithm, the concurrence time of the scheme and the tardiness of the algorithm form part of the evaluation of the PCS. Furthermore, we support the implementation of the frequency-reuse process to enhance the exploitation of frequency resources. To evaluate the PCS performance, the analysis delves into the study of the bandwidth utilization, the interference among beams, the concurrence time, and the algorithm tardiness.

This paper proposes the Piggyback schemes between each User Equipment (UE) in cellular networks. This scheme is able to reduce a communication traffic volume of base station by each UE cooperates with other one. Therefore, it can make a smaller load in base station. Each UE establishes an independent connection and communication in current mobile network. When a UE accesses a base station, the UE receive data from other UEs nearby by device-to-device communication and the UE sends its own uplink data with the received data in this proposed method. We name the method a "Piggyback scheme". Here we introduce two methods; one is "real-time active calling based piggyback scheme". The calling UE receives uplink data from other UEs and the UE sends the data in free white space of its own real-time active call channel while using call function in this scheme. The second one is "Data aggregation piggyback scheme". In this scheme, when the UE sends its own uplink data to base station, the UE informs that it can piggyback execute for nearby UEs, and the UE receives data from the nearby UEs. And the UE sends data that includes its own and other's data. And piggyback request UEs use broadcast scheme in searching piggyback execution UE and it choice the best condition piggyback execution UE every time with plural evaluation criteria. In this paper, we confirm that performances of the proposed schemes have an effect on the load reduction of cellular network as it has been shown in the simulations.

Satellite clusters have been satisfactorily implemented in a number of applications, such as positioning and sensor networks, with the purpose of improving communication system capabilities. However, because the use of clusters requires good management of the resources, those solutions imply new challenges for communication systems. This paper focuses on improving the data management between network elements by considering a network formed by satellite clusters. Satellite clusters work in cooperation to provide real-time and non-real-time services in different footprint areas. This study proposes the adjustable energy consumption access scheme (AECS) as one possible solution response to particular necessities of communication and at the same time, as a way of decreasing the system energy consumption. Energy consumption is a key issue that concerns green network operations and it is directly linked to the cooperation and coordination between network elements. On the other hand, we support the implementation of Optical Inter-Satellite Links (OISL) for communication between cluster elements. The analysis involves the study of energy consumption, transmission delay, specific link margins, bit error rate (BER) and QoS.

In this paper, a visible light communications (VLC) system prototype using organic light emitting diode (OLED) with dimming support was realized and tested. Frequency response and driving range of OLED were measured and discussed. Considering practical applications of OLED, variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) signal was used to support data transmission under dimming condition. Our prototype was able to transmit up to 85 kbps data rate using an OLED with only 7 kHz 3 dB modulation bandwidth. For the target BER = 10(-3) with FEC, the luminous flux could be varied within 5-8 lm.

In this paper, a visible light communications (VLC) system prototype using OLED was realized and tested. Using simple DPPM technique and comparator, our prototype was able to transmit up to 127.5 kbps data rate using an OLED with only 7 kHz 3 dB modulation bandwidth. Exploiting the frequency response of OLED, we were able to achieve a better data rate to modulation bandwidth ratio than other recent reports using OLED for VLC.

The energy optimization in small cell involved heterogeneous networks has been considered as an emerging topic which enables a balance between the power consumption and capacity issues. In this paper, we propose an energy-sensitive handoff scheme for mobile macro user equipment (MUE) in the sleep mode involved cell sizing based macro-femto two-tier networks. The proposed scheme aims at achieving high handoff stability with low MUE power consumption by dynamically scheduling the mobile MUEs switch to the expandable indoor femto access point (FAP) and active macro base station (MBS) with a variable probability. The unique RF fingerprint (RFF) based localization is employed to provide energy-efficient small-cell detection with a flexible matching region. The transmit power of the MUEs for FAP sensing can be adaptively adjusted refer to the instantaneous traffic loads and reference location. Comprehensive evaluations are conducted with a tradeoff and show our proposed scheme has a positive influence on obtaining energy-efficient and QoS satisfiable handoff strategy in the macro-femto two-tier scenarios.

This paper proposes a self-optimizing based energy efficient scheme with a dynamic coverage expansion of femtocells in the macro-femto two-tier networks. High SINR and low power consumption can be benefited by coordinating downlink cross tier interference and intra-interference with a neuron control based adaptive power adjustment when sleep mode is involved in the macro base station (MBS). Moreover, by allowing open access in the hybrid femtocells, more near-indoor macro user equipments (MUEs), especially located around the edge of the macrocell can be served by indoor femto access point (FAP), which results in MBS having more of a probability to maintain sleep mode when the traffic is low. Many related performances are evaluated with a comparison of utility-based power control (UBPC) scheme, the energy impact of both MBS and FAP can be largely improved with optimal transmit power, which means the sleep mode technology can be enhanced, as shown in the simulation.

In this paper, we propose an optical wireless communication service for indoor environment. To seamlessly cover the target area and keep the received signal power strength at an acceptable level, we send the signal from multiple diffused optical emitters and achieve possible transmit diversity. With the proposed diversity scheme, the effective coverage range of the proposed system can be significantly enlarged with a guaranteed BER performance. Simulation results show a 13.4 m(2) area can be effectively covered by two optical emitters with optical emitter spacing of 3 m and average transmit optical power of 28 dBm.

IEEE 1451 standard has been proposed to provide a common communication interface and transducer electric data sheet format for wired and wireless distributed applications in smart transducers (sensors and actuators). Currently, a unified Web service for IEEE 1451 smart transducers is a must. However, ensuring the security of web-services-based communications for IEEE 1451 smart transducers is an unsolved problem. In this paper, we proposed a cross-layer security mechanism that deals with the requirements of authentication, integrity, confidentiality, and availability across the communication process in IEEE 1451 smart transducers. The scheme contains three cross-layer components logically, including XML Encryption and Signature, SOAP Security Extension, and Web Services Description Language (WSDL) Security Checking. The former two components satisfy the requirements of confidentiality, availability, integrity, authentication, nonrepudiation, and freshness. The third component satisfies the requirement of availability, which can protect the system against denial-of-service (DoS) attack. The three cross-layer security components are integrated seamlessly in our scheme. To evaluate the overhead, we perform tests to evaluate the effect of message size on the performance of the access inquiry web service. The result supports the usefulness and feasibility of our scheme. © 2013 Jun Wu et al.

We present a study on evaluating the effects of multipath dispersion on indoor optical code division multiple access (CDMA) systems over optical wireless communication. The indoor propagation channel model which takes multiple reflecting surfaces into account is addressed. Theoretical analysis of the pulse response of direct light and reflected light is given. The bit error rate (BER) of this system is analyzed considering reflected light, background light, avalanche photo-diode noise, thermal noise, and multi-user interference. The results prove that the BER of the system is influenced by reflected light and that the effect of reflected light is related to room size and receiver position. With an increase in the number of users, the effect of reflected light becomes stronger and is a significant source of inter-symbol interference. It becomes clear that when optical CDMA is used in an indoor optical wireless system, the effect of reflected light is a key issue to be considered.

This paper presents a free space visible light communication (VLC) system using an image sensor as a receiver to acquire position related timely information. Since the atmospheric turbulence affects the communication quality, the analysis of atmospheric turbulence is very important for designing a practical communication system. In this paper, the atmospheric turbulence channel is analyzed. The method of characterizing and quantifying the influence of atmospheric effect to image sensor communication is presented. The noise model of the system using CMOS image sensor as a receiver is given. Furthermore, the bit error probability of the system using OOK modulation considering atmospheric turbulence is studied. © 2012 IEEE.

Developments in outdoor free space optical (FSO) communication between buildings using rooftop-mounted units are limited by Point-to-Point wireless links. We propose a space and time division multiple access scheme to perform Point-to-Multi-Point communication employing reflectors. A single reflector controlled by a stepping motor and an array of fixed reflectors are used. The reflection characteristics of the reflector are measured. The relationship characteristics between the static angle error of the stepping motor, the beam fluctuation, and the communication distance are demonstrated. The received optical powers are compared on using one or two reflectors while considering the angle of incidence at the surface of the reflector. Moreover, the received power, the bit error rate and the throughput of the experiment system are measured. In addition, the throughput characteristics of the proposal scheme are made clear by experiments. The result of the experiment shows that the new scheme can provide a low-cost and efficient method for Point-to-Multi-Point FSO communication(1).

We propose a position-based diversity transmission scheme for indoor optical wireless communication. In our scheme, the I (in-phase) and Q (Quadrature) signal of QPSK (quaternary phase-shift keying) modulation are transmitted separately to obtain a secure position-based transmission. We analyze probability of error with different mode numbers of the radiation lobe of Lambertian source, and position of the transmitters to attain single or multiple secure area(s). To obtain different secured areas, TDMA (time-division multiple access) with adaptive transmitted power for each time slot is applied. According to analytical results, the signal can be demodulated correctly only in the specific area and high-level security for optical wireless communication systems can then be achieved. In our scheme, the probability that the intruders can get the correct signal is decreased 90%, compared to conventional QPSK.(1)

This is a study on the effect of reflected light on optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system over indoor optical wireless communication (OWC). The indoor propagation channel model which takes multiple reflecting surfaces into account was addressed. Theoretical analysis of the pulse response of direct light and reflected light is given. Bit error rate (BER) of this system is analyzed considering reflected light, background light, avalanche photo-diode (APD) noise, thermal noise, and multi-user interference. The results prove that the BER of the system is influenced by the reflected light and the effect of reflected light is related to the room size and receiver position. With the increase of user number, the effect of reflected light becomes stronger and it is a significant source of inter-symbol interference. It becomes clear that when OCDMA is used to an indoor optical wireless system, the effect of reflected light is a key issue to be considered.

This paper presents a wireless relay scheme for indoor healthcare communication system, in which an optical relay link, instead of a traditional Radio Frequency (RF) relay link, is established between the relay station (RS) and the mobile terminal (MT). To simplify the structures of RS and the additional optical parts that shall be installed in the MT, the subcarrier-modulation based intensity-modulated direct-detection (IM/DD) is also adopted for both the up-link and the down-link. The proposed relay scheme not only enhances the transmission power, but also creates safe signal propagation environment, which is much meaningful for wireless and pervasive healthcare communication. Simulation results show that the proposed interference-reduced relay scheme provides a stable and high quality communication link when the average optical receiving power is larger than -25dBm.

This paper presents an optical intensity-modulated direct-detection (IM/DD) based relay scheme for indoor optical wireless communication system. Multiple distributed optical relay links are set up between relay stations (RS) and mobile terminals (MT) to create multiple safe signal propagation links for wireless communication so that at least one link is available for data streaming. Different from conventional relay scheme, the phase shift of RF signals is pre-adjusted based on maximum ratio transmission (MRT) technique, and then relayed from multiple distributed optical transmitters which are set up in different places. The proposed relay scheme not only enhances signal power and achieves diversity, but also avoids possible obstruction of line-of-sight (LOS) signal. Furthermore since propagation phase variation of incoherent optical signal can be neglected, the propagation space becomes a non-directional scalar space, resulting in a much simpler system structure, where multiple optical antenna elements can be freely arranged, phase shift due to different transmitting paths is solely decided by the distance between transmitter and receiver, etc. The paper presents these features and also provides computer simulation results to demonstrate the performance. Simulation results show that the proposed relay system is much feasible and attractive, and it would be one of the promising candidates for future wireless and pervasive healthcare communication systems.

There has been many developments in long distance optical wireless communication between buildings using rooftop-mounted units over Point-to-Point wireless links. We propose an Angle Division/Time Division Multiple Access scheme to perform Point-to-Multi-Point communication employing reflectors. A single reflector controlled by a stepping motor and an array of fixed reflectors were used. The width of the beam of the infrared rays is measured and the relationship between the width and the stepping angle deviation of the motor are demonstrated. Moreover, the received power, the bit error rate, and throughput of the proposal scheme are measured. The angle of the reflector and the reflection characteristics when using one or two reflectors were compared. In addition, the throughput characteristics of the proposal scheme were made clear by experiments.