多くの企業は、競争環境の激化などにより、機会損失を低減するとともに管理費用を削減するという在庫管理に関する業務改善の実施が求められている。しかし、企業独自の在庫管理方式により、在庫問題を発生する要因を特定し、そして効果的に改善することはなかなか困難である。本研究は、企業の在庫管理業務を適切に分析するアプローチを提案する。具体的には、在庫変動に影響するすべての要因を抽出し、シミュレーション手法を用いて、最適化アルゴリズムを開発する。また、感度分析により在庫問題のボトルネックを特定し、在庫問題に関する意思決定を支援する。

リーダーシップは企業組織等を対象に様々な研究が行われているが、リーダーシップをフォロワーに対して認知させる施策については述べられていない。＜BR><br> 本研究の目的は、リーダーシップの認知の施策を考えるためのリーダーシップの認知を評価できるモデルの作成である。リーダーシップには指示型、エンパワー型、交換型、変革型の4種類がある。このうち、変革型と交換型は従来研究のリーダーとフォロワーの関係を示したプリンシパルエージェンシーモデルで示されているが、指示とエンパワー型は示されていないので、これらの型のモデルの作成が必要である。また、リーダーシップの総合評価をするために、4つの型のモデルを統合したモデルの作成も試みる。

© 2016 The Author.A value-centered approach to science, technology and society (STS) education illuminates the need of reflexive and relational learning through communication and public engagement. Visualization is a key to represent and compare mental models such as assumptions, background theories and value systems that tacitly shape our own understanding, interests and interactions. Yet conventional approaches including concept mapping and multi-criteria value elicitation methods often have little suggestion or implication as to how participants themselves can address and deliberate the incompatibility of their perceptions, preferences and perspectives. This study proposes Q workshop as a legitimate eliciting and deliberation technique that can be employed in pluralistic discourse, exploring systematic divergences of perspective by constructing the participant‘s self in a formative, emergent and contingent manner. For this it introduces Q mapping as a novel visualization tool for the hybridity of qualitative and quantitative methods derived from Q methodology. Q mapping is a two-factor solution that transforms the similarities in participants’ individual Q scores into distances represented in two-dimensional space, for the sake of illustrating the relative positioning and partitioning of perspectives in a schematic figure. A case study on STS education for postgraduate students demonstrates that Q workshop can play a heuristic and abductive role in providing independent illumination of distinguishable perspectives and facilitating individual and collective learning among participants, suggesting a schematic two-dimensional basis for resolving the key differences.

This paper proposes an agent-based simulation to analyze the effective resource allocation strategies for patrolling and inspection in consideration of urban network structures. A model of attackers and defenders is first formulated as "security game for urban networks." Then optimal security plans are calculated as Nash equilibria, supposing complete rationality of attackers behaviors. The "rational" security plans should be evaluated under more realistic conditions. So we provide an agent-based attacker model by addressing bounded rationality of human behaviors to support decision making under complexity and uncertainty. In particular, this paper mainly evaluates the effectiveness of security plans from the viewpoint of the structural characteristics of urban network, which can affect the route constrains for attackers. Our simulation shows the success rates of security with two types of urban networks and explains the reason why the results are generated through the investigation of attacker agents' micro behaviors in detail.

Designing a signage system in complex and large-scale facilities such as airport passenger terminals, stations or shopping malls has a significant impact on usability of the facilities. Facility managers would like to provide appropriate guidance information to facility users by using a signage system. It is difficult, however, to create the signage system designed to provide the right information to various types of users in the right place at the right timing. This paper focuses on an airport terminal and develops an agent-based model that represents the behavioral characteristics of passengers and the essential features of signs. The simulation with the model can show possible passenger behaviors and congestion situations in the facility under many different types of signage systems. As the results, we can support the managers' decision to build the signage system before it is actually implemented.

It is generally understood that manufacturers should exploit the innovation generated by users (UI: user innovation) to develop new products. UI has been observed in real world markets and the typical features of innovating users have been identified. The roles of the various communities in consumer product markets are explored as an important factor in UI. While communities foster the generation of UI and assist the diffusion of UI to the markets, it is still unclear what kind of communities managers in manufacturing firms should approach to obtain information for UI exploitation. In addition, the mechanism of UI in terms of community is also still unclear.
This paper focuses on the mechanism of UI generation and diffusion in communities by applying agent-based simulation. Based on the simulation results, we are able to recommend to managers the most appropriate communities for UI exploitation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The purposes of this paper are to build an agent-based model to explain knowledge dynamics in front office and conduct a scenario analysis for evaluating several functions of knowledge acquisition system as one of knowledge management instruments. Conventional agent-based analyses have tackled to some knowledge management problems in organizations. However they did not considered service characteristics when building their model. So we expressly model the characteristics of service co-creation processes between customers and service agents based on some findings in the field of service research. Finally our simulation with the model shows the possible changes of organizational productivity and customer satisfaction by using some scenarios, and then clarifies the reason that why the changes occurred by investigating agents&#039; micro behaviors.

Recently, a need has arisen for facsimile model construction with close correspondence to the real world for use in evaluating the effectiveness of specific policies. When constructing facsimile models requiring a large amount of data, however, parameter estimation using data fitting becomes problematic. Furthermore, there are often problems where, owing to the limitations of field research, it becomes impossible for analysts to obtain the data necessary for model construction. The paper proposes a solution to this data collection problem by using "virtual grounding" as a method for creating valid agent models. The proposed method constructs an agent model by isolating qualitative features of the real world situation that are targets for modeling at a stage where the complete dataset is not yet available, and uses standard models for which utility has been previously demonstrated. Following this construction, a number of sample participants modeled as agents repeatedly make hypothetical decision-making actions within the model environment, and the model parameters are estimated based on the results of these decisions. This paper demonstrates the utility of the virtual grounding method by using an example of modeling visitor agents to Tokyo Disney Sea.

This paper provides a computational market model with technological competitions among standards and presents simulations of various scenarios concerning standardization problems. The market model has three features: (1) economic entities such as consumers and firms are regarded as autonomous agents; (2) micro interactions among consumer agents or firm agents have essential mechanisms interpretable in real markets; and (3) consumers' preferences and firms' technologies co-affect their evolutionary behavior. In recent years, consumers have experienced various inconveniences from de facto competition based on a market mechanism. Standardization communities or committees such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) need to design a compatible standard or a de jure standard in a market. However, it is difficult for market designers to decide a method or timing for the standardization. Here, by introducing a novel technique used in agent-based social simulation (ABSS), which we call "scenario analysis," we aim to support such decision making. Scenario analysis provides the possible market changes that can occur following implementation of a design policy under a specific market situation and the market mechanisms that generate these market changes.

Service-oriented organizations have the properties that their main resources are the knowledge and skills of service agents, and they produce intangible outputs, while those of manufacturing organizations are tangible products. So managers in the service-oriented organizations have taken "seat-of-the-pants" approaches to evaluate their new policies for preventing productivity slump. The purpose of this paper is to model service agents and tasks in a specific service-oriented organization through a field research, and to provide helpful information from the viewpoint of creating multi-skilled agents for the managers, who wish to make an accurate policy relevant to job rotation, through agent-based social simulation (ABSS) with the model. © 2012 IEEE.

The purposes of this paper are to find users&#039;innovations in the mountain climbing product market in Japan, then to identify the attributive and structural characteristics of innovating users who develop the users&#039;innovations. It has been pointed out that manufacturers should utilize the users&#039;innovations in their new product development processes. However there have been few cases that a manufacturer actually utilized users&#039;innovations to develop a new product. This is partly because the manufacturer could not recognize the importance of utilizing the users&#039;innovations or could not find users&#039;innovations in the market. This paper shows mainly two results based on statistical analysis. First this paper shows that there exists a certain number of innovating users in the mountain climbing product market in Japan and some lead users who developed commercially successful products even though experts familiar with the market observed few innovating users. Second this paper identifies a formula to distinguish between innovating and non-innovating users. The results given in this paper provide manufactures with incentives to find and utilize users&#039;innovations in their new product development processes.

This paper examines effective knowledge-retrieval heuristics in terms of transactive memory in concurrent software development teams. We propose six knowledge-retrieval heuristics and evaluate their effectiveness in four typical situations encountered by concurrent software development teams. Agent-based social simulation suggests the following findings about effective heuristics in each situation: (1) in large teams, if team members have incomplete information about their teammates' expertise, both the minimum effort type and the risk aversion type are effective; (2) in small teams, if team members have incomplete information about their teammates' expertise, the broad retrieval type is effective; (3) in small teams with a heavy work-load, if team members have sufficient information about their teammates' expertise, the minimum effort type is effective; (4) in small teams with a light work-load, if team members have sufficient information about their teammates' expertise, both the minimum effort type and the "ask others" type are effective.

評価制度は組織行動に影響するが，その効果は外部環境や組織内部状況に影響を受けるため，これらの要因を類型化して，それぞれの類型について有効な評価制度の特徴を明らかにすることには意義がある．Flaherty et al.（2007）の実証研究により，営業組織の外部環境と組織内部状況（営業状況）は3つに類型化できることがわかっている．本稿では，この類型化を利用して，各営業状況について有効な評価制度の特徴をエージェントベース社会シミュレーションにより分析した．この際，バランスト・スコアカードにおける組織戦略実現に向けたKPI設計の問題との連関を意識して，検討する評価指標の組み合わせを決定した．実験から，（１）各営業状況において有効な評価指標構成は異なること，（２）各営業状況において評価指標構成が導く組織行動には違いがあり得ることが明らかになった．

In this paper we focus on some phenomena generated by lead user innovation and build a market model based on the lead user&apos;s features that are derived from the conventional studies. Then we consider market mechanism and dynamics of the market with the lead user innovation. The innovation changes a conventional market concept that consumers and firms are entities that respectively demand and supply products. It is hard for marketers and managers to comprehend the market dynamics and mechanism generated by the change of market invoked by the innovation. Our simulations with the market model show two propositions: 1) If firms take the conventional strategies based only on conventional marketing strategies and technology management, lead user innovation takes the high market share from firms&apos; products. 2) If firms focus on an innovation community as a new strategy, they can manage lead user innovation.

組織の中期経営計画の達成に向けて組織の戦略目標を個人の業績評価指標（KPI）にブレークダウンするため，バランスト・スコアカードの4つの視点を利用する手法が提案されている．評価指標数についてはいくつか研究が行われているが，複雑な組織の状況下でKPIの選定・評価制度の設計が被評価者に与える影響・組織への効果について事前に議論の方向性を得るのは難しい．そこで本研究では，各KPIへのウェイトのかけ方を組織の状況に応じて分析し，マネージャのKPI設計について意思決定支援を行うためのエージェント・ベース・モデルの要件を明らかにする．要件は，組織の選定，組織の特性・要因の抽出，仮定・前提とパラメータ設計方法の明確化，分析シナリオ設計というプロセスごとに，営業組織を例として説明を行う．戦略をシナリオとし，ある営業組織におけるKPI選定・ウェイト設計の効果をシミュレーションにより分析できることが期待される．

社会シミュレーションでは，現実世界の状況をもっともらしく表現するエージェントの意思決定モデルを同定することが困難であることが多い．このため具体的な問題状況における政策意思決定支援を主たる目的とするシナリオ分析が十分有効に行われているとは言い難い．本稿ではシナリオ分析の有効な実施を目標とするモデル構築方法を提案する．この方法では最小構成のモデルに新たな要因を導入するかおよびどう導入するかの評価を，導入した要因によってもっともらしいシステムの振る舞いに結びつくかの観点で行い，徐々にモデルを構成していく．例としてテーマパーク問題における来場者のアトラクションへの選好がテーマパーク内の混雑状況に影響するかを検討する．実験結果から，アトラクションへの選好を導入することにより現実のテーマパーク内で起こりうるもっともらしい現象が観測されることが確認された．

The primary purpose of this paper is to propose a new framework for supporting market design, and to analyze standardization problems. The main features of the framework are as follows: 1) economic units such as firms or consumers are regarded as autonomous agents, 2) essential interactions among these agents in a market are considered, 3) consumers&#039; preferences and firms&#039; technologies coevolute in choices of products. We call this CAMCaT (Coevolutionary Agent-based Model for Consumers and Technologies) framework. The main target problems of this paper are standardization in market design. In recent years, a technological progress and a globalization have been intensifying competitions between standards in many markets. In these competitions, firms tend to pursuit short-term profits acquisition, and winners can get more profits than losers. Moreover a firm strains on its own standard in the competitions. As a result, many stakeholders suffer various types of inconvenience from these competitions based on a market mechanism. Therefore some problems about the standardization are noticed in many markets. It is a difficult problem how we should specify a standard. Then we would like to provide a new approach unlike conventional studies of a market structure and market dynamics. This paper builds an agent-based model using CAMCaT framework to examine some essential problems about the standardization and conducts a simulation on some scenarios that show some propositions of the standardization to verify the effectiveness and validity of the model. The result shows that this model has a high potential to support market design process.

This paper introduces a new framework for market analysis, and discusses essential micro interactions among economic entities described in the framework. Finally we observe market emergent phenomena in simulations using a model supported by the framework, and emphasize the importance of describing micro interactions. Since various descriptions of interactions on agent-based modeling have directly adopted existing simulation technologies based on computer science and artificial intelligence etc., it is difficult for modelers to describe the essential interactions on a model that correspond to intentions of actions in real markets. So we need to propose novel simulation technologies.

近年では，市場変化がますます速くなっており，企業のマーケティング部門や技術開発部門における意思決定は非常に困難になってきている．特に新商品を市場に投入する際には，過去のデータが通用しない場合や，データが不足していることが多く，マーケット分析を行う際にターゲットとすべき消費者特性を定めることが出来ない場合が多い．そこで，本研究では市場データが存在しない場合にもターゲット特性を抽出することが可能なシステムを構築する．そして，実際の携帯電話市場を想定した優良顧客抽出シミュレーションを行うことで，このシステムの有効性を検証する．

本論文では組織学習において有効にエージェントの内部モデルを評価する組織学習指針を提案する．はじめに組織学習における問題をエージェントベースモデルで記述して解決案を検討するためのフレームワークを開発し，エージェントベース組織サイバネティクスと名付けた．次にこのフレームワークにおけるエージェントの内部モデル評価の典型的問題として，(1)環境のスキャニング，(2)組織政策決定，(3)調整，(4)タスク解決の4つに注目した．これらの問題に対して，それぞれいくつかの指針を考え，さまざまな状況についてそれらの有効性を比較・検討した．結果から，組織パフォーマンスに基づいた内部モデル評価は全ての問題において高い組織パフォーマンスを実現するが，必ずしも正しい内部モデルの実現を保証するわけではないことが明らかになった．

This paper proposes Agent-based Organizational Cybernetics (AOC), which combines organizational cybernetic framework and computational organization theoretic approach, especially agent-based computational learning model. Organizational cybernetics provides a basic framework in which every organization is comprehensively described to be composed of 4 functional layers: process, coordination, adaptation and self-organization. In organizational cybernetics the difference between the overall purpose of an organization and each function of it plays an essential role especially to provide diagnosis for the organization of keeping viable. In this usage of the organizational cybernetic framework no micro-macro problem between learning of each member and that of the whole system can be seen. On the other hand, computational organization theoretic approach focuses on agents' task resolutions and bottom-up description of organizational activities. Organizational learning process described in computational organization theory mainly consists of error correcting activities by each agent and organization itself based on the agents' decision rules. Computational organization theory describes explicitly models to define detail dynamics on learning in process levels by agents. It is, however, not straightforward to describe double-loop learning as sharing internal models among agents. Though organizational cybernetic approach and computational organization theoretic one have considerably different aspects: on micro-level and on macro-level, we can combine them and build newly emergent model. Our proposed model describes the two loops of organizational learning by representing both processes of learning of internal models and resolving tasks by agents. The model can describe essentially different levels of individual learning and organizational one so as to distinguish effectively the two loops of organizational learning.

This paper proposes an agent-based simulation model for analyzing adaptive processes of organizational structures to environmental changes. The model is based on a framework of computational organization theory (COT) and performed using the method of inverse simulation with genetic algorithm. The model specifies an activity process in organization that is composed of tasks, agents and environments. The roles of agents: normal and leader, are defined based on some basic tasks of agents: recognizing tasks from environment, sharing knowledge required for processing tasks, and coordinating tasks among agents. Organizational structures are distinguished according to the configuration of the roles of agents resolving the tasks recognized. Adaptation process is represented as learning process of agents' internal models of environments. Environments are expressed as task generators and fall into 5 types. This paper shows some fundamental relationships between organizational structures and dynamically changing environments.

A formal and strict framework to deal with 'soft' games with misperception of emotions by actors is provided. The concepts of credibility and complete credibility of information are defined to examine the relations between emotions of actors and the credibility of information about behavior of the actors. The equivalence of credibility and complete credibility under inside commonality of perceptions of emotions is verified. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. Ail rights reserved.

In this paper, we propose and examine adaptive learning procedures for supporting a group of decision makers with a common set of strategies and preferences who face uncertain behaviors of "nature." First, we describe the decision situation as a hypergame situation, where each decision maker is explicitly assumed to have misperceptions about the nature's set of strategies and preferences. Then. we propose three learning procedures about the nature, each of,which consists of several activities. One of the activities is to choose "rational"' actions based on current perceptions and rationality adopted by the decision makers, while the other activities are represented by the elements of a genetic algorithm (GA) to improve current perceptions. The three learning procedures are different from each other with respect to at least one of such activities as fitness evaluation, modified crossover, and action choice, though they use the same definition for the other GA elements. Finally; we point out that examining the simulation results how to employ preference- and strategy-oriented information is critical to obtaining good performance in clarifying the nature's set of strategies and the outcomes most preferred by the nature.

Agent-based modeling shows a fruitful approach to understanding self-organizing behavior in complex social systems. The problems on self-organization have been the primary concern of systems theory. Although there have been a lot of researches studying self-organization, we would need some new way to describe a model for emergent properties and learning process. Agent-based modeling can be expected to provide some novel concept and method on learning process in complex social systems. The essential features of agent-based modeling include a learning process of the rules based on which each agent makes a decision for his next action. Genetic algorithm is a powerful tool to implement the learning process in an evolutionary manner. This paper first provides the meaning and role of system models to describe the learning process in self-organization layer. Then the essential difficulties to develop such system models are discussed. The core step in the learning process in agent-based modeling is to produce a new rule set from an old one in the previous learning phase. This correspondence is very hard to describe as some "function" between the rule sets. We should develop more effective mathematical device and concept to build system models of the learning process.

A formal model for describing the interaction stage in a meeting, particularly, persuasion and compromise by the members in a meeting, is proposed. Using the model, a sufficient condition for a meeting not to reach a deadlock is provided. The condition implies that stable emotion of members of a meeting is essential for the meeting not to reach a deadlock. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1998.

To give a realistic structure of perceptions that satisfies inside commonality, the concepts of stability of perceptions and complete stability of perceptions are proposed. A framework for interperception of emotions by subjects is provided to deal with the concepts. The equivalence between stability and complete stability under inside commonality of perceptions is proven. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1998.

We propose a method to integrate many games into one in order to analyse effectively a complex situation in which various types of games which are mutually interactive can be perceived. Applying the concept of integration of games into the theory of hypergames, we obtain the concepts of integration of hypergames and hypergames generated from a class of games. Simple examples of competitive situations are given and analysed to clarify the concepts.

In this paper, we treat strategic information exchange among subjects in a conflict that involves incompleteness of information in terms of subjects' preference and their interdependence. Then, we give two theorems that indicate senselessness of deceit. One of the theorems implies that any attempt of a subject to change another subject's preference by deceit will end in failure. The other theorem implies that deceit of a subject causes changes of preference of the subject, thus strategic information exchange cannot be effective. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1997