2024/12/07 更新

写真a

ヤマダ ショウイチ
山田 章一
所属
理工学術院 先進理工学部
職名
教授
学位
博士(理学) ( 東京大学 )

経歴

  • 2007年
    -
    継続中

    早稲田大学   理工学術院先進理工学部   教授

  • 2005年
    -
    2007年

    早稲田大学   理工学部   教授

  • 2002年
    -
    2005年

    早稲田大学   理工学部   助教授

  • 2000年
    -
    2002年

    大阪大学   レーザー核融合研究センター   助教授

  • 1993年
    -
    2000年

    東京大学   大学院理学系研究科   助手

  • 1995年
    -
    1997年

    日本学術振興会 海外特別研究員

  • 1992年
    -
    1993年

    日本学術振興会 特別研究員

▼全件表示

学歴

  •  
    -
    1992年

    東京大学大学院   理学系研究科   物理学専攻  

  •  
    -
    1987年

    東京大学   理学部   物理学科  

所属学協会

  •  
     
     

    国際天文学連合

  •  
     
     

    日本天文学会

  •  
     
     

    日本物理学会

研究分野

  • 天文学   高エネルギー天体 / 素粒子、原子核、宇宙線、宇宙物理に関する理論   ニュートリノ、重力波

研究キーワード

  • 宇宙物理、理論天文学、超新星、中性子星、ブラックホール、高エネルギー天体、ニュートリノ、重力波

 

論文

  • Muon-induced collisional flavor instability in core-collapse supernova

    Jiabao Liu, Hiroki Nagakura, Ryuichiro Akaho, Akira Ito, Masamichi Zaizen, Shun Furusawa, Shoichi Yamada

    Physical Review D   110 ( 4 )  2024年08月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

  • Physical mechanism of core-collapse supernovae that neutrinos drive.

    Shoichi Yamada, Hiroki Nagakura, Ryuichiro Akaho, Akira Harada, Shun Furusawa, Wakana Iwakami, Hirotada Okawa, Hideo Matsufuru, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi

    Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences   100 ( 3 ) 190 - 233  2024年  [査読有り]  [招待有り]  [国内誌]

    担当区分:筆頭著者

     概要を見る

    The current understanding of the mechanism of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), one of the most energetic events in the universe associated with the death of massive stars and the main formation channel of compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes, is reviewed for broad readers from different disciplines of science who may not be familiar with the object. Therefore, we emphasize the physical aspects than the results of individual model simulations, although large-scale high-fidelity simulations have played the most important roles in the progress we have witnessed in the past few decades. It is now believed that neutrinos are the most important agent in producing the commonest type of CCSNe. The so-called neutrino-heating mechanism will be the focus of this review and its crucial ingredients in micro- and macrophysics and in numerics will be explained one by one. We will also try to elucidate the remaining issues.

    DOI PubMed

  • Collisional and fast neutrino flavor instabilities in two-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulation with Boltzmann neutrino transport

    Ryuichiro Akaho, Jiabao Liu, Hiroki Nagakura, Masamichi Zaizen, Shoichi Yamada

    Physical Review D    2023年12月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

  • Universality of the neutrino collisional flavor instability in core collapse supernovae

    Jiabao Liu, Ryuichiro Akaho, Akira Ito, Hiroki Nagakura, Masamichi Zaizen, Shoichi Yamada

    Physical Review D    2023年11月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

  • Systematic study of the resonance-like structure in the collisional flavor instability of neutrinos

    Jiabao Liu, Masamichi Zaizen, Shoichi Yamada

    Physical Review D    2023年05月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

  • Quantum mechanical calculations of synchro-curvature radiations: maser possibility

    Hiroko Tomoda, Shoichi Yamada

    Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics    2023年04月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

  • A Lagrangian construction of rotating star models

    Misa Ogata, Hirotada Okawa, Kotaro Fujisawa, Nobutoshi Yasutake, Yu Yamamoto, Shoichi Yamada

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society   521 ( 2 ) 2561 - 2576  2023年03月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

     概要を見る

    ABSTRACT

    We present a new formulation for numerically obtaining axisymmetric equilibrium structures of rotating stars in two spatial dimensions. With a view to apply it to the secular evolution of rotating stars, we base it on the Lagrangian description, i.e. we solve the force-balance equations to find the spatial positions of fluid elements endowed individually with a mass, specific entropy and angular momentum. The system of non-linear equations obtained by finite-differencing the basic equations is solved with the W4 method, which is a new multidimensional root-finding scheme of our own devising. We augment it with a remapping scheme to avoid distortions of the Lagrangian coordinates. In this first one of a series of papers, we will give a detailed description of these methods initially. We then present the results of some test calculations, which include the construction of both rapidly rotating barotropic and baroclinic equilibrium states. We gauge their accuracies quantitatively with some diagnostic quantities as well as via comparisons with the counterparts obtained with an Eulerian code. For a demonstrative purpose, we apply the code to a toy-model cooling calculation of a rotating white dwarf.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A novel Lagrangian formulation to construct relativistic rotating stars: towards its application to their evolution calculations

    Hirotada Okawa, Kotaro Fujisawa, Nobutoshi Yasutake, Misa Ogata, Yu Yamamoto, Shoichi Yamada

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society   520 ( 1 ) 24 - 43  2023年01月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • The W4 method: A new multi-dimensional root-finding scheme for nonlinear systems of equations

    Hirotada Okawa, Kotaro Fujisawa, Yu Yamamoto, Ryosuke Hirai, Nobutoshi Yasutake, Hiroki Nagakura, Shoichi Yamada

    Applied Numerical Mathematics   183   157 - 172  2023年01月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Protoneutron Star Convection Simulated with a New General Relativistic Boltzmann Neutrino Radiation-Hydrodynamics Code

    Ryuichiro Akaho, Akira Harada, Hiroki Nagakura, Wakana Iwakami, Hirotada Okawa, Shun Furusawa, Hideo Matsufuru, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    The Astrophysical Journal   944 ( 1 )  2022年12月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    14
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Leptonic and semi-leptonic neutrino interactions with muons in proto-neutron star cooling

    Ken’ichi Sugiura, Shun Furusawa, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics   2022 ( 11 )  2022年09月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

     概要を見る

    Abstract

    It is known that muons are scarce just after the birth of a proto-neutron star via a supernova explosion, but get more abundant as the proto-neutron star cools via neutrino emissions on the Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale. We evaluate all the relevant rates of the neutrino interactions with muons at different times in the proto-neutron star cooling. We are particularly interested in the late phase ($t \gtrsim 10 \operatorname{s}$), which will be accessible in the next Galactic supernova but has not been studied well so far. We calculate both leptonic and semi-leptonic processes, for the latter of which we also pay attention to the form factors with their dependence on the transferred momentum as well as to the modification of the dispersion relations for nucleons on the mean field level. We find that the flavor-exchange reactions νe + μ− → νμ + e− and $\bar{\nu }_{\mu } + \mu ^- \rightarrow \bar{\nu }_e + e^-$ can be dominant, particularly at low energies, over the capture of νe on neutron and the scatterings of $\bar{\nu }_{\mu }$ on nucleons as the opacity sources for these species, and that the inverse muon decay $\bar{\nu }_e + \nu _{\mu } + e^- \leftrightarrows \mu ^-$ can overwhelm the scatterings of $\bar{\nu }_e$ and νμ on nucleons again at low energies. At high energies, on the other hand, the corrections in the semi-leptonic processes mentioned above are more important. We also show the non-trivial energy and angular dependencies of the flavor-exchange reactions and the inverse muon decay. In the study of the diffusion coefficients from these reactions, we find that $\bar{\nu }_{\mu }$ is most affected. These pieces of information are indispensable for numerical computations and the interpretation of their results for proto-neutron star cooling, particularly at the very late phase.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Principal-axis Analysis of the Eddington Tensor for the Early Post-bounce Phase of Rotational Core-collapse Supernovae

    Wakana Iwakami, Akira Harada, Hiroki Nagakura, Ryuichiro Akaho, Hirotada Okawa, Shun Furusawa, Hideo Matsufuru, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    The Astrophysical Journal   933 ( 1 ) 91 - 91  2022年07月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

     概要を見る

    Abstract

    Using full Boltzmann neutrino transport, we performed 2D core-collapse supernova simulations in axisymmetry for two progenitor models with 11.2 and 15.0 M, both rotational and nonrotational. We employed the results obtained in the early post-bounce phase (t ≲ 20 ms) to assess performance under rapid rotation of some closure relations commonly employed in the truncated moment method. We first made a comparison in 1D under spherical symmetry, though, of the Eddington factor p defined in the fluid rest frame (FR). We confirmed that the maximum entropy closure for the Fermionic distribution (MEFD) performs better than others near the proto–neutron star surface, where p < 1/3 occurs, but does not work well even in 1D when the phase-space occupancy satisfies e < 0.5 together with p < 1/3, the condition known to be not represented by MEFD. For the 2D models with the rapid rotation, we employed the principal-axis analysis of the Eddington tensor. We paid particular attention to the direction of the longest principal axis. We observed in FR that it is aligned neither with the radial direction nor with the neutrino flux in 2D, particularly so in convective and/or rapidly rotating regions, the fact not accommodated in the moment method. We repeated the same analysis in the laboratory frame and found again that the direction of the longest principal axis is not well reproduced by MEFD because the interpolation between the optically thick and thin limits is not very accurate in this frame.

    DOI

    Scopus

    4
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Gravitational wave signals in the deci-Hz range from neutrinos during the protoneutron star cooling phase

    Lei Fu, Shoichi Yamada

    Physical Review D   105  2022年06月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

  • Deep Learning of the Eddington Tensor in Core-collapse Supernova Simulation

    Akira Harada, Shota Nishikawa, Shoichi Yamada

    The Astrophysical Journal   925 ( 2 ) 117 - 117  2022年01月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

     概要を見る

    Abstract

    We trained deep neural networks (DNNs) as a function of the neutrino energy density, flux, and the fluid velocity to reproduce the Eddington tensor for neutrinos obtained in our first-principles core-collapse supernova simulation. Although the moment method, which is one of the most popular approximations for neutrino transport, requires a closure relation, none of the analytical closure relations commonly employed in the literature capture all aspects of the neutrino angular distribution in momentum space. In this paper, we develop a closure relation by using DNNs that take the neutrino energy density, flux, and the fluid velocity as the inputs and the Eddington tensor as the output. We consider two kinds of DNNs: a conventional DNN, named a component-wise neural network (CWNN), and a tensor-basis neural network (TBNN). We find that the diagonal component of the Eddington tensor is better reproduced by the DNNs than the M1 closure relation, especially for low to intermediate energies. For the off-diagonal component, the DNNs agree better with the Boltzmann solver than the M1 closure relation at large radii. In the comparison between the two DNNs, the TBNN displays slightly better performance than the CWNN. With these new closure relations at hand, based on DNNs that well reproduce the Eddington tensor at much lower costs, we have opened up a new possibility for the moment method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Multidimensional Boltzmann Neutrino Transport Code in Full General Relativity for Core-collapse Simulations

    Ryuichiro Akaho, Akira Harada, Hiroki Nagakura, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Wakana Iwakami, Hirotada Okawa, Shun Furusawa, Hideo Matsufuru, Shoichi Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal   909 ( id.210 ) 1 - 17  2021年03月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • General relativistic effects on Hill stability of multibody systems: Stability of three-body systems containing a massive black hole

    Haruka Suzuki, Yusuke Nakamura, Shoichi Yamada

    Physical Review D   102 ( 12 )  2020年12月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

  • Simulations of the Early Postbounce Phase of Core-collapse Supernovae in Three-dimensional Space with Full Boltzmann Neutrino Transport

    Wakana Iwakami, Hirotada Okawa, Hiroki Nagakura, Akira Harada, Shun Furusawa, Kosuke Sumiyoshi, Hideo Matsufuru, Shoichi Yamada

    The Astrophysical Journal   903 ( 2 ) 82 - 82  2020年11月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    26
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • The Boltzmann-radiation-hydrodynamics Simulations of Core-collapse Supernovae with Different Equations of State: The Role of Nuclear Composition and the Behavior of Neutrinos

    Akira Harada, Hiroki Nagakura, Wakana Iwakami, Hirotada Okawa, Shun Furusawa, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hideo Matsufuru, Shoichi Yamada

    The Astrophysical Journal   902 ( 2 ) 150 - 150  2020年10月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    29
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Neutrino Transport with Monte Carlo Method. I. Toward Fully Consistent Implementation of Nucleon Recoils in Core-collapse Supernova Simulations

    Chinami Kato, Hiroki Nagakura, Yusuke Hori, Shoichi Yamada

    The Astrophysical Journal   897 ( 1 ) 43 - 43  2020年07月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    15
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Stellar Core-collapse Simulations with the Boltzmann-radiation-hydrodynamics Code under Axisymmetry

    Akira Harada, Hiroki Nagakura, Wakana Iwakami, Hirotada Okawa, Shun Furusawa, Hideo Matsufuru, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies (OMEG15)    2020年03月

    DOI

  • Pre-supernova neutrino emission from massive stars and their detection

    Chinami Kato, Hiroki Nagakura, Shun Furusawa, Koh Takahashi, Hideyuki Umeda, Takashi Yoshida, Koji Ishidoshiro, Shoichi Yamada

    Journal of Physics: Conference Series   1468 ( 1 )  2020年03月

     概要を見る

    Recent progress of neutrino detectors makes it possible to detect pre-SN neutrinos, which are emitted from the core of massive stars before supernova explosions. Pre-SN neutrino observations will become an alarm for supernovae. We hence calculate the number luminosity and energy spectra of pre-SN neutrinos from the 15 M o progenitor based on the state-of-the-art calculations of massive stars. We find that the number luminosity of ve 's is before core collapse and core bounce, respectively, whereas that of. We then estimate the number of neutrino events at neutrino detectors taking neutrino oscillations into the obtained luminosities and spectra. We find that an alarm is issued a few days before the explosion by detecting 's at liquid-scintilation type detectors if the progenitor is located at 200 pc. Finally, we perform a systematic study of pre-SN neutrino emission for 7 progenitor models with different initial masses. We find that the difference of the number luminosities is ∼ 1 order and the dependence of the initial mass have to be taken into the theoretical predictions of pre-SN neutrino observations.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Fast neutrino-flavor conversion in the preshock region of core-collapse supernovae

    Taiki Morinaga, Hiroki Nagakura, Chinami Kato, Shoichi Yamada

    Physical Review Research   2 ( 1 )  2020年02月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

  • Spatiotemporal linear instability analysis for arbitrary dispersion relations on the Lefschetz thimble in multidimensional spacetime

    Taiki Morinaga, Shoichi Yamada

    Physical Review Research   2 ( 1 ) 013045-1 - 013045-8  2020年01月  [査読有り]

    DOI

  • Nuclear statistical equilibrium equation of state with a parametrized Dirac–Brückner Hartree–Fock calculation

    Shun Furusawa, Hajime Togashi, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Koichi Saito, Shoichi Yamada, Hideyuki Suzuki

    Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics   2020 ( 1, id.013D05 ) 1 - 15  2020年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    <title>Abstract</title>
    We calculate new equations of state (EOSs) for astrophysical simulations in the framework of the extended nuclear statistical equilibrium, in which we minimize the free energy density for the full ensemble of nuclei in a hot and dense stellar environment. To evaluate bulk and surface energies of heavy nuclei and free energies of uniformly distributed nucleons, we use fitting formulae for the interaction energies and single-nucleon potentials at zero temperature of a Dirac–Brückner Hartree–Fock (DBHF) theory, one of the modern approaches to describe homogeneous nuclear matter. We find that the DBHF EOS exhibits larger mass fractions for medium-mass nuclei and smaller mass fractions for the other nuclei than the EOS obtained using the variational method (VM), another modern model for homogeneous nuclear matter. This effect is due to the more deeply bound energy for symmetric nuclear matter and the larger symmetry energy encoded in the DBHF EOS. At supra-nuclear densities, the DBHF EOS exhibits characteristics of a larger free energy, a higher pressure, and a larger neutron chemical potential of neutron-rich matter, which lead to a larger radius of cold neutron stars than that obtained by the VM EOS.

    DOI

    Scopus

    8
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Fast collective neutrino oscillations inside the neutrino sphere in core-collapse supernovae

    M. Delfan Azari, S. Yamada, T. Morinaga, H. Nagakura, S.Furusawa, A. Harada, H. Okawa, W. Iwakami, K. Sumiyoshi

    Physical Review D   101 ( 2 )  2020年01月  [査読有り]

    DOI

  • Fast-pairwise collective neutrino oscillations associated with asymmetric neutrino emissions in core-collapse supernova

    H. Nagakura, T. Morinaga, C. Kato, S. Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal   886 ( article id. 139 ) 1 - 11  2019年12月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

  • Possible early linear acceleration of proto-neutron stars via asymmetric neutrino emission in core-collapse supernovae

    Hiroki Nagakura, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal Letters   880  2019年08月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    © 2019. The American Astronomical Society.. In this Letter we present the result of an axisymmetric core-collapse supernovae simulation conducted with appropriate treatments of neutrino transport and proper motions of proto-neutron stars (PNSs), in which a remarkable PNS acceleration is observed in association with asymmetric neutrino emissions 300 ms after bounce. We find that these asymmetric neutrino emissions play important roles in the acceleration of PNSs in this phase. The correlation between the PNS proper motion and the asymmetric ejecta is similar to that in a neutron star (NS) kick of hydrodynamic origin. Both electron-type neutrinos (ν e) and their anti-particles () have a ∼10% level of asymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres, while other heavy-leptonic neutrinos (ν x) have much a smaller asymmetry of ∼1%. The emissions of and ν x are higher in the hemisphere of stronger shock expansion, whereas the ν e emission is enhanced in the opposite hemisphere: in total, the neutrinos carry some linear momentum to the hemisphere of the stronger shock expansion. This asymmetry is attributed to the non-spherical distribution of electron-fraction (Y e) in the envelope of PNS. Although it is similar to lepton-emission self-sustained asymmetry, the Y e asymmetry seems to be associated with the PNS motion: the latter triggers lateral circular motions in the envelope of PNS by breaking the symmetry of the matter distribution there, which is then sustained by a combination of convection, lateral neutrino diffusion, and matter-pressure gradient. Our findings may have an influence on the current theories on the NS kick mechanism, although long-term simulations are required to assess their impact on later evolution.

    DOI

    Scopus

    49
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Three-dimensional Boltzmann-hydro Code for Core-collapse in Massive Stars. III. A New Method for Momentum Feedback from Neutrino to Matter

    Hiroki Nagakura, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    The Astrophysical Journal   878 ( 2 ) 160 - 169  2019年06月  [査読有り]

    担当区分:最終著者

    DOI

    Scopus

    30
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Linear analysis of fast-pairwise collective neutrino oscillations in core-collapse supernovae based on the results of Boltzmann simulations

    Milad Delfan Azari, Shoichi Yamada, Taiki Morinaga, Wakana Iwakami, Hirotada Okawa, Hiroki Nagakura, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi

    Physical Review D   99 ( 10 ) 103011-1 - 103011-25  2019年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Neutrinos are densely populated deep inside the core of massive stars after their gravitational collapse to produce supernova explosions and form compact stars such as neutron stars and black holes. It has been considered that they may change their flavor identities through so-called fast-pairwise conversions induced by mutual forward scatterings. If that is really the case, the dynamics of supernova explosion will be influenced, since the conversion may occur near the neutrino sphere, from which neutrinos are effectively emitted. In this paper, we conduct a pilot study of such possibilities based on the results of fully self-consistent, realistic simulations of a core-collapse supernova explosion in two spatial dimensions under axisymmetry. As we solved the Boltzmann equations for neutrino transfer in the simulation not as a postprocess but in real time, the angular distributions of neutrinos in momentum space for all points in the core at all times are available, a distinct feature of our simulations. We employ some of these distributions extracted at a few selected points and times from the numerical data and apply linear analysis to assess the possibility of the conversion. We focus on the vicinity of the neutrino sphere, where different species of neutrinos move in different directions and have different angular distributions as a result. This is a pilot study for a more thorough survey that will follow soon. We find no positive sign of conversion unfortunately at least for the spatial points and times we studied in this particular model. We hence investigate rather in detail the condition for the conversion by modifying the neutrino distributions rather arbitrarily by hand.

    DOI

  • Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations of Core-collapse Supernovae with 6 Dimensional Boltzmann Neutrino Transport

    Hiroki Nagakura, Shun Furusawa, Hajime Togashi, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    Journal of Physics: Conference Series   1225   012003 - 012003  2019年05月

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Linear Analysis of the Shock Instability in Core-collapse Supernovae: Influences of Acoustic Power and Fluctuations of Neutrino Luminosity

    Ken'Ichi Sugiura, Kazuya Takahashi, Shoichi Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal   874 ( 1 )  2019年03月

     概要を見る

    This paper is a sequel to Takahashi et al., in which the authors investigated the influences of fluctuations in preshock accreting matter on the linear stability of the standing accretion shock in core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). If one understands that this was concerning the effect of the outer boundary condition for the postshock accretion flows, the present paper should be regarded as an investigation of the possible influences of the inner boundary conditions. More specifically, we impose a time-dependent, oscillating condition at the inner boundary, having in mind the injection of acoustic power by an oscillating proto-neutron star. We also consider possible correlations between the inner and outer boundary conditions as invoked in the argument for Lepton-number Emission Self-sustained Asymmetry (LESA). In this paper, we conduct the linear stability analysis of the standing accretion shock commonly encountered in CCSNe on the basis of Laplace transform. We find that the acoustic power enhances the standing accretion shock instability (SASI), especially when the luminosity is low. On the other hand, the correlation between the fluctuations of neutrino luminosity at the neutrino sphere has little influence on the instability, changing the amplitudes of eigenmodes only slightly. We further investigate steady solution of perturbation equations, being motivated by LESA, and conclude that not the difference but the sum of the fluxes of ν e and is the key ingredient to production of the self-sustained steady perturbed configuration.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Effects of Rotation and Magnetic Field on the Revival of a Stalled Shock in Supernova Explosions

    Fujisawa Kotaro, Okawa Hirotada, Yamamoto Yu, Yamada Shoichi

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   872 ( 2 )  2019年02月  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    15
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • The evolution towards electron-capture supernovae: the flame propagation in collapsing oxygen-neon cores

    K. Takahashi, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, H. Umeda, T. Yoshida

    Astrophysical Journal   871   153 - 20  2019年02月  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    28
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Comparing treatments of weak reactions with nuclei in simulations of core-collapse supernovae

    H. Nagakura, S. Furusawa, H. Togashi, S. Richers, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    The Astrophysical Journal Supplements    2019年01月  [査読有り]

  • The Evolution towards Electron-capture Supernovae: the Flame Propagation and the Pre-bounce Electron-neutrino Radiation

    K. Takahashi, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, H. Umeda, T. Yoshida

    The Astrophysical Journal    2018年12月  [査読有り]

  • On the Neutrino Distributions in Phase Space for the Rotating Core-Collapse Supernova Simulated with a Boltzmann-Neutrino-Radiation-Hydrodynamics Code

    Akira Harada, Hiroki Nagakura, Wakana Iwakami, Hirotada Okawa, Shun Furusawa, Hideo Matsufuru, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

      872 ( 2 )  2018年10月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    With the Boltzmann-radiation-hydrodynamics code, which we have developed to<br />
    solve numerically the Boltzmann equations for neutrino transfer, the Newtonian<br />
    hydrodynamics equations, and the Newtonian self-gravity simultaneously and<br />
    consistently, we simulate the collapse of a rotating core of the progenitor<br />
    with a zero-age-main-sequence mass of $11.2\,M_\odot$ and a shelluler rotation<br />
    of $1\,{\rm rad\,s^{-1 } }$ at the center. We pay particular attention in this<br />
    paper to the neutrino distribution in phase space, which is affected by the<br />
    rotation. By solving the Boltzmann equations directly, we can assess the<br />
    rotation-induced distortion of the angular distribution in momentum space,<br />
    which gives rise to the rotational component of the neutrino flux. We compare<br />
    the Eddington tensors calculated both from the raw data and from the M1-closure<br />
    approximation. We demonstrate that the Eddington tensor is determined by<br />
    complicated interplays of the fluid velocity and the neutrino interactions, and<br />
    that the M1-closure, which assumes that the Eddington factor is determined by<br />
    the flux factor, fails to fully capture this aspect especially in the vicinity<br />
    of the shock. We find that the error in the Eddington factor reaches $\sim<br />
    20\%$ in our simulation. This is due to not the resolution but different<br />
    dependence of the Eddington and flux factors on the angular profile of the<br />
    neutrino distribution function and hence modification to the closure relation<br />
    is needed.

    DOI

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    31
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  • The W4 method: a new multi-dimensional root-finding scheme for nonlinear systems of equations

    Hirotada Okawa, Kotaro Fujisawa, Yu Yamamoto, Ryosuke Hirai, Nobutoshi Yasutake, Hiroki Nagakura, Shoichi Yamada

      abs/1809.04495  2018年09月

     概要を見る

    We propose a new class of method for solving nonlinear systems of equations,<br />
    which, among other things,has four nice features: (i) it is inspired by the<br />
    mathematical property of damped oscillators, (ii) it can be regarded as a<br />
    simple extention to the Newton-Raphson(NR) method, (iii) it has the same local<br />
    convergence as the NR method does, (iv) it has a significantly wider<br />
    convergence region or the global convergence than that of the NR method. In<br />
    this article, we present the evidence of these properties, applying our new<br />
    method to some examples and comparing it with the NR method.

  • Linear stability analysis of collective neutrino oscillations without spurious modes

    Taiki Morinaga, Shoichi Yamada

    Phys.Rev.   D97   17pp  2018年03月

  • Comprehensive study of ejecta-companion interaction for core-collapse supernovae in massive binaries

    Ryosuke Hirai, Philipp Podsiadlowski, Shoichi Yamada

    Astrophys.J.   864 ( 2 ) 119 - 136  2018年03月  [査読有り]

    DOI

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    38
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  • Simulations of Core-collapse Supernovae in Spatial Axisymmetry with Full Boltzmann Neutrino Transport

    Hiroki Nagakura, Wakana Iwakami, Shun Furusawa, Hirotada Okawa, Akira Harada, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada, Hideo Matsufuru, Akira Imakura

    Astrophysical Journal   854 ( 2 ) 136  2018年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We present the first results of our spatially axisymmetric core-collapse supernova simulations with full Boltzmann neutrino transport, which amount to a time-dependent five-dimensional (two in space and three in momentum space) problem. Special relativistic effects are fully taken into account with a two-energy-grid technique. We performed two simulations for a progenitor of 11.2 M⊙, employing different nuclear equations of state (EOSs): Lattimer and Swesty's EOS with the incompressibility of K =220 MeV (LS EOS) and Furusawa's EOS based on the relativistic mean field theory with the TM1 parameter set (FS EOS). In the LS EOS, the shock wave reaches ∼700 km at 300 ms after bounce and is still expanding, whereas in the FS EOS it stalled at ∼200 km and has started to recede by the same time. This seems to be due to more vigorous turbulent motions in the former during the entire postbounce phase, which leads to higher neutrino-heating efficiency in the neutrino-driven convection. We also look into the neutrino distributions in momentum space, which is the advantage of the Boltzmann transport over other approximate methods. We find nonaxisymmetric angular distributions with respect to the local radial direction, which also generate off-diagonal components of the Eddington tensor. We find that the rθ component reaches ∼10% of the dominant rr component and, more importantly, it dictates the evolution of lateral neutrino fluxes, dominating over the θθ component, in the semitransparent region. These data will be useful to further test and possibly improve the prescriptions used in the approximate methods.

    DOI

    Scopus

    89
    被引用数
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  • Hydrostatic Equilibria of Rotating Stars with Realistic Equation of State

    Nobutoshi Yasutake, Kotaro Fujisawa, Hirotada Okawa, Shoichi Yamada

    JPS Conf.Proc.   20   17pp  2018年  [査読有り]

    DOI

  • Vacuum Polarization and Photon Propagation in an Electromagnetic Plane Wave

    A. Yatabe, S. Yamada

    Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics   033B04 ( 3 ) 50pp  2018年01月  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
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  • Systematic Analysis of the Effects of Mode Conversion on Thermal Radiation from Neutron Stars

    Akihiro Yatabe, Shoichi Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal   850 ( 2 ) 28pp - 34pp  2017年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this paper, we systematically calculate the polarization in soft X-rays emitted from magnetized neutron stars, which are expected to be observed by next-generation X-ray satellites. Magnetars are one of the targets for these observations. This is because thermal radiation is normally observed in the soft X-ray band, and it is thought to be linearly polarized because of different opacities for two polarization modes of photons in the magnetized atmosphere of neutron stars and the dielectric properties of the vacuum in strong magnetic fields. In their study, Taverna et al. illustrated how strong magnetic fields influence the behavior of the polarization observables for radiation propagating in vacuo without addressing a precise, physical emission model. In this paper, we pay attention to the conversion of photon polarization modes that can occur in the presence of an atmospheric layer above the neutron star surface, computing the polarization angle and fraction and systematically changing the magnetic field strength, radii of the emission region, temperature, mass, and radii of the neutron stars. We confirmed that if plasma is present, the effects of mode conversion cannot be neglected when the magnetic field is relatively weak, B ∼ 1013 G. Our results indicate that strongly magnetized (B ≳ 1014 G) neutron stars are suitable to detect polarizations, but not-so-strongly magnetized (B ∼ 1013 G) neutron stars will be the ones to confirm the mode conversion.

    DOI

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    2
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  • Neutrino Emissions in All Flavors up to the Pre-bounce of Massive Stars and the Possibility of Their Detections

    Chinami Kato, Hiroki Nagakura, Shun Furusawa, Koh Takahashi, Hideyuki Umeda, Takashi Yoshida, Koji Ishidoshiro, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   848 ( 1 ) 17pp  2017年10月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This paper is a sequel to our 2015 paper, Kato et al., which calculated the luminosities and spectra of electron-type anti-neutrinos ((v) over bar (e)) from the progenitors of core-collapse supernovae. Expecting that the capability to detect electron-type neutrinos (ne) will increase dramatically with the emergence of liquid-argon detectors such as DUNE, we broaden the scope in this study to include all flavors of neutrinos emitted from the pre-bounce phase. We pick up three progenitor models of electron capture supernovae (ECSNe) and iron-core collapse supernovae (FeCCSNe). We find that the number luminosities reach similar to 10(57) s(-1). and similar to 10(53) s(-1) at maximum for v(e) and (v) over bar (e), respectively. We also estimate the numbers of detection events at terrestrial neutrino detectors including DUNE, taking flavor oscillations into account and assuming the distance to the progenitors to be 200 pc. It is demonstrated that (v) over bar (e) from the ECSN progenitor will be undetected at almost all detectors, whereas we will be able to observe greater than or similar to 15,900 v(e) at DUNE for the inverted mass hierarchy. From the FeCCSN progenitors, the number of (v) over bar (e) events will be largest for JUNO, 200-900 v(e), depending on the mass hierarchy, whereas the number of ne events at DUNE is greater than or similar to 2100 for the inverted mass hierarchy. These results imply that the detection of (v) over bar (e) is useful to distinguish progenitors of FeCCSNe from those of ECSNe, while ne will provide us with detailed information on the collapse phase regardless of the type and mass of the progenitor.

    DOI

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    33
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  • A Detailed Comparison of Multidimensional Boltzmann Neutrino Transport Methods in Core-collapse Supernovae

    Sherwood Richers, Hiroki Nagakura, Christian D. Ott, Joshua Dolence, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   847 ( 2 ) 133  2017年10月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The mechanism driving core-collapse supernovae is sensitive to the interplay between matter and neutrino radiation. However, neutrino radiation transport is very difficult to simulate, and several radiation transport methods of varying levels of approximation are available. We carefully compare for the first time in multiple spatial dimensions the discrete ordinates (DO) code of Nagakura, Yamada, and Sumiyoshi and the Monte Carlo (MC) code Sedonu, under the assumptions of a static fluid background, flat spacetime, elastic scattering, and full special relativity. We find remarkably good agreement in all spectral, angular, and fluid interaction quantities, lending confidence to both methods. The DO method excels in determining the heating and cooling rates in the optically thick region. The MC method predicts sharper angular features due to the effectively infinite angular resolution, but struggles to drive down noise in quantities where subtractive cancellation is prevalent, such as the net gain in the protoneutron star and off-diagonal components of the Eddington tensor. We also find that errors in the angular moments of the distribution functions induced by neglecting velocity dependence are subdominant to those from limited momentum-space resolution. We briefly compare directly computed second angular moments to those predicted by popular algebraic two-moment closures, and we find that the errors from the approximate closures are comparable to the difference between the DO and MC methods. Included in this work is an improved Sedonu code, which now implements a fully special relativistic, time-independent version of the grid-agnostic MC random walk approximation.

    DOI

    Scopus

    44
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  • Neutrino emissions in all flavors up to the pre-bounce of massive stars and the possibility of their detections

    C. Kato, H. Nagakura, S. Furusawa, K. Takahashi, H. Umeda, T. Yoshida, K. Ishidoshiro, S. Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal   in press  2017年09月  [査読有り]

  • Validation of Radiative Transfer Computation with Monte Carlo Method for Ultra-Relativistic Background Flow

    Ayako Ishii, Naofumi Ohnishi, Hiroki Nagakura, Hirotaka Ito, Shoichi Yamada

    Journal of Computational Physics   348   612 - 633  2017年08月  [査読有り]

  • A new equation of state for core-collapse supernovae based on realistic nuclear forces and including a full nuclear ensemble

    S. Furusawa, H. Togashi, H. Nagakura, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki, M. Takano

    Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics   44 ( 9 )  2017年07月  [査読有り]  [招待有り]

     概要を見る

    We have constructed a nuclear equation of state (EOS) that includes a full nuclear ensemble for use in core-collapse supernova simulations. It is based on the EOS for uniform nuclear matter that two of the authors derived recently, applying a variational method to realistic two- and three-body nuclear forces. We have extended the liquid drop model of heavy nuclei, utilizing the mass formula that accounts for the dependences of bulk, surface, Coulomb and shell energies on density and/or temperature. As for light nuclei, we employ a quantum-theoretical mass evaluation, which incorporates the Pauli- and self-energy shifts. In addition to realistic nuclear forces, the inclusion of in-medium effects on the full ensemble of nuclei makes the new EOS one of the most realistic EOSs, which covers a wide range of density, temperature and proton fraction that supernova simulations normally encounter. We make comparisons with the FYSS EOS, which is based on the same formulation for the nuclear ensemble but adopts the relativistic mean field theory with the TM1 parameter set for uniform nuclear matter. The new EOS is softer than the FYSS EOS around and above nuclear saturation densities. We find that neutron-rich nuclei with small mass numbers are more abundant in the new EOS than in the FYSS EOS because of the larger saturation densities and smaller symmetry energy of nuclei in the former. We apply the two EOSs to 1D supernova simulations and find that the new EOS gives lower electron fractions and higher temperatures in the collapse phase owing to the smaller symmetry energy. As a result, the inner core has smaller masses for the new EOS. It is more compact, on the other hand, due to the softness of the new EOS and bounces at higher densities. It turns out that the shock wave generated by core bounce is a bit stronger initially in the simulation with the new EOS. The ensuing outward propagations of the shock wave in the outer core are very similar in the two simulations, which may be an artifact, though, caused by the use of the same tabulated electron capture rates for heavy nuclei ignoring differences in the nuclear composition between the two EOSs in these computations.

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    58
    被引用数
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  • Three-dimensional Boltzmann-Hydro Code for Core-collapse in Massive Stars. II. The Implementation of Moving-mesh for Neutron Star Kicks

    Hiroki Nagakura, Wakana Iwakami, Shun Furusawa, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada, Hideo Matsufuru, Akira Imakura

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES   229 ( 2 ) 42 - 54  2017年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We present a newly developed moving-mesh technique for the multi-dimensional Boltzmann-Hydro code for the simulation of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). What makes this technique different from others is the fact that it treats not only hydrodynamics but also neutrino transfer in the language of the 3 + 1 formalism of general relativity (GR), making use of the shift vector to specify the time evolution of the coordinate system. This means that the transport part of our code is essentially general relativistic, although in this paper it is applied only to the moving curvilinear coordinates in the flat Minknowski spacetime, since the gravity part is still Newtonian. The numerical aspect of the implementation is also described in detail. Employing the axisymmetric two-dimensional version of the code, we conduct two test computations: oscillations and runaways of proto-neutron star (PNS). We show that our new method works fine, tracking the motions of PNS correctly. We believe that this is a major advancement toward the realistic simulation of CCSNe.

    DOI

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    52
    被引用数
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  • A Parametric Study of the Acoustic Mechanism for Core-collapse Supernovae

    A. Harada, H. Nagakura, W. Iwakami, S. Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   839 ( 1 )  2017年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the criterion for the acoustic mechanism to work successfully in core-collapse supernovae. The acoustic mechanism is an alternative to the neutrino-heating mechanism. It was proposed by Burrows et al., who. claimed. that acoustic waves emitted by g-mode oscillations in proto-neutron stars (PNS) energize a stalled shock wave and eventually. induce an explosion. Previous works mainly studied. to which. extent the g-modes are excited in the PNS. In this paper, on the other hand, we investigate. how strong the acoustic wave needs to. be if it were to revive a stalled shock wave. By adding the acoustic power as a new axis, we draw a critical surface, which is an extension of the critical curve commonly employed in the context of neutrino heating. We perform both 1D and 2D parametrized simulations, in which we inject acoustic waves from the inner boundary. In order to quantify the power of acoustic waves, we use. the extended Myers. theory to take neutrino reactions into proper account. We find for the 1D simulations that rather large acoustic powers are required to relaunch the shock wave, since the additional heating provided by the secondary shocks developed from acoustic waves is partially canceled by the neutrino cooling that is also enhanced. In 2D, the required acoustic powers are consistent with those of Burrows et al. Our results seem to imply, however, that it is the sum of neutrino heating and acoustic powers that matters for shock revival.

    DOI

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    3
    被引用数
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  • Magnetically assisted explosions of weakly magnetized stars

    Hidetomo Sawai, Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union   12 ( 331 ) 125 - 130  2017年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We carried out high resolution simulations of weakly-magnetized core-collapse supernovae in two-dimensional axisymmetry in order to see the influence of the magnetic field and rotation on the explosion. We found that the magnetic field amplified by magnetorotational instability (MRI) has a great positive impact on the explosion by enhancing the neutrino heating, provided that the progenitor has large angular momentum close to the highest value found in stellar evolution calculations. We also found that even for progenitors neither involving strong magnetic flux nor large angular momentum, the magnetic field is greatly amplified by the convection aand rotation, and this leads to the boost of the explosion again by enhancing the neutrino heating.

    DOI

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  • Dependence of weak interaction rates on the nuclear composition during stellar core collapse

    Shun Furusawa, Hiroki Nagakura, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Chinami Kato, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW C   95 ( 2 ) 11pp.  2017年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the influences of the nuclear composition on the weak interaction rates of heavy nuclei during the core collapse of massive stars. The nuclear abundances in nuclear statistical equilibrium (NSE) are calculated by some equation of state (EOS) models including in-medium effects on nuclear masses. We systematically examine the sensitivities of electron capture and neutrino-nucleus scattering on heavy nuclei to the nuclear shell effects and the single-nucleus approximation. We find that the washout of the shell effect at high temperatures brings significant change to weak rates by smoothing the nuclear abundance distribution: the electron capture rate decreases by similar to 20% in the early phase and increases by similar to 40% in the late phase at most, while the cross section for neutrino-nucleus scattering is reduced by similar to 15%. This is because the open-shell nuclei become abundant instead of those with closed neutron shells as the shell effects disappear. We also find that the single-nucleus description based on the average values leads to underestimations of weak rates. Electron captures and neutrino coherent scattering on heavy nuclei are reduced by similar to 80% in the early phase and by similar to 5% in the late phase, respectively. These results indicate that NSE like EOS accounting for shell washout is indispensable for the reliable estimation of weak interaction rates in simulations of core-collapse supernovae.

    DOI

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    31
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  • The Intermediate r-process in Core-collapse Supernovae Driven by the Magneto-rotational Instability

    N. Nishimura, H. Sawai, T. Takiwaki, S. Yamada, F. -K. Thielemann

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS   836 ( 2 )  2017年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigated r-process nucleosynthesis in magneto-rotational supernovae, based on a new explosion mechanism induced by the magneto-rotational instability (MRI). A series of axisymmetric magneto-hydrodynamical simulations with detailed microphysics including neutrino heating is performed, numerically resolving the MRI. Neutrino-heating dominated explosions, enhanced by magnetic fields, showed mildly neutronrich ejecta producing nuclei up to A similar to 130 (i. e., the weak r-process), while explosion models with stronger magnetic fields reproduce a solar-like r-process pattern. More commonly seen abundance patterns in our models are in between the weak and regular r-process, producing lighter and intermediate-mass nuclei. These intermediate r-processes exhibit a variety of abundance distributions, compatible with several abundance patterns in r-process-enhanced metal-poor stars. The amount of Eu ejecta similar to 10(-5) M circle dot in magnetically driven jets agrees with predicted values in the chemical evolution of early galaxies. In contrast, neutrino-heating dominated explosions have a significant amount of Fe (Ni-56) and Zn, comparable to regular supernovae and hypernovae, respectively. These results indicate magneto-rotational supernovae can produce a wide range of heavy nuclei from iron-group to r-process elements, depending on the explosion dynamics.

    DOI

    Scopus

    140
    被引用数
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  • Rotational stellar structures based on the Lagrangian variational principle

    Nobutoshi Yasutake, Kotaro Fujisawa, Shoichi Yamada

    COMPACT STARS IN THE QCD PHASE DIAGRAM V   861  2017年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A new method for multi-dimensional stellar structures is proposed in this study. As for stellar evolution calculations, the Heney method is the defacto standard now, but basically assumed to be spherical symmetric. It is one of the difficulties for deformed stellar-evolution calculations to trace the potentially complex movements of each fluid element. On the other hand, our new method is very suitable to follow such movements, since it is based on the Lagrange coordinate. This scheme is also based on the variational principle, which is adopted to the studies for the pasta structures inside of neutron stars. Our scheme could be a major break through for evolution calculations of any types of deformed stars: proto-planets, proto-stars, and proto-neutron stars, etc.

    DOI

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  • Pre-SN neutrino emissions from ONe cores in the progenitors of CCSNe

    Kato Chinami, Yamada S, Nagakura H, Furusawa S, Takahashi K, Umeda H, Yoshida T, Ishidoshiro K

    LIVES AND DEATH-THROES OF MASSIVE STARS   12 ( S329 ) 411  2017年  [査読有り]

    DOI

  • Supernova equations of state including full nuclear ensemble with in-medium effects

    Shun Furusawa, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada, Hideyuki Suzuki

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   957   188 - 207  2017年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We construct new equations of state for baryons at sub-nuclear densities for the use in core-collapse supernova simulations. The abundance of various nuclei is obtained together with thermodynamic quantities. The formulation is an extension of the previous model, in which we adopted the relativistic mean field theory with the TM1 parameter set for nucleons, the quantum approach for d, t, h and alpha as well as the liquid drop model for the other nuclei under the nuclear statistical equilibrium. We reformulate the model of the light nuclei other than d, t, h and alpha based on the quasi-particle description. Furthermore, we modify the model so that the temperature dependences of surface and shell energies of heavy nuclei could be taken into account. The pasta phases for heavy nuclei and the Pauli- and self-energy shifts for d, t, h and alpha are taken into account in the same way as in the previous model. We find that nuclear composition is considerably affected by the modifications in this work, whereas thermodynamical quantities are not changed much. In particular, the washout of shell effect has a great impact on the mass distribution above T similar to 1 MeV. This improvement may have an important effect on the rates of electron captures and coherent neutrino scatterings on nuclei in supernova cores. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

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    48
    被引用数
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  • Core-Collapse Supernovae Explored by Multi-D Boltzmann Hydrodynamic Simulations

    Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hiroki Nagakura, Wakana Iwakami, Shun Furusawa, Hideo Matsufuru, Akira Imakura, Shoichi Yamada

    JPS Conf.Proc. 14     4pp  2017年

    DOI

  • Rotational equilibria by Lagrangian variational principle: towards multidimensional stellar evolutions

    Nobutoshi Yasutake, Kotaro Fujisawa, Shoichi Yamada

    MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY   463 ( 4 ) 3705 - 3724  2016年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have developed a new formulation to obtain self-gravitating, axisymmetric configurations in permanent rotation. The formulation is based on the Lagrangian variational principle with a triangulated mesh. It treats not only barotropic but also baroclinic equations of state. We compare the various stellar equilibria obtained by our new scheme with those by Hachisu's self-consistent field scheme for the barotropic case, and those by Fujisawa's self-consistent field scheme for the baroclinic case. Included in these rotational configurations are those with shellular-type rotations, which are commonly assumed in the evolution calculation of rotating stars. Although radiation processes, convections and meridional flows have not been taken into account in this study, we have in mind the application of this method to the two-dimensional evolution calculations of rotating stars, for which the Lagrangian formulation is best suited.

    DOI

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    4
    被引用数
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  • LINKS BETWEEN THE SHOCK INSTABILITY IN CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE AND ASYMMETRIC ACCRETIONS OF ENVELOPES

    Kazuya Takahashi, Wakana Iwakami, Yu Yamamoto, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   831 ( 1 ) 30pp  2016年11月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The explosion mechanism of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) has not been fully understood yet, but multidimensional fluid instabilities such as standing accretion shock instability and convection are now believed to be crucial for shock revival. Another multidimensional effect that has been recently argued is the asymmetric structures in progenitors, which are induced by violent convections in silicon/oxygen layers that occur before the onset of collapse, as revealed by recent numerical simulations of the last stage of massive star evolutions. Furthermore, it has been also demonstrated numerically that accretions of such nonspherical envelopes could facilitate shock revival. These two multidimensional effects may hence hold a key to successful explosions. In this paper, we performed a linear stability analysis of the standing accretion shock in CCSNe, taking into account nonspherical, unsteady accretion flows onto the shock to clarify the possible links between the two effects. We found that such preshock perturbations can excite the fluid instabilities efficiently and hence help the shock revive in CCSNe.

    DOI

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    18
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  • Circular Polarizations of Gravitational Waves from Core-Collapse Supernovae: A Clear Indication of Rapid Rotation

    Kazuhiro Hayama, Takami Kuroda, Ko Nakamura, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS   116 ( 15 ) 5pp  2016年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We propose to employ the circular polarization of gravitational waves emitted by core-collapse supernovae as an unequivocal indication of rapid rotation deep in their cores just prior to collapse. It has been demonstrated by three dimensional simulations that nonaxisymmetric accretion flows may develop spontaneously via hydrodynamical instabilities in the postbounce cores. It is not surprising, then, that the gravitational waves emitted by such fluid motions are circularly polarized. We show, in this Letter, that a network of the second generation detectors of gravitational waves worldwide may be able to detect such polarizations up to the opposite side of the Galaxy as long as the rotation period of the core is shorter than a few seconds prior to collapse.

    DOI

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    28
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  • 6D ボルツマン・ニュートリノ輻射流体計算による2次元超新星シミュレーション

    長倉, 洋樹, 岩上, わかな, 住吉, 光介, 古澤, 峻, 松古, 栄夫, 今倉, 暁, 山田, 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   71 ( 1 ) 168 - 168  2016年03月

    DOI CiNii

  • THE EVOLUTION AND IMPACTS OF MAGNETOROTATIONAL INSTABILITY IN MAGNETIZED CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

    Hidetomo Sawai, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   817 ( 2 )  2016年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We carried out two-dimensional axisymmetric MHD. simulations of core-collapse supernovae for rapidly rotating magnetized progenitors. By changing both the strength of the magnetic field and the spatial resolution, the evolution of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) and its impacts upon the dynamics are investigated. We found that the MRI greatly amplifies the seed magnetic fields in the regime where. the buoyant mode, not the Alfven mode,. plays a primary role in the exponential growth phase. The MRI indeed has a powerful impact on the supernova dynamics. It makes the shock expansion faster and the explosion more energetic, with some models being accompanied by the collimated jet formations. These effects, however, are not made by the magnetic pressure except for the collimated jet formations. The angular momentum transfer induced by the MRI causes the expansion of the heating region, by which the accreting matter gain. additional time to be heated by neutrinos. The MRI also drifts low-Y-p matter from deep inside of the core to the heating region, which makes the net neutrino heating rate larger by the reduction of the cooling due to the electron capture. These two effects enhance the efficiency of the neutrino heating, which is found to be the key to boosting the explosion. Indeed, we found that our models explode far more weakly when the net neutrino heating is switched off. The contribution of the neutrino heating to the explosion energy could reach 60% even in the case of strongest magnetic field in the current simulations.

    DOI

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    30
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  • Hydrodynamical study on the conversion of hadronic matter to quark matter: I. Shock-induced conversion

    Shun Furusawa, Takahiro Sanada, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   93 ( 4 ) 21pp  2016年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We study transitions of hadronic matter (HM) to three-flavor quark matter (3QM) locally, regarding the conversion processes as combustion and describing them hydrodynamically. Not only the jump condition on both sides of the conversion front but the structures inside the front are also considered by taking into account what happens during the conversion processes on the time scale of weak interactions as well as equations of state (EOSs) in the mixed phase. Under the assumption that HM is metastable with their free energies being larger than those of 3QM but smaller than those of two-flavor quark matter (2QM), we consider the transition via 2QM triggered by a rapid density rise in a shock wave. Based on the results, we discuss which combustion modes (strong/weak detonation) may be realized. HM is described by an EOS based on the relativistic mean field theory, and 2QMs and 3QMs are approximated by the MIT bag model. We demonstrate for a wide range of the bag constant and strong coupling constant in this combination of EOSs that the combustion may occur in the so-called endothermic regime, in which the Hugoniot curve for combustion runs below the one for the shock wave in the p-V plane and which has no terrestrial counterpart. Elucidating the essential features in this scenario first by a toy model, we then analyze more realistic models. We find that strong detonation always occurs. Depending on the EOS of quark matter as well as the density of HM and the Mach number of the detonation front, deconfinement from HM to 2QM is either completed or not completed in the shock wave. In the latter case, which is more likely if the EOS of quark matter ensures that deconfinement occurs above the nuclear saturation density and that the maximum mass of cold quark stars is larger than 2M circle dot, the conversion continues further via the mixing state of HM and 3QM on the time scale of weak interactions.

    DOI

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    12
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  • Hydrodynamical study on the conversion of hadronic matter to quark matter. II. Diffusion-induced conversion

    Shun Furusawa, Takahiro Sanada, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   93 ( 4 ) 18pp  2016年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We study transitions of hadronic matter (HM) to three-flavor quark matter (3QM), regarding the conversion processes as combustion and describing them hydrodynamically. Under the assumption that HM is metastable with their free energies being larger than those of 3QM but smaller than those of two-flavor quark matter, we consider in this paper the conversion induced by diffusions of the seed 3QM. This is a sequel to our previous paper, in which the shock-induced conversion was studied in the same framework. We not only pay attention to the jump condition on both sides of the conversion front, but the structures inside the front are also considered by taking into account what happens during the conversion processes on the time scale of weak interactions. We employ for HM Shen's equation of state (EOS), which is based on the relativistic mean field theory, and the bag model-based EOS for quark matter just as in the previous paper. We demonstrated in that paper that in this combination of EOSs, the combustion will occur for a wide range of the bag constant and strong coupling constant in the so-called endothermic regime, in which the Hugoniot curve for combustion runs below the initial state. Elucidating the essential features of the diffusion-induced conversion both in the exothermic and endothermic regimes first by a toy model, we then analyze more realistic models. We find that weak deflagration nearly always occurs and that weak detonation is possible only when the diffusion constant is (unrealistically) large and the critical strange fraction is small. The velocities of the conversion front are similar to 10(3)-10(7) cm/s depending on the initial temperature and density as well as the parameters in the quark matter EOS and become particularly small when the final state is in the mixed phase. Finally we study linear stability of the laminar weak-deflagration front and find that it is unstable in the exothermic regime (Darrius-Landau instability) but stable in the endothermic regime, which is quite contrary to the ordinary combustions.

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF SHOCK REVIVAL AND THE SUBSEQUENT EVOLUTIONS IN CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE WITH PARAMETRIC PROGENITOR MODELS

    Yu Yamamoto, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   818 ( 2 ) 165  2016年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We conducted one-pdimensional. and two-pdimensional. hydrodynamic simulations of post-pshock. revival evolutions in core-pcollapse supernovae, employing the simple neutrino light. bulb approximation to produce explosions rather easily. In order to estimate the explosion energy, we took into proper account nuclear recombinations and fusions consistently with the equation of state for matter not. in statistical equilibrium in general. The methodology is similar to our previous work, but is somehow improved. In this paper, we studied the influence of the progenitor structure on the dynamics systematically. In order to expedite our understanding of the systematics, we constructed six parametric progenitor models, which are different in masses of Fe iron core and Si+S layer, instead of employing realistic models provided by stellar evolution calculations, which are sometimes of stochastic nature as a function of stellar mass on the main sequence. We found that the explosion energy is tightly correlated with the mass accretion rate at shock revival irrespective of dimension and the progenitors with light iron cores but with rather high entropies, which have. yet to be produced by realistic stellar evolution calculations, may reproduce the canonical values of explosion energy and nickel mass. The mass of the Si+S layer is also important in the mass accretion history after bounce, on the other hand; the higher mass accretion rates and resultant heavier cores tend to hamper strong explosions.

    DOI

    Scopus

    5
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • 19aAP-10 高強度レーザーとプローブ光子の非線形相互作用による屈折率の変化と対生成

    矢田部 彰宏, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   71   551 - 551  2016年

    DOI CiNii

  • Inelastic Neutrino Reactions with Light Nuclei and Standing Accretion Shock Instability in Core-Collapse Supernovae

    S. Furusawa, H. Nagakura, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN ASTROPHYSICS VI (NPA6)   665  2016年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We perform numerical experiments to investigate the influence of inelastic neutrino reactions with light nuclei on the standing accretion shock instability. The time evolutions of shock waves are calculated with a simple light-bulb approximation for the neutrino transport and a multi-nuclei equation of state. The neutrino absorptions and inelastic interactions with deuterons, tritons, helions and alpha particles are taken into account in the hydrodynamical simulations in addition to the ordinary charged-current interactions with nucleons. Axial symmetry is assumed but no equatorial symmetry is imposed. We show that the heating rates of deuterons reach as high as 10% of those of nucleons around the bottom of the gain region. On the other hands, alpha particles heat the matter near the shock wave, which is important when the shock wave expands and density and temperature of matter become low. It is also found that the models with heating by light nuclei have different evolutions from those without it in non-linear evolution phase. The matter in the gain region has various densities and temperatures and there appear regions that are locally rich in deuterons and alpha particles. These results indicate that the inelastic reactions of light nuclei, especially deuterons, should be incorporated in the simulations of core-collapse supernovae.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Identical algorithm of radiative transfer across ultrarelativistic shock in different inertial frames

    Ayako Ishii, Naofumi Ohnishi, Hiroki Nagakura, Hirotaka Ito, Shoichi Yamada

    HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS   17   85 - 91  2015年12月

     概要を見る

    Some high-energy photons are thought to be produced by the inverse Compton scattering process in ultrarelativistic flows, and the high-energy component of spectra in gamma-ray bursts can be interpreted by the process. To examine numerically the trajectory of photons traveling in relativistic jets in detail, a coupled computation method of radiative transport with relativistic hydrodynamics is required. We have developed a three-dimensional code of radiative transport on a background with a relativistic flow using Monte Carlo method. Radiative transfer simulations have been implemented in different inertial frames which are described as a shock rest frame or shock moving frames, and obtained results are compared in the shock rest frame to identify a consistent transformation among different frames. Optical depth tau for every directions agrees among each frame if a time duration of the computation is small enough to resolve photon path close to a shock front with almost the speed of light. Although the obtained results of the direction distribution and the spectrum of the escaped photons from the computational domain in each frame show discrepancies due to different flow velocities, they are identical after Lorentz transforming to the shock rest frame. We found the second peak of energy in the high-energy side of the spectra if the simulation condition is determined to allow the scattering process in the upstream side of the shock, and this peak is formed by the inverse Compton scattering process. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • The Criterion of Supernova Explosion Revisited: the mass accretion history

    Y. Suwa, S. Yamada, T. Takiwaki, K. Kotake

    The Astrophysical Journal   in press  2015年11月  [査読有り]

  • PRE-SUPERNOVA NEUTRINO EMISSIONS FROM ONe. CORES IN THE PROGENITORS OF CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE: ARE THEY DISTINGUISHABLE FROM THOSE OF Fe CORES?

    Chinami Kato, Milad Delfan Azari, Shoichi Yamada, Koh Takahashi, Hideyuki Umeda, Takashi Yoshida, Koji Ishidoshiro

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   808 ( 2 ) 20pp  2015年08月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Aiming to distinguish two types of progenitors of core-collapse supernovae, i.e., one with a core composed mainly of oxygen and neon (abbreviated as ONe core) and the other with an iron core (or Fe core), we calculated the luminosities and spectra of neutrinos emitted from these cores prior to gravitational collapse, taking neutrino oscillation into account. We found that the total energies emitted as (nu) over bar (e) from the ONe core are less than or similar to 10(46) erg, which is much smaller than similar to 10(47) erg for Fe cores. The average energy, on the other hand, is twice as large for the ONe core as those for the Fe cores. The neutrinos produced by the plasmon decays in the ONe core are more numerous than those from the electron-positron annihilation in both cores, but they have much lower average energies less than or similar to 1 MeV. Although it is difficult to detect the pre-supernova neutrinos from the ONe core even if it is located within 200 pc from Earth, we expect similar to 9-43 and similar to 7-61 events for Fe cores at KamLAND and Super-Kamiokande, respectively, depending on the progenitor mass and neutrino-mass hierarchy. These numbers might be increased by an order of magnitude if we envisage next-generation detectors such as JUNO. We will hence be able to distinguish the two types of progenitors by the detection or nondetection of the pre-supernova neutrinos if they are close enough (less than or similar to 1 kpc).

    DOI

    Scopus

    32
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • POSSIBLE SIGNATURES OF EJECTA-COMPANION INTERACTION IN iPTF 13bvn

    Ryosuke Hirai, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   805 ( 2 )  2015年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the possible effects of the supernova (SN) ejecta hitting the companion star in iPTF 13bvn, focusing on the observable features when it becomes visible. iPTF 13bvn is a type Ib SN that may become the first case in which its progenitor is identified as a binary (by observations in the near future). According to calculations by Bersten et al. the progenitor should have a mass approximate to 3.5 M-circle dot to reproduce the SN light curve, and such compact stars can only be produced via binary evolution. This is one of the reasons that we expect the progenitor to be a binary, but this. should be confirmed by observing the remaining companion after the SN. Bersten et al.'s evolutionary calculations suggest that the companion star will be an overluminous OB star at the moment of SN. With a combination of hydrodynamical and evolutionary simulations, we find that the secondary star will be heated by the SN ejecta and expand to have larger luminosities and lower surface effective temperatures. The star will look like a red supergiant. and this should be taken into account when searching for the companion star in the SN ejecta in future observations.

    DOI

    Scopus

    16
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • 23pCB-4 3次元超新星爆発におけるニュートリノ多次元輻射輸送の特性

    住吉 光介, 滝脇 知也, 松古 栄夫, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   70   169 - 169  2015年

    DOI CiNii

  • 23pCB-14 中性子星からストレンジクォーク星への転換過程

    古澤 峻, 眞田 貴央, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   70   176 - 176  2015年

    DOI CiNii

  • 24aDD-2 超新星爆発モデルの進展と今後の展望

    山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   70   486 - 487  2015年

    DOI CiNii

  • 23pDJ-10 重力崩壊型超新星内部の流体力学的不安定性と重力波の解析

    犬塚 愼之介, 岩上 わかな, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   70   466 - 466  2015年

    DOI CiNii

  • 23pDM-7 超新星前兆ニュートリノの放出率及びその観測可能性

    加藤 ちなみ, 山田 章一, 高橋 亘, 石徹白 晃治

    日本物理学会講演概要集   70   479 - 479  2015年

    DOI CiNii

  • Exact and approximate expressions of energy generation rates and their impact on the explosion properties of Pair Instability Supernovae

    K. Takahashi, T. Yoshida, H. Umeda, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    Monthly Notice of Royal Astronomical Society   in press  2015年  [査読有り]

  • A novel formulation by Lagrangian variational principle for rotational equilibria: towards multidimensional stellar evolutions

    Nobutoshi Yasutake, Kotaro Fujisawa, Shoichi Yamada

    MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY   446 ( 1 ) L56 - L60  2015年01月

     概要を見る

    We have developed a new formulation to obtain self-gravitating, axisymmetric configurations in permanent rotation. The formulation is based on the Lagrangian variational principle, and treats not only barotropic but also baroclinic equations of state, for which angular momentum distributions are not necessarily cylindrical. We adopt a Monte Carlo technique, which is analogous to those employed in other fields, e.g. nuclear physics, in minimizing the energy functional, which is evaluated on a triangulated mesh. This Letter is a proof of principle and detailed comparisons with existing results will be reported in the sequel, but some test calculations are presented, in which we have achieved an error of O(10(-4)) in the virial relation. We have in mind the application of this method to two-dimensional calculations of the evolutions of rotating stars, for which the Lagrangian formulation is best suited.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • MULTI-DIMENSIONAL FEATURES OF NEUTRINO TRANSFER IN CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

    K. Sumiyoshi, T. Takiwaki, H. Matsufuru, S. Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES   216 ( 1 ) 37  2015年01月

     概要を見る

    We study the multi-dimensional properties of neutrino transfer inside supernova cores by solving the Boltzmann equations for neutrino distribution functions in genuinely six-dimensional phase space. Adopting representative snapshots of the post-bounce core from other supernova simulations in three dimensions, we solve the temporal evolution to stationary states of neutrino distribution functions using our Boltzmann solver. Taking advantage of the multi-angle and multi-energy feature realized by the S-n method in our code, we reveal the genuine characteristics of spatially three-dimensional neutrino transfer, such as nonradial fluxes and nondiagonal Eddington tensors. In addition, we assess the ray-by-ray approximation, turning off the lateral-transport terms in our code. We demonstrate that the ray-by-ray approximation tends to propagate fluctuations in thermodynamical states around the neutrino sphere along each radial ray and overestimate the variations between the neutrino distributions on different radial rays. We find that the difference in the densities and fluxes of neutrinos between the ray-by-ray approximation and the full Boltzmann transport becomes similar to 20%, which is also the case for the local heating rate, whereas the volumeintegrated heating rate in the Boltzmann transport is found to be only slightly larger (similar to 2%) than the counterpart in the ray-by-ray approximation due to cancellation among different rays. These results suggest that we should carefully assess the possible influences of various approximations in the neutrino transfer employed in current simulations of supernova dynamics. Detailed information on the angle and energy moments of neutrino distribution functions will be profitable for the future development of numerical methods in neutrino-radiation hydrodynamics.

    DOI

    Scopus

    39
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOLTZMANN HYDRO CODE FOR CORE COLLAPSE IN MASSIVE STARS. I. SPECIAL RELATIVISTIC TREATMENTS

    Hiroki Nagakura, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES   214 ( 2 ) 1 - 19  2014年10月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We propose a novel numerical method for solving multi-dimensional, special relativistic Boltzmann equations for neutrinos coupled to hydrodynamics equations. It is meant to be applied to simulations of core-collapse supernovae. We handle special relativity in a non-conventional way, taking account of all orders of v/c. Consistent treatment of advection and collision terms in the Boltzmann equations is the source of difficulties, which we overcome by employing two different energy grids: Lagrangian remapped and laboratory fixed grids. We conduct a series of basic tests and perform a one-dimensional simulation of core-collapse, bounce and shock-stall for a 15M(circle dot) progenitor model with a minimum but essential set of microphysics. We demonstrate in the latter simulation that our new code is capable of handling all phases in core-collapse supernova. For comparison, a non-relativistic simulation is also conducted with the same code, and we show that they produce qualitatively wrong results in neutrino transfer. Finally, we discuss a possible incorporation of general relativistic effects in our method.

    DOI

    Scopus

    50
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • LINEAR ANALYSIS ON THE GROWTH OF NON-SPHERICAL PERTURBATIONS IN SUPERSONIC ACCRETION FLOWS

    Kazuya Takahashi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   794 ( 2 ) 1 - 13  2014年10月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We analyzed the growth of non-spherical perturbations in supersonic accretion flows. We have in mind an application to the post-bounce phase of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). Such non-spherical perturbations have been suggested by a series of papers by Arnett, who has numerically investigated violent convections in the outer layers of pre-collapse stars. Moreover, Couch & Ott demonstrated in their numerical simulations that such perturbations may lead to a successful supernova even for a progenitor that fails to explode without fluctuations. This study investigated the linear growth of perturbations during the infall onto a stalled shock wave. The linearized equations are solved as an initial and boundary value problem with the use of a Laplace transform. The background is a Bondi accretion flow whose parameters are chosen to mimic the 15M(circle dot) progenitor model by Woosley & Heger, which is supposed to be a typical progenitor of CCSNe. We found that the perturbations that are given at a large radius grow as they flow down to the shock radius; the density perturbations can be amplified by a factor of 30, for example. We analytically show that the growth rate is proportional to l, the index of the spherical harmonics. We also found that the perturbations oscillate in time with frequencies that are similar to those of the standing accretion shock instability. This may have an implication for shock revival in CCSNe, which will be investigated in our forthcoming paper in more detail.

    DOI

    Scopus

    22
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • THE OUTCOME OF SUPERNOVAE IN MASSIVE BINARIES; REMOVED MASS, AND ITS SEPARATION DEPENDENCE

    Ryosuke Hirai, Hidetomo Sawai, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   792 ( 1 ) 1 - 15  2014年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The majority of massive stars are formed in binary systems. It is hence reasonable to expect that most core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) take place in binaries and the existence of a companion star may leave some imprints in observed features. Having this in mind, we have conducted two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of the collisions of CCSNe ejecta with the companion star in an almost-equal-mass (similar to 10 M-circle dot) binary to find out possible consequences of such events. In particular we pay attention to the amount of mass removed and its dependence on the binary separation. In contrast to the previous surmise, we find that the companion mass is stripped not by momentum transfer but by shock heating. Up to 25% of the original mass can be removed for the closest separations and the removed mass decreases as M-ub alpha a(-4.3) with the binary separation a. By performing some experimental computations with artificially modified densities of incident ejecta, we show that if the velocity of ejecta is fixed, the density of incident ejecta is the single important parameter that actually determines the removed mass as M-ub alpha rho(1.4)(ej). On the other hand, another set of simulations with modified velocities of incident ejecta demonstrate that the strength of the forward shock, which heats up the stellar material and causes the mass loss of the companion star, is actually the key parameter for the removed mass.

    DOI

    Scopus

    28
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • CRITICAL SURFACE FOR EXPLOSIONS OF ROTATIONAL CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

    Wakana Iwakami, Hiroki Nagakura, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   793 ( 1 ) 1 - 16  2014年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The effect of rotation on the explosion of core-collapse supernovae is investigated systematically in three-dimensional simulations. In order to obtain the critical conditions for explosion as a function of mass accretion rate, neutrino luminosity, and specific angular momentum, rigidly rotating matter was injected from the outer boundary with an angular momentum, which is increased every 500 ms. It is found that there is a critical value of the specific angular momentum, above which the standing shock wave revives, for a given combination of mass accretion rate and neutrino luminosity, i.e., an explosion can occur by rotation even if the neutrino luminosity is lower than the critical value for a given mass accretion rate in non-rotational models. The coupling of rotation and hydrodynamical instabilities plays an important role in characterizing the dynamics of shock revival for the range of specific angular momentum that are supposed to be realistic. Contrary to expectations from past studies, the most rapidly expanding direction of the shock wave is not aligned with the rotation axis. Being perpendicular to the rotation axis on average, it can be oriented in various directions. Its dispersion is small when the spiral mode of the standing accretion shock instability (SASI) governs the dynamics, while it is large when neutrino-driven convection is dominant. As a result of the comparison between two-dimensional and three-dimensional rotational models, it is found that m not equal 0 modes of neutrino-driven convection or SASI are important for shock revival around the critical surface.

    DOI

    Scopus

    28
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • PARAMETRIC STUDY OF FLOW PATTERNS BEHIND THE STANDING ACCRETION SHOCK WAVE FOR CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

    Wakana Iwakami, Hiroki Nagakura, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   786 ( 2 ) 1 - 22  2014年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this study, we conduct three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations systematically to investigate the flow patterns behind the accretion shock waves that are commonly formed in the post-bounce phase of core-collapse supernovae. Adding small perturbations to spherically symmetric, steady, shocked accretion flows, we compute the subsequent evolutions to find what flow pattern emerges as a consequence of hydrodynamical instabilities such as convection and standing accretion shock instability for different neutrino luminosities and mass accretion rates. Depending on these two controlling parameters, various flow patterns are indeed realized. We classify them into three basic patterns and two intermediate ones; the former includes sloshing motion (SL), spiral motion (SP), and multiple buoyant bubble formation (BB); the latter consists of spiral motion with buoyant-bubble formation (SPB) and spiral motion with pulsationally changing rotational velocities (SPP). Although the post-shock flow is highly chaotic, there is a clear trend in the pattern realization. The sloshing and spiral motions tend to be dominant for high accretion rates and low neutrino luminosities, and multiple buoyant bubbles prevail for low accretion rates and high neutrino luminosities. It is interesting that the dominant pattern is not always identical between the semi-nonlinear and nonlinear phases near the critical luminosity; the intermediate cases are realized in the latter case. Running several simulations with different random perturbations, we confirm that the realization of flow pattern is robust in most cases.

    DOI

    Scopus

    19
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Exact Riemann solver for ideal magnetohydrodynamics that can handle all types of intermediate shocks and switch-on/off waves

    K. Takahashi, S. Yamada

    JOURNAL OF PLASMA PHYSICS   80 ( 02 ) 255 - 287  2014年04月

     概要を見る

    We have built a code to obtain the exact solutions of Riemann problems in ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for an arbitrary initial condition. The code can handle not only regular waves but also switch-on/off rarefactions and all types of non-regular shocks: intermediate shocks and switch-on/off shocks. Furthermore, the initial conditions with vanishing normal or transverse magnetic fields can be handled, although the code is partly based on the algorithm proposed by Torrilhon (2002) (Torrilhon, M. 2002 Exact solver and uniqueness condition for Riemann problems of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. Research report 2002-06, Seminar for Applied Mathematics, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland), which cannot deal with all types of non-regular waves nor the initial conditions without normal or transverse magnetic fields. Our solver can find all the solutions for a given Riemann problem, and hence, as demonstrated in this paper, one can investigate the structure of the solution space in detail. Therefore, the solver is a powerful instrument to solve the outstanding problem of existence and uniqueness of solutions of MHD Riemann problems. Moreover, the solver may be applied to numerical MHD schemes like the Godunov scheme in the future.

    DOI

    Scopus

    12
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Conservative form of Boltzmann's equation in general relativity

    Masaru Shibata, Hiroki Nagakura, Yuichiro Sekiguchi, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   89 ( 8 )  2014年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We derive a conservative form of Boltzmann's equation in general relativity, which is concisely written. Several explicit forms of this equation are written for black-hole spacetime with several coordinate conditions in real spacetime and momentum-space coordinates.

    DOI

    Scopus

    34
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • INFLUENCE OF MAGNETOROTATIONAL INSTABILITY ON NEUTRINO HEATING: A NEW MECHANISM FOR WEAKLY MAGNETIZED CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

    Hidetomo Sawai, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS   784 ( 1 ) L10 - L15  2014年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigated the impact of magnetorotational instability (MRI) on the dynamics of weakly magnetized, rapidly rotating core-collapse supernovae by conducting high-resolution axisymmetric MHD simulations with simplified neutrino transfer. We found that an initially sub-magnetar-class magnetic field is drastically amplified by MRI and substantially affects the dynamics thereafter. Although the magnetic pressure is not strong enough to eject matter, the amplified magnetic field efficiently transfers angular momentum from small to large radii and from higher to lower latitudes, which causes the expansion of the heating region due to the extra centrifugal force. This then enhances the efficiency of neutrino heating and eventually leads to neutrino-driven explosion. This is a new scenario of core-collapse supernovae that has never been demonstrated by past numerical simulations.

    DOI

    Scopus

    23
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • The r-process nucleosynthesis in core-collapse supernovae with the magneto-rotational instability

    N. Nishimura, H. Sawai, T. Takiwaki, S. Yamada

    Proceedings of Science   07-11-  2014年

     概要を見る

    We investigate the r-process nucleosynthesis in the ejecta of core-collapse supernovae driven by rotation and magnetic fields. We adopt an explosion model based on axi-symmetric magneto- hydrodynamical simulation with the effects of magneto-rotational instability, which has been mostly ignored in previous studies. The hydrodynamics simulation also employs a very simplified treatment of neutrino transport on explosion dynamics, which includes the increase of explosion energy due to neutrino heating. We found that very neutron-rich matter in the jet-like explosion, producing heavy r-process nuclei, is ejected along the rotational axis driven by strong magnetic pressure. On the other hand, moderate neutron-rich matter is also ejected in the direction of the equatorial plane due to neutrino-heating associated with the magneto-rotational instability. This ejecta produces lighter and intermediate r-process nuclei rather than heavy isotopes A &gt
    130. We compare these results with observed r-process abundances pattern.

  • A systematic theoretical study of explosion energies in Core Collapse Supernovae

    Yu Yamamoto, Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of Science   07-11-  2014年

     概要を見る

    We suggest a new experimental approach to conduct a systematic study in core collapse supernovae (CCSNe) theory. We provide toy pre-supernova stages with controlled core and silicon sulfer (Si+S) layer masses solving NSE and QSE compostions respectively. We also demonstrated 1D hydrodynamic simulations with light bulb approximation using 6 models from core collapse to explosion in order to study the dependence of the interior structures of pre-supernova stages on both explosion energies and nickel masses. During the core collapse our simulation showed that Si+S layer masses are most important in deciding the time evolution of mass accretion rates after bounce. We also found that the lighter core mass models produce the more energetic explosions and larger amounts of nickel masses. When the Si+S layer masses are lighter, mass accretion rates are enhanced so that the heavy core mass models are prevented from producing powerful explosions. Our simulation shows neccesity of early time explosion to reproduce 1051 erg .

  • A novel formulation by Lagrangian variational principle for rotational equilibria: Towards multidimensional stellar evolutions

    Nobutoshi Yasutake, Kotaro Fujisawa, Shoichi Yamada

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters   446 ( 1 ) L56 - L60  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have developed a new formulation to obtain self-gravitating, axisymmetric configurations in permanent rotation. The formulation is based on the Lagrangian variational principle, and treats not only barotropic but also baroclinic equations of state, for which angular momentum distributions are not necessarily cylindrical. We adopt a Monte Carlo technique, which is analogous to those employed in other fields, e.g. nuclear physics, in minimizing the energy functional, which is evaluated on a triangulated mesh. This Letter is a proof of principle and detailed comparisons with existing results will be reported in the sequel, but some test calculations are presented, in which we have achieved an error of O(10&lt
    sup&gt
    -4&lt
    /sup&gt
    ) in the virial relation. We have in mind the application of this method to two-dimensional calculations of the evolutions of rotating stars, for which the Lagrangian formulation is best suited.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Variational approach for rotating-stellar evolution in Lagrange scheme

    Nobutoshi Yasutake, Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union   9   150 - 151  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have developed an entirely new formulation to obtain self-gravitating, axisymmetric configurations in permanent rotation. It is based on the Lagrangian variational principle and, as a consequence, will allow us to apply it to stellar evolution calculations rather easily. We adopt a Monte Carlo technique, which is analogous to those employed in other fields, e.g. nuclear physics, in minimizing the energy functional. We also present the analogies between the study on rotating stellar configurations and the one on deformed nuclei. Possible applications are not limited to main sequence stars but will be extended to e.g. compact stars, proto-stars and planets. We believe that our formulation will be a major break-through then.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A new equation of state with light nuclei and their weak interactions in core-collapse supernova simulations

    Shun Furusawa, Hiroki Nagakura, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada, Hideyuki Suzuki

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES 2013   1594   272 - 277  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We perform numerical experiments to investigate the influence of inelastic neutrino reactions with light nuclei on the standing accretion shock instability. The time evolutions of shock waves are calculated with a simple light-bulb approximation for the neutrino transport and a multi-nuclei equation of state. The neutrino absorptions and inelastic interactions with deuterons, tritons, helions and alpha particles are taken into account in the hydrodynamical simulations in addition to the ordinary charged-current interactions with nucleons. Axial symmetry is assumed but no equatorial symmetry is imposed. We show that the heating rates of deuterons reach as high as 10% of those of nucleons around the bottom of the gain region. On the other hands, alpha particles heat the matter near the shock wave, which is important when the shock wave expands and density and temperature of matter become low. It is also found that the models with heating by light nuclei have different evolutions from those without it in non-linear evolution phase. The matter in the gain region has 1/allot's densities and temperatures and there appear regions that are locally rich in deuterons and alpha particles. These results indicate that the inelastic reactions of light nuclei, especially deuterons, should be incorporated in the simulations of core-collapse supernovae.

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  • The influence of inelastic neutrino interactions with light clusters on core-collapse supernova simulations

    Shun Furusawa, Hiroki Nagakura, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    3RD INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON STATE OF THE ART IN NUCLEAR CLUSTER PHYSICS   569  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We perform numerical experiments to investigate the influence of inelastic neutrino reactions with light clusters in hot nuclear matter on core-collapse supernova simulations. These interactions have been neglected in most hydrodynamical supernova simulations. The neutrino absorptions and inelastic interactions with deuterons, tritons, helions and alpha particles are taken into account in the hydrodynamical simulations in addition to the ordinary charged-current interactions with nucleons. Axial symmetry is assumed but no equatorial symmetry is imposed. The time evolutions of shock waves are calculated with a simple light-bulb approximation for the neutrino transport and a multi-nuclei equation of state. We show that the heating rates of deuterons reach as high as similar to 10% of those of nucleons around the bottom of the gain region. On the other hand, alpha particles heat the matter near the shock wave, which is important when the shock wave expands and density and temperature of matter become low. It is also found that the models with heating by light clusters have different evolutions from those without it in non-linear evolution phase. The matter in the gain region has various densities and temperatures and there appear regions that are locally rich in deuterons and alpha particles. These results indicate that the inelastic reactions of light clusters, especially deuterons, should be incorporated in the simulations of core-collapse supernovae.

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  • On the Existence and Non-uniqueness of Solutions of Riemann Problems in Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics

    Kazuya Takahashi, Shoichi Yamada

    NUMERICAL MODELING OF SPACE PLASMA FLOWS: ASTRONUM-2013   488   261 - 266  2014年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have built a new exact Riemann solver for ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) that can handle all types of the non-regular waves, such as intermediate shocks and switch-on/off waves. This code can find all the exact solutions for a given MHD Riemann problem. Using the solver, we found that there are uncountably many non-regular solutions for the Brio & Wu problem, which is one of the best-known MHD Riemann problems as it is used as a test problem for numerical codes. This result has cast a question on the numerical MHD simulations: Why do most of the numerical MHD codes always produce a typical non-regular solution which consists of a compound wave?

  • Photospheric Emission from Stratified Jets

    Ito, Hirotaka, Nagataki, Shigehiro, Ono, Masaomi, Lee, Shiu-Hang, Mao, Jirong, Yamada, Shoichi, Pe'er, Asaf, Mizuta, Akira, Harikae, Seiji

    The Astrophysical Journal   777 ( 62 ) 1 - 17  2013年11月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We explore photospheric emissions from stratified two-component jets, wherein a highly relativistic spine outflow is surrounded by a wider and less relativistic sheath outflow. Thermal photons are injected in regions of high optical depth and propagated until the photons escape at the photosphere. Because of the presence of shear in velocity (Lorentz factor) at the boundary of the spine and sheath region, a fraction of the injected photons are accelerated using a Fermi-like acceleration mechanism such that a high-energy power-law tail is formed in the resultant spectrum. We show, in particular, that if a velocity shear with a considerable variance in the bulk Lorentz factor is present, the high-energy part of observed gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) photon spectrum can be explained by this photon acceleration mechanism. We also show that the accelerated photons might also account for the origin of the extra-hard power-law component above the bump of the thermal-like peak seen in some peculiar bursts (e.g., GRB 090510, 090902B, 090926A). We demonstrate that time-integrated spectra can also reproduce the low-energy spectrum of GRBs consistently using a multi-temperature effect when time evolution of the outflow is considered. Last, we show that the empirical E p-L p relation can be explained by differences in the outflow properties of individual sources....

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  • Stellar core collapse with hadron-quark phase transition (Research Note)

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS   558 ( A50 ) 1 - 5  2013年10月

     概要を見る

    Context. Hadronic matter undergoes a deconfinement transition to quark matter at high temperature and/or high density. It would be realized in collapsing cores of massive stars.
    Aims. In the framework of theMIT bag model, the ambiguities of the interaction are encapsulated in the bag constant. Some progenitor stars that invoke the core collapses explode as supernovae, and other ones become black holes. The fates of core collapses are investigated for various cases.
    Methods. Equations of state including the hadron- quark phase transition are constructed for the cases of the bag constant B = 90, 150, and 250 MeV fm- 3. To describe the mixed phase, the Gibbs condition is used. Adopting the equations of state with different bag constants, the core collapse simulations are performed for the progenitor models with 15 and 40 M-circle dot.
    Results. If the bag constant is small, for example B = 90 MeV fm(-3), the interval between the bounce and black hole formation is shortened drastically for the model with 40 M-circle dot, and the second bounce revives the shock wave leading to explosion for the model with 15 M-circle dot.

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    15
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  • THE INFLUENCE OF INELASTIC NEUTRINO REACTIONS WITH LIGHT NUCLEI ON THE STANDING ACCRETION SHOCK INSTABILITY IN CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

    Shun Furusawa, Hiroki Nagakura, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   774 ( 1 ) 1 - 13  2013年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We perform numerical experiments to investigate the influence of inelastic neutrino reactions with light nuclei on the standing accretion shock instability (SASI). The time evolution of shock waves is calculated with a simple light-bulb approximation for the neutrino transport and a multi-nuclei equation of state. The neutrino absorptions and inelastic interactions with deuterons, tritons, helions, and alpha particles are taken into account in the hydrodynamical simulations. In addition, the effects of ordinary charged-current interactions with nucleons is addressed in the simulations. Axial symmetry is assumed but no equatorial symmetry is imposed. We show that the heating rates of deuterons reach as high as similar to 10% of those of nucleons around the bottom of the gain region. On the other hand, alpha particles are heated near the shock wave, which is important when the shock wave expands and the density and temperature of matter become low. It is also found that the models with heating by light nuclei evolve differently in the non-linear phase of SASI than do models that lack heating by light nuclei. This result is because matter in the gain region has a varying density and temperature and therefore sub-regions appear that are locally rich in deuterons and alpha particles. Although the light nuclei are never dominant heating sources and they work favorably for shock revival in some cases and unfavorably in other cases, they are non-negligible and warrant further investigation.

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    38
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  • NEW EQUATIONS OF STATE BASED ON THE LIQUID DROP MODEL OF HEAVY NUCLEI AND QUANTUM APPROACH TO LIGHT NUCLEI FOR CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVA SIMULATIONS

    Shun Furusawa, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada, Hideyuki Suzuki

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   772 ( 2 ) 1 - 16  2013年08月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We construct new equations of state for baryons at subnuclear densities for the use in core-collapse simulations of massive stars. The abundance of various nuclei is obtained together with thermodynamic quantities. A model free energy is constructed, based on the relativistic mean field theory for nucleons and the mass formula for nuclei with the proton number up to similar to 1000. The formulation is an extension of the previous model, in which we adopted the liquid drop model to all nuclei under the nuclear statistical equilibrium. We reformulate the new liquid drop model so that the temperature dependences of bulk energies could be taken into account. Furthermore, we extend the region in the nuclear chart, in which shell effects are included, by using theoretical mass data in addition to experimental ones. We also adopt a quantum-theoretical mass evaluation of light nuclei, which incorporates the Pauli- and self-energy shifts that are not included in the ordinary liquid drop model. The pasta phases for heavy nuclei are taken into account in the same way as in the previous model. We find that the abundances of heavy nuclei are modified by the shell effects of nuclei and temperature dependence of bulk energies. These changes may have an important effect on the rates of electron captures and coherent neutrino scatterings on nuclei in supernova cores. The abundances of light nuclei are also modified by the new mass evaluation, which may affect the heating and cooling rates of supernova cores and shocked envelopes.

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    64
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  • POST-SHOCK-REVIVAL EVOLUTION IN THE NEUTRINO-HEATING MECHANISM OF CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

    Yu Yamamoto, Shin-ichiro Fujimoto, Hiroki Nagakura, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   771 ( 1 ) 1 - 17  2013年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We perform experimental simulations with spherical symmetry and axisymmetry to understand the post-shock-revival evolution of core-collapse supernovae. Assuming that the stalled shock wave is relaunched by neutrino heating and employing the so-called light bulb approximation, we induce shock revival by raising the neutrino luminosity up to the critical value, which is determined by dynamical simulations. A 15 M-circle dot progenitor model is employed. We incorporate nuclear network calculations with a consistent equation of state in the simulations to account for the energy release by nuclear reactions and their feedback to hydrodynamics. Varying the shock-relaunch time rather arbitrarily, we investigate the ensuing long-term evolutions systematically, paying particular attention to the explosion energy and nucleosynthetic yields as a function of relaunch time, or equivalently, the accretion rate at shock revival. We study in detail how the diagnostic explosion energy approaches the asymptotic value and which physical processes contribute in what proportions to the explosion energy. Furthermore, we study the dependence of physical processes on the relaunch time and the dimension of dynamics. We find that the contribution of nuclear reactions to the explosion energy is comparable to or greater than that of neutrino heating. In particular, recombinations are dominant over burnings in the contributions of nuclear reactions. Interestingly, one-dimensional (1D) models studied in this paper cannot produce the appropriate explosion energy and nickel mass simultaneously; nickels are overproduced. This problem is resolved in 2D models if the shock is relaunched at 300-400 ms after the bounce.

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    24
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  • Global simulations of magnetorotational instability in the collapsed core of a massive star

    H. Sawai, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki

    Astrophysical Journal Letters   770 ( 2 ) L19 - L24  2013年06月

     概要を見る

    We performed the first global numerical simulations of magnetorotational instability from a sub-magnetar-class seed magnetic field in core-collapse supernovae. As a result of axisymmetric ideal MHD simulations, we found that the magnetic field is greatly amplified to magnetar-class strength. In the saturation phase, a substantial part of the core is dominated by turbulence, and the magnetic field possesses dominant large-scale components, comparable to the size of a proto-neutron star. A pattern of coherent channel flows, which generally appears during the exponential growth phase in previous local simulations, is not observed in our global simulations. While the approximate convergence in the exponential growth rate is attained by increasing spatial resolution, that of the saturation magnetic field is not achieved due to still large numerical diffusion. Although the effect of the magnetic field on the dynamics is found to be mild, a simulation with a high enough resolution might result in a larger impact. © 2013. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

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  • Regular and non-regular solutions of the Riemann problem in ideal magnetohydrodynamics

    K. Takahashi, S. Yamada

    JOURNAL OF PLASMA PHYSICS   79   335 - 356  2013年06月

     概要を見る

    We have built a code to numerically solve the Riemann problem in ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) for an arbitrary initial condition to investigate a variety of solutions more thoroughly. The code can handle not only regular solutions, in which no intermediate shocks are involved, but also all types of non-regular solutions if any. As a first application, we explored the neighborhood of the initial condition that was first picked up by Brio and Wu (1988) (Brio, M. and Wu, C. C. 1988 An upwind differencing scheme for the equation of ideal magnetohydrodynamics. J. Comput. Phys. 75, 400-422) and has been frequently employed in the literature as a standard problem to validate numerical codes. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that there will always be a regular solution, we found an initial condition for which there is no regular solution but a non-regular one. The latter solution has only regular solutions in its neighborhood and actually sits on the boundary of regular solutions. This implies that the regular solutions are not sufficient to solve the ideal MHD Riemann problem and suggests that at least some types of non-regular solutions are physical. We also demonstrate that the non-regular solutions are not unique. In fact, we found for the Brio and Wu initial condition that there are uncountably many non-regular solutions. This poses an intriguing question: Why a particular non-regular solution is always obtained in numerical simulations? This has important ramifications to the discussion of which intermediate shocks are really admissible.

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    13
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  • Parallel computing of radiative transfer in relativistic jets using Monte Carlo method

    Ayako Ishii, Naofumi Ohnishi, Hiroki Nagakura, Hirotaka Ito, Shoichi Yamada

    HIGH ENERGY DENSITY PHYSICS   9 ( 2 ) 280 - 287  2013年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We present numerical attempts of radiative transfer in a relativistic scattering flow that can produce gamma rays using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo code. We prepared an initial background flowfield obtained from hydrodynamical simulation of a relativistic jet in which Thomson scattering dominates compared to absorption, and solved the radiative transfer equation for the background evolved by a simple expansion model. Since a large number of sample particles is required for an accurate computation, we have parallelized the Monte Carlo code in order to obtain solutions in a practical computational time even for a long-term simulation coupled with a time-dependent flowfield. Using this code, higher parallel efficiency is achieved with larger number of particles. The obtained light curve from the simple model shows a signal of the transition from the opaque post-shock flow to the transparent regime as the flow expands, and the high-energy photons are generated by not only the Doppler boosting but also the inverse Compton scattering. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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    2
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  • A comparative study of statistical models for nuclear equation of state of stellar matter

    N. Buyukcizmeci, A. S. Botvina, I. N. Mishustin, R. Ogul, M. Hempel, J. Schaffner-Bielich, F. -K. Thielemann, S. Furusawa, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   907   13 - 54  2013年06月

     概要を見る

    We compare three different statistical models for the equation of state (EOS) of stellar matter at sub-nuclear densities and temperatures (0.5-10 MeV) expected to occur during the collapse of massive stars and supernova explosions. The models introduce the distributions of various nuclear species in nuclear statistical equilibrium, but use somewhat different nuclear physics inputs. It is demonstrated that the basic thermodynamical quantities of stellar matter under these conditions are similar, except in the region of high densities and low temperatures. We demonstrate that mass and isotopic distributions have considerable differences related to the different assumptions of the models on properties of nuclei at these stellar conditions. Overall, the three models give similar trends, but the details reflect the uncertainties related to the modeling of medium effects, such as the temperature and density dependence of surface and bulk energies of heavy nuclei, and the nuclear shell structure effects. We discuss importance of new physics inputs for astrophysical calculations from experimental data obtained in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions, in particular, the similarities of the conditions reached during supernova explosions and multifragmentation reactions. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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  • SUPERNOVA NEUTRINO LIGHT CURVES AND SPECTRA FOR VARIOUS PROGENITOR STARS: FROM CORE COLLAPSE TO PROTO-NEUTRON STAR COOLING

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hideyuki Suzuki, Tomonori Totani, Hideyuki Umeda, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES   205 ( 1 )  2013年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We present a new series of supernova neutrino light curves and spectra calculated by numerical simulations for a variety of progenitor stellar masses (13-50 M-circle dot) and metallicities (Z = 0.02 and 0.004), which would be useful for a broad range of supernova neutrino studies, e. g., simulations of future neutrino burst detection by underground detectors or theoretical predictions for the relic supernova neutrino background. To follow the evolution from the onset of collapse to 20 s after the core bounce, we combine the results of neutrino-radiation hydrodynamic simulations for the early phase and quasi-static evolutionary calculations of neutrino diffusion for the late phase, with different values of shock revival time as a parameter that should depend on the still unknown explosion mechanism. We describe the calculation methods and basic results, including the dependence on progenitor models and the shock revival time. The neutrino data are publicly available electronically.

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    125
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  • A SEMI-DYNAMICAL APPROACH TO THE SHOCK REVIVAL IN CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

    Hiroki Nagakura, Yu Yamamoto, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   765 ( 2 ) 1 - 12  2013年03月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We develop a new semi-dynamical method to study shock revival by neutrino heating in core-collapse supernovae. Our new approach is an extension of the previous studies that employ spherically symmetric, steady, shocked accretion flows together with the light-bulb approximation. The latter has been widely used in the supernova community for the phenomenological investigation of the criteria for successful supernova explosions. In the present approach, we get rid of the steady-state condition and take into account shock wave motions instead. We have in mind a scenario in which it is not the critical luminosity but the critical fluctuation generated by hydrodynamical instabilities such as standing accretion shock instability and neutrino-driven convection in the post-shock region that determines the onset of shock revival. After confirming that the new approach indeed captures the dynamics of revived shock wave qualitatively, we then apply the method to various initial conditions and find that there is a critical fluctuation for shock revival, which can be well fit by the following formula: f(crit) similar to 0.8 x (M-in/1.4 M-circle dot) x {1 - (r(sh)/10(8) cm)}, where f(crit) denotes the critical pressure fluctuation normalized by the unperturbed post-shock value. M-in and r(sh) stand for the mass of the central compact object and the shock radius, respectively. The critical fluctuation decreases with the shock radius, whereas it increases with the mass of the central object. We discuss the possible implications of our results for three-dimensional effects on shock revival, which is currently controversial in the supernova community.

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    18
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  • Effects of resistivity on magnetized core-collapse supernovae

    H. Sawai, S. Yamada, K. Kotake, H. Suzuki

    Astrophysical Journal   764 ( 1 )  2013年02月

     概要を見る

    We studied the role of turbulent resistivity in the core-collapse of a strongly magnetized massive star, carrying out two-dimensional resistive-MHD simulations. Three cases with different initial strengths of magnetic field and rotation are investigated: (1) a strongly magnetized rotating core, (2) a moderately magnetized rotating core, and (3) a very strongly magnetized non-rotating core. In each case, one ideal-MHD model and two resistive-MHD models are computed. As a result of these computations, each model shows an eruption of matter assisted by magnetic acceleration (and also by centrifugal acceleration in the rotating cases). We found that resistivity attenuates the explosion in cases 1 and 2, while it enhances the explosion in case 3. We also found that in the rotating cases, the main mechanisms for the amplification of a magnetic field in the post-bounce phase are an outward advection of the magnetic field and a twisting of poloidal magnetic field lines by differential rotation, which are somewhat dampened down with the presence of resistivity. Although magnetorotational instability seems to occur in the rotating models, it plays only a minor role in magnetic field amplification. Another impact of resistivity is that on the aspect ratio. In the rotating cases, a large aspect ratio of the ejected matter, &gt
    2.5, attained in an ideal-MHD model is reduced to some extent in a resistive model. These results indicate that resistivity possibly plays an important role in the dynamics of strongly magnetized supernovae. © 2013. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

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    13
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  • Limit on neutrinoless ββ decay of Xe136 from the first phase of KamLAND-Zen and comparison with the positive claim in Ge76

    A. Gando, Y. Gando, H. Hanakago, H. Ikeda, K. Inoue, K. Inoue, K. Ishidoshiro, R. Kato, M. Koga, M. Koga, S. Matsuda, T. Mitsui, D. Motoki, T. Nakada, K. Nakamura, K. Nakamura, A. Obata, A. Oki, Y. Ono, M. Otani, I. Shimizu, J. Shirai, A. Suzuki, Y. Takemoto, K. Tamae, K. Ueshima, H. Watanabe, B. D. Xu, S. Yamada, H. Yoshida, A. Kozlov, S. Yoshida, T. I. Banks, T. I. Banks, S. J. Freedman, S. J. Freedman, S. J. Freedman, B. K. Fujikawa, B. K. Fujikawa, B. K. Fujikawa, K. Han, K. Han, T. O'Donnell, T. O'Donnell, B. E. Berger, Y. Efremenko, Y. Efremenko, H. J. Karwowski, H. J. Karwowski, H. J. Karwowski, H. J. Karwowski, D. M. Markoff, D. M. Markoff, D. M. Markoff, D. M. Markoff, W. Tornow, W. Tornow, W. Tornow, W. Tornow, J. A. Detwiler, S. Enomoto, S. Enomoto, M. P. Decowski, M. P. Decowski

    Physical Review Letters   110 ( 6 )  2013年02月

     概要を見る

    We present results from the first phase of the KamLAND-Zen double-beta decay experiment, corresponding to an exposure of 89.5 kg yr of Xe136. We obtain a lower limit for the neutrinoless double-beta decay half-life of T1/20ν&gt;1.9×1025 yr at 90% C.L. The combined results from KamLAND-Zen and EXO-200 give T1/20ν&gt;3.4×1025 yr at 90% C.L., which corresponds to a Majorana neutrino mass limit of mββ &lt;(120-250) meV based on a representative range of available matrix element calculations. Using those calculations, this result excludes the Majorana neutrino mass range expected from the neutrinoless double-beta decay detection claim in Ge76, reported by a part of the Heidelberg-Moscow Collaboration, at more than 97.5% C.L. © 2013 American Physical Society.

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  • Explosive Nucleosynthesis in Magnetohydrodynamical Jets from Collapsars. II --- Heavy-Element Nucleosynthesis of s, p, r-Processes

    Ono, M., Hashimoto, M., Fujimoto, S., Kotake, K., Yamada, S.

    Progress of Theoretical Physics   128   765 - 765  2012年10月

     概要を見る

    We investigate the nucleosynthesis in a massive star of 70 M_{☉} with solar metallicity in the main sequence stage. The helium core mass after hydrogen burning corresponds to 32 M_{☉}. Nucleosynthesis calculations have been performed during the stellar evolution and the jetlike supernova explosion of a collapsar model. We focus on the production of elements heavier than iron group nuclei. Nucleosynthesis calculations have been accomplished consistently from hydrostatic to dynamic stages by using large nuclear reaction networks, where the weak s-, p-, and r-processes are taken into account. We confirm that s-elements of 60 &lt; A &lt; 90 are highly overproduced relative to the solar abundances in the hydrostatic nucleosynthesis. During oxygen burning, p-elements of A &gt; 90 are produced via photodisintegrations of seed s-elements. However, the produced p-elements are disintegrated in later stages except for ^{180}Ta. In the explosive nucleosynthesis, elements of 90 &lt; A &lt; 160 are significantly overproduced relative to the solar values owing to the r-process, which is very different from the results of spherical explosion models. Only heavy p-elements (N &gt; 50) are overproduced via the p-process because of the low peak temperatures in the oxygen- and neon-rich layers. Compared with the previous study of r-process nucleosynthesis calculations in the collapsar model of 40 M_{☉} by Fujimoto et al. [S. Fujimoto, M. Hashimoto, K. Kotake and S. Yamada, Astrophys. J. 656 (2007), 382; S. Fujimoto, N. Nishimura and M. Hashimoto, Astrophys. J. 680 (2008), 1350], our jet model cannot contribute to the third peak of the solar r-elements and intermediate p-elements, which have been much produced because of the distribution of the lowest part of electron fraction in the ejecta. Averaging the overproduction factors over the progenitor masses with the use of Salpeter's IMF, we suggest that the 70 M_{☉} star could contribute to the solar weak s}-elements of 60 &lt; A &lt; 90 and neutron-rich elements of 90 &lt; A &lt; 160. We confirm the primary synthesis of light p-elements in the ejected matter of high peak temperature. The ejected matter has [Sr/Eu] ̃ -0.4, which is different from that of a typical r-process-enriched star CS22892-052 ([Sr/Eu] ̃ -1). We find that Sr-Y-Zr isotopes are primarily synthesized in the explosive nucleosynthesis in a similar process of the primary production of light p-elements, which has been considered as one of the sites of a lighter element primary process (LEPP). <P />...

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  • NEUTRINO TRANSFER IN THREE DIMENSIONS FOR CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE. I. STATIC CONFIGURATIONS

    K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES   199 ( 1 ) 48 - 48  2012年03月

     概要を見る

    We develop a numerical code to calculate the neutrino transfer with multi-energy and multi-angle in three dimensions (3D) for the study of core-collapse supernovae. The numerical code solves the Boltzmann equations for neutrino distributions by the discrete-ordinate (S-n) method with a fully implicit differencing for time advance. The Boltzmann equations are formulated in the inertial frame with collision terms being evaluated to the zeroth order of v/c. A basic set of neutrino reactions for three neutrino species is implemented together with a realistic equation of state of dense matter. The pair process is included approximately in order to keep the system linear. We present numerical results for a set of test problems to demonstrate the ability of the code. The numerical treatments of advection and collision terms are validated first in the diffusion and free-streaming limits. Then we compute steady neutrino distributions for a background extracted from a spherically symmetric, general relativistic simulation of a 15M(circle dot) star and compare them with the results in the latter computation. We also demonstrate multi-dimensional capabilities of the 3D code solving neutrino transfers for artificially deformed supernova cores in 2D and 3D. Formal solutions along neutrino paths are utilized as exact solutions. We plan to apply this code to the 3D neutrino-radiation hydrodynamics simulations of supernovae. This is the first article in a series of reports on the development.

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    91
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  • HYPERON MATTER AND BLACK HOLE FORMATION IN FAILED SUPERNOVAE

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Shun Furusawa, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Akira Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada, Hideyuki Suzuki

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   745 ( 2 ) 206 - 206  2012年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the emergence of hyperons in black-hole-forming failed supernovae, which are caused by the dynamical collapse of nonrotating massive stars. We perform neutrino-radiation hydrodynamical simulations in general relativity, adopting realistic hyperonic equation of state. Attractive and repulsive cases are examined for the potential of S hyperons. Since hyperons soften the EOS, they shorten the time interval from bounce to black hole formation, which corresponds to the duration of neutrino emission. This effect is more pronounced in the attractive case than in the repulsive case because S hyperons appear more easily. In addition, we investigate the impacts of pions to find that they also promote recollapse toward black hole formation.

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    32
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  • A new equation of state with abundances of all nuclei in core collapse simulations of massive stars

    Shun Furusawa, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada, Hideyuki Suzuki

    Proceedings of Science    2012年

     概要を見る

    We construct the equations of state for baryons at sub-nuclear densities for the use in core-collapse simulations of massive stars. The abundance of various nuclei is obtained together with the ther-modynamic quantities. The formulation is the NSE description and the liquid drop approximation of nuclei. The model free energy to minimize is calculated by relativistic mean field theory for nucleons and the mass formula for nuclei with the atomic number up to ∼ 1000. We have also taken into account the pasta phase for heavy nuclei and the contribution of Pauli energies between free nucleons to binding energies to light nuclei. The experimental and theoretical mass data are employed to evaluate the shell effects of nuclei. We find that the abundance of heavy nuclei is different depending on shell effects of nuclei, which may have an important effect to the rates of electron captures and coherent neutrino scatterings on nuclei in supernova cores. The Pauli and self energy shifts also affect the abundance of light nuclei by comparing with ordinary nuclear statistical equilibrium results, which may affect the heating and cooling rates of supernova cores and shocked envelopes. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike Licence.

  • Numerical code of the neutrino-transfer in three dimensions for core-collapse supernovae

    Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    DEATH OF MASSIVE STARS: SUPERNOVAE AND GAMMA-RAY BURSTS   ( 279 ) 395 - 396  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We develop a new numerical code of the multi-energy and multi-angle neutrino radiation transfer in three dimensions (3D) for core-collapse supernovae. Our 3D code to solve the Boltzmann equations is based on the discretized-ordinate (S-N) method with a fully implicit differencing for time advance. A basic set of neutrino reactions is implemented in the collision terms together with a realistic equation of state. By following the time evolution of neutrino distributions in six dimensions (3 spatial and 3 momentum-space) by the 3D Boltzmann solver, we study the 3D feature of neutrino transfer for given background models of supernova cores in order to understand the explosion mechanism through neutrino heating in multi dimensions.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Neutron Star Kicks Affected by Standing Accretion Shock Instability for Core-Collapse Supernovae

    Wakana Iwakami Nakano, Kei Kotake, Naofumi Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada, Keisuke Sawada

    DEATH OF MASSIVE STARS: SUPERNOVAE AND GAMMA-RAY BURSTS   ( 279 ) 337 - 338  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate a proto-neutron star kick velocity estimated from kinetic momentum of a flow around the proto-neutron star after the standing accretion shock instability grows. In this study, ten different types of random perturbations are imposed on the initial flow for each neutrino luminosity. We found that the kick velocities of proto-neutron star are widely distributed from 40 km s(-1) to 180 km s(-1) when the shock wave reaches 2000 km away from the center of the star. The average value of kick velocity is 115 km s(-1), whose value is smaller than the observational ones. The kick velocities do not depend on the neutrino luminosity.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A NEW BARYONIC EQUATION OF STATE AT SUB-NUCLEAR DENSITIES FOR CORE-COLLAPSE SIMULATIONS

    Shun Furusawa, Shoichi Yamada, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hideyuki Suzuki

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES 2011   1484   369 - 371  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We construct a new equation of state for baryons at sub-nuclear densities for the use in core-collapse simulations of massive stars. The formulation is based on the nuclear statistical equilibrium description and the liquid drop approximation of nuclei. The model free energy to minimize is calculated by using relativistic mean field theory for nucleons and the mass formula for nuclei with atomic number up to similar to 1000. We have also taken into account the pasta phase. We find that the free energy and other thermodynamical quantities are not very different from those given in the standard EOSs that adopt the single nucleus approximation. On the other hand, the average mass is systematically different, which may have an important effect to the rates of electron captures and coherent neutrino scatterings on nuclei in supernova cores. It is also interesting that the root mean square of the mass number is not very different from the average mass number, since the former is important for the evaluation of coherent scattering rates on nuclei but has been unavailable so far.

    DOI

    Scopus

    1
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Systematic long term simulations of spherical supernova explosions and their applications

    Hideto Kikuchi, Hideyuki Suzuki, Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Shoichi Yamada, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES 2011   1484   397 - 399  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Most of the sophisticated numerical simulations of the collapse-driven supernova explosions are performed until 1-2 seconds after bounce. On the other hand, we caluclate long term evolution of supernovae using spherical symmetric models and approximate neutrino transfer. We applied this scheme to the systematic study on evaluation of explosion energy E-exp.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • A new equation of state Based on Nuclear Statistical Equilibrium for Core-Collapse Simulations

    Shun Furusawa, Shoichi Yamada, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hideyuki Suzuki

    DEATH OF MASSIVE STARS: SUPERNOVAE AND GAMMA-RAY BURSTS   ( 279 ) 333 - 334  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We calculate a new equation of state for baryons at sub-nuclear densities for the use in core-collapse simulations of massive stars. The formulation is the nuclear statistical equilibrium description and the liquid drop approximation of nuclei. The model free energy to minimize is calculated by relativistic mean field theory for nucleons and the mass formula for nuclei with atomic number up to similar to 1000. We have also taken into account the pasta phase. We find that the free energy and other thermodynamical quantities are not very different from those given in the standard EOSs that adopt the single nucleus approximation. On the other hand, the average mass is systematically different, which may have an important effect on the rates of electron captures and coherent neutrino scatterings on nuclei in supernova cores.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Nucleosynthesis in a Massive Star Associated with Magnetohydrodynamical Jets from Collapsars

    M. Ono, M. Hashimoto, S. Fujimoto, K. Kotake, S. Yamada

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES 2011   1484   412 - 414  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the nucleosynthesis during the stellar evolution and the jet-like supernova explosion of a massive star of 70 M-circle dot having the solar metallicity in the main sequence stage. The nucleosynthesis calculations have been performed with large nuclear reaction networks, where the weak s-, p-, and r-processes are taken into account. As a result s-elements of 60 &lt; A &lt; 90 and r-elements of 90 &lt; A &lt; 160 are highly overproduced relative to the solar system abundances. We find that the Sr-Y-Zr isotopes are primarily synthesized in the explosive nucleosynthesis which could be one of the sites of the lighter element primary process (LEPP).

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Core-collapse supernovae as supercomputing science: A status report toward six-dimensional simulations with exact Boltzmann neutrino transport in full general relativity

    Kei Kotake, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada, Tomoya Takiwaki, Takami Kuroda, Yudai Suwa, Hiroki Nagakura

    PROGRESS OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS   01A301 ( 1 ) 34 - 34  2012年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    This is a status report on our endeavor to reveal the mechanism of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) by large-scale numerical simulations. Multi-dimensionality of the supernova engine, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics, energy and lepton number transport by neutrinos emitted from the forming neutron star, as well as nuclear interactions there, are all believed to play crucial roles in repelling infalling matter and producing energetic explosions. These ingredients are non-linearly coupled with one another in the dynamics of core collapse, bounce, and shock expansion. Serious quantitative studies of CCSNe hence make extensive numerical computations mandatory. Since neutrinos are neither in thermal nor in chemical equilibrium in general, their distributions in the phase space should be computed. This is a six-dimensional (6D) neutrino transport problem and quite a challenge, even for those with access to the most advanced numerical resources such as the "K computer". To tackle this problem, we have embarked on efforts on multiple fronts. In particular, we report in this paper our recent progresses in the treatment of multidimensional (multi-D) radiation hydrodynamics. We are currently proceeding on two different paths to the ultimate goal. In one approach, we employ an approximate but highly efficient scheme for neutrino transport and treat 3D hydrodynamics and/or general relativity rigorously; some neutrino-driven explosions will be presented and quantitative comparisons will be made between 2D and 3D models. In the second approach, on the other hand, exact, but so far Newtonian, Boltzmann equations are solved in two and three spatial dimensions; we will show some example test simulations. We will also address the perspectives of exascale computations on the next generation supercomputers.

    DOI

    Scopus

    68
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • A NEW BARYONIC EQUATION OF STATE AT SUB-NUCLEAR DENSITIES FOR CORE-COLLAPSE SIMULATIONS

    Shun Furusawa, Shoichi Yamada, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hideyuki Suzuki

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   738 ( 2 )  2011年09月

     概要を見る

    We calculate a new equation of state for baryons at sub-nuclear densities meant for the use in core-collapse simulations of massive stars. The abundances of various nuclei are obtained together with the thermodynamic quantities. The formulation is the nuclear statistical equilibrium description and the liquid drop approximation of nuclei. The model free energy to minimize is calculated by relativistic mean field theory for nucleons and the mass formula for nuclei with atomic number up to similar to 1000. We have also taken into account the pasta phase, thanks to which the transition to uniform nuclear matter in our equation of state (EOS) occurs in the conventional manner: nuclei are not dissociated into nucleons but survive right up to the transition to uniform nuclear matter. We find that the free energy and other thermodynamical quantities are not very different from those given in the H. Shen&apos;s EOS, one of the standard EOSs that adopt the single nucleus approximation. On the other hand, the average mass is systematically different, which may have an important ramification to the rates of electron captures and coherent neutrino scatterings on nuclei in supernova cores. It is also interesting that the root mean square of the mass number is not very different from the average mass number, since the former is important for the evaluation of coherent scattering rates on nuclei but has been unavailable so far. The EOS table is currently under construction, which will include the weak interaction rates.

    DOI

    Scopus

    82
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • JET PROPAGATIONS, BREAKOUTS, AND PHOTOSPHERIC EMISSIONS IN COLLAPSING MASSIVE PROGENITORS OF LONG-DURATION GAMMA-RAY BURSTS

    Hiroki Nagakura, Hirotaka Ito, Kenta Kiuchi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   731 ( 2 )  2011年04月

     概要を見る

    We investigate the following by two-dimensional axisymmetric relativistic hydrodynamical simulations: (1) jet propagations through an envelope of a rapidly rotating and collapsing massive star, which is supposed to be a progenitor of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs); (2) breakouts and subsequent expansions into stellar winds; and (3) the accompanying photospheric emissions. We find that if the envelope rotates uniformly almost at the mass shedding limit, its outer part eventually stops contracting when the centrifugal force becomes large enough. Then another shock wave is formed, propagates outward, and breaks out of the envelope into the stellar wind. Whether the jet or the centrifugal bounce-induced shock breaks out earlier depends on the timing of jet injection. If the shock breakout occurs earlier, owing to a later injection, the jet propagation and subsequent photospheric emissions are affected substantially. We pay particular attention to observational consequences of the difference in the timing of jet injection. We calculate optical depths to find the location of photospheres, extracting densities, and temperatures at appropriate retarded times from the hydrodynamical data. We show that the luminosity and observed temperature of the photospheric emissions are both much lower than those reported in previous studies. Although luminosities are still high enough for GRBs, the observed temperatures are lower than the energy at the spectral peak expected by the Yonetoku relation. This may imply that energy exchanges between photons and matter are terminated deeper inside or that some non-thermal processes are operating to boost photon energies.

    DOI

    Scopus

    105
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • EVOLUTION OF NON-THERMAL SHELL EMISSION ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS JETS

    Hirotaka Ito, Motoki Kino, Nozomu Kawakatu, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   730 ( 2 )  2011年04月

     概要を見る

    We explore the evolution of emissions by accelerated electrons in shocked shells driven by jets in active galactic nuclei. Focusing on powerful sources which host luminous quasars, we evaluated the broadband emission spectra by properly taking into account adiabatic and radiative cooling effects on the electron distribution. The synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton (IC) scattering of various photons that are mainly produced in the accretion disk and dusty torus are considered as radiation processes. We show that the resultant radiation is dominated by the IC emission for compact sources (less than or similar to 10 kpc), whereas the synchrotron radiation is more important for larger sources. We also compare shell emissions with those expected from the lobe under the assumption that the fractions of the energy deposited in the shell and lobe carried by non-thermal electrons are epsilon(e) similar to 0.01 and epsilon(e),(lobe) similar to 1, respectively. We find that shell emissions are brighter than lobe ones at infrared and optical bands when the source size is greater than or similar to 10 kpc, and the IC emissions from the shell at greater than or similar to 10 GeV can be observed with an absence of contamination from the lobe irrespective of the source size. In particular, it is predicted that, for most powerful nearby sources (L-j similar to 10(47) erg s(-1)), similar to TeV gamma-rays produced via IC emissions can be detected by modern Cherenkov telescopes such as MAGIC, HESS, and VERITAS.

    DOI

    Scopus

    9
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • R-process Nucleosynthesis in Supernova Explosion

    M. Saruwatari, M. Hashimoto, K. Kotake, S. Yamada

    FRONTIERS IN NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, ASTROPHYSICS, AND REACTIONS (FINUSTAR 3)   1377   420 - 422  2011年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the possibility of the r-process during the magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) explosion of supernova in a massive star of 13 M-circle dot with the effects of neutrinos included. Contrary to the case of the spherical explosion, jet-like explosion due to the combined effects of rotation and magnetic field lowers the electron fraction significantly inside the layers. We find that the ejected material of low electron fraction responsible for the r-process comes out from the inner deep region of the core that is made up of iron-group nuclei. This leads to the production of the second to third peak in the solar r-process elements. We suggest that there are some variations in the r-process nucleosynthesis according to the initial conditions of rotational and magnetic fields.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Nucleosynthesis in Magnetohydrodynamical Jets from Collapsars

    M. Ono, M. Hashimoto, S. Fujimoto, K. Kotake, S. Yamada

    FRONTIERS IN NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, ASTROPHYSICS, AND REACTIONS (FINUSTAR 3)   1377   411 - 413  2011年

     概要を見る

    We investigate the heavy-element nucleosynthesis of a massive star whose mass in the main sequence stage is M-ms = 70 M-circle dot. Detailed calculations of the nucleosynthesis are performed during the hydrostatic stellar evolution until the core composed of iron-group nuclei begins to collapse. As a supernova explosion model, a collapsar model is constructed whose jets are driven by magnetohydrodynamical effects of a differentially rotating core. The heavy-element nucleosynthesis inside the jet of a collapsar model is followed along the trajectories of stream lines of the jet. We combine the results of both hydrostatic and heavy-element nucleosyntheses to compare with the solar abundances. We find that neutron-rich elements of 70 &lt; A &lt; 140 are highly overproduced relative to the solar abundances. Therefore, we conclude that this scenario should be rare and elements of A less than or similar to 70 are compensated for other supernova explosion models. We find also that different mass formula changes significantly the production of elements of A &gt; 140.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Jet breakouts and photospheric emissions in rotating collapsing massive stars

    Hiroki Nagakura, Hirotaka Ito, Kenta Kiuchi, Shoichi Yamada

    GAMMA RAY BURSTS 2010   1358  2011年

     概要を見る

    We numerically investigated the gravitational collapse of a rapidly rotating massive star and the subsequent propagation of relativistic jets, varying the timing of jet injection. In this study, we pay particular attention to observational consequences of the difference in the timing of jet injection. In order to discuss them, the light curve of photospheric emissions is also calculated by the post process. In calculating optical depths to find the location of the photosphere, we take into account the relativistic effect such as the time retardation accurately. We find that, as a consequence of rotating massive star collapse, the centrifugal shock wave (CSW) is formed, then it propagates outwards and breaks out of the envelope into the stellar wind. Which of the jet and CSW breaks out earlier depends on the timing of jet injection. If the CSW breakout occurs first owing to later jet injection, the jet propagation and subsequent photospheric emissions are affected substantially.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • IMPACT OF QUARKS AND PIONS ON DYNAMICS AND NEUTRINO SIGNAL OF BLACK HOLE FORMATION IN NON-ROTATING STELLAR CORE COLLAPSE

    Ken&apos;ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   721 ( 2 ) 1284 - 1294  2010年10月

     概要を見る

    In the formation process of black holes, the density and temperature of matter become sufficiently high for quarks and pions to appear. In this study, we numerically investigate stellar core collapse and black hole formation taking into account the equations of state involving quarks and/or pions. In our simulations, we utilize a code that solves the general relativistic hydrodynamics and neutrino transfer equations simultaneously, treating neutrino reactions in detail under spherical symmetry. Initial models with three different masses, namely, 40, 100, and 375 M(circle dot), are adopted. Our results show that quarks and pions shorten the duration of neutrino emission if the collapse bounces before black hole formation. In addition, pions increase the luminosity and average energy of neutrinos before black hole formation. We also find that the hadron-quark phase transition leads to an interesting evolution of temperature. Moreover, the neutrino event number is evaluated for the currently operating neutrino detector, SuperKamiokande, to confirm that it is not only detectable but also affected by the emergence of quarks and pions for Galactic events. While there are some issues, such as hyperons, beyond the scope of this study, this is the first serious attempt to assess the impact of quarks and pions in dynamical simulations of black hole formation and will serve as an important foundation for future studies.

    DOI

    Scopus

    42
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • MULTI-LAYERED CONFIGURATIONS IN DIFFERENTIALLY ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM

    Kenta Kiuchi, Hiroki Nagakura, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   717 ( 2 ) 666 - 673  2010年07月

     概要を見る

    We present a new formula to numerically construct configurations in rotational equilibrium, which consists of multiple layers. Each layer rotates uniformly or differentially according to cylindrical rotation laws that are different from layer to layer. Assuming a different barotropic equation of state (EOS) for each layer, we solve the Bernoulli equation in each layer separately and combine the solutions by imposing continuity of the pressure at each boundary of the layers. It is confirmed that a single continuous barotropic EOS is incompatible with the junction condition. Identifying appropriate variables to be solved, we construct a convergent iteration scheme. For demonstration, we obtain two-layered configurations, each layer of which rotates rapidly with either an "Omega-constant law" or a "j-constant law" or a "v-constant law." Other rotation laws and/or a larger number of layers can be treated similarly. We hope that this formula will be useful in studying the stellar evolution in multi-dimension with the non-spherical configuration induced by rotation being fully taken into account.

    DOI

    Scopus

    10
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • NONTHERMAL EMISSIONS FROM SHOCKED SHELLS DRIVEN BY POWERFUL AGN JETS

    Hirotaka Ito, Motoki Kino, Nozomu Kawakatu, Shoichi Yamada

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS D   19 ( 6 ) 893 - 899  2010年06月

     概要を見る

    We explore the emissions by accelerated electrons in shocked shells driven by jets in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Focusing on powerful sources which host luminous quasars, the synchrotron radiation and inverse-Compton (IC) scattering of various photons that are mainly produced in the core are considered as radiation processes. We show that the radiative output is dominated by the IC emission for compact sources (less than or similar to 30 kpc), whereas the synchrotron radiation is more important for larger sources. It is predicted that, for powerful sources (L(j) similar to 10(47) ergs s(-1)), GeV-TeV gamma-rays produced via the IC emissions can be detected by the Fermi satellite and modern Cherenkov telescopes such as MAGIC, HESS and VERITAS if the source is compact.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Neutrino oscillation and expected event rate of supernova neutrinos in the adiabatic explosion model

    Shio Kawagoe, Takashi Yoshida, Toshitaka Kajino, Hideyuki Suzuki, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   81 ( 12 )  2010年06月

     概要を見る

    We study how the influence of the shock wave appears in neutrino oscillations and the neutrino spectrum by using the density profile of the adiabatic explosion model of a core-collapse supernova, which is calculated in an implicit Lagrangian code for general relativistic spherical hydrodynamics. We calculate expected event rates of neutrino detection at Super-Kamiokande (SK) and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) for various theta(13) values and both normal and inverted hierarchies. The predicted event rates of (nu) over bar (e) and nu(e) depend on the mixing angle theta(13) for the inverted and normal mass hierarchies, respectively, and the influence of the shock wave appears for about 2-8 s when sin(2)2 theta(13) is larger than 10(-3). These neutrino signals for the shock-wave propagation is decreased by less than or similar to 30% for (nu) over bar (e) in inverted hierarchy (SK) or by less than or similar to 15% for nu(e) in normal hierarchy (SNO) compared with the case without shock. The obtained ratio of the total event for high-energy neutrinos (20 MeV &lt;= E-v &lt;= 60 MeV) to low-energy neutrinos (5 MeV less than or similar to E &lt;= 20 MeV) is consistent with the previous studies in schematic semianalytic or other hydrodynamic models of the shock propagation. The time dependence of the calculated ratio of the event rates of high-energy neutrinos to the event rates of low-energy neutrinos is a very useful observable which is sensitive to theta(13) and mass hierarchies. Namely, the time-dependent ratio shows a clearer signal of the shock-wave propagation that exhibits a remarkable decrease by at most a factor of similar to 2 for (nu) over bar (e) in inverted hierarchy (SK), whereas it exhibits a smaller change by similar to 10% for nu(e) in normal hierarchy (SNO). Observing the time-dependent high-energy to low-energy ratio of the neutrino events thus would provide a piece of very useful information to constrain theta(13) and mass hierarchy and eventually help understand how the shock wave propagates inside the star.

    DOI

    Scopus

    7
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Emergence of hyperons in failed supernovae with short neutrino bursts

    K. Sumiyoshi, K. Nakazato, C. Ishizuka, A. Ohnishi, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   835 ( 1-4 ) 295 - 302  2010年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We present that the appearance of hyperons plays a crucial role in failed supernovae from massive stars of similar to 40M(circle dot). The quick dynamics front the gravitational collapse to the black hole leads to extreme conditions, reaching high densities and temperatures to have strangeness particles, within 1 s after the core bounce. The associated neutrino bursts are short and energetic, being different from ordinary supernova neutrinos, and may provide the information on the strangeness in dense matter. The end point of the duration of neutrino burst is determined by the stiffness of EOS and the appearance of new particle is the trigger of the termination due to the black hole formation. By measuring the duration of burst and the energy spectrum, one can constrain the appearance of exotics. The event numbers of neutrinos from the black-hole-forming collapse at the terrestrial detector are found large enough to utilize this phenomena as a target of neutrino astronomy and a probe of dense matter with strangeness.

    DOI J-GLOBAL

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • EOS of hyperonic matter for core-collapse supernovae

    A. Ohnishi, K. Tsubakihara, K. Sumiyoshi, C. Ishizuka, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   835 ( 1-4 ) 374 - 377  2010年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We discuss the properties of the supernova matter equation of state (EOS) including hyperons, and the emergence of hyperons in dynamical core-collapse processes. The recently tabulated EOS including hyperons is based on an SUf(3) extended relativistic mean field (RMF) model, in which the coupling constants of hyperons with scalar mesons are determined to fit the hyperon potential depths in nuclear matter, (U-Sigma, U-Xi) = (+30MeV, -15 MeV), which are suggested from recent analyses of hyperon production reactions. Hyperon effects are found to be small in the core-collapse and bounce stages, but abundant hyperons appear when the temperature becomes high during black hole formation and promote earlier collapse of the accreting proto-neutron star. The maximum mass of a hot proto-neutron star is discussed, and we give a rough estimate of the critical mass of the accreting proto-neutron star, at which the proto-neutron star re-collapses to a black hole.

    DOI J-GLOBAL

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Exploring hadron physics in black hole formations: A new promising target of neutrino astronomy

    Ken&apos;ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hideyuki Suzuki, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   81 ( 8 )  2010年04月

     概要を見る

    The detection of neutrinos from massive stellar collapses can teach us a great deal not only about source objects but also about microphysics working deep inside them. In this study we discuss quantitatively the possibility to extract information on the properties of dense and hot hadronic matter from neutrino signals coming out of black-hole-forming collapses of nonrotational massive stars. Based on our detailed numerical simulations we evaluate the event numbers for SuperKamiokande, with neutrino oscillations fully taken into account. We demonstrate that the event numbers from a Galactic event are large enough not only to detect but also to distinguish one hadronic equation of state from another by our statistical method, assuming the same progenitor model and nonrotation. This means that the massive stellar collapse can be a unique probe into hadron physics and will be a promising target of the nascent neutrino astronomy.

    DOI

    Scopus

    28
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • THE DYNAMICS OF THREE-PLANET SYSTEMS: AN APPROACH FROM A DYNAMICAL SYSTEM

    Bungo Shikita, Hiroko Koyama, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   712 ( 2 ) 819 - 832  2010年04月

     概要を見る

    We study in detail the motions of three planets interacting with each other under the influence of a central star. It is known that the system with more than two planets becomes unstable after remaining quasi-stable for long times, leading to highly eccentric orbital motions or ejections of some of the planets. In this paper, we are concerned with the underlying physics for this quasi-stability as well as the subsequent instability and advocate the so-called stagnant motion in the phase space, which has been explored in the field of a dynamical system. We employ the Lyapunov exponent, the power spectra of orbital elements, and the distribution of the durations of quasi-stable motions to analyze the phase-space structure of the three-planet system, the simplest and hopefully representative one that shows the instability. We find from the Lyapunov exponent that the system is almost non-chaotic in the initial quasi-stable state whereas it becomes intermittently chaotic thereafter. The non-chaotic motions produce the horizontal dense band in the action-angle plot whereas the voids correspond to the chaotic motions. We obtain power laws for the power spectra of orbital eccentricities. Power-law distributions are also found for the durations of quasi-stable states. With all these results combined together, we may reach the following picture: the phase space consists of the so-called KAM tori surrounded by satellite tori and imbedded in the chaotic sea. The satellite tori have a self-similar distribution and are responsible for the scale-free power-law distributions of the duration times. The system is trapped around one of the KAM torus and the satellites for a long time (the stagnant motion) and moves to another KAM torus with its own satellites from time to time, corresponding to the intermittent chaotic behaviors.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • R-process Nucleosynthesis during the Magnetohydrodynamics Explosions of a Massive Star

    Motoaki Saruwatari, Masa-aki Hashimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    10TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   1269   409 - +  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the possibility of the r-process during the magnetohydrohynamical explosion of supernova in a massive star of 13 solar mass with the effects of neutrinos induced. We adopt five kinds of initial models which include properties of rotation and the toroidal component of the magnetic field. The simulations which succeed the explosions are limitted to a concentrated magnetic field and strong differential rotation. Low Ye ejecta produce heavy elements and the third peak can be reproduced. However, the second peak is low because Ye distribution as a function of radius is steep and ejecta corresponding to middle Ye is very few.

  • Magnetorotational Supernovae with Resistivities

    Hidetomo Sawai, Shoichi Yamada, Kei Kotake

    ADVANCED RESEARCH IN PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING     178 - +  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We numerically investigate the effects of electrical resistivity on the dynamics of core-collapse supernovae. Initially strong magnetic fields and rapid rotations are assumed together with high resistivities. We find that resistivity acts as a negative reinforcer for the explosion. Although the thermal pressure is produced due to the Joule heating, an inefficiency of magnetic field amplification result in weaker total stress than that of the ideal magnetohydrodynamic computation and leads to less energetic explosion.

  • Neutrino Astronomy as a Probe into Physics of Hot and Dense Matter

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hideyuki Suzuki, Shoichi Yamada

    10TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   1269   354 - +  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In this study we investigate numerically the stellar core collapse and black hole formation taking into account the EOS's involving quarks and/or pions. In our simulations, we utilize the code which solves the general relativistic hydrodynamics and neutrino transfer equations simultaneously, treating neutrino reactions in detail under spherical symmetry. Our results show that quarks and pions shorten the duration of neutrino emission if the collapse is bounced before the black hole formation. In addition, pions make the luminosity and average energy of neutrinos higher before the black hole formation.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Pasta Phase with Gyroid Morphology at Subnuclear Densities

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kazuhiro Oyamatsu, Shoichi Yamada

    TOURS SYMPOSIUM ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS - VII   1238   218 - +  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We propose a new candidate for nuclear shapes at subnuclear densities in analogy with polymer shapes. We then find that the new candidate, gyroid morphology, may appear near the transition point from a cylinder to a slab as well as that from a slab to a cylindrical hole. Since this analogy between the nuclear and polymer systems is not only qualitative but also quantitative, our findings may offer a new field of interest. Further details of this study are seen in our lately published letter [1].

    DOI

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  • Neutrino Astronomy as a Probe into Physics of Hot and Dense Matter

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Surniyoshi, Hideyuki Suzuki, Shoichi Yamada

    TOURS SYMPOSIUM ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS - VII   1238   145 - +  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have performed several simulations on non-rotational core-collapses of a star with 40M(circle dot) by a general relativistic v-radiation-hydrodynamics code and computed quantitatively the dynamics up to the black hole formation as well as the neutrino luminosities and spectra. Employing different hadronic equations of state (EOS), we have demonstrated that the duration of neutrino emissions from this event is sensitive to the stiffness of EOS at supra-nuclear densities and, therefore, that the observation of neutrinos from such an event will provide us with valuable information on the properties of dense and hot hadronic matter as well as on the maximum mass of proto-neutron stars. However, this approach can not distinguish EOS's with a similar stiffness: a soft nucleonic EOS and a hyperonic EOS, for example. In this study, we attempt to break this degeneracy by analyzing more in detail the time variation of neutrino numbers observed at a terrestrial detector. Performing the Kolmogolov-Smimov test, which is free from the ambiguity of the distance to the progenitor, we show that the break-up of the degeneracy of hadronic EOS's is indeed feasible for Galactic events.

    DOI

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  • Heavy-element Nucleosynthesis in Magnetohydrodynamical Jets from Collapsars

    M. Ono, M. Hashimoto, S. Fujimoto, K. Kotake, S. Yamada

    10TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   1269   415 - +  2010年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the heavy-element nucleosynthesis of a massive star whose mass in the main sequence stage is M-ms = 70 M-circle dot. Numerical calculations of the nucleosynthesis are performed during the stage of hydrostatic stellar evolution until the core composed of iron-group nuclei begins to collapse. As a supernova explosion model, a collapsar model is constructed whose jets are driven by magnetohydrodynamical effects of a differentially rotating core. The heavy-element nucleosynthesis inside the jet of a collapsar model is followed along the trajectories of stream lines of the jet. We combine the results of both detailed hydrostatic and heavy-element nucleosyntheses to compare with the solar abundances. We find that neutron-rich elements of 70 &lt; A &lt; 160 are highly overproduced to the solar abundances. Therefore, we conclude that this scenario should be rare and elements of A less than or similar to 70 are compensated for other supernova explosion models.

    DOI

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  • Ray-Tracing Analysis of Anisotropic Neutrino Radiation for Estimating Gravitational Waves in Core-Collapse Supernovae

    Kei Kotake, Wakana Iwakami, Naofumi Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal   704   963 - 963  2009年10月

  • Explosive Nucleosynthesis in Magnetohydrodynamical Jets from Collapsars

    Ono, M., Hashimoto, M., Fujimoto, S., Kotake, K., Yamada, S.

    Progress of Theoretical Physics   122   777 - 777  2009年09月

     概要を見る

    We investigate the nucleosynthesis of a massive star whose mass in the main sequence stage is M_{ms} = 70 M_{☉} that corresponds to the helium core or helium star of M_α = 32 M_{☉}. Numerical calculations of the nucleosynthesis are performed during the stage of hydrostatic stellar evolution until the core composed of iron-group nuclei (Fe core) begins to collapse. A collapsar model whose jets are driven by two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical effects of a differentially rotating core is constructed. The explosive nucleosynthesis inside the jets of a specified collapsar model is followed along the trajectories of stream lines. We combine the results of both detailed hydrostatic and explosive nucleosyntheses to compare the solar system abundances. We show that the agreement is considerably improved compared with the case without the detailed hydrostatic nucleosynthesis included. We suggest that many radioactive nuclei such as ^{44}Ti and ^{56,57}Ni <P />are produced if the jets continue for more than 10 s, which would become crucial for the observation of abundance distribution in young supernova remnants. <P />...

    DOI

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    19
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Gyroid Phase in Nuclear Pasta

    Ken&apos;ichiro Nakazato, Kazuhiro Oyamatsu, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS   103 ( 13 )  2009年09月

     概要を見る

    Nuclear matter is considered to be inhomogeneous at subnuclear densities that are realized in supernova cores and neutron star crusts, and the structures of nuclear matter change from spheres to cylinders, slabs, cylindrical holes, and spherical holes as the density increases. In this Letter, we discuss other possible structures, that is, gyroid and double-diamond morphologies, which are periodic bicontinuous structures discovered in a block copolymer. Utilizing the compressible liquid drop model, we show that there is a chance of gyroid appearance near the transition point from a cylinder to a slab and the volume fraction at this point is also similar for nuclear and polymer systems. Although the five shapes listed initially have been long thought to be the only major constituents of so-called nuclear pasta at subnuclear densities, our findings imply that this belief needs to be reconsidered.

    DOI

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    54
    被引用数
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  • Spiral Mode of Standing Accretion Shock Instability in Core-Collapse Supernovae

    Wakana Iwakami, Naofumi Ohnishi, KeiKotake, Shoichi Yamada, Keisuke Sawada

    Astrophysics and Space Science   322   47 - 47  2009年08月

  • EFFECTS OF ROTATION ON STANDING ACCRETION SHOCK INSTABILITY IN NONLINEAR PHASE FOR CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE

    Wakana Iwakami, Kei Kotake, Naofumi Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada, Keisuke Sawada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   700 ( 1 ) 232 - 242  2009年07月

     概要を見る

    We study the effects of rotation on standing accretion shock instability (SASI) by performing three-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations. Taking into account a realistic equation of state and neutrino heating/cooling, we prepare a spherically symmetric and steady accretion flow through a standing shock wave onto a proto-neutron star (PNS). When the SASI enters the nonlinear phase, we impose uniform rotation on the flow advecting from the outer boundary of the iron core, whose specific angular momentum is assumed to agree with recent stellar evolution models. Using spherical harmonics in space and Fourier decompositions in time, we perform mode analysis of the nonspherical deformed shock wave to observe rotational effects on the SASI in the nonlinear phase. We find that rotation imposed on the axisymmetric flow does not make any spiral modes and hardly affects sloshing modes, except for steady l = 2, m = 0 modes. In contrast, rotation imposed on the nonaxisymmetric flow increases the amplitude of spiral modes so that some spiral flows accreting on the PNS are more clearly formed inside the shock wave than without rotation. The amplitudes of spiral modes increase significantly with rotation in the progressive direction.

    DOI

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    69
    被引用数
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  • Stochastic Nature of Gravitational Waves from Supernova Explosions with Standing Accretion Shock Instability

    Kei Kotake, Wakana Iwakami, Naofumi Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal Letters   693   L136 - L136  2009年06月

  • THE STANDING ACCRETION SHOCK INSTABILITY IN THE DISK AROUND THE KERR BLACK HOLE

    Hiroki Nagakura, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   696 ( 2 ) 2026 - 2035  2009年05月

     概要を見る

    This paper is a sequel to our previous work for accretion onto a Schwarzschild black hole and the so-called standing accretion shock instability; in this paper, we investigate nonaxisymmetric perturbations for a Kerr black hole. The linear and nonlinear phases for the shock evolution are analyzed in detail by both two-dimensional general relativistic hydrodynamical simulations and linear analysis. Since the structure of steady axisymmetric accretion flows with a standing shock wave is very sensitive to the inner transonic flow, their properties such as Mach numbers, which are important for the stability, depend on the Kerr parameter very much. Although the essential features of the instability do not differ from the previous results for the Schwarzschild black hole, the frame-dragging effects specific to the Kerr black hole are also evident. Interestingly, the oscillation periods of the fundamental unstable modes are dependent only on the shock radius irrespective of the injection parameters.

    DOI

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    30
    被引用数
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  • EMERGENCE OF HYPERONS IN FAILED SUPERNOVAE: TRIGGER OF THE BLACK HOLE FORMATION

    K. Sumiyoshi, C. Ishizuka, A. Ohnishi, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS   690 ( 1 ) L43 - L46  2009年01月

     概要を見る

    We investigate the emergence of strange baryons in the dynamical collapse of a nonrotating massive star to a black hole using neutrino-radiation hydrodynamical simulations in general relativity. By following the dynamical formation and collapse of a nascent proto-neutron star from the gravitational collapse of a 40 M(circle dot) star adopting a new hyperonic equation-of-state (EOS) table, we show that the hyperons do not appear at the core bounce but populate quickly similar to 0.5-0.7 s after the bounce to trigger the recollapse to a black hole. They start to show up off center owing to high temperatures and later prevail at center when the central density becomes high enough. The neutrino emission from the accreting proto-neutron star with the hyperonic EOS stops much earlier than the corresponding case with a nucleonic EOS, while the average energies and luminosities are quite similar in the two cases. These features of the neutrino signal are a potential probe of the emergence of new degrees of freedom inside the black hole forming collapse.

    DOI

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    57
    被引用数
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  • Short neutrino burst from failed supernovae as a probe of dense matter with hyperon mixture

    Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Chikako Ishizuka, Akira Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada, Hideyuki Suzuki

    Proceedings of Science   NIC X   122 (1-5)  2008年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We study the gravitational collapse of non-rotating massive stars (40-50Modot;) and the associated neutrino burst by general relativistic v-radiation hydrodynamics. We show that the neutrino burst from the accreting proto-neutron star till the black hole formation is short and energetic in a situation of failed explosion. This unique characteristics is a hallmark of black hole formation and distinguishable from the neutrino signal of ordinary supernovae. Adopting the sets of physical equation of state of dense matter, we demonstrate that the duration of neutrino emission depends crucially on the equation of state. Future detection of neutrinos from the failed supernovae can be used to probe the stiffness of dense matter with possible emergence of hyperons. Speaker. ? Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlikeLicence.

    DOI

  • GENERAL RELATIVISTIC HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS AND LINEAR ANALYSIS OF THE STANDING ACCRETION SHOCK INSTABILITY AROUND A BLACK HOLE

    Hiroki Nagakura, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   689 ( 1 ) 391 - 406  2008年12月

     概要を見る

    We study the stability of standing shock waves in advection-dominated accretion flows into a Schwarzschild black hole using two-dimensional general relativistic hydrodynamic simulations, as well as linear analysis, in the equatorial plane. We demonstrate that the accretion shock is stable against axisymmetric perturbations but becomes unstable to nonaxisymmetric perturbations. The results of the dynamical simulations show good agreement with the linear analysis on the stability and the oscillation and growth timescales. A comparison of different wave-travel times with the growth timescales of the instability suggests that it is likely to be of the Papaloizou-Pringle type, induced by the repeated propagations of acoustic waves. However, the wavelengths of the perturbations are too long to allow a clear definition of the reflection point. By analyzing the nonlinear phase in the dynamical simulations, we show that quadratic mode couplings precede the nonlinear saturation. It is also found that not only short-term random fluctuations due to turbulent motion, but also quasi-periodic oscillations on longer timescales, take place in the nonlinear phase. We give some possible implications of the instability for black hole quasi-periodic oscillations and the central engine in gamma-ray bursts.

  • DYNAMICS AND NEUTRINO SIGNAL OF BLACK HOLE FORMATION IN NONROTATING FAILED SUPERNOVAE. II. PROGENITOR DEPENDENCE

    K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   688 ( 2 ) 1176 - 1185  2008年12月

     概要を見る

    We study the progenitor dependence of black hole formation and its associated neutrino signal due to the gravitational collapse of a nonrotating massive star, following on our previous study of a single progenitor model. We aim to clarify whether the dynamical evolution toward black hole formation occurs in the same manner for different progenitors and to examine whether the characteristic of neutrino bursts having short duration and rapidly increasing average energies is a general one. We perform numerical simulations using general relativistic neutrino radiation hydrodynamics to follow the dynamical evolution from the collapse of 40 and 50 M-circle dot presupernova models to black hole formation via contracting proto-neutron stars. For the three progenitor models studied in this paper, we find that black hole formation occurs similar to 0.4-1.5 s after core bounce through an increase of the proto-neutron star mass, accompanied by a short and energetic neutrino burst. The density profile of the progenitor is important in determining the accretion rate onto the proto-neutron star and, therefore, the duration of the neutrino burst. We compare the neutrino bursts of black hole-forming events from different progenitors and discuss whether they can be used to probe clearly the progenitor and the dense matter.

  • Emergence of hyperons in failed supernovae: trigger of the black hole formation

    Sumiyoshi K, Ishizuka C, Ohnishi A, Yamada S, Suzuki H

    Astrophys. J.   690 ( 1 PART 2 ) 43 - 46  2008年11月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the emergence of strange baryons in the dynamical collapse of a non-rotating massive star to a black hole by the neutrino-radiation hydrodynamical simulations in general relativity. By following the dynamical formation and collapse of nascent proto-neutron star from the gravitational collapse of a 40Msun star adopting a new hyperonic EOS table, we show that the hyperons do not appear at the core bounce but populate quickly at ~0.5-0.7 s after the bounce to trigger the re-collapse to a black hole. They start to show up off center owing to high temperatures and later prevail at center when the central density becomes high enough. The neutrino emission from the accreting proto-neutron star with the hyperonic EOS stops much earlier than the corresponding case with a nucleonic EOS while the average energies and luminosities are quite similar between them. These features of neutrino signal are a potential probe of the emergence of new degrees of freedom inside the black hole forming

    DOI J-GLOBAL

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    57
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  • The estimate of kinetic power of jets in FR II radio galaxies: Existence of invisible components?

    Hirotaka Ito, Motoki Kino, Nozomu Kawakatu, Naoki Isobe, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   685 ( 2 ) 828 - 838  2008年10月

     概要を見る

    We investigate the total kinetic power (L-j) and age (t(age)) of powerful jets in FR II radio galaxies by comparison of the dynamical model of expanding cocoons with observations. We select four FR II radio sources (Cygnus A, 3C 223, 3C 284, and 3C 219), for which the mass-density profiles of the intracluster medium (ICM) are known in the literature. It is found that large fractions greater than or similar to 0.02-0.7 of the Eddington luminosity (L-Edd) are carried away as kinetic power of jets. The upper limit of estimated 2L(j)/L-Edd is larger than unity (less than or similar to 10) for some sources, suggesting the possibility of super-Eddington mass accretions. As a consequence of the large powers, we also find that the total energy stored in the cocoon (E-c) exceeds the energy derived from the minimum energy condition for the energy of radiating nonthermal electrons and magnetic fields (E-min): 4 &lt; E-c/E-min &lt; 310. This implies that most of the energy in the cocoon is carried by invisible components such as thermal leptons (electron and positron) and/or protons.

  • Oscillation and future detection of failed supernova neutrinos from a black-hole-forming collapse

    Ken&apos;ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hideyuki Suzuki, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   78 ( 8 )  2008年10月

     概要を見る

    Recently, stellar collapse involving black-hole formation from massive stars is suggested to emit enormous fluxes of neutrinos on par with ordinary core-collapse supernovae. We investigate their detectability for the currently operating neutrino detector, SuperKamiokande. Neutrino oscillation is also taken into account for the evaluation. We find that the event number is larger than or comparable to that of supernova neutrinos and, hence, black-hole formation is also a candidate for neutrino astronomy. Moreover, we find that the event number depends dominantly on the equation of state used in the computations of the black-hole formation. This fact implies that the detection of neutrinos emitted from the black hole progenitors is very valuable to probe the properties of the equation of state for hot and/or dense matter.

    DOI

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    42
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  • Tables of hyperonic matter equation of state for core-collapse supernovae

    Chikako Ishizuka, Akira Ohnishi, Kohsuke Tsubakihara, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    JOURNAL OF PHYSICS G-NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS   35 ( 8 )  2008年08月

     概要を見る

    We present sets of equation of state (EOS) of nuclear matter including hyperons using an SUf(3) extended relativistic mean field (RMF) model with a wide coverage of density, temperature and charge fraction for numerical simulations of core-collapse supernovae. Coupling constants of Sigma and Xi hyperons with the sigma meson are determined to fit the hyperon potential depths in nuclear matter, U-Sigma(rho(0)) similar or equal to + 30MeV and U-Xi(rho(0)) similar or equal to - 15 MeV, which are suggested from recent analyses of hyperon production reactions. At low densities, the EOS of uniform matter is connected with the EOS by Shen et al, in which the formation of finite nuclei is included in the Thomas - Fermi approximation. In the present EOS, the maximum mass of neutron stars decreases from 2.17M(circle dot) (Ne mu) to 1.63 M-circle dot (NY e mu) when hyperons are included. In a spherical, adiabatic collapse of a 15M(circle dot) star by the hydrodynamics without neutrino transfer, hyperon effects are found to be small, since the temperature and density do not reach the region of hyperon mixture, where the hyperon fraction is above 1 % (T &gt; 40 MeV or rho(B) &gt; 0.4 fm(-3)).

    DOI

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    129
    被引用数
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  • Three-dimensional simulations of standing accretion shock instability in core-collapse supernovae

    Wakana Iwakami, Kei Kotake, Naofumi Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada, Keisuke Sawada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   678 ( 2 ) 1207 - 1222  2008年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have studied nonaxisymmetric standing accretion shock instabilities, or SASI, using three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamical simulations. This is an extension of our previous study of axisymmetric SASI. We have prepared a spherically symmetric and steady accretion flow through a standing shock wave onto a proto-neutron star, taking into account a realistic equation of state and neutrino heating and cooling. This unperturbed model is meant to represent approximately the typical postbounce phase of core-collapse supernovae. We then added a small perturbation (similar to 1%) to the radial velocity and computed the ensuing evolutions. Both axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric perturbations have been imposed. We have applied mode analysis to the nonspherical deformation of the shock surface, using spherical harmonics. We have found that (1) the growth rates of SASI are degenerate with respect to the azimuthal index m of the spherical harmonics Y-l(m), just as expected for a spherically symmetric background; (2) nonlinear mode couplings produce only m = 0 modes for axisymmetric perturbations, whereas m not equal 0 modes are also generated in the nonaxisymmetric cases, according to the selection rule for quadratic couplings; (3) the nonlinear saturation level of each mode is lower in general for 3D than for 2D, because a larger number of modes contribute to turbulence in 3D; (4) low-l modes are dominant in the nonlinear phase; (5) equipartition is nearly established among different m modes in the nonlinear phase; (6) spectra with respect to l obey power laws with a slope slightly steeper for 3D; and (7) although these features are common to the models with and without a shock revival at the end of the simulation, the dominance of low-l modes is more remarkable in the models with a shock revival.

    DOI

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    118
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  • Alfven wave-driven supernova explosion

    Takeru K. Suzuki, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   678 ( 2 ) 1200 - 1206  2008年05月

     概要を見る

    We investigate the role of Alfven waves in a core-collapse supernova (SN) explosion. We assume that Alfven waves are generated by convections inside a proto-neutron star (PNS) and emitted from its surface. These waves then propagate outward, dissipate via nonlinear processes, and heat up matter around a stalled prompt shock. To quantitatively assess the importance of this process for the revival of the stalled shock, we perform one-dimensional time-dependent hydrodynamical simulations, taking into account the heating via the dissipation of Alfven waves that propagate radially outward along open flux tubes. We show that shock revival occurs if the surface field strength is larger than similar to 2 x 10(15) G and if the amplitude of the velocity fluctuation at the PNS surface is larger than similar to 20% of the local sound speed. Interestingly, the Alfven wave mechanism is self-regulating in the sense that the explosion energy is not very sensitive to the surface field strength or initial amplitude of Alfven waves, as long as they are larger than the threshold values given above.

    DOI

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    20
    被引用数
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  • Astrophysical implications of equation of state for hadron-quark mixed phase: Compact stars and stellar collapses

    Ken&apos;ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   77 ( 10 )  2008年05月

     概要を見る

    We construct an equation of state including the hadron-quark phase transition. The mixed phase is obtained by the Gibbs conditions for finite temperature. We adopt the equation of state based on the relativistic mean field theory for the hadronic phase, taking into account pions. As for the quark phase, the MIT bag model of the deconfined 3-flavor strange quark matter is used. As a result, our equation of state is thermodynamically stable and qualitatively exhibits the desired properties of hadron-quark mixed matter, such as the temperature dependence of the transition density. The pions raise the transition density because they make the equation of state softer. Using the equation of state constructed here, we study its astrophysical implications. The maximum mass of compact stars is investigated, and our equation of state is consistent with recent observations. We also compute the collapse of a massive star with 100 solar masses (M(circle dot)) using our equation of state and find that the interval time from the bounce to the black hole formation becomes shorter for the model with pions and quarks. The pions and quarks affect the total energy of the emitted neutrinos because the duration time of the neutrino emission becomes shorter. The neutrino luminosity rises under the effect of pions since the density of the proto-neutron star becomes high.

    DOI

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    121
    被引用数
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  • Special relativistic simulations of magneto-driven jet from core-collapse supernovae

    Tomoya Takiwaki, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada, Katsuhiko Sato

    11th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on Recent Developments in Theoretical and Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation and Relativistic Field Theories - Proc. of the MG11 Meeting on General Relativity     1971 - 1973  2008年

     概要を見る

    We performed 2.5 dimensional numerical simulations of magnetized rotational core-collapse. From the observational fact, it is probable that gamma-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae have same origin. And the very collimated jet is preferable to explain the light curve of their afterglow. How this collimated jet is produced due to the process of core-collapse of massive star? There are two main energy-sources for this explosion. One is neutrino pair annihilations and another is magneto-hydrodynamical process. In this time we concentrate the magneto-hydrodynamical process. We found a jet-like shock wave is launched in the direction of the pole. The strength of initial magnetic field determine the profile of jet. We found common structures of these jets. We continue the simulation that the jet-like shock wave produced at the center propagate to the surface of the star. Since the previous works are performed separately at each stage such as core-collapse and jet-propagation, many initial uncertainty remains in each stage. However we have performed the simulations from the magnetized core-collapse to the jet-propagation totally. This study gives us deeper knowledge on the relation between the profile of the jet and the progenitor. © 2008 World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Nucleosynthesis in jets from a collapsar before the formation of a black hole

    Shin-Ichiro Fujimoto, Nobuya Nishimura, Masa-Aki Hashimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of Science    2008年

     概要を見る

    We have investigated nucleosynthesis inside the jets from a 35 M ⊙, low-metallicity collapsar before the formation of a black hole, based on a two-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the collapsar, taking into account neutrino interactions both on the MHD simulation and nucleosynthesis. We find that jets are ejected via the magnetic pressure, and that r-process operates in the jets even if the neutrino absorption is taken into account in the nucleosynthesis calculation. This is due to efficient electron captures in the high-density (∼ 1011 gcm-3) region near the rotational axis, fast ejection (&gt
    0.2 in units of speed of light), and relatively low neutrino luminosity (&lt
    5 × 10 52ergss-1). Chemical composition of the neutron-rich nuclei in jets from collapsars with different mass and rotation could be largely different from each other. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlikeLicence.

  • Constraints on oscillation parameters through the MSW effect of supernova neutrinos

    S. Kawagoe, T. Kajino, H. Suzuki, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    Journal of Physics: Conference Series   120 ( 5 )  2008年01月

     概要を見る

    We try to constrain the neutrino oscillation parameters by studying the MSW matter effect on supernova neutrinos. Using an implicit Lagrangian code for general relativistic spherical hydrodynamics (Yamada, 1997), we calculate the propagation of shock waves passing through the stellar envelopes over dozens of seconds, which is based on modeling the adiabatic collapse of iron core. We study how quantitatively the influence of the shock propagation appears in the deformation of neutrino energy spectrum. In addition, we are able to examine the θ13 dependence of time evolution of the neutrino detection rates at SK. Using our supernova model, we found that the MSW effect appears, at first, from low-energy region and moves toward high-energy region as the shock wave propagates. We find that the shock propagation has strong influence on the supernova neutrino oscillation through the evolution of density profile induced by the shock propagation.

    DOI

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    3
    被引用数
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  • Gravitational collapse and neutrino emission of population III massive stars

    K. Nakazato, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    ESO Astrophysics Symposia   2008   394 - 398  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We compute the collapse of Population III (Pop III) massive stars with 300 - 13500 M⊙ for 18 models. In this study, we solve the general relativistic hydrodynamics and the neutrino transfer equations simultaneously to follow the evolution of space time under spherical symmetry. As a result, it is shown that the neutrino transfer plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the gravitational collapse and the emitted neutrino spectrum does not become harder for more massive stars. We also evaluate the flux of the relic neutrino background from Pop III massive stars and discuss the possibility to study the Pop III star formation history. © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

    DOI

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  • Magnetized supernovae and pulsar recoils

    H. Sawai, K. Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    ESO Astrophysics Symposia   2008   483 - 486  2008年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Equation of state for hadron-quark mixed phase and stellar collapse

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   1016   282 - +  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We construct an equation of state (EOS) including the hadron-quark phase transition by the Gibbs conditions for finite temperature. We adopt the equation of state based on the relativistic mean field theory for the hadronic phase taking into account pions and the MIT bag model of the deconfined 3-flavor strange quark matter for the quark phase.
    The gravitational collapse of a massive star is computed using our equation of state and we find that the interval time from the bounce to the black hole formation, namely the duration time of the neutrino emission, becomes shorter for the model with pions and quarks. This fact implies that we may be able to probe observationally the EOS of hot dense matter in future.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Stellar Collapse with Hadron-Quark Phase Transition of Hot and Dense Matter

    Ken&apos;ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    PROGRESS OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS SUPPLEMENT   ( 174 ) 76 - 79  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We construct an equation of state (EOS) including the hadron-quark phase transition by the Gibbs conditions for finite temperature. We adopt the EOS based on the relativistic mean field theory for the hadronic phase and the MIT bag model of the deconfined 3-flavor strange quark matter for the quark phase. Moreover, the gravitational collapse of massive stars with several masses is computed using our EOS and we find that the phase transition makes the interval time from the bounce to the black hole formation, namely the duration time of the neutrino emission, shorter for the model with a bounce. This fact implies that we may be able to probe observationally the EOS of hot and dense matter in future.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Relativistic EOS of supernova matter with hyperons

    A. Ohnishi, C. Ishizuka, K. Tsubakihara, H. Maekawa, H. Matsumiya, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   1016   255 - +  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate hyperon potentials in nuclear matter through hyperon production reactions, and construct several sets of equation of state (EOS) of nuclear matter including hyperons for numerical simulations of core collapse supernovae.

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  • Standing accretion shock instability: numerical simulations of core-collapse supernova

    N. Ohnishi, W. Iwakami, K. Kotake, S. Yamada, S. Fujioka, H. Takabe

    5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INERTIAL FUSION SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS (IFSA2007)   112   042018  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Standing accretion shock instability (SASI) is one of the candidates to solve the mystery of why we cannot reproduce the explosion with the present core-collapse supernova models. We have studied this phenomenon with including neutrino heating and realistic EOS and found that SASI may enhance neutrino heating. Although g-mode of proto-neutron star may enhance the SASI growth, the simulations just including the pressure perturbation as a mimic of g-mode induced sound wave reveal no significant effect on the shock dynamics. Moreover, we discuss the required conditions toward the possible laboratory experiment of SASI.

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    7
    被引用数
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  • Numerical Methods for Three-Dimensional Analysis of Shock Instability in Supernova Cores

    Wakana Iwakami, Naofumi Ohnishi, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada, Keisuke Sawada

    5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INERTIAL FUSION SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS (IFSA2007)   112   042021  2008年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We studied the standing accretion shock instability (SASI) for a core-collapse supernova explosion. SASI induces a nonspherically symmetric motion of a standing spherical shock wave. In order to investigate the growth of SASI, we solved the three-dimensional compressible Euler equations using ZEUS-MP/2 code based on the finite-difference method with a staggered mesh of spherical polar geometry. Although the von Neumann and Richtmyer artificial viscosity is used in ZEUS-MP/2 code to capture shock waves, we propose utilizing a tensor artificial viscosity in order to overcome the numerical instability regarded as the carbuncle phenomenon. This numerical instability emerges around the grid polar axis and precludes mode analysis of SASI.

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    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Numerical simulations of equatorially asymmetric magnetized supernovae: Formation of magnetars and their kicks

    Hidetomo Sawai, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   672 ( 1 ) 465 - 478  2008年01月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    A series of numerical simulations of magnetorotational core-collapse supernovae are carried out. Dipole-like configurations which are offset northward are assumed for the initially strong magnetic fields, along with rapid differential rotations. The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of the offset magnetic field on magnetar kicks and on supernova dynamics. Note that we study a regime where the proto-neutron star formed after collapse has a large magnetic field strength approaching that of a "magnetar," a highly magnetized slowly rotating neutron star. As a result, equatorially asymmetric explosions occur with the formation of the bipolar jets. We find that the jets are fast and light in the north and slow and heavy in the south for rapid cases, while they are fast and heavy in the north and slow and light in the south for slow-rotation cases. The resulting magnetar kick velocities are similar to 300-1000 km s(-1). We find that the acceleration is mainly due to the magnetic pressure, while the somewhat weaker magnetic tension works in the opposite direction, due to the stronger magnetic field in the northern hemisphere. Note that observations of magnetar proper motions are very scarce; our results supply a prediction for future observations. Namely, magnetars possibly have large kick velocities, several hundred km s(-1), as ordinary neutron stars do, and in extreme cases they could have kick velocities up to 1000 km s(-1). In each model, the formed protomagnetar is a slow rotator with a rotational period of more than 10 ms. It is also found that, in rapid-rotation models, the final configuration of the magnetic field in the protomagnetar is a collimated dipole-like field pinched by the torus of toroidal field lines, whereas in the protomagnetar produced in the slow-rotation model the poloidal field is totally dominant.

    DOI

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    28
    被引用数
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  • Large kinetic power in FRII radio jets

    Hirotaka Ito, Motoki Kino, Nozomu Kawakatu, Naoki Isobe, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE   311 ( 1-3 ) 335 - 339  2007年10月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate the total kinetic powers (L (j)) and ages (t (age)) of powerful jets of four FR II radio sources (Cygnus A, 3C 223, 3C 284, and 3C 219) by the detail comparison of the dynamical model of expanding cocoons with observed ones. It is found that these sources have quite large kinetic powers with the ratio of L (j) to the Eddington luminosity (L-Edd) resides in 0.02 &lt; L-j/L (Edd)&lt; 10. Reflecting the large kinetic powers, we also find that the total energy stored in the cocoon (E (c)) exceed the energy derived from the minimum energy condition (E-min): 2 &lt; E-c/E-min &lt; 160. This implies that a large amount of kinetic power is carried by invisible components such as thermal leptons (electron and positron) and/or protons.

    DOI

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    1
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  • Numerical study of stellar core collapse and neutrino emission: Probing the spherically symmetric black hole progenitors with 3-30 M-circle dot iron cores

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   666 ( 2 ) 1140 - 1151  2007年09月

     概要を見る

    The existence of various anomalous stars, such as the first stars in the universe or stars produced by stellar mergers, has been proposed recently. Some of these stars will result in black hole formation. In this study we investigate iron-core collapse and black hole formation systematically for the iron-core mass range of 3-30 M-circle dot, which has not been studied well so far. Models used here are mostly isentropic iron cores that may be produced in merged stars in the present universe, but we also employ a model that is meant for a Population III star and is obtained by evolutionary calculation. We solve numerically the general relativistic hydrodynamics and neutrino transfer equations simultaneously, treating neutrino reactions in detail under spherical symmetry. As a result, we find that massive iron cores with similar to 10 M-circle dot unexpectedly produce a bounce, owing to the thermal pressure of nucleons before black hole formation. The features of neutrino signals emitted from such massive iron cores differ in time evolution and spectrum from those of ordinary supernovae. First, the neutronization burst is less remarkable or disappears completely for more massive models, because the density is lower at the bounce. Second, the spectra of neutrinos, except the electron type, are softer, owing to the electron-positron pair creation before the bounce. We also study the effects of the initial density profile, finding that the larger the initial density gradient is, the more steeply the neutronization burst declines. Furthermore, we suggest a way to probe into the black hole progenitors from the neutrino emission and estimate the event number for the currently operating neutrino detectors.

  • Inelastic neutrino-helium scatterings and standing accretion shock instability in core-collapse supernovae

    Naofumi Ohnishi, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   667 ( 1 ) 375 - 381  2007年09月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We present the results of numerical experiments, in which we have investigated the influence of the inelastic neutrino-helium interactions on the standing accretion shock instability supposed to occur in the postbounce supernova core. The axisymmetric hydrodynamical simulations of accretion flows through the standing accretion shock wave onto the proto-neutron star show that the interactions are relatively minor and the linear growth of the shock instability is hardly affected. The extra heating given by the inelastic reactions becomes important for the shock revival after the instability enters the nonlinear regime, but only when the neutrino luminosity is very close to the critical value at which the shock would be revived without the interactions. We have also studied the dependence of the results on the initial amplitudes of perturbation and the temperatures of mu and tau neutrinos.

    DOI

  • Dynamics and neutrino signal of black hole formation in nonrotating failed supernovae. I. Equation of state dependence

    K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   667 ( 1 ) 382 - 394  2007年09月

     概要を見る

    We study black hole formation and the neutrino signal from the gravitational collapse of a nonrotating massive star of 40 M-circle dot. Adopting two different sets of realistic equations of state (EOSs) for dense matter, we perform numerical simulations of general relativistic nu-radiation hydrodynamics under spherical symmetry. We make comparisons of core bounce, shock propagation, evolution of nascent proto-neutron stars, and the resulting recollapse to a black hole to reveal the influence of EOSs. We also explore the influence of EOSs on neutrino emission during the evolution toward black hole formation. We find that the speed of contraction of the nascent proto-neutron star, whose mass increases quickly due to the intense accretion, is different depending on the EOS and that the resulting profiles of density and temperature differ significantly. The black hole formation occurs at 0.6-1.3 s after bounce, when the proto-neutron star exceeds its maximum mass, which is crucially determined by the EOS. We find that the average energies of neutrinos increase after bounce because of rapid temperature increase, but at different speeds depending on the EOS. The duration of neutrino emission up to black hole formation is found to be different according to different recollapse timing. These characteristics of neutrino signatures are distinguishable from those for ordinary proto- neutron stars in successful core-collapse supernovae. We discuss the idea that a future detection of neutrinos from a black hole-forming collapse will contribute to revealing the black hole formation and to constraining the EOS at high density and temperature.

  • Excitation of g-modes in a proto-neutron star by the standing accretion shock instability

    Shijun Yoshida, Naofumi Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   665 ( 2 ) 1268 - 1276  2007年08月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The acoustic-revival mechanism in core-collapse supernovae, proposed recently by the Arizona group led by A. Burrows, is an interesting new scenario. With an aim to understanding the elementary processes involved in this mechanism, we have calculated the eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions for the g-mode oscillations of a nonrotating proto-neutron star. The possible excitation of these modes by the standing accretion shock instability, or SASI, is discussed. We have formulated the forced oscillations of g-modes due to external pressure perturbations exerted on the proto-neutron star's surface. The driving pressure fluctuations have been adopted from our previous computations of axisymmetric SASI in the nonlinear regime. We pay particular attention to low-l modes, since these are the modes that are dominant in SASI and what Burrows et al. claim to have played an important role in their acoustic-revival scenario. Here l is the index of the spherical harmonic functions, Y-l(m). Although the frequency spectrum of nonlinear SASI is broadened substantially by nonlinear couplings, the typical frequency is still much smaller than those of the g-modes, leading to a severe impedance mismatch. As a result, the excitations of various g-modes are rather inefficient, and the energy of the saturated g-modes is similar to 10(50) ergs or less, with the g(2) mode being the largest in our model. Here the g(2) mode has two radial nodes and is confined to the interior of the convective region. The energy transfer rate from the g-modes to outgoing sound waves is estimated from the growth of the g-modes to be similar to 10(51) ergs s(-1) in the models studied in this paper.

    DOI

  • Effects of QCD phase transition on gravitational radiation from two-dimensional collapse and bounce of massive stars

    Nobutoshi Yasutake, Kei Kotake, Masa-aki Hashimoto, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   75 ( 8 )  2007年04月

     概要を見る

    We perform two-dimensional, magneto-hydrodynamical core-collapse simulations of massive stars accompanying the QCD phase transition. We study how the phase-transition affects the gravitational waveforms near the epoch of core-bounce. As for initial models, we change the strength of rotation and magnetic fields. Particularly, the degree of differential rotation in the iron core (Fe-core) is changed parametrically. As for the microphysics, we adopt a phenomenological equation of state above the saturation density, including two parameters to change the hardness before the transition. We assume the first order phase transition, where the conversion of bulk nuclear matter to a chirally symmetric quark-gluon phase is described by the MIT bag model. Based on these computations, we find that the phase transition can make the maximum amplitudes larger up to similar to 10 percents than the ones without the phase transition. On the other hand, when the degree of the differential rotation becomes larger, the maximum amplitudes become smaller up to similar to 10 percents owing to the phase transition. We find that even extremely strong magnetic fields similar to 10(17) G in the protoneutron star do not affect these results.

    DOI

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    21
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  • Stability of accretion flows with stalled shocks in core-collapse supernovae

    Tatsuya Yamasaki, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   656 ( 2 ) 1019 - 1037  2007年02月

     概要を見る

    With an eye toward application to the theory of core-collapse supernovae, we perform a global linear analysis of the stability of spherically symmetric accretion flows through a standing shock wave onto a proto-neutron star. For the unperturbed flows, we adopt spherically symmetric, steady solutions obtained with a realistic equation of state and realistic neutrino reaction rates. These solutions are characterized by the mass accretion rate and neutrino luminosity. Then we solve the equations for linear perturbations numerically, obtaining the eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions. We find the following: (1) The flows are stable for all modes if the neutrino luminosity is lower than a certain value, e.g., similar to 1 x 10(52) ergs s(-1) for. M = 1.0M(circle dot) s(-1). (2) For higher luminosities, nonradial instabilities are induced, probably through advective-acoustic cycles. Interestingly, modes with l = 2 and l = 3 first become unstable for relatively low neutrino luminosities, e. g., similar to(2-3); 10(52) ergs s(-1) for the same accretion rate, whereas the l = 1 mode is the most unstable for higher luminosities, similar to(3-7); 10(52) ergs s(-1). These are all oscillatory modes. (3) For still larger luminosities, greater than or similar to 7 x 10(52) ergs s(-1) for. M = 1.0M(circle dot) s(-1), nonoscillatorymodes, both radial and nonradial, become unstable. These nonradial modes are identified as convective, and their growth rates have a peak at l = 5-11, depending on the luminosity. We confirm the result from numerical simulations that the instabilities induced by advective-acoustic cycles are more important than convection for lower neutrino luminosities. Furthermore, we investigate changing the inner boundary conditions and find that while the effects are nonnegligible, the existence of the instabilities does not qualitatively change for a variety of conditions.

  • Heavy-element nucleosynthesis in a collapsar

    Shin-ichirou Fujimoto, Masa-aki Hashimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   656 ( 1 ) 382 - 392  2007年02月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have made detailed calculations of the composition of magnetically driven jets ejected from a collapsar, based on long-term, magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a rapidly rotating, massive (40 M-.) star during core collapse. We follow the evolution of the abundances of about 4000 nuclides from the collapse phase to the ejection phase and through the jet generation phase using two large nuclear reaction networks. We find that the r-process successfully operates in the jets, so that U and Th are synthesized abundantly when the progenitor has a large magnetic field (10(12) G) and a rapidly rotating core. The abundance pattern inside the jets is similar to that of the r-elements in the solar system. About 0.01 M-. of heavy, neutron-rich nuclei can be ejected from the collapsar. The detailed abundances depend on the nuclear properties of the mass model, beta-decay rate, and fission, for nuclei near the neutron drip line. Furthermore, we find that p-nuclei are produced without seeds: not only can light p-nuclei, such as Se-74, Kr-78, Sr-84, and Mo-92, be abundantly synthesized in the jets, but also heavy p-nuclei, In-113, Sn-115, and La-138. The amounts of p-nuclei in the ejecta are much greater than those in core-collapse supernovae. In particular, Mo-92, In-113, Sn-115, and La-138, which are deficient in these supernovae, are produced significantly in the collapsar ejecta.

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    60
    被引用数
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  • Gravitational Radiation from Standing Accretion Shock Instability in Core-Collapse Supernovae

    Kei Kotake, Naofumi Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal   655   415 - 415  2007年02月

  • Recoils of magnetars

    Hidetomo Sawai, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    AIP Conference Proceedings   924   183 - 186  2007年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We study the recoil of so-called "magnetars", highly magnetized slowly rotating neutron stars, doing series of numerical simulations on the core-collapse of massive stars in strong magnetic field and rapid rotation regime. We assume that the initial magnetic fields have a dipole-like configurations somewhat offset from the center of the cores. As a result, recoil velocities of ∼ 500 - 1000 km s-1 are obtained which suggest that magnetars could have substantial recoil velocities as ordinary pulsars. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

    DOI

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  • Heavy element nucleosynthesis in jets from collapsars

    Shin-ichirou Fujimoto, Masa-aki Hashimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    TOURS SYMPOSIUM ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS VI   891   272 - +  2007年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate nucleosynthesis in collapsars, based on long-term, magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a rapidly rotating massive star of 40M circle dot during the core collapse. We have calculated detailed composition of magnetically driven jets ejected from the collapsars, in which the magnetic fields before the collapse, are uniform and parallel to the rotational axis of the star and the magnitudes of the fields, B-0, are 10(10) G or 10(12) G. We follow the evolution of chemical composition up to, about 4000 nuclides inside the jets from the collapse phase to the ejection phase through the jet generation phase with use of a large nuclear reaction network. We find that the r-process successfully operates in the jets from the collapsar of B-0 = 10(12) G, so that U and Th are synthesized abundantly. Abundance pattern inside the jets is similar to that of r-elements in the solar system. Furthermore, we find that p-nuclei are produced without seed nuclei: not only light p-nuclei, such as Se-74, Kr-78, Sr-84, and Mo-92, but also heavy p-nuclei, In-113, Sn-115, and La-138, can be abundantly synthesized in the jets. The amounts of p-nuclei in the ejecta are much greater than those in core-collapse supernovae (SNe). In particular, Mo-92, In-113, Sn-115, and La-138 deficient in the SNe, are significantly produced in the ejecta. On the other hand, in the jets from the collapsar of B-0 = 10(10) G, the r-process cannot operate and Ni-56, Si-28, (32) S, and He-4 are abundantly synthesized in the jets, as in ejecta from inner layers of type II supernovae. An amount of Ni-56 is much smaller than that from SN 1987A.

  • Numerical simulations of magnetorotational supernovae

    Hidetomo Sawai, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    SUPERNOVA 1987A: 20 YEARS AFTER   937   280 - +  2007年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We carry out series of numerical simulations on the magnetorotational supernovae in order to study about recoil of so-called "magnetars", highly magnetized slowly rotating neutron stars. We assume that the core initially rotates rapidly and is strongly magnetized. Presumed initial magnetic fields have dipole-like configurations somewhat offset from the center of the cores. As a result, equatorially asymmetric supernova explosions are produced and recoil velocities of similar to 500 - 1000 km s(-1) are obtained which suggest that magnetars possibly have large recoil velocities as ordinary pulsars.

  • Numerical study of stellar core collapse and neutrino emission: Probing the spherically symmetric black hole progenitors with 3-30 M⊙ iron cores

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyqshi, Shoichi Yamada

    Astrophysical Journal   666 ( 2 I ) 1140 - 1151  2007年

     概要を見る

    The existence of various anomalous stars, such as the first stars in the universe or stars produced by stellar mergers, has been proposed recently. Some of these stars will result in black hole formation. In this study we investigate iron-core collapse and black hole formation systematically for the iron-core mass range of 3-30 M⊙, which has not been studied well so far. Models used here are mostly isentropic iron cores that may be produced in merged stars in the present universe, but we also employ a model that is meant for a Population III star and is obtained by evolutionary calculation. We solve numerically the general relativistic hydrodynamics and neutrino transfer equations simultaneously, treating neutrino reactions in detail under spherical symmetry. As a result, we find that massive iron cores with ∼ 10 M ⊙ unexpectedly produce a bounce, owing to the thermal pressure of nucleons before black hole formation. The features of neutrino signals emitted from such massive iron cores differ in time evolution and spectrum from those of ordinary supernovae. First, the neutralization burst is less remarkable or disappears completely for more massive models, because the density is lower at the bounce. Second, the spectra of neutrinos, except the electron type, are softer, owing to the electron-positron pair creation before the bounce. We also study the effects of the initial density profile, finding that the larger the initial density gradient is, the more steeply the neutralization burst declines. Furthermore, we suggest a way to probe into the black hole progenitors from the neutrino emission and estimate the event number for the currently operating neutrino detectors. © 2007. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

    DOI

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    27
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  • Long-term evolution of a collapsar

    Shin-Ichirou Fujimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada, Masa-Aki Hashimoto

    NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA B-GENERAL PHYSICS RELATIVITY ASTRONOMY AND MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS AND METHODS   121 ( 12 ) 1479 - 1480  2006年12月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    During the collapse of a massive star greater than 35-40 M-circle dot, stellar core is considered to promptly collapse to a black hole, and stellar material may fall onto the hole greater than several solar masses with extremely high accretion rates (&gt; 1 M-circle dot s(-1)). If the star has a sufficiently high angular momentum before the collapse, an accretion disk is likely to form around the black hole. Jets are suggested to be launched from the inner region of the accretion disk near the hole through magnetic and/or neutrino processes. Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) are expected to be driven by the jets. This scenario of GRBs is called the collapsar model. Recently, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations were performed of the collapse of rapidly rotating, magnetized 25 M-circle dot and 40-M-circle dot stars in light of the collapsar model of GRBs (see papers listed at the end of the paper). For assumed angular velocity distributions and the uniform magnetic fields, the collapsars are shown to eject jets driven through the magnetic pressure. The simulations are however performed up to 4 s, which are shorter than durations of long GRBs similar to 10s. In the present work, we have performed long-term (similar to 10 s), two-dimensional, MHD simulations of the collapse of a rapidly rotating, magnetized 40 ME) star.

    DOI

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  • Standing accretion shocks in the supernova core: Effects of convection and realistic equations of state

    Tatsuya Yamasaki, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   650 ( 1 ) 291 - 298  2006年10月

     概要を見る

    This is a sequel to the previous paper, in which we investigated the structure and stability of the spherically symmetric accretion flows through the standing shock wave onto the proto-neutron star in the postbounce phase of the collapse-driven supernova. Following the prescription in the previous paper, we assume that the accretion flow is in a steady state controlled by the neutrino luminosity and mass accretion rate that are kept constant. We obtain steady solutions for a wide range of neutrino luminosities and mass accretion rates. In so doing, as an extension to the previous models, we employ a realistic EOS and neutrino-heating rate. More importantly, we take into account the effect of convection phenomenologically. For each mass accretion rate, we find the critical neutrino luminosity, above which there exists no steady solution. These critical points are supposed to mark the onset of the shock revival. As the neutrino luminosity increases for a given mass accretion rate, there appears a convectively unstable region at some point before the critical value is reached. We introduce a phenomenological energy flux by convection so that the negative entropy gradient should be canceled out. We find that the convection lowers the critical neutrino luminosity substantially, which is in accord with the results of multidimensional numerical simulations done over the years. We also consider the effect of the self-gravity, which was neglected in the previous paper. It is found that the self-gravity is important only when the neutrino luminosity is high. The critical luminosity, however, is little affected if the energy transport by convection is taken into account.

  • Neutrino signals from the formation of a black hole: A probe of the equation of state of dense matter

    K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki, S. Chiba

    PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS   97 ( 9 )  2006年09月

     概要を見る

    The gravitational collapse of a nonrotating, black-hole-forming massive star is studied by nu-radiation-hydrodynamical simulations for two different sets of realistic equation of state of dense matter. We show that the event will produce as many neutrinos as the ordinary supernova, but with distinctive characteristics in luminosities and spectra that will be an unmistakable indication of black hole formation. More importantly, the neutrino signals are quite sensitive to the difference of equation of state and can be used as a useful probe into the properties of dense matter. The event will be unique in that they will be shining only by neutrinos (and, possibly, gravitational waves) but not by photons, and hence they should be an important target of neutrino astronomy.

    DOI

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    115
    被引用数
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  • Gravitational collapse and neutrino emission of population III massive stars

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   645 ( 1 ) 519 - 533  2006年07月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Population III (Pop III) stars are the first stars in the universe. They do not contain metals, and their formation and evolution may be different from that of stars of later generations. In fact, according to the theory of star formation, Pop III stars might have very massive components (similar to 100-10000 M-circle dot). In this paper, we compute the spherically symmetric gravitational collapse of these Pop III massive stars. We solve the general relativistic hydrodynamics and neutrino transfer equations simultaneously, treating neutrino reactions in detail. Unlike supermassive stars (greater than or similar to 10(5) M-circle dot), the stars of concern in this paper become opaque to neutrinos. The collapse is simulated until after an apparent horizon is formed. We confirm that the neutrino transfer plays a crucial role in the dynamics of gravitational collapse and find also that the beta-equilibration leads to a somewhat unfamiliar evolution of electron fraction. Contrary to the naive expectation, the neutrino spectrum does not become harder for more massive stars. This is mainly because the neutrino cooling is more efficient and the outer core is more massive as the stellar mass increases. Here the outer core is the outer part of the iron core falling supersonically. We also evaluate the flux of relic neutrinos from Pop III massive stars. As expected, the detection of these neutrinos is difficult for the currently operating detectors. However, if ever observed, the spectrum will enable us to obtain information on the formation history of Pop III stars. We investigate 18 models covering the mass range of 300-10(4) M-circle dot, making this study the most detailed numerical exploration of spherically symmetric gravitational collapse of Pop III massive stars. This will also serve as an important foundation for multidimensional investigations.

    DOI

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    29
    被引用数
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  • Magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a rotating massive star collapsing to a black hole

    Shin-Ichirou Fujimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada, Masa-Aki Hashimoto, Katsuhiko Sato

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   644 ( 2 ) 1040 - 1055  2006年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We perform two-dimensional, axisymmetric, magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the collapse of a rotating star of 40 M-circle dot in light of the collapsar model of gamma-ray bursts. Considering two distributions of angular momentum, up to similar to 10(17) cm(2) s(-1), and the uniform vertical magnetic field, we investigate the formation of an accretion disk around a black hole and the jet production near the black hole. After material reaches the black hole with high angular momentum, the disk forms inside a surface of weak shock. The disk reaches a quasi-steady state for stars whose magnetic field is less than 10(10) G before the collapse. We find that the jet can be driven by the magnetic fields even if the central core does not rotate as rapidly as previously assumed as long as the outer layers of the star have sufficiently high angular momentum. The magnetic fields are chiefly amplified inside the disk due to the compression and the wrapping of the field. The fields inside the disk propagate to the polar region along the inner boundary near the black hole through the Alfven wave and eventually drive the jet. The quasi-steady disk is not an advection-dominated disk but a neutrino cooling-dominated one. Mass accretion rates in the disks are greater than 0: 01 M-circle dot s(-1) with large fluctuations. The disk is transparent for neutrinos. The dense part of the disk, which is located near the black hole, emits neutrinos efficiently at a constant rate of &lt; 8 x 10(51) ergs s(-1). The neutrino luminosity is much smaller than those from supernovae after the neutrino burst.

    DOI

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    62
    被引用数
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  • r-Process nucleosynthesis in magnetohydrodynamic jet explosions of core-collapse supernovae

    S Nishimura, K Kotake, MA Hashimoto, S Yamada, N Nishimura, S Fujimoto, K Sato

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   642 ( 1 ) 410 - 419  2006年05月

     概要を見る

    We investigate the r-process nucleosynthesis during a purely magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) explosion in a massive star of 13 M(circle dot). The two-dimensional MHD simulations have been carried out from the onset of the core collapse to the shock propagation to the silicon-rich layers (similar to 500 ms after bounce). Thereafter, using the compositions during the explosion, we calculate the r-process nucleosynthesis in the later phase by employing the two kinds of time extrapolations of the temperature and density. With these computations, we show that the jetlike explosion formed due to the combined effects of rapid rotation and strong magnetic field lowers the electron fraction significantly in the iron core, contrary to the spherical explosion. We demonstrate that the ejected material with low Ye in the jet coming out from the silicon layers is good for reproducing the third peak of the solar r-element pattern. In addition, we investigate the effects of fission using the full nuclear reaction network and the differences of two kinds of mass formulae on the r-process peaks obtained in the above MHD models. As a result, we find that both of them can reproduce the global abundance pattern up to the third peaks, although the detailed distributions are rather different. Finally, we discuss the effects of neutrino absorption reactions, which are not coupled to the above MHD simulations, on the possible reduction of Ye obtained in the above computations. We point out that there should be variations in the r-process nucleosynthesis in the supernova explosion if the MHD effects play an important role.

  • Numerical analysis of standing accretion shock instability with neutrino heating in supernova cores

    N Ohnishi, K Kotake, S Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   641 ( 2 ) 1018 - 1028  2006年04月

     概要を見る

    We have numerically studied the instability of the spherically symmetric standing accretion shock wave against nonspherical perturbations. We have in mind the application to collapse-driven supernovae in the postbounce phase, where the prompt shock wave generated by core bounce is commonly stalled. We take an experimental standpoint in this paper. Using spherically symmetric, completely steady, shocked accretion flows as unperturbed states, we have clearly observed both the linear growth and the subsequent nonlinear saturation of the instability. In so doing, we have employed a realistic equation of state, together with heating and cooling via neutrino reactions with nucleons. We have performed a mode analysis based on the spherical harmonics decomposition and found that the modes with l 1; 2 are dominant not only in the linear regime but also after nonlinear couplings generate various modes and saturation occurs. By varying the neutrino luminosity, we have constructed unperturbed states both with and without a negative entropy gradient. We have found that in both cases the growth of the instability is similar, suggesting that convection does not play a dominant role, which also appears to be supported by the recent linear analysis of the convection in accretion flows by Foglizzo et al. The oscillation period of the unstable l 1 mode is found to fit better with the advection time rather than with the sound crossing time. Whatever the cause may be, the instability favors a shock revival.

  • Effects of rotation on the revival of a stalled shock in supernova explosions

    Tatsuya Yamasaki, Shoichi Yamada

    Journal of Physics: Conference Series   31 ( 1 ) 149 - 150  2006年03月

     概要を見る

    In order to infer the effects of rotation on the revival of a stalled shock in supernova explosions, we investigated steady accretion flows with a standing shock. We first confirmed the results of preceding papers that, for a given mass accretion rate, there is a critical luminosity of irradiating neutrinos, above which there exists no steady solution. We can identify the critical luminosity as the one, at which the stalled shock revives. If a collapsing star rotates, the accretion flow is non-spherical due to centrifugal forces. Flows are accelerated near the rotation axis whereas they are decelerated near the equatorial plane. As a result, the critical luminosity is lowered, that is, rotation assists the revival of a stalled shock. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.

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  • ‘Supernovae in Universe’

    Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of “International Workshop ‘Energy Budget of High Energy Universe’”    2006年02月

  • Gravitational wave emission during the transition to strange stars

    Nobutoshi Yasutake, Masa-Aki Hashimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of Science    2006年

     概要を見る

    We present a series of axisymmetric, magneto-hydrodynamical simulations for the rotational core collapse of a massive star accompanying the QCD phase transition. To elucidate the implications of a phase transition against a supernova, we investigate the waveforms of gravitational wave derived from the quadrupole formula that includes the contributions from the electromagnetic fields. We adopt a phenomenological equation of state above the nuclear matter density ρ0 that includes two parameters to change the hardness of the matter before the transition. We assume that the first order phase transition is the conversion of bulk nuclear matter to a chirally symmetric quark-gluon phase described by the MIT bag model. In most models with the phase transition, the first peak amplitudes are higher by a few percents to nearly ten percents than those without the transition. However, it is found that under the condition of the very strong differential rotation, the height of the peak becomes lower by several percents if the phase transition is included. In the paper, we show the typical models of our calculations. © Copyright owned by the author(s).

  • Heavy element nucleosynthesis in the MHD jet explosions of core-collapse supernovae

    Nobuya Nishimura, Masa-Aki Hashimoto, Shin-Ichiro Fujimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of Science    2006年

     概要を見る

    Massive stars whose mass exceed 10 times the solar mass evolve until the Fe-core is formed. Since the nuclear reactions in the Fe-core do not proceed further, the core begins to collapse, which leads to the catastrophic explosion. The nucleosynthesis during the evolutions and subsequent explosions is responsible for the heavy element enrichment in our galaxy. We calculate heavy element nucleosynthesis during the magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) explosion of supernova of a massive star. We consistently calculate all stages of the collapse of the Fe-core, the core bounce, and the shock wave propagation. When the shock wave propagate in the oxygen-neon layers, the p-process nucleosynthesis should occur. Until now, the p-process has been studied with use of spherical explosion models where significant deficiencies in some light p-elements compared to solar ones have been found. We present nonspherical effects on the production of p-elements using adiabatic MHD explosion model. © Copyright owned by the author(s).

  • Neutrino emission from stellar core collapse and black hole formation

    Ken'Ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on General Relativity and Gravitation in Japan, JGRG 2006     82 - 85  2006年

     概要を見る

    In this study, we investigate the iron core collapses systematically for various masses, especially in the range which has not been studied well so far. Here, we solve the general relativistic hydrodynamics and neutrino transfer equations simultaneously, treating neutrino reactions in detail. We also estimate the neutrino event number from the black hole formation at the Galactic center for the currently operating detectors. As a result, we suggest that the probe into the black hole progenitors is possible by detecting the neutrinos emitted from them, because the more massive the progenitor is, the softer its v̄e spectrum becomes. Further details of this study are seen in our lately submitted nanuscript [1].

  • Magnetorotation-induced pulsar recoils

    H. Sawai, K. Kotake, S. Yamada

    THIRD 21COE SYMPOSIUM: ASTROPHYSICS AS INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE   31   151 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We propose a new mechanism for pulsar kicks, which is magnetohydrodynamically-induced kick. We carry out two-dimensional numerical simulations on the core-collapse of a massive star with differential rotation and initially large magnetic fields which have equatorially-asymmetric dipole-like configuration. As a result of the computations, we get transient large kick velocities which are up to 500 km/s. However, these large velocities are soon damped since surrounding matter prevent proto-neutron-stars from moving away and finally no substantial kicks are produced. This may be a crucial problem for all pulsar kick computations.

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  • Shock wave propagation in prompt supernova explosion and the MSW effect of neutrino

    Shiou Kawagoe, T. Kajino, H. Suzuki, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    TAUP 2005: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TOPICS IN ASTROPARTICLE AND UNDERGROUND PHYSICS   39   294 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    The MSW effect of supernova neutrino is one of foci of recent neutrino astrophysics. It is still an open question how the shock wave propagation affects the neutrino oscillation. Using an implicit Lagrangian code for general relativistic spherical hydrodynamics, we succeeded in numerical simulations of breakout of shock wave propagation through the stellar envelope. We first discuss our successful result of shock wave propagation which is generated by adiabatic collapse of iron core, and compare with non-adiabatic models. Secondly, we apply our model to the neutrino oscillation and calculate survival probabilities of three light-neutrino families. We discuss how the flux and energy spectrum of each neutrino species can change due to the MSW effect.

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  • Fate of core-collapse supernovae: formation of neutron star and black hole

    K. Sumiyoshi, H. Suzuki, S. Yamada

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   847   473 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We study the fate of core-collapse supernovae from the massive stars by numerical simulations of neutrino-radiation hydrodynamics. We follow the long term evolution over I see after the core bounce from the initial gravitational collapse to examine the explosion mechanism and to reveal the formation of neutron star and black hole. We explore the effects of equation of state (EOS) in these simulations by adopting the two sets of realistic EOS for supernovae. For the case of a 40M(circle dot) star, we find that the formation of black hole occurs in different timing depending on the softness of EOS and resulting properties of emergent neutrinos appear differently from ordinary supernova neutrinos.

  • Numerical simulations of core-collapse supernovae imposing steady shock approximation

    Masaru Watanabe, Tatsuya Yamasaki, Hideyuki Suzuki, Shoichi Yamada

    THIRD 21COE SYMPOSIUM: ASTROPHYSICS AS INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE   31   155 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We carried out one-dinensional long-term numerical simulations of core-collapse supernovae imposing steady shock approximation. As a result of a computation, we found core does not explode and shock wave stalls within several hundreds milliseconds from bounce. However, we execute long-term numerical simulation until 3.5 seconds from bounce with short CPU time using Personal Computer.

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  • Multigroup flux-limited diffusion neutrino transport simulations for magnetized and rotating core-collapse supernovae

    Kei Kotake, Naofumi Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada, Katsuhiko Sato

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   847   421 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We report a current status of our radiation-magnetohydrodynamic code for the study of core-collapse supernovae. In this contribution, we discuss the accuracy of our newly developed numerical code by presenting the test problem in a static background model. We also present the application to the spherically symmetric core-collapse simulations. Since close comparison with the previously published models is made, we are now applying it for the study of magnetorotational core-collapse supemovae.

  • Total simulations of magneto-driven jet from core-collapse supernovae

    Tomoya Takiwaki, K. Kotake, S. Yamada, K. Sato

    THIRD 21COE SYMPOSIUM: ASTROPHYSICS AS INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE   31   145 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have performed the simulations from the magnetized core-collapse to the jet-propagation totally. This study gives us deeper knowledge on the relation between the profile of the jet and the progenitor.

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  • Toward radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations in core-collapse supernovae

    Kei Kotake, Naofumi Ohnishi, Shoichi Yamada, Katsuhiko Sato

    THIRD 21COE SYMPOSIUM: ASTROPHYSICS AS INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE   31   95 - 98  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We report a current status of our radiation-magnetohydrodynamic code for the study of core-collapse supernovae. In this contribution, we discuss the accuracy of our newly developed numerical code by presenting the test problem in a static background model. We also present the application to the spherically symmetric core-collapse simulations. Since close comparison with the previously published models is made, we are now applying it for the study of magnetorotational core-collapse supernovae.

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  • Nucleosynthesis inside magnetically-driven jets in a gamma-ray burst

    Shin-ichirou Fujimoto, Masa-aki Hashimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   847   386 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We investigate nucleosynthesis inside jets in a gamma ray bursts (GRB). We have calculated detailed composition of magnetically driven jets related to GRBs with post-processing calculation, which is based on long-term, magneto-hydrodynamic simulations of a rapidly rotating massive star of 40M(circle dot) during core collapse. We follow abundance evolution of about 4000 nuclides inside the jets from the collapse phase to the ejection phase through the jet generation phase with a large nuclear reaction network. We find that the r-process successfully operates inside the jets, so that U and Th are synthesized abundantly. Abundance pattern inside the jets is similar compared to that of r-clements in the solar system. Heavy neutron-rich nuclei similar to 0.001M(circle dot) can be ejected through the jets. Furthermore, we find that p-nuclei are produced without seed nuclei: not only light p-nuclei, such as Se-74, Kr-84, Sr-84, and Mo-92, but also heavy p-nuclei, In-113, Sn-115, and La-138, can be abundantly synthesized in the jets. The amounts of p-nuclei in the ejecta are much greater than those in core collapse supernovae (SNe). In particular, Mo-92, In-113, Sn-115, and La-138 deficient in core collapse SNe, are significantly produced in the ejecta.

  • MSW effect in supernova-shock propagation

    Shiou Kawagoe, T. Kajino, K. Yoshihara, H. Suzuki, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   847   415 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    It is pointed out that shock wave propagation has influences on the supernova neutrino oscillation by changing density profile and neutrino survival probability (MSW effect). Using an implicit Lagrangian code for general relativistic spherical hydrodynamics, we succeeded in calculating propagation of shock waves which are generated by adiabatic collapse of iron cores and pass into the stellar envelopes. We apply our model to the neutrino oscillation and calculate neutrino energy spectra of three light-neutrino families. We examined how the influence of the shock wave appear in the neutrino spectra, and found that the influences of the shock wave in the neutrino spectra move from low-energy side to high-energy side according to the shock propagation.

  • Gravitational collapse and neutrino emission of population III massive stars

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    THIRD 21COE SYMPOSIUM: ASTROPHYSICS AS INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE   31   205 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We compute the collapse of Population III massive stars (the first stars in the universe) with 300 - 13500 M-circle dot. In this study, we solve the general relativistic hydrodynamics and the neutrino transfer equations simultaneously and we also solve the evolution of space time of the spherically symmetric model. As a result, it is shown that the neutrino transfer plays a crucial role in the dynamics of gravitational collapse and the emitted neutrino spectrum does not become harder for more massive stars. We also evaluate the flux of relic neutrino background from Pop III massive stars and discuss the possibility to III massive stars and discuss the possibility to study the Pop III star formation history.

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  • MHD Simulations of a Collapsar Model

    Ono, M., Hashimoto, M., Nishimura, N., Kotake, K., Yamada, S., Arai, K.

    Physics Reports of Kumamoto University   12 ( 2 ) 251 - 258  2006年

  • Estimate of the total power and age of FRII radio galactic jets

    Hirotaka Ito, Motoki Kino, Nozomu Kawakatu, Naoki Isobe, Shoichi Yamada

    THIRD 21COE SYMPOSIUM: ASTROPHYSICS AS INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE   31   201 - +  2006年

     概要を見る

    By using analytical model of cocoon expansion, we examine the total power and age of jets in five FRII radio galaxies. The estimated total power is quite larger than those estimated in previous works based on observation of non-thermal emission from electrons. This might imply that the amount of unobservable particles (e.g. protons and thermal component) can not be ignored when considering jet dynamics.

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  • Heavy element nucleosynthesis in the MHD let explosions of core-collapse supernovae

    Nobuya Nishimura, Masa-aki Hahimoto, Shin-ichirou Fujimoto, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada

    ORIGIN OF MATTER AND EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES   847   452 - +  2006年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    For the rst time heavy element nucleosynthesis in the magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) explosions of core-collapse supemovae are investigated using a massive star of 13M(circle dot) in a main sequence stage. Contrary to the case of the spherical explosion, jet-like explosion due to the combined effects of the rotation and magnetic eld lowers the electron fraction signi cantly inside the layers above the Fe-core. Then, the anisotropic shock waves pass through the oxygen rich layers. As a consequence, we nd that the nucleosynthesis of the r- and p-process proceeds appreciably compared to the models previously considered.

  • Collapse-driven supernovae: When do they explode?

    Shoichi Yamada

    PROGRESS OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS SUPPLEMENT   ( 163 ) 1 - 22  2006年

     概要を見る

    I will give an overview of the current status of our understanding on the machanism of collapse-driven supernovae and related phenomena, presenting some of our group's recent results. Included among the issues discussed in this article are (1) 1D simulations with the most detailed neutrino transport, (2) the global asymmetry of supernovae and its implications for the explosion mechanism, (3) hydrodynamical instabilities after the shock stagnation, and (4) gravitational collapse of more massive stars.

  • ‘Gravitational Collapse of Massive Stars’

    Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of “OMEG2005”   847   196 - 201  2006年

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  • Effects of magnetic fields on proto-neutron star winds

    H Ito, S Yamada, K Sumiyoshi, S Nagataki

    PROGRESS OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS   114 ( 5 ) 995 - 1020  2005年11月

     概要を見る

    We investigate the effects of magnetic fields on proto-neutron star winds by performing numerical simulations. We assume that the atmosphere of a proto-neutron star has a homogenous magnetic field (ranging from 10(12)G to 5 x 10(15)G) perpendicular to the radial direction and examine the dependence of the three key quantities (the dynamical time scale tau(dyn), electron fraction Y-e, and entropy per baryon s) for the successful r-process on the magnetic field strength. Our results show that even with a magneter-class field strength, similar to 10(15)G, the features of the wind dynamics differ only little from those of non-magnetic winds and that the conditions for an effective r-process are not realized.

  • 'Supernovae:Rotation, Jet, Neutrino'

    Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of “TAUP2005”    2005年09月

  • Core-collapse supernovae with nonuniform magnetic fields

    H Sawai, K Kotake, S Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   631 ( 1 ) 446 - 455  2005年09月

     概要を見る

    We perform two-dimensional numerical simulations on the core collapse of a massive star with strong magnetic fields and differential rotations using the numerical code ZEUS-2D. Changing field configurations and laws of differential rotation parametrically, we compute 14 models and investigate the effects of these parameters on the dynamics. In our models we do not solve the neutrino transport but instead employ a phenomenological parametric EOS that takes into account the neutrino emissions. As a result of the calculations, we find that the field configuration plays a significant role in the dynamics of the core if the initial magnetic field is large enough. Models with initially concentrated fields produce more energetic explosions and more prolate shock waves than the uniform field. Quadrupole-like fields produce a remarkably collimated and fast jet, which might be important for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The Lorentz forces exerted in the region where the plasma beta is less than unity are responsible for these dynamics. The pure toroidal field, on the other hand, does not lead to any explosion or matter ejection. This suggests that the presupernova models, in which toroidal fields are predominant are disadvantageous for the magnetorotation-induced supernova considered here. Models with initially weak magnetic fields do not lead to explosion or matter ejection, either. In these models magnetic fields play no role, as they do not grow on the timescale considered in this paper and the magnetic pressure could be comparable to the matter pressure. This is because the exponential field growth as expected in MRI is not seen in our models. The magnetic field is amplified mainly by field compression and field wrapping in our simulations.

  • Postbounce evolution of core-collapse supernovae: Long-term effects of the equation of state

    K Sumiyoshi, S Yamada, H Suzuki, H Shen, S Chiba, H Toki

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   629 ( 2 ) 922 - 932  2005年08月

     概要を見る

    We study the evolution of a supernova core from the beginning of the gravitational collapse of a 15M(circle dot) star up to 1 s after core bounce. We present results of spherically symmetric simulations of core-collapse supernovae by solving general relativistic v-radiation hydrodynamics in the implicit time differencing. We aim to explore the evolution of shock waves in the long term and investigate the formation of proto-neutron stars together with supernova neutrino signatures. These studies are done to examine the influence of the equation of state ( EOS) on the postbounce evolution of shock waves in the late phase and the resulting thermal evolution of proto-neutron stars. We compare two sets of EOSs, namely, those by Lattimer and Swesty ( LS-EOS) and by Shen et al. ( SH-EOS). We found that, for both EOSs, the core does not explode and the shock wave stalls similarly in the first 100 ms after bounce. A revival of the shock wave does not occur even after a long period in either case. However, the recession of the shock wave appears different beyond 200 ms after bounce, having different thermal evolution of the central core. A more compact proto - neutron star is found for LS-EOS than SH-EOS with a difference in the central density by a factor of similar to 2 and a difference of similar to 10 MeV in the peak temperature. The resulting spectra of supernova neutrinos are different to an extent that may be detectable by terrestrial neutrino detectors.

  • An approach toward the successful supernova explosion by physics of unstable nuclei

    K Sumiyoshi, S Yamada, H Suzuki, H Shen, H Toki

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   758   63C - 66C  2005年07月

     概要を見る

    We study the explosion mechanism of collapse-driven supernovae by numerical simulations with a Dew nuclear EOS based on unstable nuclei. We report new results of simulations of general relativistic hydrodynamics together with the Boltzmann neutrino-transport in spherical symmetry. We adopt the new data set of relativistic EOS and the conventional set of EOS (Lattimer-Swesty EOS) to examine the influence on dynamics of core-collapse, bounce and shock propagation. We follow the behavior of stalled shock more than 500 ms after the bounce and compare the evolutions of supernova core.

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  • X-ray Line and Recombination Emission in the Afterglow of Grb

    Shinya Sugiyama, Shoichi Yamada, Hideaki Takabe

    Astrophysics and Space Science   298   326 - 326  2005年07月

  • Asymmetric supernovae

    Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of “The 59th Yamada Conference 'Inflating Horizon of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology' “    2005年06月

  • General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of collapsars: Rotating black hole cases

    Y Mizuno, S Yamada, S Koide, K Shibata

    NUOVO CIMENTO DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI FISICA C-COLLOQUIA ON PHYSICS   28 ( 3 ) 423 - 426  2005年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have performed 2.5-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of collapsars including a rotating black hole. Initially, we assume that the core collapse has failed in this star. A rotating black hole of a few solar masses is inserted by hand into the calculation. The simulation results show the formation of a disklike structure and the generation of a jetlike outflow near the central black hole. The jetlike outflow propagates and accelerated mainly by the magnetic field. The total jet velocity is similar to 0.3c. When the rotation of the black hole is faster, the magnetic field is twisted strongly owing to the frame-dragging effect. The magnetic energy stored by the twisting magnetic field is directly converted to kinetic energy of the jet rather than propagating as an Alfven wave. Thus, as the rotation of the black hole becomes faster, the poloidal velocity of the jet becomes faster.

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  • Effects of rotation on the revival of a stalled shock in supernova explosions

    T Yamasaki, S Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   623 ( 2 ) 1000 - 1010  2005年04月

     概要を見る

    In order to infer the effects of rotation on the revival of a stalled shock in supernova explosions, we investigate steady accretion flows with a standing shock. We first obtain a series of solutions for equations describing nonrotating, spherically symmetric flows and confirm the results of preceding papers, that for a given mass accretion rate, there is a critical luminosity of irradiating neutrinos above which there exists no steady solution. Below the critical value, we find two branches of solutions; one is stable and the other is unstable against radial perturbations. With a simple argument based on the Riemann problem, we can identify the critical luminosity as that at which the stalled shock revives. We also obtain a condition satisfied by the flow velocity for the critical luminosity, which can easily be applied to the rotational case. If a collapsing star rotates, the accretion flow is nonspherical as a consequence of centrifugal forces. Flows are accelerated near the rotation axis, whereas they are decelerated near the equatorial plane. As a result, the critical luminosity is lowered; that is, rotation assists the revival of a stalled shock. According to our calculations, the critical luminosity is similar to 25% lower for a mass accretion rate of 1 M-. s(-1) and a rotational frequency of 0.1 Hz at a radius of 1000 km than that for a spherically symmetric flow with the same mass accretion rate. We find that the condition on the flow velocity at the critical luminosity is first satisfied at the rotation axis. This suggests that shock revival is triggered on the rotation axis and a jetlike explosion ensues.

  • Supernova explosion energy with relativisitic EOS including hyperon

    C Ishizuka, K Sumiyoshi, S Yamada

    ORIGIN OF MATTER & EVOLUTION OF GALAXIES 2003     489 - 492  2005年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    In the framework of RMF containing the full baryon octet [ I], we have made the EOS table at high densities combined with the relativistic nuclear EOS table [2] at lower densities. Both parts of the table is based on the TM1 parameter [31 of RMF, then the table covers wide range of nuclear densities, from 10(5.1)g/cc to 10(15.4)g/cc, smoothly. As a sample calculation by using this new EOS table, we perform 1-dim. spherical hydro-dynamical calculation [4] with the relativistic EOS of supenova matter including hyperons and discuss the EOS dependence of the explosion energy. For the most attractive Sigma potential case, we find that hyperons increase the explosion energy by about 4 % in the case of 15M(o) model. We also show the element composition around core bounce, where p similar to 1.6p At this density, hyperons can appear due to finite temperature effects. Although the hyperon ratio is small, it leads to the reduction of pressure by around 3 %. In this paper, we discuss the mechanism of hyperon admixture, and progenitor mass dependence on hyperon ratio.

  • Hydrodynamics of internal shocks in relativistic outflows

    A Kino, A Mizuta, A Celotti, S Yamada

    High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy   745   516 - 521  2005年

     概要を見る

    We study the hydrodynamical effects of two colliding shells, adopted to model internal shocks in various relativistic outflows such as gamma-ray bursts and blazars. We find that the density profiles are significantly affected by the propagation of rarefaction waves. A split-feature appears at the contact discontinuity of the two shells. The shell spreading with a few ten percent of the speed of light is also shown to be a notable aspect. The conversion efficiency of the bulk kinetic energy to internal one shows deviations from the widely-used inelastic two-point-mass-collision model. Observational implications are also shortly discussed.

  • North-south neutrino heating asymmetry in strongly magnetized and rotating stellar cores

    K Kotake, S Yamada, K Sato

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   618 ( 1 ) 474 - 484  2005年01月

     概要を見る

    We perform a series of magnetohydrodynamic simulations of supernova cores. Since the distributions of the angular momentum and the magnetic fields of strongly magnetized stars are quite uncertain, we systematically change the combinations of the strength of the angular momentum, rotation law, degree of differential rotation, and profiles of the magnetic fields to construct the initial conditions. By so doing, we estimate how the rotation-induced anisotropic neutrino heating is affected by the strong magnetic fields through parity-violating effects and for the first time investigate how the north-south asymmetry of the neutrino heating in a strongly magnetized supernova core could be affected. As for the microphysics, we employ a realistic equation of state based on the relativistic mean field theory and take into account electron captures and the neutrino transport via a neutrino leakage scheme. With these computations, we find that the neutrino heating rates are reduced by less than or similar to0.5% over those without the magnetic fields as a result of the parity-violating effects in the vicinity of the north pole of a star, while they are enhanced by about less than or similar to0.5% in the vicinity of the south pole. If the global asymmetry of the neutrino heating in the both of the poles develops in the later phases, the newly born neutron star might be kicked toward the north pole in the subsequent period.

  • General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of collapsars: Rotating black hole cases

    Y Mizuno, S Yamada, S Koide, K Shibata

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   615 ( 1 ) 389 - 401  2004年11月

     概要を見る

    We have performed 2.5-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of collapsars including a rotating black hole. This paper is an extension of our previous paper. The current calculation focuses on the effect of black hole rotation using general relativistic MHD with simplified microphysics; i.e., we ignore neutrino cooling, physical equation of state, and photodisintegration. Initially, we assume that the core collapse has failed in this star. A rotating black hole of a few solar masses is inserted by hand into the calculation. We consider two cases, a corotating case and a counterrotating case with respect to the black hole rotation. Although the counterrotating case may be unrealistic for collapsars, we perform it as the maximally dragging case of a magnetic field. The simulation results show the formation of a disklike structure and the generation of a jetlike outflow near the central black hole. The jetlike outflow propagates outwardly with the twisted magnetic field and becomes collimated. We have found that the jets are generated and accelerated mainly by the magnetic field. The total jet velocity in the rotating black hole case is comparable to that of the nonrotating black hole case, similar to0.3c. When the rotation of the black hole is faster, the magnetic field is twisted strongly owing to the frame-dragging effect. The magnetic energy stored by the twisting magnetic field is directly converted to kinetic energy of the jet rather than propagating as an Alfven wave. Thus, as the rotation of the black hole becomes faster, the poloidal velocity of the jet becomes faster. In the rapidly rotating black hole case the jetlike outflow can be produced by the frame-dragging effect only through twisting of the magnetic field, even if there is no stellar rotation.

  • Hydrodynamic effects in internal shock of relativistic outflows

    M Kino, A Mizuta, S Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   611 ( 2 ) 1021 - 1032  2004年08月

     概要を見る

    We study both analytically and numerically hydrodynamic effects of two colliding shells, the simplified models of internal shock in various relativistic outflows such as gamma-ray bursts and blazars. We pay particular attention to three interesting cases: a pair of shells with the same rest-mass density ("equal rest-mass density''), a pair of shells with the same rest mass ("equal mass''), and a pair of shells with the same bulk kinetic energy ("equal energy'') measured in the interstellar medium frame. We find that the density profiles are significantly affected by the propagation of rarefaction waves. A split feature appears at the contact discontinuity of two shells for the equal-mass case, while no significant split appears for the equal-energy and equal rest-mass density cases. The shell spreading within a few 10% of the speed of light is also shown as a notable aspect caused by rarefaction waves. The conversion efficiency of bulk kinetic energy to internal energy is numerically evaluated. The time evolutions of the efficiency show deviations from the widely used inelastic two-point mass-collision model.

  • The role of neutrinos, rotations and magnetic fields in collapse-driven supernovae

    S Yamada, K Kotake, T Yamasaki

    NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS   6  2004年07月

     概要を見る

    Neutrinos are considered to be one of the most important ingredients of collapse-driven supernovae. In the last couple of years, we have seen major progress in both numerical modelling and microphysical understanding of supernova neutrinos. The successful explosion, however, is still elusive. In the former half of this article, we give a brief overview on the current status of the theoretical understanding of the supernova mechanism. In the latter half, we present some new results on multi-dimensional aspects such as rapid rotations, strong magnetic fields and resultant anisotropic neutrino heating, to which our group is currently paying particular attention as an important element for successful explosions. We employ both statical and dynamical approaches. The gravitational waves obtained in the dynamical computations are summarized in an appendix.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Anisotropic kinetic pressure in ideal MHD and application to entropy production in neutrino-driven wind in supernovae

    K Kohri, S Yamada, S Nagataki

    ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS   21 ( 4 ) 433 - 441  2004年07月

     概要を見る

    We study the stress tensor of electron in strong magnetic fields which are greater than the critical value B-c similar or equal to 4.4 x 10(13) G. We claim that such a strong magnetic field induces the anisotropic kinetic pressure term of electron in magnetohydrodynamic equations and can generate entropy in collisional quantum plasmas. We discuss its consequence to the neutrino-driven wind in core-collapse supernovae and argue that it can produce large entropy per baryon, S similar to 400k(B). This mechanism might successfully account for the production of the heavy nuclei with mass numbers A = 80-250 through the r-process nucleosynthesis. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Numerical study on the rotational collapse of strongly magnetized cores of massive stars

    S Yamada, H Sawai

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   608 ( 2 ) 907 - 924  2004年06月

     概要を見る

    Hydrodynamics of the rotational collapse of strongly magnetized massive stellar cores has been studied numerically. Employing simplified microphysics and a two-dimensional nonrelativistic MHD code, we have performed a parametric research with respect to the strength of magnetic field and rotation, paying particular attention to the systematics of dynamics. We assume initially that the rotation is almost uniform and the magnetic field is constant in space and parallel to the rotation axis. The initial angular velocity and magnetic field strength span 1.7-6.8 rad s(-1) and (1.8-5.8) X 10(12) G, respectively. We have found that the combination of rotation and magnetic field can lead to a jetlike prompt explosion in the direction of the rotational axis, which would not be produced by either of them alone. The range of the maximum angular velocity and field strength is 2.3 x 10(-3) to 5.8 x 10(-4) rad s(-1) and 2.3 X 10(15) to 5.6 x 10(16) G, respectively, at the end of computations. Although the results appear to be consistent with those by LeBlanc & Wilson and Symbalisty, the magnetic fields behind the shock wave, not in the inner core, are the main driving factor of the jet in our models. The fields are amplified by the strong differential rotations in the region between the shock wave and the boundary of the inner and outer cores, enhanced further by the lateral matter motions induced either by an oblique shock wave (for a strong shock case) or possibly by the MRI (magnetorotational instability)-like instability (for a weak shock case). We have also calculated the gravitational wave forms in the quadrupole approximation. Although the wave form from a nonrotating magnetic core is qualitatively different from those from rotating cores, the amplitude is about an order of magnitude smaller. Otherwise, we have found no substantial difference in the first burst of gravitational waves among the magnetized and nonmagnetized models, since the bounce is mainly driven by the combination of the matter pressure and the centrifugal force.

  • Gravitational radiation from rotational core collapse: Effects of magnetic fields and realistic equations of state

    K Kotake, S Yamada, K Sato, K Sumiyoshi, H Ono, H Suzuki

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   69 ( 12 )  2004年06月

     概要を見る

    We perform a series of two-dimensional, axisymmetric, magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the rotational collapse of a supernova core. In order to calculate the waveforms of the gravitational wave, we derive the quadrupole formula including the contributions from the electromagnetic fields. Recent stellar evolution calculations imply that the magnetic fields of the toroidal components are much stronger than those of the poloidal ones at the presupernova stage. Thus we systematically investigate the effects of the toroidal magnetic fields on the amplitudes and waveforms of the gravitational wave. Furthermore, we employ two kinds of the realistic equation of states which are often used in supernova simulations. Then, we investigate the effects of the equation of states on the gravitational wave signals. As for microphysics, we take into account the electron capture and neutrino transport by the so-called leakage scheme. With these computations, we find that the peak amplitudes of the gravitational wave are lowered by an order of 10% for models with the strongest toroidal magnetic fields. However, the peak amplitudes are mostly within the sensitivity range of laser interferometers such as TAMA and the first LIGO for a source at a distance of 10 kpc. Furthermore, we point out that the amplitudes of second peaks are still within the detection limit of the first LIGO for the source, although the characteristics of second peaks are reduced by the magnetic fields. We stress the importance of the detection, since it will give us information about the angular momentum distribution of massive evolved stars. When we compare the gravitational waves from the two realistic equations of state, significant differences are not found, except that the typical frequencies of the gravitational wave become slightly higher for the softer equation of state.

    DOI

    Scopus

    62
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Magnetorotational effects on anisotropic neutrino emission and convection in core-collapse supernovae

    K Kotake, H Sawai, S Yamada, K Sato

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   608 ( 1 ) 391 - 404  2004年06月

     概要を見る

    We perform a series of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the magnetorotational collapse of a supernova core. We employ a realistic equation of state and take into account electron capture and neutrino transport by the so-called leakage scheme. Recent stellar evolution calculations imply that the magnetic fields of the toroidal components are much stronger than the poloidal ones at the presupernova stage. In this study we systematically investigate the effects of the toroidal magnetic fields on the anisotropic neutrino radiation and convection. Our results show that the shapes of the shock wave and the neutrino spheres generally become more oblate for the models whose profiles of rotation and the magnetic field are shell type and become, in contrast, more prolate for the models whose profiles of rotation and the magnetic field are cylindrical than for the corresponding models without the magnetic fields. Furthermore, we find that magnetorotational instability induced by nonaxisymmetric perturbations is expected to develop within the prompt-shock timescale. Combined with the anisotropic neutrino radiation, which heats matter near the rotational axis preferentially, the growth of the instability may enhance the heating near the axis. This might suggest that magnetar formation is accompanied by a jetlike explosion.

  • General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of collapsars

    Y Mizuno, S Yamada, S Koide, K Shibata

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   606 ( 1 ) 395 - 412  2004年05月

     概要を見る

    We have performed 2.5-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the gravitational collapse of a magnetized rotating massive star as a model of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The current calculation focuses on general relativistic MHD with simplified microphysics ( we ignore neutrino cooling, physical equation of state, and photodisintegration). Initially, we assume that the core collapse has failed in this star. A few M(.) black hole is inserted by hand into the calculation. The simulations presented in the paper follow the accretion of gas into a black hole that is assumed to have formed before the calculation begins. The simulation results show the formation of a disklike structure and the generation of a jetlike outflow inside the shock wave launched at the core bounce. We have found that the jet is accelerated by the magnetic pressure and the centrifugal force and is collimated by the pinching force of the toroidal magnetic field amplified by the rotation and the effect of geometry of the poloidal magnetic field. The maximum velocity of the jet is mildly relativistic (similar to0.3c). The velocity of the jet becomes larger as the initial rotational velocity of stellar matter gets faster. On the other hand, the dependence on the initial magnetic field strength is a bit more complicated: the velocity of the jet increases with the initial field strength in the weak field regime, then is saturated at some intermediate field strength, and decreases beyond the critical field strength. These results are related to the stored magnetic energy determined by the balance between the propagation time of the Alfven wave and the rotation time of the disk ( or twisting time).

  • Propagation and dynamics of relativistic jets

    A Mizuta, S Yamada, H Takabe

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   606 ( 2 ) 804 - 818  2004年05月

     概要を見る

    We investigate the dynamics and morphology of jets propagating into the interstellar medium using two-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic simulations. The calculations are performed assuming axisymmetric geometry and follow jet propagation over a long distance. The jets are assumed to be "light,'' with the density ratio between the beam to the ambient gas much less than unity. We examine the mechanism for the appearance of vortices at the head of jets in the hot spot. Such vortices are known as a trigger of a deceleration phase, which appears after a short phase in which the jet propagation follows the results from one-dimensional analysis. We find that an oblique shock at the boundary rim near the end of the beam strongly affects the flow structure in and around the hot spot. Weakly shocked gas passes through this oblique shock and becomes a trigger for the generation of vortices. We also find the parameter dependence of these effects for the propagation and dynamics of the jets. The jet with slower propagation velocity is weakly pinched, has large vortices, and shows very complex structure at the head of the jets and extended synchrotron emissivity.

  • Supernovae and Gravitational Radiation

    Shoichi Yamada

       2004年02月

  • General Relativistic MHD Simulations of the Gravitational Collapse of a Rotating Star with Magnetic Field as a Model of Gamma-Ray Bursts(Poster) :

    MIZUNO Yosuke, SHIBATA Kazunari, YAMADA Shoichi, KOIDE Shinji

    Progress of theoretical physics. Supplement   ( 155 ) 387 - 388  2004年

     概要を見る

    We have performed 2.5-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of collapsars as a model of gamma ray bursts (GRBs). This simulation showed the formation of a disk-like structure and the generation of a mildly relativistic jet (~0.3c). We have found the jet is accelerated by the magnetic pressure and the centrifugal force and is collimated by the pinching force of the toroidal magnetic field amplified by the rotation.

    DOI CiNii

    Scopus

  • X-ray afterglow from the matter heated by emission of GRB

    Shinya Sugiyama, Shoichi Yamada, Hideaki Takabe

    Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement   155   419 - 420  2004年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We calculate the time dependent line and recombination spectrum of non-equilibrium plasma heated by strong radiation as a test model of X-ray line emission of GRB afterglows. Our calculation shows that the non-equilibrium effect of the plasma is complex and important in the time evolution of the spectrum. The origin of these lines is puzzling us, but it is essential to understand the nature of GRBs and their circumstellar matter.

    DOI

    Scopus

  • Gravitational radiation from rotational core collapse: Effects of magnetic fields and realistic equations of state

    Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada, Katsuhiko Sato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hiroyuki Ono, Hideyuki Suzuki

    Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology   69 ( 12 )  2004年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We perform a series of two-dimensional, axisymmetric, magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the rotational collapse of a supernova core. In order to calculate the waveforms of the gravitational wave, we derive the quadrupole formula including the contributions from the electromagnetic fields. Recent stellar evolution calculations imply that the magnetic fields of the toroidal components are much stronger than those of the poloidal ones at the presupernova stage. Thus we systematically investigate the effects of the toroidal magnetic fields on the amplitudes and waveforms of the gravitational wave. Furthermore, we employ two kinds of the realistic equation of states which are often used in supernova simulations. Then, we investigate the effects of the equation of states on the gravitational wave signals. As for microphysics, we take into account the electron capture and neutrino transport by the so-called leakage scheme. With these computations, we find that the peak amplitudes of the gravitational wave are lowered by an order of 10% for models with the strongest toroidal magnetic fields. However, the peak amplitudes are mostly within the sensitivity range of laser interferometers such as TAMA and the first LIGO for a source at a distance of 10 kpc. Furthermore, we point out that the amplitudes of second peaks are still within the detection limit of the first LIGO for the source, although the characteristics of second peaks are reduced by the magnetic fields. We stress the importance of the detection, since it will give us information about the angular momentum distribution of massive evolved stars. When we compare the gravitational waves from the two realistic equations of state, significant differences are not found, except that the typical frequencies of the gravitational wave become slightly higher for the softer equation of state. © 2004 The American Physical Society.

    DOI

    Scopus

    62
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Finite temperature effects on supernova explosion energy and hyperon composition

    C Ishizuka, A Ohnishi, K Sumiyoshi, S Yamada

    PROGRESS OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS SUPPLEMENT   156 ( 156 ) 152 - 153  2004年  [査読有り]

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • General relativistic MHD simulations of the gravitational collapse of a rotating star with magnetic field as a model of gamma-ray bursts

    Y Mizuno, S Yamada, S Koide, K Shibata

    GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: 30 YEARS OF DISCOVERY   727   392 - 395  2004年

     概要を見る

    We have performed 2.5-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the gravitational collapse of a magnetized rotating massive star as a model of gamma ray bursts (GRBs). This simulation showed the formation of a disk-like structure and the generation of a jet-like outflow inside the shock wave launched at the core bounce. We have found the jet is accelerated by the magnetic pressure and the centrifugal force and is collimated by the pinching force of the toroidal magnetic field amplified by the rotation and the effect of geometry of the poloidal magnetic field. The maximum velocity of the jet is mildly relativistic (similar to 0.3 c).

  • Properties of a relativistic equation of state for collapse-driven supernovae

    K Sumiyoshi, H Suzuki, S Yamada, H Toki

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   730 ( 1-2 ) 227 - 251  2004年01月

     概要を見る

    We study characteristics of the relativistic equation of state (EOS) for collapse-driven supernovae, which is derived by relativistic nuclear many body theory. Recently the relativistic EOS table has become available as a new complete set of physical EOS for numerical simulations of supernova explosion. We examine this EOS table by using general relativistic hydrodynamics of the gravitational collapse and bounce of supernova cores. In order to study dense matter in dynamical situation, we perform simplified calculations of core collapse and bounce by following adiabatic collapse with the fixed electron fraction for a series of progenitor models. This is intended to give us "approximate models" of prompt explosion. We investigate the profiles of thermodynamical quantities and the compositions during collapse and bounce. We also perform the calculations with the Lattimer-Swesty EOS to compare the properties of dense matter. As a measure of the stiffness of the EOS, we examine the explosion energy of the prompt explosion with electron capture totally suppressed. We study the derivative of the thermodynamical quantities obtained by the relativistic EOS to discuss the convective condition in neutron-rich environment, which may be important in the delayed explosion. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

    DOI

    Scopus

    38
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Explosive nucleosynthesis associated with formation of jet-induced gamma-ray bursts in massive stars

    S Nagataki, A Mizuta, S Yamada, H Takabe, K Sato

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   596 ( 1 ) 401 - 413  2003年10月

     概要を見る

    We perform two-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic simulations in the context of collapsar model. Calculations of explosive nucleosynthesis are also accomplished. We investigate the influence of the structure of the progenitor and energy deposition rate on the resulting explosive nucleosynthesis, assuming that Ni-56 is mainly synthesized in the jet launched by the neutrino heating. We show that the amount of Ni-56 is very sensitive to the energy deposition rate. Thus, we conclude that it is quite natural to detect no underlying supernova in some X-ray afterglows, such as GRB 010921. We also point out the possibility that the relative abundance of the elements with an intermediate mass number, such as Si and S, in the X-ray afterglow of GRB 011211 may be naturally explained if the energy deposition rate at the central engine is relatively long because little Ni-56 should be synthesized under such an environment. If this discussion is true, there should be a correlation between the line features in the X-ray afterglow and the duration of the gamma-ray burst. It should be noted that the duration of GRB 011211 is 270 s,making it the longest burst ever observed by BeppoSAX, although it suffers from the effect of redshift (z(host)=2.14), and supporting our conclusion. Our results also suggest that the type I collapsar model, in which the energy deposition rate is relatively low ((E)over dot similar to 10(51) ergs s(-1)), might have difficulty in reproducing the observed amount of Ni-56 in a hypernova such as SN 1998bw. This means that models of the mechanism of the central engine of a hypernova-accompanying gamma-ray burst may be constrained by the requirements of explosive nucleosynthesis.

  • Anisotropic neutrino radiation in rotational core collapse

    K Kotake, S Yamada, K Sato

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   595 ( 1 ) 304 - 316  2003年09月

     概要を見る

    We have done a series of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the rotational collapse of a supernova core and estimated the anisotropy of neutrino radiation from nonspherical neutrino spheres. We have employed a realistic equation of state and approximated electron captures and neutrino transport by the so-called leakage scheme. We have calculated heating rates outside the neutrino sphere, assuming that neutrinos are emitted isotropically from each point on the neutrino sphere. We have found that neutrinos heat matter near the rotational axis more strongly than those near the equatorial plane. This might induce a globally anisotropic explosion.

  • Gravitational radiation from axisymmetric rotational core collapse

    K Kotake, S Yamada, K Sato

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   68 ( 4 )  2003年08月

     概要を見る

    We perform a series of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the rotational collapse of a supernova core in axisymmetry. We employ a realistic equation of state (EOS) and take into account electron capture and neutrino transport by the so-called leakage scheme. It is an important step to apply the realistic EOS coupled with microphysics to 2D simulations for computing gravitational radiation in rotational core collapse. We use the quadrupole formula to calculate the amplitudes and the waveforms of the gravitational wave assuming Newtonian gravity. With these computations, we extend the conventional category of the gravitational waveforms. Our results show that the peak amplitudes of the gravitational wave are mostly within the sensitivity range of laser interferometers such as TAMA and the first LIGO for a source at a distance of 10 kpc. Furthermore, we find that the amplitudes of the second peaks are within the detection limit of the first LIGO for the source, and first point out the importance of the detection, since it will give us information as to the angular momentum distribution of evolved massive stars.

    DOI

  • Gravitational collapse of rotating massive stars

    K Kotake, S Yamada, K Sato, TM Shimizu

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   718   629C - 631C  2003年05月

     概要を見る

    In this study, the effect of the rotation on the gravitational collapse is investigated by two-dimensional numerical simulation. Although most simulations for rotational collapse so far have been performed by employing the simplified equation of state for numerical simplicity, we employed more realistic equation of state by Shen et al. The initial angular momentum distribution is based on the recent calculation by Heger et al. The results obtained are quantitatively consistent with the previous work by Muller et al. In addition, we find it possible to realize the anisotropic neutrino radiation, which supports the scenario, in which explosion is induced by the anisotropic radiation from oblate core by rotation (Shimizu et al.).

    DOI

    Scopus

    2
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Protoneutron star cooling with a new equation of state

    H Suzuki, H Kogure, F Tomioka, K Sumiyoshi, S Yamada, H Shen

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   718   703C - 705C  2003年05月

     概要を見る

    Using a new numerical EOS (equation of state) table calculated by Shen et al., we performed numerical simulations of protoneutron star cooling. The EOS is based on the relativistic mean field theory, and the parameters in its Lagrangian have been chosen to reproduce the experimental properties of both stable and unstable nuclei. Furthermore, the numerical table covers such a wide range of thermodynamical quantities (temperature, 0 similar to 100MeV; electron fraction, 0 similar to 0.56; density, 10(5.1) similar to 10(15.4) g/cc) that cooling simulations even for 50 seconds could be done without troubles. The quasistatic evolution of protoneutron stars was investigated in detail with a numerical code including neutrino transfer (MGFLD scheme). Dependencies both on EOS and on initial models and implications to the SN1987A constraint on neutrino oscillation models are discussed.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Numerical simulation of non-spherical implosion related to fast ignition

    H Nagatomo, N Ohnishi, K Mima, K Nishihara, S Yamada, K Sawada, H Takabe

    PLASMA PHYSICS   669   253 - 256  2003年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Physics of the inertial fusion is based on a variety of elements such as compressible hydrodynamics, radiation transport, non-ideal equation of state, non-LTE atomic process, and laser plasma interaction. In addition, implosion process is not in stationary state and fluid dynamics, energy transport and instabilities should be solved simultaneously. In order to study such complex physics, an integrated implosion code including all physics important in the implosion process should be developed. Before starting this work, an integrated code based on Hirt's ALE method had been developed. But it needed sophisticated rezoning/remapping algorithm and less dissipative ALE method in hardly distorted mesh. In this work, we have developed 2-D integrated implosion code based on CIP method which was described in ALE formation. In the IFE research, the fast ignition scheme is one of the epoch making new scheme. In the scheme, the formation of the high density core plasma is one of the problem to be solved. In this paper non-spherical implosion for fast ignition is solved using the integrated code.

  • r-Process Nucleosynthesis in Neutrino-Driven Winds from a Typical Neutron Star with M = 1.4 M$_{odot}$

    Terasawa, M, Sumiyoshi, K, Yamada, S, Suzuki, H, Kajino, T

    Astrophysical Journal Letter   578  2003年

  • レーザー爆縮および超新星爆発における非局所輸送

    高部 英明, 山田 章一

    プラズマ・核融合学会誌 = Journal of plasma and fusion research   78 ( 9 ) 861 - 870  2002年09月

     概要を見る

    Nonlocal transport becomes important in a variety of situations in physics. We briefly review under what conditions it appears to be important in modeling energy transport by neutral gas, neutrons, charged particles, photons, and neutrinos. In the cases of these last three, the cross-sections strongly depend upon particle energies. In such cases, nonlocal transport becomes important even when each mean free path is much shorter than the length of the change of its energy density. We mainly review the research that has been done on nonlocal electron energy transport in relation to laser-produced plasmas and the way in which precise calculation of neutrino transport changes the properties of a shock wave, which is used as a driver to explode a massive star such as a supernova, by solving Boltzmann-type equations for neutrinos and anti-neutrinos.

    DOI CiNii

  • Numerical analysis of jets produced by intense laser

    A Mizuta, S Yamada, H Takabe

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   567 ( 1 ) 635 - 642  2002年03月

     概要を見る

    In this paper we present a numerical study of plasma jets produced by intense laser matter interactions. Through this study we hope to better understand astrophysical jets and their recent experimental simulations in the laboratory. We paid special attention to radiation cooling and the interaction of the jet with ambient gas. Four cases are presented in this paper: two of them deal with the propagation of jets in the vacuum, while in the other two the propagation takes place in the ambient gas. Available experimental results are reproduced to good accuracy in the vacuum case. For jets in ambient gas, we find that the existence of the surrounding gas confines the jet into a narrow cylindrical shape so that both the density and temperature of the jet remain high enough for effective radiation cooling. As a result, a collimated plasma jet is formed in these cases. The dimensionless parameters characterizing the laboratory jets and protostellar jets have overlapping domains. We also discuss the cooling lengths for our model and compare them with the corresponding values in the astrophysical jets. A plasma jet in the ambient gas experiment is proposed which is within the reach of present-day technology and can be relevant to astrophysical phenomena.

  • 部分電離イオンのオパシティー計算

    山田 章一

    プラズマ・核融合学会誌 = Journal of plasma and fusion research   78 ( 2 ) 101 - 109  2002年02月

     概要を見る

    In this short article, significant issues related to the calculations of the opacity of partially ionized atoms are explained in detail. We will mainly pay attention to the treatment of the detailed level structure of low and intermediate Z atoms, based on which the authors are currently developing the opacity code. Some recent advanced treatments of high Z atoms as well as major projects in the world are also briefly reviewed.

    DOI CiNii

  • Collapse-driven Supernovae

    Shoichi Yamada

       2002年

  • Polarization tensors in a strong magnetic field

    K. Kohri, S. Yamada

    Physical Review d   65  2002年

  • r-process in prompt supernova explosions revisited

    K Sumiyoshi, M Terasawa, GJ Mathews, T Kajino, S Yamada, H Suzuki

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   562 ( 2 ) 880 - 886  2001年12月

     概要を見る

    We reanalyze r-process nucleosynthesis in the neutron-rich ejecta from a prompt supernova explosion of a low-mass (11 M.) progenitor. Although it has not yet been established that a prompt explosion can occur, it is not yet ruled out as a possibility for low-mass supernova progenitors. Moreover, there is mounting evidence that a new r-process site may be required. Hence, we assume that a prompt explosion can occur and make a study of r-process nucleosynthesis in the supernova ejecta. To achieve a prompt explosion we have performed a general relativistic hydrodynamic simulation of adiabatic collapse and bounce using a relativistic nuclear-matter equation of state. The electron fraction Y-e during the collapse was fixed at the initial-model value. The size of the inner collapsing core was then large enough to enable a prompt explosion to occur in the hydrodynamic calculation. Adopting the calculated trajectories of promptly ejected material, we explicitly computed the burst of neutronization due to electron captures on free protons in the photodissociated ejecta after the passage of the shock. The thermal and compositional evolution of the resulting neutron-rich ejecta originating from near the surface of the proto-neutron star was obtained. These were used in nuclear reaction network calculations to evaluate the products of r-process nucleosynthesis. We find that, unlike earlier studies of nucleosynthesis in prompt supernovae, the amount of r-process material ejected per supernova is quite consistent with observed Galactic r-process abundances. Furthermore, the computed r-process abundances are in good agreement with solar abundances of r-process elements for A &gt; 100. This suggests that prompt supernovae are still viable r-process sites. Such events may be responsible for the abundances of the heaviest r-process nuclei.

  • Anisotropic $e^+ e^-$ pressure due to the QED effect in strong magnetic fields and the application to the entropy production in neutrino-driven wind

    K. Kohri, Shoichi Yamada, S. Nagataki

       2001年06月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We study the equation of state of electron in strong magnetic fields which
    are greater than the critical value $B_c \simeq 4.4 \times 10^{13}$ Gauss. We
    find that such a strong magnetic field induces the anisotropic pressure of
    electron. We apply the result to the neutrino-driven wind in core-collapse
    supernovae and find that it can produce large entropy per baryon, $S \sim 400
    k_B$. This mechanism might successfully account for the production of the heavy
    nuclei with mass numbers A = 80 -- 250 through the r-process nucleosynthesis.

    DOI

    Scopus

    6
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Relativistic simulations of supernovae and the r-process; a new relativistic EOS and nuclear reaction network

    K Sumiyoshi, M Terasawa, H Suzuki, S Yamada, H Toki, GJ Mathews, T Kajino

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   688 ( 1-2 ) 478C - 480C  2001年05月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We study supernova explosions and the associated r-process using a nuclear-matter equation of state (EOS) which has been constrained by the experimental data of unstable nuclei. This EOS table has been recently derived from relativistic many-body theory. We have applied it to numerical simulations of supernovae and the r-process. We find that a successful r-process is indeed possible in hydrodynamical simulations of the nu -driven wind from the nascent proto-neutron star as long as the expansion time scale is short.

  • Effect of anisotropic neutrino radiation on supernova explosion energy

    TM Shimizu, T Ebisuzaki, K Sato, S Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   552 ( 2 ) 756 - 781  2001年05月

     概要を見る

    Since SN 1987A, many observations have indicated that supernova explosions are not spherical. The cause of the asymmetric explosion is still controversial (e.g., asymmetry in the envelope, the convective engine in the central core or in the proto-neutron star). In our previous study, anisotropic neutrino radiation has been proposed as an explanation for this asymmetry. In this paper we carried out a series of systematic multidimensional numerical simulations in order to investigate the effect of anisotropic neutrino radiation itself on the supernova explosion energy. The neutrino luminosity and the degree of anisotropy in neutrino radiation were assumed as input parameters, and the numerical results for various parameters were compared with each other. It was found that only a few percent of anisotropy in the neutrino emission distribution is sufficient to increase the explosion energy by a large factor. The explosion energy calculated so far in many supernova models has tended to be too short to explain the observation. Anisotropy of 10% in neutrino radiation roughly corresponds to an enhancement of 4% in total neutrino luminosity as far as the explosion energy is concerned. The increase in the explosion energy due to anisotropic neutrino radiation can be explained as follows. Anisotropically emitted neutrinos locally heat the supernova matter and revive a stalled shock wave in the direction of enhanced radiation. The expansion of the gas by the shock propagation results in a decrease in the neutrino cooling (emission) rate that rapidly decreases with the matter temperature. It is this suppression of energy loss that contributes largely to the increase in explosion energy. The efficiency of neutrino heating (absorption) itself is almost unchanged between anisotropic and spherical models with available energy fixed for neutrinos. In order for a stalled shock wave to revive, enhancement of the local intensity in the neutrino flux is of great importance, rather than that of the total neutrino luminosity over all the solid angle. It is first pointed out that such local neutrino heating is capable of triggering a supernova explosion. Anisotropic neutrino radiation is considered to be a plausible mechanism for a "successful" explosion other than the so far suggested "convective trigger."

  • Numerical Study of AGN Jet Propagation with Two Dimensional Relativistic Hydrodynamic code

    A. Mizuta, S. Yamada, H. Takabe

    Journal of the Korean Astronomical Society   34   331 - 331  2001年

  • Boltzmann equations for neutrinos with flavor mixings

    S Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   62 ( 9 )  2000年11月

     概要を見る

    With a view of applications to the simulations of supernova explosions and protoneutron star cooling, we derive the Boltzmann equations for the neutrino transport with flavor mixing based on the real time formalism of the nonequilibrium field theory and the gradient expansion of the Green function. The relativistic kinematics is properly taken into account. The advection terms are derived in the mean field approximation for the neutrino self-energy while the collision terms are obtained in the Born approximation. The resulting equations take the familiar form of the Boltzmann equation with corrections due to mixing both in the advection part and in the collision part. These corrections are essentially the same as those derived by Sirera et al. for the advection terms and those by Raffelt et al. for the collision terms, respectively, though the formalism employed here is different from theirs. The derived equations will be easily implemented in numerical codes employed in the simulations of supernova explosions and protoneutron star cooling.

  • Hydrodynamical study of neutrino-driven wind as an r-process site

    K Sumiyoshi, H Suzuki, K Otsuki, M Terasawa, S Yamada

    PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN   52 ( 4 ) 601 - 611  2000年08月

     概要を見る

    We discuss the neutrino-driven wind from a proto-neutron star based on general-relativistic hydrodynamical simulations. We examine the properties of the neutrino-driven wind to explore the possibility of r-process nucleosynthesis. Numerical simulations involving neutrino heating and cooling processes were performed with the assumption of a constant neutrino luminosity by using realistic profiles of the proto-neutron star (PNS) as well as simplified models. The dependence on the mass of PNS and the neutrino luminosity is presented systematically. Comparisons with analytic treatments in the previous studies are also given. In the cases with the realistic PNS, we have found that the entropy per baryon and the expansion time scale are neither high nor short enough for the r-process within the current assumptions. On the other hand, we have also found that the expansion time scale obtained by hydrodynamical simulations is systematically shorter than that in the analytic solutions due to our proper treatment of the equation of state. This fact might lead to an increase in the neutron-to-seed ratio, which is suitable for the r-process in a neutrino-driven wind. Indeed, in the case of massive and compact proto-neutron stars with high neutrino luminosities, the expansion time scale is found to be sufficiently short in hydrodynamical simulations, and the r-process elements up to A similar to 200 are produced in the r-process network calculation.

    DOI

    Scopus

    57
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Physics of Collapse-driven Supernovae

    S.Yamada

    the Proceedings of “The Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies    2000年

  • Neutrino-nucleon reaction rates in the supernova core in the relativistic random phase approximation

    S Yamada, H Toki

    PHYSICAL REVIEW C   61 ( 1 )  2000年01月

     概要を見る

    We calculate neutrino reaction rates with nucleons via the neutral and charged currents in the supernova core in the relativistic random phase approximation (RPA) and study their effects on the opacity of the supernova core. The formulation is based on the Lagrangian employed in the calculation of the nuclear equation of stale (EOS) in the relativistic mean field theory (RMF). The nonlinear meson terms are treated appropriately so that the consistency of the density correlation derived in RPA with the thermodynamic derivative obtained from the EOS by the RMF is satisfied in the static and long wavelength limit. We employ pion and rho meson exchange interactions together with the phenomenological Landau-Migdal parameters for the isospin-dependent nuclear interactions. We find that both the charged and neutral current reaction rates are suppressed from Bruenn's standard approximate formula considerably in the high density regime (rho(b) greater than or similar to 10(14) g/cm(3) with rho(b) the baryonic density). In the low density regime (rho(b) less than or similar to 10(14) g/cm(3)), on the other hand, the vector current contribution to the neutrino-nucleon scattering rate is enhanced in the vicinity of the boundary of the liquid-gas phase transition, while the other contributions are moderately suppressed there also. In the high temperature regime (T greater than or similar to 40 MeV with T the temperature) or in the regime where electrons have a large chemical potential, the latter of which is important only for the electron capture process and its inverse process, the recoil of nucleons cannot he neglected and further reduces the reaction rates with respect to the standard approximate formula which discards any energy transfer in the processes. These issues could have a great impact on the neutrino heating mechanism of collapse-driven supernovae.

  • Reduction of neutrino-nucleon scattering rate by nucleon-nucleon collisions

    S Yamada

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   662 ( 1-2 ) 219 - 232  2000年01月

     概要を見る

    We studied possible modifications of the neutrino-nucleon scattering rate due to the nucleon-nucleon collisions in the hot dense matter which we find in the supernova core. We show that the finite width of the nucleon spectral function induced by the nucleon collisions leads to a broadening of the dynamical spin structure function of the nucleon, resulting in a reduction of the rate of neutrino-nucleon scattering via the axial vector current and making the energy exchange between neutrinos and nucleons easier. The reduction rate is relatively large, similar to 0.6, even at density similar to 10(13)g/cm(3) and could have a significant impact on the dynamics of the collapse-driven supernova as well as the cooling of the proto neutron star. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

  • Neutrino transport in type II supernovae: Boltzmann solver vs. Monte Carlo method

    S Yamada, HT Janka, H Suzuki

    ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS   344 ( 2 ) 533 - 550  1999年04月  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    We have coded a Boltzmann solver based on a finite difference scheme (SN method) aiming at calculations of neutrino transport in type TT supernovae. Close comparison between the Boltzmann solver and a Monte Carlo transport code has been made for realistic atmospheres of post bounce core models under the assumption of a static background. We have also investigated in detail the dependence of the results on the numbers of radial, angular, and energy grid points and the way to discretize the spatial advection term which is used in the Boltzmann solver. A general relativistic calculation has been done for one of the models. We find good overall agreement between the two methods. This gives credibility to both methods which are based on completely different formulations. In particular, the number and energy fluxes and the mean energies of the neutrinos show remarkably good agreement, because these quantities are determined in a region where the angular distribution of the neutrinos is nearly isotropic and they are essentially frozen in later on. On the other hand, because of a relatively small number of angular grid points (which is inevitable due to limitations of the computation time) the Boltzmann solver tends to slightly underestimate the flux factor and the Eddington factor outside the (mean) "neutrinosphere" where the angular distribution of the neutrinos becomes highly anisotropic. As a result, the neutrino number (and energy) density is somewhat overestimated in this region. This fact suggests that the Boltzmann solver should be applied to calculations of the neutrino heating in the hot-bubble region with some caution because then might be a tendency to overestimate the energy deposition rate in disadvantageous situations. A comparison shows that this trend is opposite to the results obtained with a multi-group flux-limited diffusion approximation of neutrino transport. Employing three different flux limiters, we find that all of them lead to a significant underestimation of the neutrino energy density in the semitransparent regime, and thus must yield too low values for the net neutrino heating (heating minus cooling) in the hot-bubble region. The accuracy of the Boltzmann solver can be improved by using a variable angular mesh to increase the angular resolution in the region where the neutrino distribution becomes anisotropic.

  • Explosion of a neutron star below the minimum mass with implicit hydrodynamics

    K Sumiyoshi, S Yamada, H Suzuki, W Hillebrandt

    NUMERICAL ASTROPHYSICS   240   285 - 286  1999年  [査読有り]

  • The fate of a neutron star just below the minimum mass: does it explode?

    K Sumiyoshi, S Yamada, H Suzuki, W Hillebrandt

    ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS   334 ( 1 ) 159 - 168  1998年06月

     概要を見る

    First results of numerical simulations are presented which compute the dynamical evolution of a neutron star with a mass slightly below the minimum stable mass by means of a new implicit (general relativistic) hydrodynamic code. We show that such a star first undergoes a phase of quasi-static expansion, caused by slow nuclear beta-decays, lasting for about 20 seconds, but then explodes violently. The kinetic energy of the explosion is around 10(49) erg, the peak luminosity in electron anti-neutrinos is of order 10(52) erg/s, and the thermodynamic conditions of the expanding matter are favorable for r-process nucleosynthesis. These results are obtained for the Harrison-Wheeler equation of state and a simple and, possibly, unrealistic treatment of beta-decay rates and nuclear fission, which were adopted for comparison with previous works. However, we do not expect that the outcome will change qualitatively if more recent nuclear input physics is used.
    Although our study does not rely on a specific scenario of how a neutron star starting from a bigger (and stable) mass can reach the dynamical phase, we implicitly assume that the final mass-loss event happens on a very short time scale, i.e., on a time scale shorter than a sound-crossing time, by removing a certain amount of mass as an initial perturbation. This assumption implies that the star has no time to adjust its nuclear composition to the new mass through a sequence of quasi-equilibria. In the latter case, however, there exists no stable configuration below the minimum mass, because the equation of state of fully catalyzed matter is too soft. Therefore, the dynamics of the explosion will not be too different from what we have obtained if different initial perturbations are assumed.

  • Initial shock waves for explosive nucleosynthesis in type II supernova

    S Nagataki, MA Hashimoto, S Yamada

    PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN   50 ( 1 ) 67 - 74  1998年02月

     概要を見る

    We have performed 1-dimensional calculations for explosive nucleosynthesis in collapse-driven supernova and investigated its sensitivity to the initial form of the shock wave. We have found the tendency that the peak temperature becomes higher around the mass cut if the input energy is injected more in the form of kinetic energy rather than internal energy. Then, the mass cut becomes larger, and, as a result, neutron-rich matter is less included in the ejecta; this is favorable for producing the observational data compared with a previous model. Our results imply that the standard method to treat various processes for stellar evolution, such as convection and electron capture during the silicon burning stage, is still compatible with the calculation of explosive nucleosynthesis.

    DOI

    Scopus

    3
    被引用数
    (Scopus)
  • Supernova nucleosynthesis

    M Hashimoto, S Nagataki, K Sato, S Yamada

    TOURS SYMPOSIUM ON NUCLEAR PHYSICS III   ( 425 ) 517 - 525  1998年  [査読有り]

     概要を見る

    Nucleosynthesis in supernovae is reviewed considering the recent development. There is a consensus that supernovae have two distinct origins. One is the explosion of white dwarfs which we call SNIa. The other is the explosion of massive stars of M-ms greater than or similar to 10M. which we call SNII (M-ms is the stellar mass in the main-sequence stage). However, the mechanism of the explosion for both supernovae is now in debate. SNIa is the result of the mass accretion onto a white dwarf from a companion star. The deflagration model which has been believed as the standard model of SNIa may be modified because many different types of SNIa have been observed recently. Furthermore, multi-dimensional hy drodynamical calculations suggest a slow deflagration model rather than a fast deflagration model like W7. On the other hand, to explain new types of SNIa, delayed or late detonation model has been proposed. For SNII, there does not still exist the reliable calculations from the core collapse to the explosion after a bounce; the present delayed explosion calculation cannot explain the observed explosion energy of SN1987A. Though these calculations are limited to the spherical cases, from the observation and multi-dimensional calculations, asymmetric explosion is suggested. Therefore, we must explore possible explosion models of supernovae for both SNIa and SNII. Recently, developed are two-dimensional hydrodynamical calculations to simulate an asymmetric explosive nucleosynthesis; we have found significant differences compared with the spherical explosive nucleosynthesis. For SNIa, new models of delayed detonation and results of the explosive nucleosynthesis was proposed by [9]. These new models are expected to compensate the previous models in many observational points.

  • Neutrino transport in type II supernovae: Boltzmann solver vs Monte Carlo method

    S Yamada, HT Janka, H Suzuki

    HOT UNIVERSE   344 ( 188 ) 247 - 248  1998年

  • Neutrino transport in type II supernovae: Boltzmann solver vs Monte Carlo method

    S Yamada, HT Janka, H Suzuki

    HOT UNIVERSE   ( 188 ) 247 - 248  1998年

  • Modification of Neutrino Reaction Rates in Hot, Dense Matter

    S. Yamada

    Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on “Nuclear Astrophysics” held in Ringberg Castle, Tegernsee, Germany    1998年

  • Explosive nucleosynthesis in axisymmetrically deformed Type II supernovae

    S Nagataki, M Hashimoto, K Sato, S Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   486 ( 2 ) 1026 - 1035  1997年09月

     概要を見る

    Explosive nucleosynthesis under the axisymmetric explosion in Type II supernovae has been examined by means of two-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations, We have compared the results with the observations of SN 1987A. Our chief findings are as follows: (1) Ti-44 is synthesized in a sufficient amount to explain the tail of the bolometric light curve of SN 1987A. We think this is because the alpha-rich freezeout takes place more actively under the axisymmetric explosion. (2) Ni-57 and Ni-58 tend to be overproduced compared with the observations. However, this tendency relies strongly on the model of the progenitor.
    We have also compared the abundance of each element in the mass number range A = 16-73 with the solar values. We have found three outstanding features. (1) For the nuclei in the range A = 16-40, their abundances are insensitive to the initial form of the shack wave. This insensitivity is favored since the spherical calculations thus far can explain the solar system abundances in this mass range. (2) There is an enhancement around A = 45 in the axisymmetric explosion that compares fairly well with that of the spherical explosion, In particular, Ca-44, which is underproduced in the present spherical calculations, is enhanced significantly. (3) In addition, there is an enhancement around A = 65. This feature relies on the form not of the mass cut but of the initial shock wave, This enhancement may cause the problem of overproduction in this mass range, although this effect would be relatively small since Type I supernovae are chiefly responsible for this mass number range.

  • An implicit Lagrangian code for spherically symmetric general relativistic hydrodynamics with an approximate Riemann solver

    S Yamada

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   475 ( 2 ) 720 - 739  1997年02月

     概要を見る

    An implicit Lagrangian hydrodynamics code for general relativistic spherical collapse is presented. This scheme is based on an approximate linearized Riemann solver (Roe-type scheme) and needs no artificial viscosity. This code is aimed especially at the calculation of the late phase of collapse-driven supernovae and the nascent neutron star, where there is a remarkable contrast between the dynamical timescale of the proto-neutron star and the diffusion timescale of neutrinos, without such severe limitation of the Courant condition at the center of the neutron star. Several standard test calculations have been done, and their results show the following: (1) This code captures the shock wave accurately, although some erroneous jumps of specific internal energy are found at the contact discontinuity in the shock tube problems. (2) The scheme shows no instability even if we choose the Courant number larger than 1. (3) However, the Courant number should be kept below similar to 0.2 at the shock position, so that the shock can be resolved with a few meshes. (4) The scheme reproduces the well-known analytic solutions to the point blast explosion, the gravitational collapse of the uniform gas with gamma = 4/3, and the general relativistic collapse of uniform dust. In addition, what is more important, calculations of hydrostatic configurations and the onset of radial instability, a preliminary neutrino transport in a proto-neutron star, and adiabatic collapses of a stellar core have also been done in order to show the performance of the code in the context of the collapse-driven supernovae. It is found that the time step can be extended far beyond the Courant limitation at the center of the neutron star, which fact is crucially significant for the purpose of this project. The details of the scheme and the results of these test calculations are discussed.

  • The High Ratio of 44Ti/56Ni in Cassiopeia A and the Axisymmetric Collapse-driven Supernova Explosion

    S. Nagataki, M. Hashimoto, K. Sato, S. Yamada, Y. S. Mochizuki

    Astrophysical Journal Letter   492  1997年

  • EXPLOSION OF A NEUTRON STAR JUST BELOW THE MINIMUM MASS

    K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, H. Suzuki, W. Hillebrandt

    Neutron Stars and Pulsars : Thirty Years after the Discovery : Proceedings of the International Conference on Neutron Stars and Pulsars    1997年

  • COMPARISON OF NEUTRINO TRANSFER METHODS FOR 1D SUPERNOVA SIMULATIONS

    H. Suzuki, S. Yamada, H.-Th. Janka

    Neutron Stars and Pulsars : Thirty Years after the Discovery : Proceedings of the International Conference on Neutron Stars and Pulsars held    1997年

  • Gravitational collapse of rotating stellar cores and supernovae

    K Sato, TM Shimizu, S Yamada

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   606 ( 1-2 ) 118 - 136  1996年08月

     概要を見る

    As is well known, massive stars, which would be the progenitor of type II supernovae, are rapid rotators. It is obviously necessary to investigate the effects of rotation on gravitational collapse of stellar cores and supernova explosions. We review (i) rotational core collapse, (ii) jet-like explosion induced by rotation and asymmetric neutrino emission from proto-neutron-stars, and (iii) explosive nucleosynthesis when an asymmetric jet-like explosion occurs, based on our recent work.

  • ASYMMETRIC EXPLOSIVE NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN SUPERNOVAE

    S. Nagataki, M. Hashimoto, K. Sato, S. Yamada

    Cosmological Constant and the Evolution of the Universe, ed. K. Sato, T. Suginohara, and T. Sugiyama Universal Academy Press, p.321    1996年

  • GRAVITATIONAL-RADIATION FROM ROTATIONAL COLLAPSE OF A SUPERNOVA CORE

    S YAMADA, K SATO

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   450 ( 1 ) 245 - 252  1995年09月

     概要を見る

    We have numerically calculated amplitudes and wave forms of gravitational radiation emitted from a central core in an axisymmetric supernova. The rotational core collapse has been systematically simulated under the assumption that the dynamical system is axisymmetric, and the complex microphysics such as nuclear equation of state and electron capture are approximated by a phenomenological equation of state. We have utilized the quadrupole formula to calculate the amplitudes and the wave forms of gravitational wave, and we have also assumed the Newtonian evolution of hydrodynamics. From these computations we have obtained burst-type wave forms. It is found from the comparison with results by Muller et al. or by Finn that the peak amplitude is sensitive to the stiffness of equation of state around the core bounce. Our results also show that the duration of the first burst is simply determined from the mean density of the inner core at the core bounce. Since the mean density of the inner core at the core bounce is dependent upon the angular momentum of the inner core and the stiffness of matter, we find it possible to obtain the information as to the angular momentum of a stellar core and the equation of state of high-density matter from the combined data of amplitude and duration of the burst from axisymmetric supernova explosion.

  • EXPLOSION MECHANISM OF COLLAPSE-DRIVEN SUPERNOVAE

    K SATO, T SHIMIZU, S YAMADA

    NUCLEAR PHYSICS A   588 ( 1 ) C345 - C356  1995年05月

     概要を見る

    Recent theoretical development of collapse-driven supernova explosion is reviewed. In particular, we discuss in detail i) convection in the hot bubble region above the protoneutron star as the source of the large amplitude velocity fluctuations which is necessary to explain large scale mixing in SN1987A, and ii) jet-like explosion induced by axisymmetric neutrino emission from a rotating oblate proto-neutron star, which might account for asymmetry of expanding envelope of SN1987A.

  • NUMERICAL STUDY OF ROTATING CORE COLLAPSE IN SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS

    S YAMADA, K SATO

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   434 ( 1 ) 268 - 276  1994年10月

     概要を見る

    Systematic numerical simulations have been carried out systematically in order to clarify the effect of rotation on the dynamics of core collapse in the supernova explosions. We have utilized a simple phenomenological equation of state with a polytropic form to approximate the complicated microphysics, and we have not solved neutrino transport, either. The infalling matter is found to be clearly divided into two parts, one of which is the inner core contracting subsonically, and the other is the outer core falling supersonically as in the spherically symmetric collapse. The inner core becomes more massive and deformed as the rotational energy increases or as the degree of the differential rotation becomes greater. On the other hand, it is also clear that the explosion energy monotonically decreases as the rotational energy increases or as the degree of differential rotation becomes greater. This is because the centrifugal force prevents the inner core from contracting sufficiently and less gravitational energy is available to push the outer core. This feature is insensitive to the degree of neutrino trapping. It is, therefore, concluded that in general rotation of the core has a negative effect on the prompt explosion mechanism.

  • AXISYMMETRICAL NEUTRINO RADIATION AND THE MECHANISM OF SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS

    T SHIMIZU, S YAMADA, K SATO

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   432 ( 2 ) L119 - L122  1994年09月

     概要を見る

    Numerical simulations of convection in the supernova core were carried out in which axisymmetrically modified neutrino radiation from a rotating proto-neutron star was assumed. Since neutrinos heat up matter around the rotational axis more intensively than around the equatorial plane, powerful and global convection of matter between the shock front and the proto-neutron star is induced, and, moreover, jetlike motion along the axis pushes the shock front into the prolate form. It is found that the hot bubble is distorted as a result of this quadrupolar convective motion and consequently that turbulent instability occurs behind the shock wave. This instability is considered to provide the initial fluctuation of Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the envelope, the seed of matter mixing in SN 1987A. We also found that three outstanding problems, namely, the seed of matter mixing, the high-velocity component of mixed elements, and observed asymmetry in the envelopes, can be explained simultaneously by those effects. Based on these results, we propose a new, possible scenario for the explosion mechanism.

  • CONVECTION IN SUPERNOVA CORES

    T SHIMIZU, S YAMADA, K SATO

    NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS IN ASTROPHYSICS     170 - 174  1994年  [査読有り]

  • Neutrinos in Collapse-Driven Supernova Explosion

    K. Sato, T. Shimizu, S. Yamada

    Proceedings of 14th International Workshop on Weak Interaction and Neutrinos    1994年

  • CONVECTIVE INSTABILITY IN HOT BUBBLE IN A DELAYED SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION

    S YAMADA, T SHIMIZU, K SATO

    PROGRESS OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS   89 ( 6 ) 1175 - 1182  1993年06月

     概要を見る

    Convective Instability behind a stalled shock wave is studied by performing a series of two-dimensional numerical simulations. This instability is induced by negative entropy gradient which is commonly formed in so-called ''hot bubble'' behind a stalled shock where matters are nearly hydrostatic and in radiative equilibrium. It is shown that an initial velocity perturbation of 1 % of the sound velocity grows to be a nonlinear fluctuation in approximately 100 ms. It is possible that this bubble instability becomes a seed of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the stellar envelope if the shock revives. It is also shown, however, that in actual fact the convective instability does not power the shock enough to change the way of its propagation. Rotation (the centrifugal force is at most 5 % of the gravitational force) does not affect the way of growth of the instability seriously either no matter what the initial rotation law is.

  • 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS OF CONVECTION IN SUPERNOVA CORES

    T SHIMIZU, S YAMADA, K SATO

    PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN   45 ( 4 ) L53 - L57  1993年

     概要を見る

    We have carried out three-dimensional simulations of convection above the proto neutron star in supernova explosions; this convection is driven by a negative entropy gradient due to heating of shocked matter by high-energy neutrinos radiated from the proto neutron star. We compared the three-dimensional calculations with axisymmetric or spherical calculations by changing the initial perturbations. We found that the explosion energy is unchanged by convective motion, but that convection can explain the seed of matter mixing. We also found that three-dimensional motion has an advantage for the ejection of r-process nuclei synthesized in hot bubbles.

  • 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS OF CONVECTION IN SUPERNOVA CORES

    T SHIMIZU, S YAMADA, K SATO

    PUBLICATIONS OF THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN   45 ( 4 ) L53 - L57  1993年

     概要を見る

    We have carried out three-dimensional simulations of convection above the proto neutron star in supernova explosions; this convection is driven by a negative entropy gradient due to heating of shocked matter by high-energy neutrinos radiated from the proto neutron star. We compared the three-dimensional calculations with axisymmetric or spherical calculations by changing the initial perturbations. We found that the explosion energy is unchanged by convective motion, but that convection can explain the seed of matter mixing. We also found that three-dimensional motion has an advantage for the ejection of r-process nuclei synthesized in hot bubbles.

  • ASYMMETRIC EXPLOSION IN SN-1987-A

    S ISHIKAWA, S YAMADA, M KIGUCHI, K SATO

    ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS   258 ( 2 ) 415 - 422  1992年05月

     概要を見る

    Asymmetric explosion of SN 1987 A is investigated by a two-dimensional axisymmetric hydrodynamical code. Two possibilities for the seed of the asymmetry, jet-like explosion of the Fe core and shock propagation in a star distorted by its own rotation, are investigated. For the latter studies, we calculated the density structure of the presupernova star in rotational equilibrium by using SCF method, which makes our calculation more realistic than previous works. The main results are as follows. (1) Jet-like explosion is more likely than distortion of the pre-supernova star since it is almost impossible to deform a blue supergiant to the degree necessary for the asymmetric explosion. (2) The degree of asymmetry observed by speckle can be explained by the asymmetry in the element distribution, not by the asymmetry in the density structure of ejecta. (3) There exist mainly two phases in the expansion: the blastwave phase when the radial flow dominates the expansion, and the subsequent expansion phase when the density profile becomes spherical by the effect of theta-flow.

  • Neutrinos and Explosion Mechanism of Supernovae

    K. Sato, T. Shimizu, S. Yamada

    Frontiers of Neutrino Astrophysics,Proceedings of the International Symposium on Neutrino Astrophysics held in Takayama/Kamioka, Japan    1992年

  • RAYLEIGH-TAYLOR INSTABILITY IN THE ASYMMETRIC SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION

    S YAMADA, K SATO

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   382 ( 2 ) 594 - 602  1991年12月

     概要を見る

    We studied matter mixing by Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the jetlike supernova explosion by numerical calculations of two-dimensional hydrodynamics. We found that (1) the asymmetric explosion with 5% initial perturbation causes the same degree of matter mixing as the spherical one with 30% perturbation, and that (2) 30% initial perturbation in the jetlike explosion is sufficient to explain the mixing in SN 1987A suggested by many observations without any subsequent instability such as nickel bubble formation.

  • Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in the jet-like Supernova Explosion

    S. Yamada, K. Sato

    Proceedings of the Sixth Marcel Grossman Meeting on General Relativity    1991年

  • GLOBAL MIXING IN SN-1987A BY THE ASYMMETRIC SHOCK-WAVE

    S YAMADA, K SATO

    ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL   358 ( 1 ) L9 - L12  1990年07月

  • ASYMMETRY AND GLOBAL MIXING IN SN-1987A BY THE NONSPHERICAL SHOCK-WAVE

    S YAMADA, K SATO

    PROGRESS OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS   83 ( 4 ) 713 - 722  1990年04月

▼全件表示

書籍等出版物

  • 超新星(新天文学ライブラリー4)

    山田 章一( 担当: 単著)

    日本評論社  2016年

  • Neutron Stars: The Aspect of High Density Matter, Equations of State and Observables

    山田 章一( 担当: 分担執筆,  担当範囲: Gravitational Collapse of Massive Stars and EOS)

    Nova Science Publishers  2012年

  • シリーズ現代の天文学7恒星

    山田 章一( 担当: 分担執筆,  担当範囲: 7.2節)

    日本評論社  2009年

  • 宇宙と生命の起源

    山田章一( 担当: 分担執筆,  担当範囲: 第2章 元素はどこから来たのか)

    岩波ジュニア新書  2004年07月

共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題

  • 大質量星の進化から中性子星またはブラックホール形成に至る多次元的進化の総合的研究

    日本学術振興会  科学研究費助成事業

    研究期間:

    2021年04月
    -
    2024年03月
     

    山田 章一

  • 超新星ニュートリノと核物理・宇宙化学進化の理論研究

    日本学術振興会  科研費 新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)

    研究期間:

    2019年
    -
    2023年
     

    鈴木 英之

  • 革新的な数値計算スキームで挑む多次元恒星進化計算

    日本学術振興会  科研費 挑戦的研究(萌芽)

    研究期間:

    2017年
    -
    2018年
     

    山田 章一

  • 多次元一般相対論的輻射流体力学シミュレーションによる超新星爆発の研究

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(B)

    研究期間:

    2016年
    -
    2018年
     

    山田 章一

  • 現実的核力から出発した変分法による超新星爆発計算用の核物質状態方程式の改良

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(C)

    研究期間:

    2013年
    -
    2017年
     

    鷹野 正利

  • 重力波天体の多様な観測に向けた理論的研究

    日本学術振興会  Kakenhi Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Research in a proposed research area)

    研究期間:

    2012年
    -
    2016年
     

    田中 貴浩

  • 大質量星の進化における重力崩壊型超新星の総合的研究

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(A)

    研究期間:

    2012年
    -
    2015年
     

    山田 章一

  • 多次元ニュートリノ輻射流体計算コードによる超新星爆発メカニズムの研究

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(C)

    研究期間:

    2010年
    -
    2014年
     

    住吉 光介

  • 有限温度変分法による核物質状態方程式の構築と超新星爆発計算への適用

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(C)

    研究期間:

    2009年
    -
    2012年
     

    鷹野 正利

     概要を見る

    重力崩壊型超新星爆発現象の数値シミュレーションに適用可能な、現実的核力から出発した一様核物質の状態方程式を、変分法により作成した。そしてこの状態方程式を用いて熱い原始中性子星の構造計算を行い、さらに、超新星爆発シミュレーションのテスト計算を行った。またこの一様核物質の状態方程式を用いて、非一様核物質の状態方程式の計算に取り組み、α粒子の混合も考慮して、典型的な温度おける、幅広い密度と陽子混在度に対し、核物質の相図を作成した。

  • クォーク力学・原子核構造に基づく爆発的天体現象と元素合成

    日本学術振興会  科研費 新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)

    研究期間:

    2008年
    -
    2012年
     

    鈴木 英之

     概要を見る

    数値シミュレーションを用いて、原子核物理の研究成果に基づいた爆発的天体現象の解明を行った。現実的な状態方程式や可能性が議論されている特殊な状態方程式を用いた重力崩壊型超新星爆発や連星中性子星の合体のダイナミクス、放出されるニュートリノ、重力波、重元素を詳しく調べた。また、電子捕獲型超新星爆発の親星を含む恒星の進化計算、三次元ニュートリノ輸送計算コードの開発、新たな高密度状態方程式の作成も行った。

  • 大質量星重力崩壊における長時間進化と物理過程の研究

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(C)

    研究期間:

    2009年
    -
    2011年
     

    山田 章一

     概要を見る

    ニュートリノ加熱機構に基づき、原子核反応を適切に考慮した極めて長時間の超新星シミュレーションを行い、爆発エネルギーがどのように決まるかを明らかにした。また、同時に3次元ボルツマンソルバーも開発した。一方、ブラックホール形成からのニュートリや重力波放出を定量的に計算し、ジェット形成に対する新たな知見も得た。さらには、クォーク星形成の基礎的ダイナミクスを明らかにした。

  • 超新星の爆発機構とガンマ線バースト源エンジンの統一的解明

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(S)

    研究期間:

    2007年
    -
    2011年
     

    佐藤 勝彦

     概要を見る

    本研究課題では大質量星が進化の最後におこす重力崩壊型超新星及びガンマ線バーストの爆発機構・源エンジンについて世界最先端の研究を行い、多くの成果を挙げた。大規模数値シミュレーションによる研究を豊富に行い、場合によっては京コンピュータを用いた世界最高レベルの数値シミュレーションを実現した。またこれらの現象に付随して起こる重力波・ニュートリノ放射、r-process元素合成を含めた爆発的元素合成、最高エネルギー宇宙線生成、等々について世界が注目する成果を数多く挙げた。以上の様に本研究課題では当初の予想を上回る、世界最先端の成果を修めることが出来た。また同時にこの分野に於ける将来の課題・展望を提示しつつ5年間のプログラムを終了した。

  • 超新星爆発計算のための現実的核力に基づく核物質状態方程式の作成

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(C)

    研究期間:

    2006年
    -
    2008年
     

    鷹野 正利

     概要を見る

    超新星爆発シミュレーションに適用可能な核物質状態方程式を、現実的核力から出発した多体計算に基づいて作成する事を目指し、その基礎となる研究を行なった。まず、絶対零度および有限温度一様核物質の状態方程式を、変分法により作成した。そしてこの結果を用いて、原子核の質量および大きさに関する大局的経験値を再現するような、非一様核物質状態方程式作成方法を構築し、中性子星クラスト領域の非一様核物質状態方程式を作成した。

  • 大質量星の重力崩壊とコンパクト天体の形成にともなう高エネルギー天体現象の研究

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(C)

    研究期間:

    2005年
    -
    2008年
     

    山田 章一

     概要を見る

    低速で自転する大質量星の重力崩壊に着目した研究を行った。特にニュートリノがどのように放出されるか、またそれによって高密度物質の状態方程式に関してどこまで情報を引き出すことができるかを調べた。その結果、ニュートリノ観測によりブラックホール形成と高密度領域での核物質の圧縮率が推定できることなどを明らかにした。また、超新星コアでおこる流体力学不安定性についても線形解析と数値計算により系統的な研究を行った。

  • ブラックホール形成シナリオにもとづくガンマ線バーストの起源

    文部科学省  科研費 特定領域

    研究期間:

    2002年
    -
    2006年
     

    佐藤 勝彦

  • 重力崩壊型超新星における高速自転および超強磁場の研究

    日本学術振興会  科研費 若手研究(B)

    研究期間:

    2002年
    -
    2004年
     

    山田 章一

  • ニュートリノ放射をともなう星内原子核・素粒子反応率の精密決定と天体現象への応用

    文部科学省  科研費 特定領域

    研究期間:

    2000年
    -
    2003年
     

    安藤 裕康, 梶野 敏貴

  • 重力崩壊型超新星コアにおけるニュートリノ輸送

    日本学術振興会  科研費 奨励研究(A)

    研究期間:

    2000年
    -
    2001年
     

    山田 章一

  • ボルツマン方程式によるニュートリノ輸送計算と遅延超新星爆発

    日本学術振興会  科研費 奨励研究(A)

    研究期間:

    1995年
     
     
     

    山田 章一

  • 非球対称超新星爆発の数値シミュレーション

    日本学術振興会  科研費 奨励研究(A)

    研究期間:

    1994年
     
     
     

    山田 章一

  • 次世代の観測的宇宙論にむけた原始銀河・銀河団の進化の数値的研究

    日本学術振興会  科研費 基盤研究(C)

    研究期間:

    1993年
    -
    1994年
     

    須藤 靖

     概要を見る

    本研究計画は輻射過程をとりいれた宇宙の構造形成の流体力学的取り扱いを目指して、原始銀河・銀河団の形成と進化を定量的に論ずる上で必要不可欠な宇宙論的流体力学数値計算コードの開発と、それらの相補的な解析的な理論モデルの構築を目的としてきた。具体的には、以下の4つの成果を得た。(1)粒子法に基づく流体力学数値計算コードに独立時間ステップを採り入れるとともに、ガスと輻射の相互作用にかかわる物理過程を採り入れたコードを完成させた。(2)銀河・銀河団に対応するダ-クハロ-の重力的な形成率をあたえる公式を解析的に導いた。さらに、それをもとにして球対称モデルを仮定して個々の銀河団から熱制動輻射によって放出されるX線のスペクトルを時間の関数として計算し、それらの重ね合わせとしてX線背景輻射のスペクトルに対する銀河団の寄与を求める理論的枠組を構築することに成功した。(3)ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡が乙女座銀河団の銀河にセファイド型変光星を発見したことから、ハッブル定数が比較的大きな値をとることが確実となってきた。このことは、原始銀河・銀河団の進化を考える上で最も重要となる宇宙モデルのパラメータに対して重大な意味を持つ。そこで、我々の近傍宇宙に対して観測されたハッブル定数がどの程度宇宙全体の平均値と一致するかと言う確率的な考察を行った。その結果、局所的なハッブル定数の観測から得られる真のハッブル定数の値に対する下限値を解析的に求める事に成功した。(4)自転する超新星からの重力波形をいろいろな角運動量分析に関して求めた。その結果、そうした超新星が我々の銀河系で起これば、LIGOにより観測ができ、爆発のメカニズムについて新たな情報を与え得ることがわかった。また、遅延爆発メカニズムを研究するための陰的解法による球対称一般相対論的流体コードの開発に成功した。
    これら過去2年間の研究成果によって、原始銀河・銀河団の進化の大規模数値シミュレーションを行うための準備はほぼ完成したものと考えられ、今後はできるだけ速やかに本格的な数値実験を開始したいと考えている。

▼全件表示

Misc

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    岩上わかな, 大川博督, 長倉洋樹, 原田了, 赤穂龍一郎, 古澤峻, 松古栄夫, 住吉光介, 山田章一

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  • 三次元空間における重力崩壊型超新星のボルツマン方程式によるニュートリノ輻射流体計算

    岩上わかな, 大川博督, 長倉洋樹, 原田了, 古澤峻, 赤穂龍一郎, 松古栄夫, 住吉光介, 山田章一

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  • SN法を用いたボルツマン輻射流体コードによる高速回転星の重力崩壊シミュレーション

    原田了, 長倉洋樹, 岩上わかな, 大川博督, 山田章一, 古澤峻, 松古栄夫, 住吉光介

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2021  2021年

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  • 一般相対論的ボルツマン輻射流体計算による原子中性子星冷却

    赤穗龍一郎, 原田了, 長倉洋樹, 住吉光介, 岩上わかな, 大川博督, 古澤峻, 松古栄夫, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2021  2021年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 2次元高速回転星の擬似的進化計算

    小形美沙, 大川博督, 藤澤幸太郎, 安武伸俊, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2021  2021年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 超新星のボルツマン輻射流体計算で探る核物質状態方程式の影響

    原田了, 長倉洋樹, 岩上わかな, 大川博督, 山田章一, 古澤峻, 松古栄夫, 住吉光介

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2020  2020年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 重力崩壊型超新星のボルツマン方程式によるニュートリノ輻射流体計算

    岩上わかな, 大川博督, 長倉洋樹, 原田了, 古澤峻, 松古栄夫, 住吉光介, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2020  2020年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 重力崩壊型超新星のボルツマン方程式によるニュートリノ輻射流体計算

    岩上わかな, 岩上わかな, 長倉洋樹, 大川博督, 大川博督, 原田了, 古澤峻, 松古栄夫, 住吉光介, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2019  2019年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 超新星爆発におけるニュートリノ集団振動の普遍性と観測への影響

    森長大貴, 長倉洋樹, 加藤ちなみ, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2019  2019年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 重力崩壊型超新星のBoltzmann-Hydro Codeによるニュートリノ輻射流体計算

    岩上わかな, 岩上わかな, 長倉洋樹, 大川博督, 大川博督, 原田了, 古澤峻, 松古栄夫, 住吉光介, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2018  2018年

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  • ボルツマン輻射輸送計算による回転星の超新星爆発 II

    原田了, 山田章一, 岩上わかな, 大川博督, 長倉洋樹, 住吉光介, 松古栄夫

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2018  2018年

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  • 重力崩壊型超新星で発生する流体力学的不安定性の数値計算

    犬塚愼之介, 岩上わかな, 岩上わかな, 山田章一

    衝撃波シンポジウム講演論文集(CD-ROM)   2017  2018年

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  • ニュートリノ球内部における核子散乱によるニュートリノスペクトルへの影響

    加藤ちなみ, 長倉洋樹, 堀雄介, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2018  2018年

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  • ボルツマン輻射輸送計算による回転星の超新星爆発

    原田了, 山田章一, 岩上わかな, 大川博督, 長倉洋樹, 住吉光介, 松古栄夫

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2017  2017年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 原子核による前兆ニュートリノ放出

    加藤ちなみ, 山田章一, 長倉洋樹, 古澤俊, 高橋亘, 吉田敬, 梅田秀之, 石徹白晃治

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2017  2017年

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  • 降着流の非球対称・非定常性を取り入れた定在降着衝撃波不安定性の線型解析

    高橋和也, 山本佑, 岩上わかな, 岩上わかな, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2016  2016年

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  • ボルツマン方程式によるニュートリノ輻射流体計算コードを用いた重力崩壊型超新星爆発の二次元軸対称計算

    岩上わかな, 長倉洋樹, 松古栄夫, 住吉光介, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2016  2016年

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  • 重力崩壊型超新星爆発のボルツマン方程式によるニュートリノ輻射輸送計算

    岩上わかな, 長倉洋樹, 松古栄夫, 住吉光介, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2016  2016年

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  • 前兆ニュートリノの親星依存性

    加藤ちなみ, 山田章一, 長倉洋樹, 高橋亘, 吉田敬, 梅田秀之, 石徹白晃治

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2016  2016年

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  • 音響メカニズムによる重力崩壊型超新星爆発の系統的研究

    原田了, 岩上わかな, 長倉洋樹, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2015  2015年

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  • 重力崩壊型超新星爆発と流体力学的不安定性に与える回転の影響

    岩上わかな, 長倉洋樹, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2014  2014年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 29aEA-2 重力崩壊型超新星における3次元ニュートリノ輻射輸送計算(29aEA 領域2,地球電磁気・地球惑星圏学会,日本天文学会合同 プラズマ宇宙物理(3学会合同セッション:シミュレーション技法,ダスト(コンプレックス)プラズマ・弱電離プラズマ),領域2(プラズマ基礎・プラズマ科学・核融合プラズマ・プラズマ宇宙物理))

    住吉 光介, 長倉 洋樹, 山田 章一, 松古 栄夫

    日本物理学会講演概要集   68 ( 1 ) 298 - 298  2013年03月

    CiNii

  • 26aEA-7 理想MHD Riemann問題の中間衝撃波の物理的妥当性に関する新しい示唆について(26aEA 領域2,地球電磁気・地球惑星圏学会,日本天文学会合同 プラズマ宇宙物理(3学会合同セッション:MHD,流体現象),領域2(プラズマ基礎・プラズマ科学・核融合プラズマ・プラズマ宇宙物理))

    高橋 和也, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   68 ( 1 ) 255 - 255  2013年03月

    CiNii

  • 構造を持つ相対論的ジェットからの光球面放射に伴う偏光

    伊藤裕貴, 長瀧重博, 小野勝臣, LEE Shiu‐Hang, MAO Jirong, 山田章一, PE’ER Asaf, 水田晃

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2013   87  2013年02月

    J-GLOBAL

  • 重力崩壊型超新星における定在降着衝撃波下流側の流れパターンの多様性

    岩上わかな, 長倉洋樹, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2013  2013年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 24aXD-11 3次元超新星コアにおけるニュートリノ輻射輸送(24aXD 中性子星・状態方程式・ニュートリノ反応,理論核物理領域)

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   67 ( 1 ) 45 - 45  2012年03月

    CiNii

  • 16aSG-2 3次元ニュートリノ輻射輸送計算コードによる超新星コアの研究(16aSG 核物質・中性子星物質・弱い相互作用,理論核物理領域)

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   66 ( 2 ) 33 - 33  2011年08月

    CiNii

  • 25aGM-4 超新星爆発における3次元ニュートリノ輻射輸送計算コードの開発(25aGM 核物質・中性子星物質・弱い相互作用,理論核物理領域)

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   66 ( 1 ) 45 - 45  2011年03月

    CiNii

  • 12aSG-2 コラプサーモデルに基づく大質量星の磁気回転爆発と重元素合成(12aSG 宇宙物理,宇宙線・宇宙物理領域)

    小野 勝臣, 橋本 正章, 藤本 信一郎, 固武 慶, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   65 ( 2 ) 85 - 85  2010年08月

    CiNii

  • 21aBD-10 原子核パスタの新構造(21aBD 核物質・中性子星物質・弱い相互作用,理論核物理領域)

    中里 健一郎, 親松 和浩, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   65 ( 1 ) 48 - 48  2010年03月

    CiNii

  • 22pBQ-8 超新星ニュートリノの集団振動とエネルギースペクトル(22pBQ ニュートリノ振動,宇宙線・宇宙物理領域)

    久野 昌哉, 鈴木 英之, 住吉 光介, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   65 ( 1 ) 125 - 125  2010年03月

    CiNii

  • 22pEJ-6 重力崩壊型超新星における球状衝撃波不安定性の数値シミュレーション(22pEJ 複雑な流れ,渦運動,地球・宇宙流体,領域11(統計力学,物性基礎論,応用数学,力学,流体物理))

    中野 わかな, 大西 直文, 固武 慶, 山田 章一, 澤田 恵介

    日本物理学会講演概要集   65 ( 1 ) 338 - 338  2010年03月

    CiNii

  • 12aSG-3 超新星残骸における物質混合と流体不安定性(12aSG 宇宙物理,宇宙線・宇宙物理領域)

    松尾 康秀, 橋本 正章, 小野 勝臣, 長滝 重博, 固武 慶, 山田 章一, 山下 和之

    日本物理学会講演概要集   65 ( 0 ) 85 - 85  2010年

    CiNii

  • Neutrino bursts from failed supernovae as a promising target of neutrino astronomy

    Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Hideyuki Suzuki, Shoichi Yamada

    Proceedings of Science (NIC XI)     157-1 - 157-5  2010年

  • AGNジェットが駆動するシェルからの非熱的放射

    伊藤裕貴, 紀基樹, 川勝望, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2009   199  2009年08月

    J-GLOBAL

  • 12aSC-7 大質量星の磁気回転爆発による元素合成と太陽系組成との比較(宇宙物理,宇宙線・宇宙物理領域)

    猿渡 元彬, 橋本 正章, 固 武慶, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   64 ( 2 ) 43 - 43  2009年08月

    CiNii

  • 12aSC-9 コラプサーモデルによる大質量星の磁気駆動ジェット状爆発と元素合成(宇宙物理,宇宙線・宇宙物理領域)

    小野 勝臣, 橋本 正章, 藤本 信一郎, 固 武慶, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   64 ( 2 ) 43 - 43  2009年08月

    CiNii

  • Neutrino Emission from Stellar Collapse including Hadron-Quark Mixed Phase

    Ken'ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Shoichi Yamada

    PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENCE   53 ( 10TH SYMPOSIUM ON NUCLEI IN THE COSMOS (NIC X) ) 116(1) - 116(5)  2009年07月

    記事・総説・解説・論説等(国際会議プロシーディングズ)  

    DOI

  • 30pZC-6 超新星コアの元素組成、ニュートリノ反応率に対する状態方程式の影響(30pZC 理論核物理領域,実験核物理領域合同 天体核物理(合同),理論核物理領域)

    塩見 敦史, 鈴木 英之, 住吉 光介, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   64 ( 1 ) 61 - 61  2009年03月

    CiNii

  • Oscillation and future detection of failed supernova neutrinos from a black-hole-forming collapse (vol 78, 083014, 2008)

    Ken&apos;ichiro Nakazato, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, Hideyuki Suzuki, Shoichi Yamada

    PHYSICAL REVIEW D   79 ( 6 )  2009年03月

    その他  

    DOI

  • 定在降着衝撃波不安定性による中性子星キックの統計解析

    岩上わかな, 山田章一, 固武慶, 大西直文, 澤田恵介

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2009  2009年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 21pSA-9 ブラックホール形成時に放出されるニュートリノの特徴と状態方程式(21pSA 高密度天体・核物質,理論核物理領域)

    住吉 光介, 中里 健一郎, 鈴木 英之, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   63 ( 2 ) 36 - 36  2008年08月

    CiNii

  • 21pSA-10 ブラックホール形成時に放出されるニュートリノの振動と検出予測(21pSA 高密度天体・核物質,理論核物理領域)

    中里 健一郎, 住吉 光介, 鈴木 英之, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   63 ( 2 ) 36 - 36  2008年08月

    CiNii

  • 活動銀河コクーンを取り囲むシェルからのシンクロトロン放射

    伊藤裕貴, 紀基樹, 川勝望, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2008   188  2008年02月

    J-GLOBAL

  • 重力崩壊型超新星コアにおける定在降着衝撃波不安定性に対する回転の効果

    岩上わかな, 大西直文, 固武慶, 山田章一, 澤田恵介

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2008  2008年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 中性子星のキックやスピンに対する定在降着衝撃波の不安定性の影響

    岩上わかな, 大西直文, 固武慶, 山田章一, 澤田恵介

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2008  2008年

    J-GLOBAL

  • 超新星爆発における球状降着衝撃波の不安定性の三次元数値解析

    岩上わかな, 大西直文, 固武慶, 山田章一, 澤田恵介

    第22回数値流体力学シンポジウム講演論文集     H3-4  2008年

  • Three-dimensional analysis of spherical accretion shock instability for supernova explosion

    Wakana Iwakami, Naofumi Ohnishi, Kei Kotake, Shoichi Yamada, Keisuke Sawada

    第22回数値流体力学シンポジウム講演論文集     H3-4  2008年

  • 24aYE-9 ハイペロン入り状態方程式 : テーブルによる重力崩壊の数値シミュレーション(24aYE 天体核物理,理論核物理領域)

    住吉 光介, 石塚 知香子, 大西 明, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之

    日本物理学会講演概要集   62 ( 2 ) 54 - 54  2007年08月

    CiNii

  • 24aYE-12 低密度超新星物質の状態方程式(24aYE 天体核物理,理論核物理領域)

    石塚 知香子, 大西 明, 住吉 光介, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   62 ( 2 ) 55 - 55  2007年08月

    CiNii

  • 放射冷却を考慮した活動銀河コクーンの進化

    伊藤裕貴, 紀基樹, 川勝望, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2007   224  2007年08月

    J-GLOBAL

  • 宇宙線・宇宙物理領域「大質量星の重力崩壊と高エネルギー天体現象 : SN1987Aの20周年によせて」(2007年春季大会シンポジウムの報告)

    山田 章一

    日本物理學會誌   62 ( 7 ) 542 - 542  2007年07月

    CiNii

  • 28aSB-11 ブラックホール形成時のニュートリノ放出における状態方程式の影響(28aSB ニュートリノ・ストレンジネス・天体核,理論核物理領域)

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之

    日本物理学会講演概要集   62 ( 1 ) 49 - 49  2007年02月

    CiNii

  • 宇宙線・宇宙物理領域「宇宙の第一世代天体に迫る」(2006年秋季大会シンポジウムの報告)

    山田 章一

    日本物理學會誌   62 ( 2 ) 118 - 119  2007年02月

    CiNii

  • Gravitational Wave from Realistic Stellar Collapse : Odd Parity Perturbation

    K. Kiuchi, K. Nakazato, K. Kotake, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada

    Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology – Einstein’s Legacy     79 - 81  2007年

    記事・総説・解説・論説等(国際会議プロシーディングズ)  

    DOI

  • 重力崩壊型超新星コアで発生する停滞衝撃波の不安定性

    岩上わかな, 大西直文, 固武慶, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2007  2007年

    J-GLOBAL

  • Effects of QCD phase transition on the collapse and bounce of a differentially rotating massive star

    Yasutake Nobutoshi, Hashimoto Masa-aki, Kotake Kei, Yamada Shoichi, Arai Kenzo

    Physics reports of the Kumamoto University   12 ( 2 ) 217 - 226  2006年12月

    CiNii

  • 20pSE-5 大質量星重力崩壊によるブラックホール形成と状態方程式(20pSE 天体核・弱い相互作用,理論核物理領域)

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之, 千葉 敏

    日本物理学会講演概要集   61 ( 2 ) 9 - 9  2006年08月

    CiNii

  • 20pSE-6 連続パスタを取り入れたカイラル対称な超新星物質状態方程式(20pSE 天体核・弱い相互作用,理論核物理領域)

    大西 明, 椿原 康介, 石塚 知香子, 住吉 光介, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之

    日本物理学会講演概要集   61 ( 2 ) 9 - 9  2006年08月

    CiNii

  • 23aSG-8 ブラックホール形成に伴うニュートリノ放出(23aSG 宇宙物理,宇宙線・宇宙物理領域)

    中里 健一郎, 住吉 光介, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   61 ( 2 ) 73 - 73  2006年08月

    CiNii

  • 27pWF-5 Chiral RMF EoSと超新星爆発への適用(27pWF 天体核物理(核物質,EOS),理論核物理領域)

    椿原 康介, 石塚 知香子, 大西 明, 住吉 光介, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之

    日本物理学会講演概要集   61 ( 1 ) 34 - 34  2006年03月

    CiNii

  • Shock Wave Propagation in the Adiabatic Prompt Explosion Model and Neutrino Oscillation

    S.Kawagoe, H.Suzuki, K.Sumiyoshi, S.Yamada

    in Proc. of the 59th Yamada Conference: Inflating Horizon of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology     227 - 278  2006年

  • FRII型電波銀河ジェットの全パワーと年齢

    伊藤裕貴, 紀基樹, 川勝望, 磯部直樹, 山田章一

    日本天文学会年会講演予稿集   2005   223  2005年08月

    J-GLOBAL

  • 14aSC-8 QCD相転移を考慮した超新星爆発(14aSC 宇宙物理,宇宙線・宇宙物理領域)

    安武 伸俊, 西村 信哉, 橋本 正章, 固武 慶, 山田 章一, 小野 博之, 鈴木 英之

    日本物理学会講演概要集   60 ( 2 ) 28 - 28  2005年08月

    CiNii

  • 27aWG-7 ニュートリノ輸送流体計算による超新星爆発と原始中性子星形成(実験核物理,理論核物理合同天体核物理(超新星爆発・元素合成),実験核物理)

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之, Shen Hong, 千葉 敏, 土岐 博

    日本物理学会講演概要集   60 ( 1 ) 79 - 79  2005年03月

    CiNii

  • 27aSJ-6 超新星爆発における重いハリオン・レプトン、メソンの効果(天体核物理学, 理論核物理)

    石塚 知香子, 大西 明, 住吉 光介, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   59 ( 2 ) 23 - 23  2004年08月

    CiNii

  • 27pZH-7 ニュートリノ輸送流体計算による超新星爆発シミュレーション(天体核)(理論核物理)

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之, 土岐 博

    日本物理学会講演概要集   59 ( 1 ) 30 - 30  2004年03月

    CiNii

  • D311 活動銀河核ジェットにおける渦の生成と減速(D-31 宇宙流体(1),一般講演)

    水田 晃, 山田 章一, 高部 英明

    日本流体力学会年会講演論文集   2004   582 - 583  2004年

     概要を見る

    We investigate the propagation and dynamics of relativistic jets using 2-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic simulations. We assume that the jet is very light and has very slow propagation velocity. An oblique shock appears and becomes a trigger the formation of vortex at the head of the jet. When this vortex grows, the jet decelerates. Then the vortex separates from the head and next vortex grows. The slower the jet is, the more vortices the jet has. This affects the propagation properties and observational emissivity.

    CiNii

  • D314 回転星の崩壊によるガンマ線バーストの一般相対論的MHDシミュレーション(D-31 宇宙流体(1),一般講演)

    水野 陽介, 山田 章一, 小出 真路, 柴田 一成

    日本流体力学会年会講演論文集   2004   588 - 589  2004年

     概要を見る

    We have performed 2.5-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of collapsars including a rotating black hole. We consider two cases, the co-rotating case and counter-rotating case with respect to the black hole rotation. The simulation results show the formation of a disk-like structure and the generation of a jet-like outflow near the central black hole. The jet-like outflow propagates outwardly with the twisted magnetic field and becomes collimated. We have found that the jet in both cases is generated and accelerated mainly by the magnetic field. The total jet velocity in the rotating black hole case is comparable to that of the non-rotating black hole case~0.3c.

    CiNii

  • 10aSH-6 超新星爆発におけるハイピロンの組成と寄与

    石塚 知香子, 大西 明, 住吉 光介, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   58 ( 2 ) 28 - 28  2003年08月

    CiNii

  • 28aSA-12 Core collapse and bounce in supemova simulation with relativistic EOS table

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之, 土岐 博

    日本物理学会講演概要集   58 ( 1 ) 35 - 35  2003年03月

    CiNii

  • 13aRF-7 Stellar core collapse in supernova simulation with relativistic EOS table

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之, 土岐 博

    日本物理学会講演概要集   57 ( 2 ) 20 - 20  2002年08月

    CiNii

  • 24pXQ-10 Moreの半古典近似を用いた原子モデルと原子過程の研究(24pXQ プラズマ分光・原子過程(領域内横断),領域2(プラズマ物理・核融合,放電分野))

    杉山 慎也, 山田 章一, 高部 英明

    日本物理学会講演概要集   57 ( 1 ) 182 - 182  2002年03月

    CiNii

  • 27pXQ-4 縮退星核燃焼の物理モデル(27pXQ プラズマ理論・数値計算(領域内横断),領域2(プラズマ物理・核融合,放電分野))

    小林 幸司, 高部 英明, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   57 ( 1 ) 219 - 219  2002年03月

    CiNii

  • D132 Ia 型超新星爆発の 1D, 2D モデル

    小林 幸司, 水田 晃, 山田 章一, 高部 英明

    日本流体力学会年会講演論文集   2002   144 - 145  2002年

     概要を見る

    We investigate a type Ia supernova by numerical simulation. We used 1D and 2D hydrodynamic code to analyze a supernova. An expected result of 1D simulation is defect of produced iron because this calculation does not make instability of nuclear flame. By 2D simulation, instability is considered but not enough and a more valid measure is needed. We will explain a model of a type Ia supernova and show results of 1D and 2D simulation. At last we introduce more valid measure.

    CiNii

  • D135 相対論的ジェットの伝搬・構造の解析

    水田 晃, 山田 章一, 高部 英明

    日本流体力学会年会講演論文集   2002   150 - 151  2002年

     概要を見る

    We investigate the dynamics and the morphology of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) jets numerically. Numerical simulation is performed so long distance. At the head of the jet, hot spot region is formed with strong shock that is called terminal mach shock where the beam flow ends. Some active points in the beam are also seen and thought to be knots that are observed in AGN jets. We found the active points of jets are originated from the instability of contact discontinuity at the head of jet.

    CiNii

  • 19aRB-12 宇宙におけるX線レーザー実現の可能性についての理論的研究

    森田 恭代, 山田 章一, 高部 英明

    日本物理学会講演概要集   56 ( 2 ) 151 - 151  2001年09月

    CiNii

  • 19aRB-7 超高強度場における水素様原子のFloquet(フロケ)理論を用いた研究

    塩屋 俊直, 山田 章一, 高部 英明

    日本物理学会講演概要集   56 ( 2 ) 150 - 150  2001年09月

    CiNii

  • 27pSB-11 Supernova explosion with relativistic EOs table

    住吉 光介, 鈴木 英之, 山田 章一, 土岐 博

    日本物理学会講演概要集   56 ( 1 ) 19 - 19  2001年03月

    CiNii

  • 28aXG-10 光電離プラズマに対する数値解析

    森田 恭代, 山田 章一, More R., 加藤 隆子, 高部 英明

    日本物理学会講演概要集   56 ( 1 ) 178 - 178  2001年03月

    CiNii

  • 28aWD-11 超高強度レーザーによる核物理

    塩屋 俊直, 中島 健一, 山田 章一, 高部 英明

    日本物理学会講演概要集   56 ( 1 ) 176 - 176  2001年03月

    CiNii

  • 28aYP-8 高強度レーザーによるジェットの数値解析

    水田 晃, 山田 章一, 高部 英明

    日本物理学会講演概要集   56 ( 1 ) 184 - 184  2001年03月

    CiNii

  • C133 相対論的流体コードによる活動銀河核ジェットの伝搬特性の研究

    水田 晃, 山田 章一, 高部 英明

    日本流体力学会年会講演論文集   2001   101 - 102  2001年

     概要を見る

    We investigate the morphology of AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) jets. Some of AGN jets propagate over few Mpc and the beam velocity of them is near the speed of light. We have developed 2D relativistic hydrodynamic code to analyze such a relativistic jet. We pay our attention to the propagatoin velocity which is derived 1D momentum balance in the frame of the working surface. We show some cases of our models and discuss the dependence of the parameter on the morphology.

    CiNii

  • 24pTB-7 r-process in prompt explosion of supernova

    住吉 光介, 寺沢 真理子, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之, Mathews G., 梶野 敏貴

    日本物理学会講演概要集   55 ( 2 ) 32 - 32  2000年09月

    CiNii

  • 24pSH-1 r-process condition by simulations of neutrino-driven wind

    住吉 光介, 鈴木 英之, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   54 ( 2 ) 32 - 32  1999年09月

    CiNii

  • 29a-YF-10 Hydrodynamics of neutrino-wind for r-process

    住吉 光介, 鈴木 英之, 山田 章一

    日本物理学会講演概要集   54 ( 1 ) 29 - 29  1999年03月

    CiNii

  • 22p-A-5 最小質量中性子星の爆発とr-process

    住吉 光介, 山田 章一, 鈴木 英之, Hillebrandt W.

    日本物理学会講演概要集   52 ( 2 ) 43 - 43  1997年09月

    CiNii

  • 超新星爆発に於ける非対称な爆発的元素合成(宇宙の階層構造,研究会報告)

    長滝 重博, 橋本 正章, 佐藤 勝彦, 山田 章一

    素粒子論研究   93 ( 3 ) C124  1996年

     概要を見る

    重力崩壊型の超新星爆発に於いて、爆発的な元素合成が行われる。どのような元素合成が行われるかについては、多くの数値計算が行われてきたが、それらは爆発を球対称だと仮定していた。一方、SN1987Aの観測からは、爆発での非対称性を示唆するものが報告されている。今回、我々は爆発を軸対称なものと仮定し、球対称な爆発のものと比較して、爆発的元素合成に与える影響について報告する。

    CiNii

  • Three-Dimensional Simulations of Convection in Supernova Cores

    Shimizu Tetsuya, Yamada Shoichi, Sato Katsuhiko

    Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan   45 ( 4 ) Lp53 - 57  1993年08月

    CiNii

  • 非球対称な衝撃波による超新星爆発(爆発的天体現象における流体力学的不安定性,研究会報告)

    山田 章一, 佐藤 勝彦

    素粒子論研究   82 ( 1 ) A84 - A85  1990年10月

    CiNii

  • 4a-G-12 超新星爆発直後における中性子星への非対称な物質の降着

    山田 章一, 佐藤 勝彦

    秋の分科会講演予稿集   1988 ( 1 ) 88 - 88  1988年09月

    CiNii

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現在担当している科目

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特別研究期間制度(学内資金)

  • 高密度特異天体における高エネルギー天体現象の研究

    2008年04月
    -
    2008年09月

    ドイツ   マックスプランク研究所

他学部・他研究科等兼任情報

  • 教育・総合科学学術院   教育学部

  • 理工学術院   大学院先進理工学研究科

  • 商学学術院   商学部

学内研究所・附属機関兼任歴

  • 2022年
    -
    2024年

    理工学術院総合研究所   兼任研究員

特定課題制度(学内資金)

  • 大質量星進化の総合的研究

    2023年  

     概要を見る

    &nbsp;本特定課題研究では、申請者がこれまで進めてきた大質量星コアの重力崩壊と超新星爆発の研究とそれに付随する親星の進化と原始中性子星の冷却を、星の自転を考慮した一般相対論的数値計算で定量的に明らかにしようというプロジェクトを一層推進しようとするものである。本年度主に取り組んだのは以下の点である。⑴ボルツマンコードの改良⑵ニュートリノ自身によるニュートリノ振動の解析⑶機械学習の輻射輸送への応用 具体的には、⑴ニュートリノ自身によるニュートリノ振動では、fast modeと呼ばれる運動量空間における角度分布に起因するモードが注目を浴びている。特に現在は非線形段階でニュートリノフレーバーがどういう分布をするかが詳しく調べられている。我々はそれが超新星爆発にどのような影響を及ぼすか調べるため、サブグリッドモデルを構築しボルツマンコードに搭載することを目指している。本年度はその準備として、6フレーバー全てのニュートリノを扱えるようにコードを改良した。⑵ニュートリノによるニュートリノ振動には、fast mode 以外にも、通常の散乱過程に起因する振動モードがあることが明らかになってきた。我々は線形解析を用いて、このモードについて詳しく調べた。その結果、自発的に対称性を破るようなモードの存在やモード間の共鳴現象と、それらが起こる条件を明らかにした。⑶ニュートリノ輸送をボルツマン方程式で扱うのは計算コストが非常に高いため、多くのグループは打ち切りモーメント法という近似を用いている。しかしそれにはclosure relationという非自明な関係を課す必要がある。我々は、この関係を自身のボルツマンシミュレーションの結果を教師データにした機械学習で生成することを着想し、LiteGBMというアルゴリズムを適用した。その結果、高次モーメントを低次モーメントと物質分布の情報から再現することに成功した。

  • 大質量星の重力崩壊の一般相対論的シミュレーションの精密化

    2022年  

     概要を見る

    本年度主に取り組んだのは以下の点である。⑴球座標上で定式化したBSSN型式とimplicit Runge-Kutta法によるアインシュタイン方程式ソルバーのテスト計算をブラックホール形成の文脈で進めた。⑵ボルツマンニュートリノ輸送により、原始中性子星内の対流を一般相対論的に計算し、対流がニュートリノ光度の増加を引き起こすことを示し論文として発表した。現在は計算をより後期冷却段階に拡張している。⑶高速自転する大質量星の進化計算を質的に改善するべく、独自のラグランジュ的定式化に基づくニュートン力学的および一般相対論的平衡形状の数値計算法をついに完成させ、それぞれ1編ずつの論文として発表した。また、その際に開発したニュートン法に代わりうる他変数非線形代数方程式の新しい解法についても論文として発表した。

  • 大質量星の重力崩壊の一般相対論的第一原理シミュレーション

    2021年  

     概要を見る

    本年度主に取り組んだのは以下の点である。⑴球座標上で定式化したBSSN型式とimplicit Runge-Kutta法によるアインシュタイン方程式ソルバーのテスト計算を進めた。⑵ボルツマンニュートリノ輸送により、原始中性子星内の対流を一般相対論的に計算し、対流がニュートリノ光度の増加を引き起こすことを示し、論文として投稿中である。⑶ボルツマンコードを用いて得られたニュートリノ分布をディープラーニングの手法で学習させ、論文として発表した。⑷高速自転する大質量星の進化計算を質的に改善するべく、独自のラグランジュ的定式化に基づく一般相対論的平衡形状の数値的作成についに成功し、現在論文投稿中である。

  • 自転する大質量星の進化の総合的研究

    2020年  

     概要を見る

     本研究は、高速自転する大質量星の進化計算を質的に改善しようとするものである。独自の定式化はすでに完成しているので、今年度はこれを実際にコーディングし、計算上の問題点の洗い出しを行った。 その結果、⑴全てのメッシュ点の運動を一気に解くのではなく、角度の同じ動径方向ごとに順に解く(slice shooting)ことを最初に行うと収束性がよくなる。⑵メッシュが歪んできたら、保存則を用いてメッシュの張り直しを行い、できるだけ規則正しい形状を保つようにすると収束性が向上する、ことが明らかになった。ただし、柔らかい状態方程式に対する中心集中した形状では収束にまだ難があり、これを引き続き改良している。

  • 大質量星から中性子星またはブラックホール形成に至る多元的進化の研究

    2019年  

     概要を見る

    本研究課題は、形成時の質量が太陽の約10倍以上であるような大質量星が、準静的進化の後にコアの重力崩壊により超新星爆発を起こし、中性子星またはブラックホールを形成するに至るまでの一連の進化を、第一原理計算と現象論的計算とを巧みに組み合わせる事によって定量的に明らかにすることを目指す本プロジェクトを脇から支えるものである。 今年度は特に次の2点を進めた。(1)自転する大質量星の平衡形状に適用するスペクトル法を詳しく調べた。(2)超新星爆発の軸対称2次元下での第一原理計算の結果に基づくニュートリノ集団振動の線形解析。

  • 大質量星から中性子星またはブッラクホール形成に至る多次元的進化の総合的研究

    2019年  

     概要を見る

      本研究課題は、形成時の質量が太陽の約10倍以上であるような大質量星が、準静的進化の後にコアの重力崩壊により超新星爆発を起こし、中性子星またはブラックホールを形成するに至るまでの一連の進化を、第一原理計算と現象論的計算とを巧みに組み合わせる事によって定量的に明らかにすることを目指している。 今年度は以下の3つを進めた。(1)自転する大質量星および原始中性子星の平衡形状とその進化を計算するため、スペクトル法を用いた定式化を進めた。また一般相対論化も行った。(2)超新星爆発の軸対称2次元と対称性を課さない3次元における第一原理計算。特に後者はバウンス後20msまで計算を進めた。(3)⑵のコードの一般相対論化とテスト計算を進めた。

  • 重力崩壊型超新星爆発研究のための多次元輻射流体コードの一般相対論化

    2018年  

     概要を見る

     今年度は、第一原理的に重力崩壊型超新星爆発シミュレーションを行うための数値計算コードの改良を中心に研究を進めた。まず、親星の自転を考慮した軸対称2次元での第1原理シミュレーションを京コンピューターで行った。また、ニュートリノと物質との運動量のやり取りの扱いに改良を行い、原始中性子星の固有運動を正確に捉えることができるようにした。さらに、ニュートリノと軽元素との相互作用を新たに取り込んだ。一方、定常解を用いた線形解析により、原始中性子星の振動が降着流の不安定性を助長し、爆発を助けることを明らかした。この他、原始中性子星付近でfast flavor conversionと呼ばれるニュートリノ集団振動が起こりうるかどうかを調べるため線形解析を行い、否定的な結果を得た。

  • 重力崩壊型超新星爆発研究のための多次元輻射流体コードの一般相対論化

    2017年  

     概要を見る

    本研究は、正当化が自明でない近似を用いないシミュレーションにより、超新星爆発のメカニズム等を明らかにすることを目的としている。本年度の成果は以下の通りである。①昨年度軸対称下でのボルツマン輸送計算に基づく超新星シミュレーションとして世界で初めて爆発を再現することに成功したモデルに対して、親星の自転の影響を調べた。②ニュートリノ輸送計算をモンテカルロ法により行うために昨年度構築した、核子との非弾性散乱を扱うモジュールを、空間構造も考慮できるように拡張し、テスト計算を行った。③昨年度開発したBSSN形式に基づきアインシュタイン方程式をimplicit Runge-Kutta積分法を用いて球座標上で解くコードを拡張し、初期条件を解くモジュールを開発した。

  • 重力崩壊型超新星爆発研究のための多次元輻射流体コードの一般相対論化

    2016年  

     概要を見る

    本研究は、人為的な近似のないシミュレーションを行い、超新星爆発のメカニズムを明らかにすることを目的としている。本年度の成果は以下の通りである。①軸対称下での超新星シミュレーションを11.2太陽質量のモデルに対して京スーパーコンピューターで2通りの状態方程式に対して行った。その結果、世界で初めて爆発するモデルをボルツマン輸送に基づき示した。②ニュートリノ輸送計算をモンテカルロ法により行うための、核子との非弾性散乱を扱うモジュールを1zone近似で構築し、従来の計算法の問題点を明らかにした。③BSSN形式に基づきアインシュタイン方程式をimplicit Runge-Kutta積分法を用いて球座標上で解くコードを構築し、テスト計算を行った。

  • 大質量星の進化の総合的研究

    2015年  

     概要を見る

    本研究は超新星爆発のメカニズムを明らかにすることを目的としている。本年度の成果は以下の通りである。①ニュートリノ輸送計算をモンテカルロ法により行うための、核子との非弾性散乱を扱うモジュールを構築した。②バロクリニックな回転星の平衡形状を、申請者らが独自に考案したラグランジュ的定式化に基づき数値的に解くコードのパフォーマンスチェックを千葉工大の安武氏、早大の藤澤氏とともに行った。③京大の長倉氏らとの共同研究により、一般相対論的ニュートリノ輸送方程式を解くコードの開発を行った。また、それを用いた軸対称下での超新星シミュレーションを11.2および15太陽質量のモデルに対して京コンピューターで行い、どちらも爆発しないことを示した。

  • 大質量星の進化の総合的研究

    2014年   住吉光介, 固武慶

     概要を見る

     今年度は主にニュートリノ輸送を記述するボルツマン方程式を差分化して数値的に解くコードの開発を行った。特に、慣性系と物質の局所静止系をハイブリッドに扱い、特殊相対論的効果を全て近似なしに扱う方法を新たに提案した。また、非相対論的な3次元バージョンのコードを用いて、コアバウンス後の原始中性子星から外層へのニュートリノ輸送計算を物質の運動を固定して行い、一般にray-by-ray近似は角度ごとのコントラストを強調しすぎる傾向があることを示した。 この他にも、星の回転平行形状を得るためのラグランジュ変分法を用いた新しい定式化を提案したのに加え、大質量星連星における超新星爆発が伴星に与える影響も数値的に調べた。

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