Using a comparative frame, our project team researched the characteristics of the military ethos of warriors from Japan, China, the Ottoman empire,Germany, and France in what is called the “modern transitional period”(18th and 19th centuries). We took into consideration various direct and indirect relations among these regions in the fields of politics, economy, military affairs, modern scientific thought, and so on. Our research showed that military values such as honor, loyalty, and patriotism were grounded in notions such as rank, status, and class in early modern society and traditional way of thinking, and resulted from of a complex combination of elements such as newly developed military technology, newly adopted military education, the military conscription system, ethnic and religious identity, and nationalism

This research aims to reconsider the Ottoman social constracture by means of analyzing personal histories of these who engaged in maritime activities. As the source we used various data from the marine personnel records. As a result, we found a set of tendency of their background (nationality, relicion, birth place, social status, v.s.) and career patterns, and made clear the importance of personals of the Black Sea region by origin in marine acitivities of the late Ottoman society

This research aimed to reconsider the social structure of the late Ottoman Empire by analyzing the ethnic and regional characters of those who engaged in the oceanic activities. The project held two subjects; first, the ethnicity, Rum (Greek)'s role in the shipping and second, the regional character, the personnel supply from Black Sea coast region to Istanbul, As to the 1st subject, based on historical materials related to the conscription, I clarified that the Greek independence had a serious influence on the Ottoman Navy in recruiting, those who were talented in maritime morks. As to the 2nd subject, I researched the "Kunye Defteri" (the service record of the Navy) at the Turkish Museum and collected the data of birthplaces of officers and sailors. And for shopping, I looked into the "Maas Defteri" (payment register of the national steamship company named I dare-I Mahsusa) in the Turkish Maritime Company's archives. I choose 29 registers among them and analyzed the data of the birthplaces of the crew.As the result of these researches I came to the conclusion that the Black Sea coast region provided a great number of maritime personnel for the Ottoman Navy as well as the national steamship company

The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of modernization of the Ottoman maritime transportation and navy and to clarify the effects of economical colonization and nationalism on the socio-economic structure of the Ottoman Empire. More concretely, the following questions were examined. (1) "cabotage right" problems, (2) establishment of the state steamshipping company, (3) ethnic and religious issues in the navy. In (1) and (2), I investigated the difficulties of developing a homeland shipping system under the rule of unequal treaties and the competition with the foreign capital. In (3), the conscript problems of the navy were considered in connection with focal points such as the effect, of nationalist movements among non-Muslim peoples and the opposing ideology of Pan-Islamism. As a result, we can say it is obvious that the loss of the human capital made up of the Greeks played decisive role in the decline of the Ottoman Navy and increase in the number of Muslim crew contributed to the foundation of the Republican nav

The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of modernization of Ottoman marine transportation and clarify some issues pertaining to the, incorporation of the Ottoman Empire into the capitalist world economy.Specifically, the following three questions were examined.(1) The participation of the Ottoman navy in commercial shipping(2) The competition with foreign steamship companies(3) The antagonism between Turk-Muslim officers and bureaucrats and non-Muslim capitalists and bureaucratsBy analyzing the above three questions, this survey should help to explain the reason why the Ottomans failed to make domestic shipping more modem and self-reliant